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Li Y, Handley SA, Baldridge MT. The dark side of the gut: Virome-host interactions in intestinal homeostasis and disease. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211916. [PMID: 33760921 PMCID: PMC8006857 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse enteric viral communities that infect microbes and the animal host collectively constitute the gut virome. Although recent advances in sequencing and analysis of metaviromes have revealed the complexity of the virome and facilitated discovery of new viruses, our understanding of the enteric virome is still incomplete. Recent studies have uncovered how virome–host interactions can contribute to beneficial or detrimental outcomes for the host. Understanding the complex interactions between enteric viruses and the intestinal immune system is a prerequisite for elucidating their role in intestinal diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the enteric virome composition and summarize recent findings about how enteric viruses are sensed by and, in turn, modulate host immune responses during homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Scott A Handley
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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52
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Koester ST, Li N, Lachance DM, Morella NM, Dey N. Variability in digestive and respiratory tract Ace2 expression is associated with the microbiome. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248730. [PMID: 33725024 PMCID: PMC7963026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) patients exhibiting gastrointestinal symptoms are reported to have worse prognosis. Ace2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), the gene encoding the host protein to which SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins bind, is expressed in the gut and therefore may be a target for preventing or reducing severity of COVID-19. Here we test the hypothesis that Ace2 expression in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts is modulated by the microbiome. We used quantitative PCR to profile Ace2 expression in germ-free mice, conventional raised specific pathogen-free mice, and gnotobiotic mice colonized with different microbiota. Intestinal Ace2 expression levels were significantly higher in germ-free mice compared to conventional mice. A similar trend was observed in the respiratory tract. Intriguingly, microbiota depletion via antibiotics partially recapitulated the germ-free phenotype, suggesting potential for microbiome-mediated regulation of Ace2 expression. Variability in intestinal Ace2 expression was observed in gnotobiotic mice colonized with different microbiota, partially attributable to differences in microbiome-encoded proteases and peptidases. Together, these data suggest that the microbiome may be one modifiable factor determining COVID-19 infection risk and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T. Koester
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Naisi Li
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. Lachance
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Norma M. Morella
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Neelendu Dey
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Microbiome Research Initiative, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gut Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids Facilitate Microbiota:Host Cross talk and Modulate Obesity and Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2021; 23:8. [PMID: 33537923 PMCID: PMC7992370 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-020-01125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence supporting a role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as messengers facilitating cross talk between the host and gut microbiota and discuss the effects of altered SCFA signaling in obesity and hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS Recent evidence suggests there to be a significant contribution of gut microbiota-derived SCFAs to microbe:host communication and host metabolism. SCFA production within the intestine modulates intestinal pH, microbial composition, and intestinal barrier integrity. SCFA signaling through host receptors, such as PPARγ and GPCRs, modulates host health and disease physiology. Alterations in SCFA signaling and downstream effects on inflammation are implicated in the development of obesity and hypertension. SCFAs are crucial components of the holobiont relationship; in the proper environment, they support normal gut, immune, and metabolic function. Dysregulation of microbial SCFA signaling affects downstream host metabolism, with implications in obesity and hypertension.
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54
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Naqvi S, Asar TO, Kumar V, Al-Abbasi FA, Alhayyani S, Kamal MA, Anwar F. A cross-talk between gut microbiome, salt and hypertension. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 134:111156. [PMID: 33401080 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac disorders contribute to one of the major causes of fatality across the world. Hypertensive patients, even well maintained on drugs, possess a high risk to cardiovascular diseases. It is, therefore, highly important to identify different factors and pathways that lead to risk and progression of cardiovascular disorders. Several animals and human studies suggest that taxonomical alterations in the gut are involved in the cardiovascular physiology. In this article, with the help of various experimental evidences, we suggest that the host gut-microbiota plays an important in this pathway. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and Trimethyl Amine -n-Oxide (TMAO) are the two major products of gut microbiome. SCFAs present a crucial role in regulating the blood pressure, while TMAO is involved in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and other coronary artery diseases, including hypertension. We prove that there exists a triangular bridge connecting the gap between dietary salt, hypertension and gut microbiome. We also present some of the dietary interventions which can regulate and control microbiota that can prevent cardiovascular complications.We strongly believe that this article would improve the understanding the role of gut microbiota in hypertension, and will be helpful in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for prevention of hypertension through restoring gut microbiome homeostasis in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Naqvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Turky Omar Asar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts at Alkamil, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Natural Product Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shalom Institute of Health and Allied Sciences. Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Naini, Prayagraj, 211007, India.
| | - Fahad A Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alhayyani
- Department of Chemistry. College of Sciences & Arts, Rabigh King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia; King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW, 27707, Australia
| | - Firoz Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Crouch M, Al-Shaer A, Shaikh SR. Hormonal Dysregulation and Unbalanced Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediator Biosynthesis Contribute toward Impaired B Cell Outcomes in Obesity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e1900924. [PMID: 32112513 PMCID: PMC8627245 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity is associated with impaired B-cell-driven humoral immunity, which coincides with chronic inflammation and has consequences for responses to infections and vaccinations. Key nutritional, cellular, and molecular mechanisms by which obesity may impair aspects of humoral immunity such as B cell development, class switch recombination, and formation of long-lived antibody secreting cells are reviewed. A key theme to emerge is the central role of white adipose tissue on the formation and function of pro-inflammatory B cell subsets that exacerbate insulin resistance. The underlying role of select hormones such as leptin is highlighted, which may be driving the formation of pro-inflammatory B cells in the absence of antigen stimulation. This review also extensively covers the regulatory role of lipid metabolites such as prostaglandins and specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) that are synthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acids. Notably, SPM biosynthesis is impaired in obesity and contributes toward impaired antibody production. Future directions for research, including avenues for therapeutic intervention, are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Crouch
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Abrar Al-Shaer
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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56
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Qin H, Chen Y. Lipid Metabolism and Tumor Antigen Presentation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1316:169-189. [PMID: 33740250 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6785-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumors always evade immune surveillance and block T cell activation in a poorly immunogenic and immunosuppressive environment. Cancer cells and immune cells exhibit metabolic reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which intimately links immune cell function and edits tumor immunology. In addition to glucose metabolism, amino acid and lipid metabolism also provide the materials for biological processes crucial in cancer biology and pathology. Furthermore, lipid metabolism is synergistically or negatively involved in the interactions between tumors and the microenvironment and contributes to the regulation of immune cells. Antigen processing and presentation as the initiation of adaptive immune response play a critical role in antitumor immunity. Therefore, a relationship exists between antigen-presenting cells and lipid metabolism in TME. This chapter introduces the updated understandings of lipid metabolism of tumor antigen-presenting cells and describes new directions in the manipulation of immune responses for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Centre for Lipid Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaxi Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Centre for Lipid Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Xu Z, Takizawa F, Casadei E, Shibasaki Y, Ding Y, Sauters TJC, Yu Y, Salinas I, Sunyer JO. Specialization of mucosal immunoglobulins in pathogen control and microbiota homeostasis occurred early in vertebrate evolution. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/44/eaay3254. [PMID: 32034088 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aay3254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although mammalian secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) targets mucosal pathogens for elimination, its interaction with the microbiota also enables commensal colonization and homeostasis. This paradoxical requirement in the control of pathogens versus microbiota raised the question of whether mucosal (secretory) Igs (sIgs) evolved primarily to protect mucosal surfaces from pathogens or to maintain microbiome homeostasis. To address this central question, we used a primitive vertebrate species (rainbow trout) in which we temporarily depleted its mucosal Ig (sIgT). Fish devoid of sIgT became highly susceptible to a mucosal parasite and failed to develop compensatory IgM responses against it. IgT depletion also induced a profound dysbiosis marked by the loss of sIgT-coated beneficial taxa, expansion of pathobionts, tissue damage, and inflammation. Restitution of sIgT levels in IgT-depleted fish led to a reversal of microbial translocation and tissue damage, as well as to restoration of microbiome homeostasis. Our findings indicate that specialization of sIgs in pathogen and microbiota control occurred concurrently early in evolution, thus revealing primordially conserved principles under which primitive and modern sIgs operate in the control of microbes at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui 917-0003, Japan
| | - Elisa Casadei
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Shibasaki
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yang Ding
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Thomas J C Sauters
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Yongyao Yu
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Irene Salinas
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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58
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Kennelly JP, Carlin S, Ju T, van der Veen JN, Nelson RC, Buteau J, Thiesen A, Richard C, Willing BP, Jacobs RL. Intestinal Phospholipid Disequilibrium Initiates an ER Stress Response That Drives Goblet Cell Necroptosis and Spontaneous Colitis in Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:999-1021. [PMID: 33238221 PMCID: PMC7898069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with ulcerative colitis have low concentrations of the major membrane lipid phosphatidylcholine (PC) in gastrointestinal mucus, suggesting that defects in colonic PC metabolism might be involved in the development of colitis. To determine the precise role that PC plays in colonic barrier function, we examined mice with intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific deletion of the rate-limiting enzyme in the major pathway for PC synthesis: cytidine triphosphate:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase-α (CTαIKO mice). METHODS Colonic tissue of CTαIKO mice and control mice was analyzed by histology, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and thin-layer chromatography. Histopathologic colitis scores were assigned by a pathologist blinded to the experimental groupings. Intestinal permeability was assessed by fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran gavage and fecal microbial composition was analyzed by sequencing 16s ribosomal RNA amplicons. Subsets of CTαIKO mice and control mice were treated with dietary PC supplementation, antibiotics, or 4-phenylbutyrate. RESULTS Inducible loss of CTα in the intestinal epithelium reduced colonic PC concentrations and resulted in rapid and spontaneous colitis with 100% penetrance in adult mice. Colitis development in CTαIKO mice was traced to a severe and unresolving endoplasmic reticulum stress response in IECs with altered membrane phospholipid composition. This endoplasmic reticulum stress response was linked to the necroptotic death of IECs, leading to excessive loss of goblet cells, formation of a thin mucus barrier, increased intestinal permeability, and infiltration of the epithelium by microbes. CONCLUSIONS Maintaining the PC content of IEC membranes protects against colitis development in mice, showing a crucial role for IEC phospholipid equilibrium in colonic homeostasis. SRA accession number: PRJNA562603.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Kennelly
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephanie Carlin
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tingting Ju
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jelske N. van der Veen
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Randal C. Nelson
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jean Buteau
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aducio Thiesen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Caroline Richard
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ben P. Willing
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - René L. Jacobs
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Correspondence Address correspondence to: René L. Jacobs, PhD, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-002E Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research and Innovation, University of Alberta, Alberta, T6G2E1 Canada. fax: (780) 492-2343.
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Impact of Diabetes on the Gut and Salivary IgA Microbiomes. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00301-20. [PMID: 32900816 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00301-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces like those present in the lung, gut, and mouth interface with distinct external environments. These mucosal gateways are not only portals of entry for potential pathogens but also homes to microbial communities that impact host health. Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is the single most abundant acquired immune component secreted onto mucosal surfaces and, via the process of immune exclusion, shapes the architecture of these microbiomes. Not all microorganisms at mucosal surfaces are targeted by SIgA; therefore, a better understanding of the SIgA-coated fraction may identify the microbial constituents that stimulate host immune responses in the context of health and disease. Chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes are associated with altered microbial communities (dysbiosis) that in turn affect immune-mediated homeostasis. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of SIgA-coated/uncoated bacteria (IgA-Biome) was conducted on stool and saliva samples of normoglycemic participants and individuals with prediabetes or diabetes (n = 8/group). These analyses demonstrated shifts in relative abundance in the IgA-Biome profiles between normoglycemic, prediabetic, or diabetic samples distinct from that of the overall microbiome. Differences in IgA-Biome alpha diversity were apparent for both stool and saliva, while overarching bacterial community differences (beta diversity) were also observed in saliva. These data suggest that IgA-Biome analyses can be used to identify novel microbial signatures associated with diabetes and support the need for further studies exploring these communities. Ultimately, an understanding of the IgA-Biome may promote the development of novel strategies to restructure the microbiome as a means of preventing or treating diseases associated with dysbiosis at mucosal surfaces.
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60
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Rajendiran E, Ramadass B, Ramprasath V. Understanding connections and roles of gut microbiome in cardiovascular diseases. Can J Microbiol 2020; 67:101-111. [PMID: 33079568 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome encompasses trillions of residing microbes, mainly bacteria, which play a crucial role in maintaining the physiological and metabolic health of the host. The gut microbiome has been associated with several diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). A growing body of evidence suggests that an altered gut environment and gut-microbiome-derived metabolites are associated with CVD events. The gut microbiome communicates with host physiology through different mechanisms, including trimethylamine N-oxide generation, primary and secondary bile acid metabolism pathways, and short-chain fatty acids production. The main focus of this review is to understand the association of the gut microbiome with CVD and its implications on the interactions between the gut microbiome and the host. Manipulation of the gut microbiome through specific dietary intervention is a simple approach to identifying novel targets for therapy or better dietary recommendations, and new preventive measures for screening biomarkers to reduce CVD risk in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethendhar Rajendiran
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN), Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 6C5, Canada
| | - Balamurugan Ramadass
- Center of Excellence for Clinical Microbiome Research, Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Vanu Ramprasath
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN), Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 6C5, Canada
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61
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Zadow EK, Edwards KH, Kitic CM, Fell JW, Adams MJ, Singh I, Kundur A, Johnston ANB, Crilly J, Bulmer AC, Halson SL, Wu SSX. Compression Socks Reduce Running-Induced Intestinal Damage. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2461-2464. [PMID: 33065702 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Zadow, EK, Edwards, KH, Kitic, CM, Fell, JW, Adams, MJ, Singh, I, Kundur, A, Johnstone, ANB, Crilly, J, Bulmer, AC, Halson, SL, and, and Wu, SSX. Compression socks reduce running-induced intestinal damage. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Exercise is associated with a reduction in splanchnic blood flow that leads to the disruption of intestinal epithelium integrity, contributing to exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome. Strategies that promote intestinal blood flow during exercise may reduce intestinal damage, which may be advantageous for subsequent recovery and performance. This study aimed to explore if exercise-associated intestinal damage was influenced by wearing compression garments, which may improve central blood flow. Subjects were randomly allocated to wear compression socks (n = 23) or no compression socks (control, n = 23) during a marathon race. Blood samples were collected 24 hours before and immediately after marathon and analyzed for intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) concentration as a marker of intestinal damage. The magnitude of increase in postmarathon plasma I-FABP concentration was significantly greater in control group (107%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 72-428%) when compared with runners wearing compression socks (38%; 95% CI, 20-120%; p = 0.046; d = 0.59). Wearing compression socks during a marathon run reduced exercise-associated intestinal damage. Compression socks may prove an effective strategy to minimize the intestinal damage component of exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Zadow
- Holsworth Research Initiative, College Science Health and Engineering, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Kate H Edwards
- School of Health Sciences, Sports Performance Optimization Research Team, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Cecilia M Kitic
- School of Health Sciences, Sports Performance Optimization Research Team, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - James W Fell
- School of Health Sciences, Sports Performance Optimization Research Team, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Murray J Adams
- School of Health Sciences, Sports Performance Optimization Research Team, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Indu Singh
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Avinash Kundur
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Amy N B Johnston
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Julia Crilly
- School of Nursing and Midwifery and Menzies Health Institute, Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Andrew C Bulmer
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Shona L Halson
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, Australia.,School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, McAuley at Banyo, Australia
| | - Sam S X Wu
- School of Health Sciences, Sports Performance Optimization Research Team, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
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Circulation of gut-preactivated naïve CD8 + T cells enhances antitumor immunity in B cell-defective mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23674-23683. [PMID: 32907933 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010981117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has garnered attention as an effective target to boost immunity and improve cancer immunotherapy. We found that B cell-defective (BCD) mice, such as µ-membrane targeted deletion (µMT) and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) knockouts (KOs), have elevated antitumor immunity under specific pathogen-free but not germ-free conditions. Microbial dysbiosis in these BCD mice enriched the type I IFN (IFN) signature in mucosal CD8+ T cells, resulting in up-regulation of the type I IFN-inducible protein stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1). Among CD8+ T cells, naïve cells predominantly circulate from the gut to the periphery, and those that had migrated from the mesenteric lymph nodes (mLNs) to the periphery had significantly higher expression of Sca-1. The gut-educated Sca-1+ naïve subset is endowed with enhanced mitochondrial activity and antitumor effector potential. The heterogeneity and functional versatility of the systemic naïve CD8+ T cell compartment was revealed by single-cell analysis and functional assays of CD8+ T cell subpopulations. These results indicate one of the potential mechanisms through which microbial dysbiosis regulates antitumor immunity.
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63
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Huang X, Yang W, Yao S, Bilotta AJ, Lu Y, Zhou Z, Kumar P, Dann SM, Cong Y. IL-21 Promotes Intestinal Memory IgA Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1944-1952. [PMID: 32859726 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of IL-21, produced mainly by Th17 cells and T follicular helper cells, has been intensively investigated in B cell differentiation and Ab class switch. However, how IL-21 regulates memory IgA+ B cell development and memory IgA responses in the intestines is still not completely understood. In this study, we found the total IgA+ B cells as well as CD38+CD138-IgA+ memory B cells were significantly increased in intestinal lamina propria (LP) of TCRβxδ-/- mice after transfer of microbiota Ag-specific Th17 cells but not Th1 cells. Although IL-21R-/- mice or IL-17R-/- mice showed decreased Ag-specific memory IgA production in the intestines upon infection with Citrobacter rodentium, the percentage of IgA+CD38+CD138- memory B cells in Peyer's patches and LP was decreased only in IL-21R-/- mice, but not in IL-17R-/- mice, after reinfection with C. rodentium compared with wild-type mice. Blockade IL-21 in vivo suppressed intestinal C. rodentium-specific IgA production as well as IgA+CD38+CD138- memory B cells in Peyer's patches and LP. Furthermore, IL-21 significantly induced B cell IgA production in vitro, with the increased expression of genes related with class-switching and memory B cell development, including Aicda, Ski, Bmi1, and Klf2. Consistently, Aicda and Ski expression was decreased in B cells of IL-21R-/- mice after C. rodentium reinfection. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that IL-21 promotes intestinal memory IgA B cell development, possibly through upregulating differentiation-related and class switching-related genes, indicating a potential role of IL-21 in memory IgA+ B cell responses in the intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsheng Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Suxia Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Anthony J Bilotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Sara M Dann
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; .,Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
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64
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Jørgensen SF, Fevang B, Aukrust P. Commentary: Gut Antibody Deficiency in a Mouse Model of CVID Results in Spontaneous Development of a Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1921. [PMID: 32983117 PMCID: PMC7481324 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silje F Jørgensen
- Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Rheumatology, Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Børre Fevang
- Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Rheumatology, Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Rheumatology, Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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65
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Dey P. Targeting gut barrier dysfunction with phytotherapies: Effective strategy against chronic diseases. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105135. [PMID: 32814166 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial layer serves as a physical and functional barrier between the microbe-rich lumen and immunologically active submucosa; it prevents systemic translocation of microbial pyrogenic products (e.g. endotoxin) that elicits immune activation upon translocation to the systemic circulation. Loss of barrier function has been associated with chronic 'low-grade' systemic inflammation which underlies pathogenesis of numerous no-communicable chronic inflammatory disease. Thus, targeting gut barrier dysfunction is an effective strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of chronic disease. This review intends to emphasize on the beneficial effects of herbal formulations, phytochemicals and traditional phytomedicines in attenuating intestinal barrier dysfunction. It also aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of intestinal-level events leading to a 'leaky-gut' and systemic complications mediated by endotoxemia. Additionally, a variety of detectable markers and diagnostic criteria utilized to evaluate barrier improving capacities of experimental therapeutics has been discussed. Collectively, this review provides rationale for targeting gut barrier dysfunction by phytotherapies for treating chronic diseases that are associated with endotoxemia-induced systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyankar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India.
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66
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Natural Infection with Giardia Is Associated with Altered Community Structure of the Human and Canine Gut Microbiome. mSphere 2020; 5:5/4/e00670-20. [PMID: 32759335 PMCID: PMC7407069 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00670-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While enteric parasitic infections are among the most important infections in lower- and middle-income countries, their impact on gut microbiota is poorly understood. We reasoned that clinical symptoms associated with these infections may be influenced by alterations of the microbiome that occur during infection. To explore this notion, we took a two-pronged approach. First, we studied a cohort of dogs naturally infected with various enteric parasites and found a strong association between parasite infection and altered gut microbiota composition. Giardia, one of the most prevalent parasite infections globally, had a particularly large impact on the microbiome. Second, we took a database-driven strategy to integrate microbiome data with clinical data from large human field studies and found that Giardia infection is also associated with marked alteration of the gut microbiome of children, suggesting a possible explanation for why Giardia has been reported to be associated with protection from moderate to severe diarrhea. Enteric parasitic infections are among the most prevalent infections in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and have a profound impact on global public health. While the microbiome is increasingly recognized as a key determinant of gut health and human development, the impact of naturally acquired parasite infections on microbial community structure in the gut, and the extent to which parasite-induced changes in the microbiome may contribute to gastrointestinal symptoms, is poorly understood. Enteric parasites are routinely identified in companion animals in the United States, presenting a unique opportunity to leverage this animal model to investigate the impact of naturally acquired parasite infections on the microbiome. Clinical, parasitological, and microbiome profiling of a cohort of 258 dogs revealed a significant correlation between parasite infection and composition of the bacterial community in the gut. Relative to other enteric parasites, Giardia was associated with a more pronounced perturbation of the microbiome. To compare our findings to large-scale epidemiological studies of enteric diseases in humans, a database mining approach was employed to integrate clinical and microbiome data. Substantial and consistent alterations to microbiome structure were observed in Giardia-infected children. Importantly, infection was associated with a reduction in the relative abundance of potential pathobionts, including Gammaproteobacteria, and an increase in Prevotella—a profile often associated with gut health. Taken together, these data show that widespread Giardia infection in young animals and humans is associated with significant remodeling of the gut microbiome and provide a possible explanation for the high prevalence of asymptomatic Giardia infections observed across host species. IMPORTANCE While enteric parasitic infections are among the most important infections in lower- and middle-income countries, their impact on gut microbiota is poorly understood. We reasoned that clinical symptoms associated with these infections may be influenced by alterations of the microbiome that occur during infection. To explore this notion, we took a two-pronged approach. First, we studied a cohort of dogs naturally infected with various enteric parasites and found a strong association between parasite infection and altered gut microbiota composition. Giardia, one of the most prevalent parasite infections globally, had a particularly large impact on the microbiome. Second, we took a database-driven strategy to integrate microbiome data with clinical data from large human field studies and found that Giardia infection is also associated with marked alteration of the gut microbiome of children, suggesting a possible explanation for why Giardia has been reported to be associated with protection from moderate to severe diarrhea.
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67
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van Schewick CM, Nöltner C, Abel S, Burns SO, Workman S, Symes A, Guzman D, Proietti M, Bulashevska A, Moreira F, Soetedjo V, Lowe DM, Grimbacher B. Altered Microbiota, Impaired Quality of Life, Malabsorption, Infection, and Inflammation in CVID Patients With Diarrhoea. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1654. [PMID: 32849570 PMCID: PMC7412961 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diarrhoea is the commonest gastrointestinal symptom in patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and clinical presentation of chronic and recurrent diarrhoea in the Royal-Free-Hospital (RFH) London CVID cohort, including symptoms, infections, level of inflammation, and microbial diversity. Methods: A cross-sectional study of adult CVID patients (139 out of 172 diagnosed with CVID completed the screening questionnaire). Those with diarrhoea ≥6 days/month had stool and blood samples analysed and completed the short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (sIBDQ). BMI, spleen-size, lymphocytes and gut-microbial diversity were compared. Due to logistical and clinical restraints, not all patients could be analysed on all measures. Results: 46/139 (33.1%) patients had current significant diarrhoea. In patients with past or present diarrhoea, BMI was lower (median 23.7 vs. 26, p = 0.005), malabsorption more common (57.97 vs. 35.71%, p = 0.011). CD4+ lymphocytes were higher in patients with diarrhoea (p = 0.028; n = 138), but CD4+ naïve lymphocytes were significantly higher in non-diarrhoea patients (p = 0.009, N = 28). Nine patients had confirmed or probable current gastrointestinal infections. Calprotectin was >60 μg/g in 13/29 with significant diarrhoea including 9 without infection. SIBDQ revealed a low median score of 4.74. Microbial alpha diversity was significantly lower in CVID patients compared to healthy household controls. There was no significant difference in alpha diversity in relation to antibiotic intake during the 6 weeks prior to providing samples. Conclusion: Patients with CVID and significant diarrhoea had infections, raised calprotectin, malabsorption, a lower BMI, an impaired quality of life (comparable to active IBD), and they differed from non-diarrhoea patients in their lymphocyte phenotyping. Furthermore, microbial diversity was altered. These findings strongly imply that there may be an inflammatory nature and a systemic predisposition to diarrhoea in CVID, which necessitates further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia M van Schewick
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunodeficiency, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christina Nöltner
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunodeficiency, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Abel
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunodeficiency, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Siobhan O Burns
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarita Workman
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Symes
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Guzman
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Proietti
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunodeficiency, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alla Bulashevska
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunodeficiency, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fernando Moreira
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Veronika Soetedjo
- Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling (FDM), IMBI/ZKS, Freiburg, Germany
| | - David M Lowe
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunodeficiency, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,DZIF - German Center for Infection Research, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,RESIST - Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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68
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Robles-Malagamba MJ, Walsh MT, Ahasan MS, Thompson P, Wells RS, Jobin C, Fodor AA, Winglee K, Waltzek TB. Characterization of the bacterial microbiome among free-ranging bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus). Heliyon 2020; 6:e03944. [PMID: 32577542 PMCID: PMC7305398 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine animals represent a dynamic and complex habitat for diverse microbial communities. The microbiota associated with bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are believed to influence their health status, but it remains poorly understood. We therefore characterized and compared the bacterial microbiome of bottlenose dolphins from six different anatomical sites that represent four different body systems (respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and integumentary). In this study, a total of 14 free-ranging bottlenose dolphins were sampled during the 2015 Sarasota Bay Dolphin Health Assessment. Bacterial diversity and abundance were assessed by PCR amplification of the hypervariable V3-V4 regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene for each sample, followed by sequencing on an Illumina MiSeq platform. Analysis showed that bottlenose dolphins harbor diverse bacterial communities with a unique microbial community at each body system. Additionally, the bottlenose dolphin bacterial microbiome was clearly distinct to the aquatic microbiome from their surrounding habitat. These results are in close agreement with other cetacean microbiome studies, while our study is the first to explore what was found to be a diverse bottlenose dolphin genital microbiome. The core bacterial communities identified in this study in apparently healthy animals might be informative for future health monitoring of bottlenose dolphins.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Robles-Malagamba
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael T. Walsh
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mohammad Shamim Ahasan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
| | - Patrick Thompson
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Randall S. Wells
- Chicago Zoological Society's Sarasota Dolphin Research Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, USA
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Anthony A. Fodor
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathryn Winglee
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas B. Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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69
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Weinstock A, Moura Silva H, Moore KJ, Schmidt AM, Fisher EA. Leukocyte Heterogeneity in Adipose Tissue, Including in Obesity. Circ Res 2020; 126:1590-1612. [PMID: 32437300 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.316203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) plays a central role in both metabolic health and pathophysiology. Its expansion in obesity results in increased mortality and morbidity, with contributions to cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, fatty liver disease, and cancer. Obesity prevalence is at an all-time high and is projected to be 50% in the United States by 2030. AT is home to a large variety of immune cells, which are critical to maintain normal tissue functions. For example, γδ T cells are fundamental for AT innervation and thermogenesis, and macrophages are required for recycling of lipids released by adipocytes. The expansion of visceral white AT promotes dysregulation of its immune cell composition and likely promotes low-grade chronic inflammation, which has been proposed to be the underlying cause for the complications of obesity. Interestingly, weight loss after obesity alters the AT immune compartment, which may account for the decreased risk of developing these complications. Recent technological advancements that allow molecular investigation on a single-cell level have led to the discovery of previously unappreciated heterogeneity in many organs and tissues. In this review, we will explore the heterogeneity of immune cells within the visceral white AT and their contributions to homeostasis and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Weinstock
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.W., K.J.M., E.A.F.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Hernandez Moura Silva
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute (H.M.S.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Kathryn J Moore
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.W., K.J.M., E.A.F.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine.,Department of Cell Biology (K.J.M., E.A.F.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (A.M.S.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Edward A Fisher
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.W., K.J.M., E.A.F.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine.,Department of Cell Biology (K.J.M., E.A.F.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
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70
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Abstract
The interplay between the commensal microbiota and the mammalian immune system development and function includes multifold interactions in homeostasis and disease. The microbiome plays critical roles in the training and development of major components of the host's innate and adaptive immune system, while the immune system orchestrates the maintenance of key features of host-microbe symbiosis. In a genetically susceptible host, imbalances in microbiota-immunity interactions under defined environmental contexts are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of a multitude of immune-mediated disorders. Here, we review features of microbiome-immunity crosstalk and their roles in health and disease, while providing examples of molecular mechanisms orchestrating these interactions in the intestine and extra-intestinal organs. We highlight aspects of the current knowledge, challenges and limitations in achieving causal understanding of host immune-microbiome interactions, as well as their impact on immune-mediated diseases, and discuss how these insights may translate towards future development of microbiome-targeted therapeutic interventions.
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71
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Zheng D, Liwinski T, Elinav E. Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease. Cell Res 2020; 30:492-506. [PMID: 32433595 PMCID: PMC7264227 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1501] [Impact Index Per Article: 375.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between the commensal microbiota and the mammalian immune system development and function includes multifold interactions in homeostasis and disease. The microbiome plays critical roles in the training and development of major components of the host's innate and adaptive immune system, while the immune system orchestrates the maintenance of key features of host-microbe symbiosis. In a genetically susceptible host, imbalances in microbiota-immunity interactions under defined environmental contexts are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of a multitude of immune-mediated disorders. Here, we review features of microbiome-immunity crosstalk and their roles in health and disease, while providing examples of molecular mechanisms orchestrating these interactions in the intestine and extra-intestinal organs. We highlight aspects of the current knowledge, challenges and limitations in achieving causal understanding of host immune-microbiome interactions, as well as their impact on immune-mediated diseases, and discuss how these insights may translate towards future development of microbiome-targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danping Zheng
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Timur Liwinski
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.,1st Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eran Elinav
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel. .,Cancer-Microbiome Division, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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72
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Kumar D, Romero Y, Schuck KN, Smalley H, Subedi B, Fleming SD. Drivers and regulators of humoral innate immune responses to infection and cancer. Mol Immunol 2020; 121:99-110. [PMID: 32199212 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complement cascade consists of cell bound and serum proteins acting together to protect the host from pathogens, remove cancerous cells and effectively links innate and adaptive immune responses. Despite its usefulness in microbial neutralization and clearance of cancerous cells, excessive complement activation causes an immune imbalance and tissue damage in the host. Hence, a series of complement regulatory proteins present at a higher concentration in blood plasma and on cell surfaces tightly regulate the cascade. The complement cascade can be initiated by B-1 B cell production of natural antibodies. Natural antibodies arise spontaneously without any known exogenous antigenic or microbial stimulus and protect against invading pathogens, clear apoptotic cells, provide tissue homeostasis, and modulate adaptive immune functions. Natural IgM antibodies recognize microbial and cancer antigens and serve as an activator of complement mediated lysis. This review will discuss advances in complement activation and regulation in bacterial and viral infections, and cancer. We will also explore the crosstalk of natural antibodies with bacterial populations and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Yeni Romero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Kaitlynn N Schuck
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Haley Smalley
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Bibek Subedi
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Sherry D Fleming
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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73
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Suzuki K. Diversified IgA-Bacteria Interaction in Gut Homeostasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1254:105-116. [PMID: 32323273 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3532-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the major immunoglobulin isotype produced by the gut immune system, and many studies revealed key roles of IgA in establishing host-bacteria mutualism. This chapter will review current understandings for the function of gut IgA in regulating commensal microbiota. IgA specifically recognizes bacterial species that strongly stimulate host's immune responses, and suppresses their overgrowth or reduces the expressions of bacterial pro-inflammatory genes. On the other hand, IgA coatings on symbiotic bacteria enhance bacteria-mucus and bacteria-bacteria interactions, which induce production of metabolites enforcing mucosal barrier functions. Such diversified effects suggest that multiple factors may be involved in the mechanisms of IgA-bacteria interactions, including IgA specificity to microbial epitopes, mode of cellular responses of IgA synthesis (T-dependent and T-independent) and post-translational modifications of IgA proteins, such as glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Suzuki
- Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-Cho, Tsurumi-Ku Yokohama, 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan.
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74
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Schreiber K, Karrison TG, Wolf SP, Kiyotani K, Steiner M, Littmann ER, Pamer EG, Kammertoens T, Schreiber H, Leisegang M. Impact of TCR Diversity on the Development of Transplanted or Chemically Induced Tumors. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 8:192-202. [PMID: 31831634 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Burnet postulated that the diversity of T-cell receptors (TCR) allows T cells to protect against the development of cancers that display antigens with a similar, seemingly endless diversity. To test this hypothesis, we developed a strategy in which a single breeding pair of mice gives rise to four groups of sibling mice. Three of the four groups had a similar number of CD8+ T cells, but TCR diversity was either broad, significantly reduced, or absent when expressing only one type of TCR. The fourth group had no T cells. All mice shared the same housing, and, therefore, their microbial environment was similar. Only slight differences in the intestinal flora were observed under these conditions. An undisturbed broad TCR repertoire was required for the rejection of inoculated cancers displaying the natural antigenic heterogeneity of primary tumors, whereas even one type of TCR was sufficient to protect against artificial cancers stably expressing cognate antigens. The three groups of mice with limited or no TCR repertoire showed an increased risk of developing primary tumors after chemical induction. However, the risk of early death or morbidity in these cohorts of mice was significantly higher than in mice with a diverse TCR repertoire, and it remains unknown whether mice with reduced TCR diversity, who died early without cancer, would have developed tumors with higher, lower, or equal probability after induction. Together, TCR diversity seems crucial to overcome the natural genetic instability of cancers and their antigenic heterogeneity, which impacts the design of cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schreiber
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Theodore G Karrison
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Steven P Wolf
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Institute of Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kazuma Kiyotani
- Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madeline Steiner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Eric R Littmann
- Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Eric G Pamer
- Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Thomas Kammertoens
- Institute of Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Schreiber
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Matthias Leisegang
- Institute of Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Buch, Berlin, Germany
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75
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Abstract
The recognition that intestinal microbiota exert profound effects on human health has led to major advances in our understanding of disease processes. Studies over the past 20 years have shown that host components, including components of the host immune system, shape the microbial community. Pathogenic alterations in commensal microorganisms contribute to disease manifestations that are generally considered to be noncommunicable, such as inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus and liver disease, through a variety of mechanisms, including effects on host immunity. More recent studies have shed new light on how the immune system and microbiota might also drive the pathogenesis of renal disorders. In this Review, we discuss the latest insights into the mechanisms regulating the microbiome composition, with a focus both on genetics and environmental factors, and describe how commensal microorganisms calibrate innate and adaptive immune responses to affect the activation threshold for pathogenic stimulations. We discuss the mechanisms that lead to intestinal epithelial barrier inflammation and the relevance of certain bacteria to the pathogenesis of two common kidney-based disorders: hypertension and renal stone disease. Limitations of current approaches to microbiota research are also highlighted, emphasizing the need to move beyond studies of correlation to causation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Knauf
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J Richard Brewer
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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76
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Mohammed AD, Khan MAW, Chatzistamou I, Chamseddine D, Williams-Kang K, Perry M, Enos R, Murphy A, Gomez G, Aladhami A, Oskeritzian CA, Jolly A, Chang Y, He S, Pan Z, Kubinak JL. Gut Antibody Deficiency in a Mouse Model of CVID Results in Spontaneous Development of a Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2484. [PMID: 31708923 PMCID: PMC6820504 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies are heritable disorders of immune function. CD19 is a B cell co-receptor important for B cell development, and CD19 deficiency is a known genetic risk factor for a rare form of primary immunodeficiency known as “common variable immunodeficiency” (CVID); an antibody deficiency resulting in low levels of serum IgG and IgA. Enteropathies are commonly observed in CVID patients but the underlying reason for this is undefined. Here, we utilize CD19−/− mice as a model of CVID to test the hypothesis that antibody deficiency negatively impacts gut physiology under steady-state conditions. As anticipated, immune phenotyping experiments demonstrate that CD19−/− mice develop a severe B cell deficiency in gut-associated lymphoid tissues that result in significant reductions to antibody concentrations in the gut lumen. Antibody deficiency was associated with defective anti-commensal IgA responses and the outgrowth of anaerobic bacteria in the gut. Expansion of anaerobic bacteria coincides with the development of a chronic inflammatory condition in the gut of CD19−/− mice that results in an intestinal malabsorption characterized by defects in lipid metabolism and transport. Administration of the antibiotic metronidazole to target anaerobic members of the microbiota rescues mice from disease indicating that intestinal malabsorption is a microbiota-dependent phenomenon. Finally, intestinal malabsorption in CD19−/− mice is a gluten-sensitive enteropathy as exposure to a gluten-free diet also significantly reduces disease severity in CD19−/− mice. Collectively, these results support an effect of antibody deficiency on steady-state gut physiology that compliment emerging data from human studies linking IgA deficiency with non-infectious complications associated with CVID. They also demonstrate that CD19−/− mice are a useful model for studying the role of B cell deficiency and gut dysbiosis on gluten-sensitive enteropathies; a rapidly emerging group of diseases in humans with an unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Dawood Mohammed
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Md A Wadud Khan
- Biology Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Ioulia Chatzistamou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Douja Chamseddine
- Biology Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Katie Williams-Kang
- Biology Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Mason Perry
- Biology Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Reilly Enos
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Angela Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Gregorio Gomez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ahmed Aladhami
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Carole A Oskeritzian
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Amy Jolly
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Yan Chang
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Shuqian He
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Zui Pan
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Jason L Kubinak
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
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77
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IgA-deficient humans exhibit gut microbiota dysbiosis despite secretion of compensatory IgM. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13574. [PMID: 31537840 PMCID: PMC6753154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49923-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A is the dominant antibody isotype found in mucosal secretions and enforces host-microbiota symbiosis in mice, yet selective IgA-deficiency (sIgAd) in humans is often described as asymptomatic. Here, we determined the effects of IgA deficiency on human gut microbiota composition and evaluated the possibility that mucosal secretion of IgM can compensate for a lack of secretory IgA. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing and bacterial cell sorting to evaluate gut microbiota composition and taxa-specific antibody coating of the gut microbiota in 15 sIgAd subjects and matched controls. Despite the secretion of compensatory IgM into the gut lumen, sIgAd subjects displayed an altered gut microbiota composition as compared to healthy controls. These alterations were characterized by a trend towards decreased overall microbial diversity as well as significant shifts in the relative abundances of specific microbial taxa. While secretory IgA in healthy controls targeted a defined subset of the microbiota via high-level coating, compensatory IgM in sIgAd subjects showed less specificity than IgA and bound a broader subset of the microbiota. We conclude that IgA plays a critical and non-redundant role in controlling gut microbiota composition in humans and that secretory IgA has evolved to maintain a diverse and stable gut microbial community.
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78
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Fiedorová K, Radvanský M, Bosák J, Grombiříková H, Němcová E, Králíčková P, Černochová M, Kotásková I, Lexa M, Litzman J, Šmajs D, Freiberger T. Bacterial but Not Fungal Gut Microbiota Alterations Are Associated With Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) Phenotype. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1914. [PMID: 31456808 PMCID: PMC6700332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most frequent symptomatic immune disorder characterized by reduced serum immunoglobulins. Patients often suffer from infectious and serious non-infectious complications which impact their life tremendously. The monogenic cause has been revealed in a minority of patients so far, indicating the role of multiple genes and environmental factors in CVID etiology. Using 16S and ITS rRNA amplicon sequencing, we analyzed the bacterial and fungal gut microbiota, respectively, in a group of 55 participants constituting of CVID patients and matched healthy controls including 16 case-control pairs living in the same household, to explore possible associations between gut microbiota composition and disease phenotype. We revealed less diverse and significantly altered bacterial but not fungal gut microbiota in CVID patients, which additionally appeared to be associated with a more severe disease phenotype. The factor of sharing the same household impacted both bacterial and fungal microbiome data significantly, although not as strongly as CVID diagnosis in bacterial assessment. Overall, our results suggest that gut bacterial microbiota is altered in CVID patients and may be one of the missing environmental drivers contributing to some of the symptoms and disease severity. Paired samples serving as controls will provide a better resolution between disease-related dysbiosis and other environmental confounders in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Fiedorová
- Centre for Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno, Czechia.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Juraj Bosák
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hana Grombiříková
- Centre for Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Eva Němcová
- Centre for Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno, Czechia
| | - Pavlína Králíčková
- Department of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | | | - Iva Kotásková
- Centre for Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno, Czechia.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Matej Lexa
- Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jiří Litzman
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - David Šmajs
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Freiberger
- Centre for Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno, Czechia.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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79
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Wu T, Li F, Chen Y, Wei H, Tian Z, Sun C, Sun R. CD4 + T Cells Play a Critical Role in Microbiota-Maintained Anti-HBV Immunity in a Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2019; 10:927. [PMID: 31114580 PMCID: PMC6503042 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the host to clear hepatitis B virus (HBV) is closely correlated to the establishment of commensal microbiota. However, how microbiota affects anti-HBV immunity is still unclear. Using a well-known hydrodynamical HBV transfection mouse model and treatment with antibiotics (Atb), we explored the change in adaptive immunity (CD4+ cells, germinal center B cells and anti-HBs Ab). In our setting, normal mice exhibited complete clearance of HBV within 6 weeks post-hydrodynamic injection (HDI) of HBV-containing plasmid, whereas Atb-treated mice lost this capacity, showing high serum level of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) without hepatitis B surface antibodies (anti-HBs), similar as what happened in Rag1−/− mice or CD4−/− mice, suggesting that microbiota may influence the function of CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, the numbers of splenic and hepatic effector CD4+ T cells (CD44hiCD62L−CD4+ T cells) both decreased with impaired function (IFN-γ synthesis), resulting in lower frequency of germinal center B cells and CD4+ follicular helper T cells, and impaired anti-HBs production. We further tried to find the bacterial species responsible for maintaining anti-HBV immunity, and found that each antibiotic alone could not significantly influence HBV clearance compared to antibiotic combination, suggesting that global commensal microbial load is critical for promoting HBV clearance. We also confirmed that TLRs (e.g., TLR2, 4, 9) are not major players in immune clearance of HBV using their agonists and knock-out mice. These results suggest that commensal microbiota play an important role in maintaining CD4+ T cell immunity against HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxin Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,School of Life Science, Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Fenglei Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,School of Life Science, Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yongyan Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,School of Life Science, Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,School of Life Science, Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,School of Life Science, Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,School of Life Science, Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Transplantation and Immunology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,School of Life Science, Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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80
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Janeckova L, Kostovcikova K, Svec J, Stastna M, Strnad H, Kolar M, Hudcovic T, Stancikova J, Tureckova J, Baloghova N, Sloncova E, Galuskova K, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H, Korinek V. Unique Gene Expression Signatures in the Intestinal Mucosa and Organoids Derived from Germ-Free and Monoassociated Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071581. [PMID: 30934845 PMCID: PMC6480644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Commensal microbiota contribute to gut homeostasis by inducing transcription of mucosal genes. Analysis of the impact of various microbiota on intestinal tissue provides an important insight into the function of this organ. We used cDNA microarrays to determine the gene expression signature of mucosa isolated from the small intestine and colon of germ-free (GF) mice and animals monoassociated with two E. coli strains. The results were compared to the expression data obtained in conventionally reared (CR) mice. In addition, we analyzed gene expression in colon organoids derived from CR, GF, and monoassociated animals. The analysis revealed that the complete absence of intestinal microbiota mainly affected the mucosal immune system, which was not restored upon monoassociation. The most important expression changes observed in the colon mucosa indicated alterations in adipose tissue and lipid metabolism. In the comparison of differentially expressed genes in the mucosa or organoids obtained from GF and CR mice, only six genes were common for both types of samples. The results show that the increased expression of the angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4) gene encoding a secreted regulator of lipid metabolism indicates the GF status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Janeckova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Klara Kostovcikova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Svec
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Srobarova 50, 100 34 Prague 10, Czech Republic.
| | - Monika Stastna
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Hynek Strnad
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Kolar
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Hudcovic
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Jitka Stancikova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Jolana Tureckova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Nikol Baloghova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Sloncova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Katerina Galuskova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Helena Tlaskalova-Hogenova
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimir Korinek
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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81
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The microbiome and immunodeficiencies: Lessons from rare diseases. J Autoimmun 2019; 98:132-148. [PMID: 30704941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are inherited disorders of the immune system, associated with a considerable increase in susceptibility to infections. PIDs can also predispose to malignancy, inflammation and autoimmunity. There is increasing awareness that some aspects of the immune dysregulation in PIDs may be linked to intestinal microbiota. Indeed, the gut microbiota and its metabolites have been shown to influence immune functions and immune homeostasis both locally and systemically. Recent studies have indicated that genetic defects causing PIDs lead to perturbations in the conventional mechanisms underlying homeostasis in the gut, resulting in poor immune surveillance at the intestinal barrier, which associates with altered intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation. Consistently, a substantial proportion of PID patients presents with clinically challenging IBD-like pathology. Here, we describe the current body of literature reporting on dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in different PIDs and how this can be either the result or cause of immune dysregulation. Further, we report how infections in PIDs enhance pathobionts colonization and speculate how, in turn, pathobionts may be responsible for increased disease susceptibility and secondary infections in these patients. The potential relationship between the microbial composition in the intestine and other sites, such as the oral cavity and skin, is also highlighted. Finally, we provide evidence, in preclinical models of PIDs, for the efficacy of microbiota manipulation to ameliorate disease complications, and suggest that the potential use of dietary intervention to correct dysbiotic flora in PID patients may hold promise.
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82
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Tang C, Ding R, Sun J, Liu J, Kan J, Jin C. The impacts of natural polysaccharides on intestinal microbiota and immune responses – a review. Food Funct 2019; 10:2290-2312. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01946k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive review of the impacts of natural polysaccharides on gut microbiota and immune responses as well as their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225127
- China
| | - Ruoxi Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225127
- China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002
- China
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai Area
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225127
- China
| | - Juan Kan
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225127
- China
| | - Changhai Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225127
- China
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83
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Abstract
In contrast to adaptive antibodies, natural antibodies are present in a non-immunised organism from birth, and they do not include anti-Gal antibodies and/or anti-Gal natural antibodies, which are developed as a result of the effect of the α-Gal epitope and physiological flora. Natural antibodies are the first line of the organism’s defence before the formation of the immunity created via the stimulation of elements that determine specific and non-specific immunity. This is especially important in the case of infants. Despite the fact that natural antibodies differ in their function from adaptive antibodies, they are polyreactive and they detect autoantigens and new antigenic determinants. Natural antibodies are formed from the subpopulation of B lymphocytes, mainly B1 lymphocytes and B lymphocytes of the marginal zone. This phenomenon is supported by the fact that when the quantity of these cells in the organism decreases, which happens with age, the level of natural antibodies also decreases and the risk of illnesses of old age becomes higher. During ontogenesis, these antibodies participate in many physiological processes, including the “support” of the immune system and homeostasis, the prevention of inflammation, infections and other pathological states, such as autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases, or the process of carcinogenesis. The best known natural antibody is IgM, but the role of IgGs and IgAs is also considered important. Nowadays, many researchers also mention intravenous immunoglobulins, which are used in the treatment of numerous illnesses, and there are discussions on the possibility of increasing their potential if they were based on natural antibodies.
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84
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Shulzhenko N, Dong X, Vyshenska D, Greer RL, Gurung M, Vasquez-Perez S, Peremyslova E, Sosnovtsev S, Quezado M, Yao M, Montgomery-Recht K, Strober W, Fuss IJ, Morgun A. CVID enteropathy is characterized by exceeding low mucosal IgA levels and interferon-driven inflammation possibly related to the presence of a pathobiont. Clin Immunol 2018; 197:139-153. [PMID: 30240602 PMCID: PMC6289276 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), the most common symptomatic primary antibody deficiency, is accompanied in some patients by a duodenal inflammation and malabsorption syndrome known as CVID enteropathy (E-CVID).The goal of this study was to investigate the immunological abnormalities in CVID patients that lead to enteropathy as well as the contribution of intestinal microbiota to this process.We found that, in contrast to noE-CVID patients (without enteropathy), E-CVID patients have exceedingly low levels of IgA in duodenal tissues. In addition, using transkingdom network analysis of the duodenal microbiome, we identified Acinetobacter baumannii as a candidate pathobiont in E-CVID. Finally, we found that E-CVID patients exhibit a pronounced activation of immune genes and down-regulation of epithelial lipid metabolism genes. We conclude that in the virtual absence of mucosal IgA, pathobionts such as A. baumannii, may induce inflammation that re-directs intestinal molecular pathways from lipid metabolism to immune processes responsible for enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Shulzhenko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.
| | - Xiaoxi Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Dariia Vyshenska
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Renee L Greer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Manoj Gurung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | | | | | | | - Martha Quezado
- Surgical Pathology Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael Yao
- Mucosal Immunity Section, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington DC, United States
| | - Kim Montgomery-Recht
- Mucosal Immunity Section, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute,United States
| | - Warren Strober
- Mucosal Immunity Section, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ivan J Fuss
- Mucosal Immunity Section, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrey Morgun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.
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85
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Jørgensen SF, Fevang B, Aukrust P. Autoimmunity and Inflammation in CVID: a Possible Crosstalk between Immune Activation, Gut Microbiota, and Epigenetic Modifications. J Clin Immunol 2018; 39:30-36. [PMID: 30465180 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-018-0574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common symptomatic primary immunodeficiency among adults and is characterized by a B cell dysfunction and increased risk of respiratory tract infections with encapsulated bacteria. However, a large proportion of patients also has inflammatory and autoimmune complications. It may seem like a paradox that immunodeficiency and inflammation/autoimmunity coexist within the same individuals. In this commentary, we propose that CVID immunopathogenesis involves an interplay of genes, environmental factors, and dysregulation of immune cells, where gut microbiota and gastrointestinal inflammation can both be important contributors or endpoints to the systemic immune activation seen in CVID, and where epigenetic mechanism may be the undiscovered link between these contributors. In our opinion, these pathways could represent novel targets for therapy in CVID directed against autoimmune and inflammatory manifestations that represent the most severe complications in these patients. Considering the heterogeneous nature of CVID, these mechanisms may not be present in all patients, and different complications may be triggered by different risk factors. CVID is really a variable disease and in the future there is clearly a need for a more personalized medicine based on both genotypic and phenotypic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje F Jørgensen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Nydalen, P.O. Box 4950, 0424, Oslo, Norway. .,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Rheumatology, Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Børre Fevang
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Nydalen, P.O. Box 4950, 0424, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Rheumatology, Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Nydalen, P.O. Box 4950, 0424, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Rheumatology, Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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86
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Yap YA, Mariño E. An Insight Into the Intestinal Web of Mucosal Immunity, Microbiota, and Diet in Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2617. [PMID: 30532751 PMCID: PMC6266996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising global incidence of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions can be attributed to changes in the large portion of the immune system that belongs to our gastrointestinal tract (GI). The intestinal immune system serves as a gatekeeper to prevent pathogenic invasions and to preserve a healthier gut microbiota. The gut microbiota has been increasingly studied as a fundamental contributor to the state of health and disease. From food fermentation, the gut microbiota releases metabolites or short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which have anti-inflammatory properties and preserve gut homeostasis. Immune responses against food and microbial antigens can cause inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and celiac disease. As such, many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases also have a “gut origin”. A large body of evidence in recent years by ourselves and others has uncovered the link between the immune system and the SCFAs in specific diseases such as autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D), obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease, infections, allergies, asthma, and IBD. Thus, the power of these three gut dynamic components—the mucosal immunity, the microbiota, and diet—can be harnessed in tandem for the prevention and treatment of many inflammatory and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Anne Yap
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Eliana Mariño
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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87
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Abstract
The early life environment can exert a profound effect on long-term health. However, differences in developmental epigenetic patterns in response to environmental challenges are not well understood in humans, where nutrient insufficiency and pathogen exposure in early infancy can impact immune system function and metabolic health into adulthood. Here we report a comprehensive global picture of the patterns of the epigenetic modification histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) in undernourished infants and their mothers. Comparisons of the emergent patterns of H3K4me3 within the first year of life reveal large-scale changes consistent with the impact of a poor environment, and uncovered a candidate gene with a role in the response, which was validated in a mouse model. Chronically undernourished children become stunted during their first 2 years and thereafter bear burdens of ill health for the rest of their lives. Contributors to stunting include poor nutrition and exposure to pathogens, and parental history may also play a role. However, the epigenetic impact of a poor environment on young children is largely unknown. Here we show the unfolding pattern of histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) in children and mothers living in an urban slum in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A pattern of chromatin modification in blood cells of stunted children emerges over time and involves a global decrease in methylation at canonical locations near gene start sites and increased methylation at ectopic sites throughout the genome. This redistribution occurs at metabolic and immune genes and was specific for H3K4me3, as it was not observed for histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation in the same samples. Methylation changes in stunting globally resemble changes that occur in vitro in response to altered methylation capacity, suggesting that reduced levels of one-carbon nutrients in the diet play a key role in stunting in this population. A network of differentially expressed genes in stunted children reveals effects on chromatin modification machinery, including turnover of H3K4me3, as well as posttranscriptional gene regulation affecting immune response pathways and lipid metabolism. Consistent with these changes, reduced expression of the endocytic receptor gene LDL receptor 1 (LRP1) is a driver of stunting in a mouse model, suggesting a target for intervention.
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88
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Fernandes R, Viana SD, Nunes S, Reis F. Diabetic gut microbiota dysbiosis as an inflammaging and immunosenescence condition that fosters progression of retinopathy and nephropathy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:1876-1897. [PMID: 30287404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and life expectancy of diabetic patients fosters the worldwide prevalence of retinopathy and nephropathy, two major microvascular complications that have been difficult to treat with contemporary glucose-lowering medications. The gut microbiota (GM) has become a lively field research in the last years; there is a growing recognition that altered intestinal microbiota composition and function can directly impact the phenomenon of ageing and age-related disorders. In fact, human GM, envisaged as a potential source of novel therapeutics, strongly modulates host immunity and metabolism. It is now clear that gut dysbiosis and their products (e.g. p-cresyl sulfate, trimethylamine‑N‑oxide) dictate a secretory associated senescence phenotype and chronic low-grade inflammation, features shared in the physiological process of ageing ("inflammaging") as well as in T2DM ("metaflammation") and in its microvascular complications. This review provides an in-depth look on the crosstalk between GM, host immunity and metabolism. Further, it characterizes human GM signatures of elderly and T2DM patients. Finally, a comprehensive scrutiny of recent molecular findings (e.g. epigenetic changes) underlying causal relationships between GM dysbiosis and diabetic retinopathy/nephropathy complications is pinpointed, with the ultimate goal to unravel potential pathophysiological mechanisms that may be explored, in a near future, as personalized disease-modifying therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Fernandes
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, CNC.IBILI Consortium & CIBB Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia D Viana
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, CNC.IBILI Consortium & CIBB Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sara Nunes
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, CNC.IBILI Consortium & CIBB Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Flávio Reis
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, CNC.IBILI Consortium & CIBB Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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89
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Oral consumption of cinnamon enhances the expression of immunity and lipid absorption genes in the small intestinal epithelium and alters the gut microbiota in normal mice. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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90
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Non-proteolytic activity of 19S proteasome subunit RPT-6 regulates GATA transcription during response to infection. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007693. [PMID: 30265660 PMCID: PMC6179307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GATA transcription factors play a crucial role in the regulation of immune functions across metazoans. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the GATA transcription factor ELT-2 is involved in the control of not only infections but also recovery after an infection. We identified RPT-6, part of the 19S proteasome subunit, as an ELT-2 binding partner that is required for the proper expression of genes required for both immunity against bacterial infections and recovery after infection. We found that the intact ATPase domain of RPT-6 is required for the interaction and that inhibition of rpt-6 affected the expression of ELT-2-controlled genes, preventing the appropriate immune response against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and recovery from infection by the pathogen. Further studies indicated that SKN-1, which is an Nrf transcription factor involved in the response to oxidative stress and infection, is activated by inhibition of rpt-6. Our results indicate that RPT-6 interacts with ELT-2 in vivo to control the expression of immune genes in a manner that is likely independent of the proteolytic activity of the proteasome. The conserved GATA transcription factor ELT-2 plays an important role in the control of genes required for both defense and recovery from infection. We show that RPT-6, a component of the 19S subunit, physically interacts with ELT-2 in vivo, controlling the expression of ELT-2-dependent genes and the response of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to bacterial infection. The proteolytic activity of the proteasome has surfaced as a key regulator of gene expression, but our results provide evidence indicating that a non-canonical activity of the 26S proteasome subunit plays an important role in the control of gene expression during the response to bacterial infection.
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91
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Zeilstra D, Younes JA, Brummer RJ, Kleerebezem M. Perspective: Fundamental Limitations of the Randomized Controlled Trial Method in Nutritional Research: The Example of Probiotics. Adv Nutr 2018; 9:561-571. [PMID: 30124741 PMCID: PMC6140446 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the relation between health and nutrition are often inconclusive. There are concerns about the validity of many research findings, and methods that can deliver high-quality evidence-such as the randomized controlled trial (RCT) method-have been embraced by nutritional researchers. Unfortunately, many nutritional RCTs also yield ambiguous results. It has been argued that RCTs are ill-suited for certain settings, including nutritional research. In this perspective, we investigate whether there are fundamental limitations of the RCT method in nutritional research. To this end, and to limit the scope, we use probiotic studies as an example. We use an epistemological approach and evaluate the presuppositions that underlie the RCT method. Three general presuppositions are identified and discussed. We evaluate whether these presuppositions can be considered true in probiotic RCTs, which appears not always to be the case. This perspective concludes by exploring several alternative study methods that may be considered for future probiotic or nutritional intervention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert J Brummer
- Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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92
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Davison JM, Wischmeyer PE. Probiotic and synbiotic therapy in the critically ill: State of the art. Nutrition 2018; 59:29-36. [PMID: 30415160 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent medical history has largely viewed our bacterial symbionts as pathogens to be eradicated rather than as essential partners in optimal health. However, one of the most exciting scientific advances in recent years has been the realization that commensal microorganisms (our microbiome) play vital roles in human physiology in nutrition, vitamin synthesis, drug metabolism, protection against infection, and recovery from illness. Recent data show that loss of "health-promoting" microbes and overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria (dysbiosis) in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) appears to contribute to nosocomial infections, sepsis, and poor outcomes. Dysbiosis results from many factors, including ubiquitous antibiotic use and altered nutrition delivery in illness. Despite modern antibiotic therapy, infections and mortality from often multidrug-resistant organisms are increasing. This raises the question of whether restoration of a healthy microbiome via probiotics or synbiotics (probiotic and prebiotic combinations) to intervene on ubiquitous ICU dysbiosis would be an optimal intervention in critical illness to prevent infection and to improve recovery. This review will discuss recent innovative experimental data illuminating mechanistic pathways by which probiotics and synbiotics may provide clinical benefit. Furthermore, a review of recent clinical data demonstrating that probiotics and synbiotics can reduce complications in ICU and other populations will be undertaken. Overall, growing data for probiotic and symbiotic therapy reveal a need for definitive clinical trials of these therapies, as recently performed in healthy neonates. Future studies should target administration of probiotics and synbiotics with known mechanistic benefits to improve patient outcomes. Optimally, future probiotic and symbiotic studies will be conducted using microbiome signatures to characterize actual ICU dysbiosis and determine, and perhaps even personalize, ideal probiotic and symbiotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Davison
- Department of Anesthesiology and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul E Wischmeyer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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93
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Duszka K, Ellero-Simatos S, Ow GS, Defernez M, Paramalingam E, Tett A, Ying S, König J, Narbad A, Kuznetsov VA, Guillou H, Wahli W. Complementary intestinal mucosa and microbiota responses to caloric restriction. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11338. [PMID: 30054525 PMCID: PMC6063912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29815-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is key for nutrient absorption and for interactions between the microbiota and its host. Therefore, the intestinal response to caloric restriction (CR) is thought to be more complex than that of any other organ. Submitting mice to 25% CR during 14 days induced a polarization of duodenum mucosa cell gene expression characterised by upregulation, and downregulation of the metabolic and immune/inflammatory pathways, respectively. The HNF, PPAR, STAT, and IRF families of transcription factors, particularly the Pparα and Isgf3 genes, were identified as potentially critical players in these processes. The impact of CR on metabolic genes in intestinal mucosa was mimicked by inhibition of the mTOR pathway. Furthermore, multiple duodenum and faecal metabolites were altered in CR mice. These changes were dependent on microbiota and their magnitude corresponded to microbial density. Further experiments using mice with depleted gut bacteria and CR-specific microbiota transfer showed that the gene expression polarization observed in the mucosa of CR mice is independent of the microbiota and its metabolites. The holistic interdisciplinary approach that we applied allowed us to characterize various regulatory aspects of the host and microbiota response to CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Duszka
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
| | - Sandrine Ellero-Simatos
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, 31300, France
| | - Ghim Siong Ow
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR Biomedical Sciences Institutes, Singapore, 13867, Singapore
| | - Marianne Defernez
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, , Norwich Science Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR7UA, UK
| | - Eeswari Paramalingam
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Adrian Tett
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, , Norwich Science Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR7UA, UK
| | - Shi Ying
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, , Norwich Science Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR7UA, UK
| | - Jürgen König
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Arjan Narbad
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, , Norwich Science Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR7UA, UK
| | - Vladimir A Kuznetsov
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR Biomedical Sciences Institutes, Singapore, 13867, Singapore
- SUNY Upstate Medical University Syracuse, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Hervé Guillou
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, 31300, France
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, 31300, France.
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94
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Atlantic salmon skin barrier functions gradually enhance after seawater transfer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9510. [PMID: 29934588 PMCID: PMC6015023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27818-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Atlantic salmon farming operates with high production intensities where skin integrity is recognized as a central factor and indicator for animal health and welfare. In the described trial, the skin development and its immune status in healthy Atlantic salmon reared in two different systems, a traditional open net-pen system and a semi-closed containment system, were investigated. Freshwater smolts were compared to post-smolts after 1 and 4 months in seawater. Growth performance, when adjusted for temperature, was equal between the systems. Skin analyses, including epidermis and dermis, showed that thickness and mucus cell numbers increased in pace with the growth and time post seawater transfer (PST). Gene expression changes suggested similar processes with development of connective tissue, formation of extracellular matrix and augmented cutaneous secretion, changes in mucus protein composition and overall increased immune activity related to gradually enforced protection against pathogens. Results suggest a gradual morphological development in skin with a delayed recovery of immune functions PST. It is possible that Atlantic salmon could experience increased susceptibility to infectious agents and risk of diseases during the first post-smolt period.
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95
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Shiraishi H, Fujino M, Shirakawa N, Ishida N, Funato H, Hirata A, Abe N, Iizuka M, Jobu K, Yokota J, Miyamura M. Effect of Minerals on Intestinal IgA Production Using Deep Sea Water Drinks. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 40:1700-1705. [PMID: 28966241 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Minerals are essential for life, as they are a vital part of protein constituents, enzyme cofactors, and other components in living organisms. Deep sea water is characterized by its cleanliness and stable low temperature, and its possible health- and medical benefits are being studied. However, no study has yet evaluated the physical properties of the numerous commercially available deep sea water products, which have varying water sources and production methods. We analyzed these products' mineral content and investigated their effect on living organism, focusing on immune functions, and investigated the relation between physiological immunoactivities and mineral intake. We qualitatively analyzed the mineral compositions of the deep sea water drinks and evaluated the drinks' physical properties using principal component analysis, a type of multivariate analysis, of their mineral content. We create an iron and copper-deficient rat model and administered deep sea water drinks for 8 weeks. We then measured their fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA) to evaluate immune function. Principal component analysis suggested that physical properties of deep sea water drinks could be determined by their sources. Administration of deep sea water drinks increased fecal IgA, thus tending to stimulate immune function, but the extent of this effect varied by drink. Of the minerals contained in deep sea water, iron showed positive correlations with the fecal IgA. The principal component analysis used in this study is suitable for evaluating deep sea water containing many minerals, and our results form a useful basis for comparative evaluations of deep sea water's bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Shiraishi
- Kochi Medical Graduate School.,Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital
| | - Maho Fujino
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital
| | | | - Nanao Ishida
- Kochi Medical Graduate School.,Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital
| | - Hiroki Funato
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital
| | - Ayumu Hirata
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital
| | - Noriaki Abe
- Kochi Medical Graduate School.,Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital
| | | | - Kohei Jobu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital
| | - Junko Yokota
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital
| | - Mitsuhiko Miyamura
- Kochi Medical Graduate School.,Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital
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96
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In recent years, an interest in intestinal microbiota-host interactions has increased due to many findings about the impact of gut bacteria on human health and disease. Dysbiosis, a change in the composition of the gut microbiota, has been associated with much pathology, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This article will review normal functions of the gut microbiome, its link to CVD, and potential therapeutic interventions. RECENT FINDINGS The recently discovered contribution of gut microbiota-derived molecules in the development of heart disease and its risk factors has significantly increased attention towards the connection between our gut and heart. The gut microbiome is virtually an endocrine organ, arguably the largest, capable of contributing to and reacting to circulating signaling molecules within the host. Gut microbiota-host interactions occur through many pathways, including trimethylamine-N-oxide and short-chain fatty acids. These molecules and others have been linked to much pathology including chronic kidney disease, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. SUMMARY Although our understanding of gut microbiota-host interactions has increased recently; many questions remain about the mechanistic links between the gut microbiome and CVD. With further research, we may one day be able to add gut microbiota profiles as an assessable risk factor for CVD and target therapies towards the gut microbiota.
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97
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Zheng Y, Wu W, Hu G, Qiu L, Meng S, Song C, Fan L, Zhao Z, Bing X, Chen J. Gut microbiota analysis of juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by dietary supplementation of different resveratrol concentrations. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 77:200-207. [PMID: 29574130 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus) is cultured widely for production of freshwater fish in China, while streptococcosis, likely related to pathogenic infections, occurs frequently in juvenile, mother, and operated GIFT. The gut microbiota plays an important role in nutrient digestibility in animals, and resveratrol (RES) has been used in feed for different freshwater fish species. Therefore, understanding changes in the tilapia gut microbiota across different concentrations of dietary RES supplementation is extremely important. The gut microbiota population in tilapia at 45 d after supplementation with different concentrations (0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 g/kg) of dietary RES was assessed by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. A total of 5445 operational taxonomic units were identified from all samples, and 14 phyla and 81 families were identified from all fecal samples. The bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes were significantly enriched in the 0.025 g/kg RES group when compared with the controls. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria were the most dominant three phyla in all samples. With the increasing concentrations, the proportion of beneficial microbial taxa (Acetobacteraceae and Methylobacteriaceae) increased, whereas the proportion of harmful microbial taxa decreased, eg. Streptococcaceae except for 0.1 g/kg RES groups. RES did not affect the richness and diversity in tilapia gut microbiota. These findings provide information on the diversity and differences in GIFT gut microbiota database, and may contribute to developing strategies for management of diseases and long-term sustainability of O. niloticus culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zheng
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Fishery Eco-Evironment Monitoring Center of Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors(Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214081, PR China
| | - Wei Wu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Fishery Eco-Evironment Monitoring Center of Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors(Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214081, PR China
| | - Gengdong Hu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Fishery Eco-Evironment Monitoring Center of Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors(Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214081, PR China
| | - Liping Qiu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Fishery Eco-Evironment Monitoring Center of Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors(Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214081, PR China
| | - Shunlong Meng
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Fishery Eco-Evironment Monitoring Center of Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors(Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214081, PR China
| | - Chao Song
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Fishery Eco-Evironment Monitoring Center of Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors(Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214081, PR China
| | - Limin Fan
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Fishery Eco-Evironment Monitoring Center of Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors(Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214081, PR China
| | - Zhixiang Zhao
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214081, PR China
| | - Xuwen Bing
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Fishery Eco-Evironment Monitoring Center of Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors(Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214081, PR China; Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214081, PR China.
| | - Jiazhang Chen
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Fishery Eco-Evironment Monitoring Center of Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors(Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214081, PR China; Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China.
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98
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Warne RW, Kirschman L, Zeglin L. Manipulation of Gut Microbiota Reveals Shifting Community Structure Shaped by Host Developmental Windows in Amphibian Larvae. Integr Comp Biol 2018; 57:786-794. [PMID: 28985317 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploration of the importance of developmental windows for microbial colonization in diverse animal taxa, and tests of how these shape both animal microbiomes as well as host phenotypes promise to shed needed light on host-microbe interactions. The aims of this study were to explore how gut microbiota diversity of larval amphibians varies among species and across ontogeny, and to test if manipulation of gut colonization can reveal how microbiomes develop. We found that gut microbiomes differ among species and change across larval ontogeny, with distinctive differences between larvae, metamorphic animals, and juvenile frogs. Through applying a gnotobiotic protocol to eggs and cross-inoculating gut microbiomes between species, we demonstrated that microbiota can be transplanted among species and developmental stages. These results also demonstrated that microbial colonization at hatching is potentially formative for long term composition and function of amphibian gut microbiomes, suggesting that hatching may be a critical developmental window for colonization, similar to the effects of birth mode on human microbiomes. Specifically, our results suggest that either the egg jelly and/or capsules surrounding amphibian eggs are likely important sources for initial microbiome inoculation. Furthermore, we speculate these results suggest that vertical transmission may be important to amphibian microbiome establishment and development, as is common among many animal taxa. Taken together, our results suggest that explicit tests of how host developmental windows influence microbial colonization, and shape amphibian microbiomes across life stages promise to provide insight into the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin W Warne
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Dr., Carbondale, IL 62901-6501, USA
| | - Lucas Kirschman
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Dr., Carbondale, IL 62901-6501, USA
| | - Lydia Zeglin
- Biology Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Abstract
The relative contributions of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms in responding to the intestinal microbiota during ontogeny are largely unknown. A recent study in Nature by Mao et al. (2018) elegantly dissects the role of each cell type in the intestine and further describes the metabolic cost to innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Brown
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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100
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Girard-Madoux MJ, Gomez de Agüero M, Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Mooser C, Belz GT, Macpherson AJ, Vivier E. The immunological functions of the Appendix: An example of redundancy? Semin Immunol 2018; 36:31-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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