51
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Cook SL, Sievert EP, Sciammas R. B Cell Intrinsic IRF4 Haploinsufficiency Impairs Affinity Maturation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2992-3003. [PMID: 34759017 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) reaction is a coordinated and dynamic ensemble of cells and processes that mediate the maturation and selection of high-affinity GC B cells (GCBs) from lower-affinity precursors and ultimately results in plasma cell and memory cell fates that exit the GC. It is of great interest to identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors that control the selection process. The transcription factor IRF4, induced upon BCR and CD40 signaling, is essential for the acquisition of plasma cell and GCB cell fates. We hypothesized that beyond this early requirement, IRF4 continuously operates at later phases of the B cell response. We show that IRF4 is expressed in GCBs at levels greater than seen in resting cells and plays a role in efficient selection of high-affinity GCBs. Halving Irf4 gene copy number in an Ag-specific murine B cell model, we found that Ag presentation, isotype switching, GC formation and zonation, somatic hypermutation rates, and proliferation were comparable with cells with a full Irf4 allelic complement. In contrast, Irf4 haploinsufficient GCBs exhibited impaired generation of high-affinity cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrate suboptimal Blimp-1 regulation among high-affinity Irf4 haploinsufficient GCBs. Furthermore, in cotransfer settings, we observed a marked disadvantage of Irf4 haploinsufficient cells for GC entry, evidential of ineffective recruitment of T cell help. We propose that, analogous to its role in early GC entry, IRF4 continues to function in the late phase of the Ab response to promote productive T follicular helper cell interactions and to activate optimal Blimp-1 expression during GC selection and affinity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Cook
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Evelyn P Sievert
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Roger Sciammas
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
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52
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Swain SL, Jones MC, Devarajan P, Xia J, Dutton RW, Strutt TM, McKinstry KK. Durable CD4 T-Cell Memory Generation Depends on Persistence of High Levels of Infection at an Effector Checkpoint that Determines Multiple Fates. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a038182. [PMID: 33903157 PMCID: PMC8559547 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have discovered that the determination of CD4 effector and memory fates after infection is regulated not only by initial signals from antigen and pathogen recognition, but also by a second round of such signals at a checkpoint during the effector response. Signals to effectors determine their subsequent fate, inducing further progression to tissue-restricted follicular helpers, cytotoxic CD4 effectors, and long-lived memory cells. The follicular helpers help the germinal center B-cell responses that give rise to high-affinity long-lived antibody responses and memory B cells that synergize with T-cell memory to provide robust long-lived protection. We postulate that inactivated vaccines do not provide extended signals from antigen and pathogen beyond a few days, and thus elicit ineffective CD4 T- and B-cell effector responses and memory. Defining the mechanisms that underlie effective responses should provide insights necessary to develop vaccine strategies that induce more effective and durable immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Ave, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Michael C Jones
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Ave, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Priyadharshini Devarajan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Ave, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Jingya Xia
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Ave, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Richard W Dutton
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Ave, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Tara M Strutt
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA
| | - K Kai McKinstry
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA
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53
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A Germinal Center-Associated Microenvironmental Signature Reflects Malignant Phenotype and Outcome of DLBCL. Blood Adv 2021; 6:2388-2402. [PMID: 34638128 PMCID: PMC9006269 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The DLBCL microenvironment signature scoring system was established using nCounter-based profiling of GC-related microenvironmental genes. DMS scores stratified DLBCL patients with different prognosis independently of existing prognostic models.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common B-cell malignancy, with varying prognosis after the gold standard rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP). Several prognostic models have been established by focusing primarily on characteristics of lymphoma cells themselves, including cell-of-origin (COO), genomic alterations, and gene/protein expressions. However, the prognostic impact of the lymphoma microenvironment and its association with characteristics of lymphoma cells are not fully understood. Using the nCounter-based gene expression profiling of untreated DLBCL tissues, we assess the clinical impact of lymphoma microenvironment on the clinical outcomes and pathophysiological, molecular signatures in DLBCL. The presence of normal germinal center (GC)-microenvironmental cells, including follicular T cells, macrophage/dendritic cells, and stromal cells in lymphoma tissue indicates a positive therapeutic response. Our prognostic model, based on quantitation of transcripts from distinct GC-microenvironmental cell markers, clearly identified patients with graded prognosis independently of existing prognostic models. We observed increased incidences of genomic alterations and aberrant gene expression associated with poor prognosis in DLBCL tissues lacking GC-microenvironmental cells relative to those containing these cells. These data suggest that the loss of GC-associated microenvironmental signature dictates clinical outcomes of DLBCL patients reflecting the accumulation of “unfavorable” molecular signatures.
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54
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Increased Circulating CD4 +CXCR5 + Cells and IgG4 Levels in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome with Autoimmune Diseases. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:4302515. [PMID: 34631897 PMCID: PMC8497158 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4302515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Immune abnormalities play an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Some patients with MDS have autoimmune diseases (AI). Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells help B cells produce antibodies. The role of Tfh in MDS with AI has not been studied. Methods We enrolled 21 patients with MDS with AI and 21 patients with MDS without AI. The proportion of peripheral blood CD4+CXCR5+ cells and the PD1 expression on CD4+CXCR5+ cells were detected by flow cytometry. Serum levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgG4 were measured. The survival and progression of MDS to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in MDS patients with or without AI were compared. Results MDS with AI accounted for 19.6% of all MDS cases in our study. The overall response rate was 81% (17/21) in MDS patients with AI for the first-line treatment. The proportion of circulating CD4+CXCR5+ cells was increased, but the expression of PD1 was decreased in MDS patients with AI. Serum IgG4 levels were also increased in MDS patients with AI. The proportion of peripheral blood CD4+CXCR5+ cells and the level of serum IgG4 decreased after therapy, but the expression of PD1 increased. There were no differences in overall survival and progress to acute myeloid leukemia between MDS with AI and without AI groups. Conclusion CD4+CXCR5+ cells and IgG4 levels increased in patients with MDS and AI.
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55
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Liu D, Yan J, Sun J, Liu B, Ma W, Li Y, Shao X, Qi H. BCL6 controls contact-dependent help delivery during follicular T-B cell interactions. Immunity 2021; 54:2245-2255.e4. [PMID: 34464595 PMCID: PMC8528402 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BCL6 is required for development of follicular T helper (Tfh) cells to support germinal center (GC) formation. However, it is not clear what unique functions programmed by BCL6 can explain its absolute essentiality in T cells for GC formation. We found that ablation of one Bcl6 allele did not appreciably alter early T cell activation and follicular localization but inhibited GC formation and Tfh cell maintenance. BCL6 impinged on Tfh calcium signaling and also controlled Tfh entanglement with and CD40L delivery to B cells. Amounts of BCL6 protein and nominal frequencies of Tfh cells markedly changed within hours after strengths of T-B cell interactions were altered in vivo, while CD40L overexpression rectified both defective GC formation and Tfh cell maintenance because of the BCL6 haploinsufficiency. Our results reveal BCL6 functions in Tfh cells that are essential for GC formation and suggest that BCL6 helps maintain Tfh cell phenotypes in a T cell non-autonomous manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiacong Yan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiahui Sun
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ye Li
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xingxing Shao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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56
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Wan S, Ni L, Zhao X, Liu X, Xu W, Jin W, Wang X, Dong C. Costimulation molecules differentially regulate the ERK-Zfp831 axis to shape T follicular helper cell differentiation. Immunity 2021; 54:2740-2755.e6. [PMID: 34644536 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play essential roles in regulating humoral immunity, especially germinal center reactions. However, how CD4+ T cells integrate the antigenic and costimulatory signals in Tfh cell development is still poorly understood. Here, we found that phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) + ionomycin (P+I) stimulation, together with interleukin-6 (IL-6), potently induce Tfh cell-like transcriptomic programs in vitro. The ERK kinase pathway was attenuated under P+I stimulation; ERK2 inhibition enhanced Tfh cell development in vitro and in vivo. We observed that inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS), but not CD28, lacked the ability to activate ERK, which was important in sustaining Tfh cell development. The transcription factor Zfp831, whose expression was repressed by ERK, promoted Tfh cell differentiation by directly upregulating the expression of the transcription factors Bcl6 and Tcf7. We have hence identified an ERK-Zfp831 axis, regulated by costimulation signaling, in critical regulation of Tfh cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Wan
- Institute of Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Ni
- Institute of Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- Institute of Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xindong Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Institute of Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Institute of Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Institute of Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute of Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine-affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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57
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Cui D, Tang Y, Jiang Q, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Lv Y, Xu D, Wu J, Xie J, Wen C, Lu L. Follicular Helper T Cells in the Immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:731100. [PMID: 34603308 PMCID: PMC8481693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.731100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a serious infectious disease that has led to a global pandemic with high morbidity and mortality. High-affinity neutralizing antibody is important for controlling infection, which is closely regulated by follicular helper T (Tfh) cells. Tfh cells play a central role in promoting germinal center reactions and driving cognate B cell differentiation for antibody secretion. Available studies indicate a close relationship between virus-specific Tfh cell-mediated immunity and SARS-CoV-2 infection progression. Although several lines of evidence have suggested that Tfh cells contribute to the control of SARS-CoV-2 infection by eliciting neutralizing antibody productions, further studies are needed to elucidate Tfh-mediated effector mechanisms in anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity. Here, we summarize the functional features and roles of virus-specific Tfh cells in the immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and in COVID-19 vaccines, and highlight the potential of targeting Tfh cells as therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Cui
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Tang
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China.,Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Daixi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Lv
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jue Xie
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengping Wen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China.,Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing, China
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58
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Poirot J, Medvedovic J, Trichot C, Soumelis V. Compartmentalized multicellular crosstalk in lymph nodes coordinates the generation of potent cellular and humoral immune responses. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:3146-3160. [PMID: 34606627 PMCID: PMC9298410 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Distributed throughout the body, lymph nodes (LNs) constitute an important crossroad where resident and migratory immune cells interact to initiate antigen‐specific immune responses supported by a dynamic 3‐dimensional network of stromal cells, that is, endothelial cells and fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs). LNs are organized into four major subanatomically separated compartments: the subcapsular sinus (SSC), the paracortex, the cortex, and the medulla. Each compartment is underpinned by particular FRC subsets that physically support LN architecture and delineate functional immune niches by appropriately providing environmental cues, nutrients, and survival factors to the immune cell subsets they interact with. In this review, we discuss how FRCs drive the structural and functional organization of each compartment to give rise to prosperous interactions and coordinate immune cell activities. We also discuss how reciprocal communication makes FRCs and immune cells perfect compatible partners for the generation of potent cellular and humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Poirot
- Université de Paris, INSERM U976, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Saint Aubin, France
| | | | | | - Vassili Soumelis
- Université de Paris, INSERM U976, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Laboratoire d'Immunologie-Histocompatibilité, Paris, France
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59
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Tune C, Hahn J, Autenrieth SE, Meinhardt M, Pagel R, Schampel A, Schierloh LK, Kalies K, Westermann J. Sleep restriction prior to antigen exposure does not alter the T cell receptor repertoire but impairs germinal center formation during a T cell-dependent B cell response in murine spleen. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 16:100312. [PMID: 34589803 PMCID: PMC8474616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that sleep promotes immune functions. In line with this, a variety of studies in animal models and humans have shown that sleep restriction following an antigen challenge dampens the immune response on several levels which leads to e.g. worsening of disease outcome and reduction of vaccination efficiency, respectively. However, the inverse scenario with sleep restriction preceding an antigen challenge is only investigated in a few animal models where it has been shown to reduce antigen uptake and presentation as well as pathogen clearance and survival rates. Here, we use injection of sheep red blood cells to investigate the yet unknown effect on a T cell-dependent B cell response in a well-established mouse model. We found that 6 h of sleep restriction prior to the antigen challenge does not impact the T cell reaction including the T cell receptor repertoire but dampens the development of germinal centers which correlates with reduced antigen-specific antibody titer indicating an impaired B cell response. These changes concerned a functionally more relevant level than those found in the same experimental model with the inverse scenario when sleep restriction followed the antigen challenge. Taken together, our findings showed that the outcome of the T cell-dependent B cell response is indeed impacted by sleep restriction prior to the antigen challenge which highlights the clinical significance of this scenario and the need for further investigations in humans, for example concerning the effect of sleep restriction preceding a vaccination.
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Key Words
- Antigen presentation
- BCZ, B cell zone
- CCL, C–C motif ligand
- CCR, C–C motif receptor
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CIITA, class II major histocompatibility complex transactivator
- CXCL, C-X-C motif ligand
- FDR, false discovery rate
- GC, germinal center
- Germinal center
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IgG, Immunglobulin G
- MHC-II, major histocompatibility complex II
- Mouse
- RP, red pulp
- SD, standard deviation
- SLO, secondary lymphoid organ
- SRBC, sheep red blood cells
- Sheep red blood cells
- Sleep deprivation
- Spleen
- T cell-dependent B cell response
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TCR-R, T cell receptor repertoire
- TCZ, T cell zone
- Tfh, follicular T helper cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Tune
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Luebeck, Germany
| | - Julia Hahn
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Rene Pagel
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Luebeck, Germany
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60
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Wang H, Li X, Kajikawa T, Shin J, Lim JH, Kourtzelis I, Nagai K, Korostoff JM, Grossklaus S, Naumann R, Chavakis T, Hajishengallis G. Stromal cell-derived DEL-1 inhibits Tfh cell activation and inflammatory arthritis. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e150578. [PMID: 34403362 PMCID: PMC8483759 DOI: 10.1172/jci150578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The secreted protein developmental endothelial locus 1 (DEL-1) regulates inflammatory cell recruitment and protects against inflammatory pathologies in animal models. Here, we investigated DEL-1 in inflammatory arthritis using collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and collagen Ab-induced arthritis (CAIA) models. In both models, mice with endothelium-specific overexpression of DEL-1 were protected from arthritis relative to WT controls, whereas arthritis was exacerbated in DEL-1-deficient mice. Compared with WT controls, mice with collagen VI promoter-driven overexpression of DEL-1 in mesenchymal cells were protected against CIA but not CAIA, suggesting a role for DEL-1 in the induction of the arthritogenic Ab response. Indeed, DEL-1 was expressed in perivascular stromal cells of the lymph nodes and inhibited Tfh and germinal center B cell responses. Mechanistically, DEL-1 inhibited DC-dependent induction of Tfh cells by targeting the LFA-1 integrin on T cells. Overall, DEL-1 restrained arthritis through a dual mechanism, one acting locally in the joints and associated with the anti-recruitment function of endothelial cell-derived DEL-1; the other mechanism acting systemically in the lymph nodes and associated with the ability of stromal cell-derived DEL-1 to restrain Tfh responses. DEL-1 may therefore be a promising therapeutic for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tetsuhiro Kajikawa
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jieun Shin
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jong-Hyung Lim
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ioannis Kourtzelis
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Kosuke Nagai
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonathan M. Korostoff
- Department of Periodontics, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sylvia Grossklaus
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ronald Naumann
- Transgenic Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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61
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Guglielmo C, Bin S, Cantarelli C, Hartzell S, Angeletti A, Donadei C, Cumpelik A, Anderson L, Cody E, Sage PT, La Manna G, Fiaccadori E, Heeger PS, Cravedi P. Erythropoietin Reduces Auto- and Alloantibodies by Inhibiting T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:2542-2560. [PMID: 34261755 PMCID: PMC8722788 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although high-affinity IgG auto- and alloantibodies are important drivers of kidney inflammation that can result in ESKD, therapeutic approaches that effectively reduce such pathogenic antibodies remain elusive. Erythropoietin (EPO) has immunomodulatory functions, but its effects on antibody production are unknown. METHODS We assessed the effect and underlying mechanisms of EPO/EPO receptor (EPOR) signaling on primary and secondary, T cell-dependent and T-independent antibody formation using in vitro culture systems, murine models of organ transplantation and lupus nephritis, and mice conditionally deficient for the EPOR expressed on T cells or B cells. RESULTS In wild-type mice, recombinant EPO inhibited primary, T cell-dependent humoral immunity to model antigens and strong, polyclonal stimuli, but did not alter T-independent humoral immune responses. EPO also significantly impaired secondary humoral immunity in a potent allogeneic organ transplant model system. The effects required T cell, but not B cell, expression of the EPOR and resulted in diminished frequencies of germinal center (GC) B cells and T follicular helper cells (TFH). In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that EPO directly prevented TFH differentiation and function via a STAT5-dependent mechanism that reduces CD4+ T cell expression of Bcl6. In lupus models, EPO reduced TFH, GC B cells, and autoantibody production, and abrogated autoimmune glomerulonephritis, demonstrating clinical relevance. In vitro studies verified that EPO prevents differentiation of human TFH cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings newly demonstrate that EPO inhibits TFH-dependent antibody formation, an observation with potential implications for treating antibody-mediated diseases, including those of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Guglielmo
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sofia Bin
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Cantarelli
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York,Nephrology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Susan Hartzell
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Andrea Angeletti
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York,Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Giannina Gaslini Children's Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Donadei
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arun Cumpelik
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Lisa Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Evan Cody
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Peter T. Sage
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gaetano La Manna
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Fiaccadori
- Nephrology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Peter S. Heeger
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Paolo Cravedi
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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62
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Ritzau-Jost J, Hutloff A. T Cell/B Cell Interactions in the Establishment of Protective Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101074. [PMID: 34696182 PMCID: PMC8536969 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells (Tfh) are the T cell subset providing help to B cells for the generation of high-affinity antibodies and are therefore of key interest for the development of vaccination strategies against infectious diseases. In this review, we will discuss how the generation of Tfh cells and their interaction with B cells in secondary lymphoid organs can be optimized for therapeutic purposes. We will summarize different T cell subsets including Tfh-like peripheral helper T cells (Tph) capable of providing B cell help. In particular, we will highlight the novel concept of T cell/B cell interaction in non-lymphoid tissues as an important element for the generation of protective antibodies directly at the site of pathogen invasion.
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63
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Follicular Helper CD4 + T Cells, Follicular Regulatory CD4 + T Cells, and Inducible Costimulator and Their Roles in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:2058964. [PMID: 34552387 PMCID: PMC8452443 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2058964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper CD4+ T (TFH) cells are a specialized subset of effector T cells that play a central role in orchestrating adaptive immunity. TFH cells mainly promote germinal center (GC) formation, provide help to B cells for immunoglobulin affinity maturation and class-switch recombination of B cells, and facilitate production of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells. TFH cells express the nuclear transcriptional repressor B cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6), the chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 5 (CXCR5), the CD28 family members programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and inducible costimulator (ICOS) and are also responsible for the secretion of interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-4. Follicular regulatory CD4+ T (TFR) cells, as a regulatory counterpart of TFH cells, participate in the regulation of GC reactions. TFR cells not only express markers of TFH cells but also express markers of regulatory T (Treg) cells containing FOXP3, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), and IL-10, hence owing to the dual characteristic of TFH cells and Treg cells. ICOS, expressed on activated CD4+ effector T cells, participates in T cell activation, differentiation, and effector process. The expression of ICOS is highest on TFH and TFR cells, indicating it as a key regulator of humoral immunity. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system and results in disability, mediated by autoreactive T cells with evolving evidence of a remarkable contribution from humoral responses. This review summarizes recent advances regarding TFH cells, TFR cells, and ICOS, as well as their functional characteristics in relation to MS.
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64
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Fowell DJ, Kim M. The spatio-temporal control of effector T cell migration. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:582-596. [PMID: 33627851 PMCID: PMC9380693 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Effector T cells leave the lymph nodes armed with specialized functional attributes. Their antigenic targets may be located anywhere in the body, posing the ultimate challenge: how to efficiently identify the target tissue, navigate through a complex tissue matrix and, ultimately, locate the immunological insult. Recent advances in real-time in situ imaging of effector T cell migratory behaviour have revealed a great degree of mechanistic plasticity that enables effector T cells to push and squeeze their way through inflamed tissues. This process is shaped by an array of 'stop' and 'go' guidance signals including target antigens, chemokines, integrin ligands and the mechanical cues of the inflamed microenvironment. Effector T cells must sense and interpret these competing signals to correctly position themselves to mediate their effector functions for complete and durable responses in infectious disease and malignancy. Tuning T cell migration therapeutically will require a new understanding of this complex decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J. Fowell
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Minsoo Kim
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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65
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Niebuhr M, Belde J, Fähnrich A, Serge A, Irla M, Ellebrecht CT, Hammers CM, Bieber K, Westermann J, Kalies K. Receptor repertoires of murine follicular T helper cells reveal a high clonal overlap in separate lymph nodes in autoimmunity. eLife 2021; 10:70053. [PMID: 34402793 PMCID: PMC8370764 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular T helper cells (Tfh) are a specialized subset of CD4 effector T cells that are crucial for germinal center (GC) reactions and for selecting B cells to undergo affinity maturation. Despite this central role for humoral immunity, only few data exist about their clonal distribution when multiple lymphoid organs are exposed to the same antigen (Ag) as it is the case in autoimmunity. Here, we used an autoantibody-mediated disease model of the skin and injected one auto-Ag into the two footpads of the same mouse and analyzed the T cell receptor (TCR)β sequences of Tfh located in GCs of both contralateral draining lymph nodes. We found that over 90% of the dominant GC-Tfh clonotypes were shared in both lymph nodes but only transiently. The initially dominant Tfh clonotypes especially declined after establishment of chronic disease while GC reaction and autoimmune disease continued. Our data demonstrates a dynamic behavior of Tfh clonotypes under autoimmune conditions and emphasizes the importance of the time point for distinguishing auto-Ag-specific Tfh clonotypes from potential bystander activated ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Niebuhr
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julia Belde
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anke Fähnrich
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Arnauld Serge
- Laboratoire Adhésion et Inflammation, Inserm U1067 CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Magali Irla
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille Luminy (CIML), INSERM U1104, Aix-Marseille Université UM2, Marseille, France
| | - Christoph T Ellebrecht
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Christoph M Hammers
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Bieber
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Kathrin Kalies
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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66
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Shen C, Xue X, Zhang X, Wu L, Duan X, Su C. Dexamethasone reduces autoantibody levels in MRL/lpr mice by inhibiting Tfh cell responses. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:8329-8337. [PMID: 34318604 PMCID: PMC8419171 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that dexamethasone (Dex) reduces the levels of anti‐nuclear (ANA) and anti‐dsDNA antibodies in MRL/lpr mice (a mouse model of SLE). However, the effect of Dex on T follicular helper (Tfh) cells is less documented. Here, using the MRL/lpr mouse model, we investigated the influence of Dex on Tfh cells and potential underlying mechanisms. The data showed that the proportion of Tfh cells, identified as CD4+CXCR5+ICOS+, CD4+CXCR5+PD‐1+ or CD4+BCL‐6+ cells, markedly decreased after treatment with the Dex, in both Balb/c mice and MRL/lpr mice. Dex significantly inhibited IL‐21 expression at both the mRNA and the protein levels. Dex also significantly reduced the proportion of germinal centre B cells and decreased serum IgG, IgG2a/b and IgA levels. Moreover, a positive correlation between the proportion of Tfh cells (CD4+CXCR5+ICOS+, CD4+CXCR5+PD‐1+ or CD4+BCL‐6+) and autoantibodies was observed. Dex significantly increased the Prdm1 and Stat5b mRNA expression and decreased the Bcl‐6 and c‐Maf mRNA expression of CD4+T cells. In brief, Dex inhibited the Tfh development, which relies on many other transcription factors in addition to Bcl‐6. Our data indicate that Dex can be used as a Tfh cell inhibitor in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiu Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaonan Xue
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lihua Wu
- Department of Nephrology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiangguo Duan
- Department of Laboratory Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chunxia Su
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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67
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Zhan J, Kipp M, Han W, Kaddatz H. Ectopic lymphoid follicles in progressive multiple sclerosis: From patients to animal models. Immunology 2021; 164:450-466. [PMID: 34293193 PMCID: PMC8517596 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic lymphoid follicles (ELFs), resembling germinal centre‐like structures, emerge in a variety of infectious and autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. ELFs can be found in the meninges of around 40% of the investigated progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) post‐mortem brain tissues and are associated with the severity of cortical degeneration and clinical disease progression. Of predominant importance for progressive neuronal damage during the progressive MS phase appears to be meningeal inflammation, comprising diffuse meningeal infiltrates, B‐cell aggregates and compartmentalized ELFs. However, the absence of a uniform definition of ELFs impedes reproducible and comparable neuropathological research in this field. In this review article, we will first highlight historical aspects and milestones around the discovery of ELFs in the meninges of progressive MS patients. In the next step, we discuss how animal models may contribute to an understanding of the mechanisms underlying ELF formation. Finally, we summarize challenges in investigating ELFs and propose potential directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangshan Zhan
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wenling Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University Health Science Cente, Beijing, China.,Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, China
| | - Hannes Kaddatz
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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68
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Danelli L, Cornish G, Merkenschlager J, Kassiotis G. Default polyfunctional T helper 1 response to ample signal 1 alone. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1809-1822. [PMID: 32313208 PMCID: PMC8245500 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0415-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells integrate well-defined signals from the T-cell receptor (TCR) (signal 1) and a host of costimulatory molecules (signal 2) to initiate clonal expansion and differentiation into diverse functional T helper (Th) subsets. However, our ability to guide the expansion of context-appropriate Th subsets by deploying these signals in vaccination remains limited. Using cell-based vaccines, we selectively amplified signal 1 by exclusive presentation of an optimized peptide:MHC II (pMHC II) complex in the absence of classic costimulation. Contrary to expectations, amplified signal 1 alone was strongly immunogenic and selectively expanded high-affinity TCR clonotypes, despite delivering intense TCR signals. In contrast to natural infection or standard vaccines, amplified signal 1, presented by a variety of professional and nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), induced exclusively polyfunctional Th1 effector and memory cells, which protected against retroviral infection and tumor challenge, and expanded tumor-reactive CD4+ T cells otherwise rendered unresponsive in tumor-bearing hosts. Together, our findings uncover a default Th1 response to ample signal 1 and offer a means to selectively prime such protective responses by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Danelli
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Georgina Cornish
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Julia Merkenschlager
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - George Kassiotis
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK.
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69
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Kumar S, Fonseca VR, Ribeiro F, Basto AP, Água-Doce A, Monteiro M, Elessa D, Miragaia RJ, Gomes T, Piaggio E, Segura E, Gama-Carvalho M, Teichmann SA, Graca L. Developmental bifurcation of human T follicular regulatory cells. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/59/eabd8411. [PMID: 34049865 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abd8411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are anatomic structures where B cells undergo affinity maturation, leading to production of high-affinity antibodies. The balance between T follicular helper (TFH) and regulatory (TFR) cells is critical for adequate control of GC responses. The study of human TFH and TFR cell development has been hampered because of the lack of in vitro assays reproducing in vivo biology, along with difficult access to healthy human lymphoid tissues. We used a single-cell transcriptomics approach to study the maturation of TFH and TFR cells isolated from human blood, iliac lymph nodes (LNs), and tonsils. As independent tissues have distinct proportions of follicular T cells in different maturation states, we leveraged the heterogeneity to reconstruct the maturation trajectory for human TFH and TFR cells. We found that the dominant maturation of TFR cells follows a bifurcated trajectory from precursor Treg cells, with one arm of the bifurcation leading to blood TFR cells and the other leading to the most mature GC TFR cells. Overall, our data provide a comprehensive resource for the transcriptomics of different follicular T cell populations and their dynamic relationship across different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Kumar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Válter R Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Afonso P Basto
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Água-Doce
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Dikélélé Elessa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J Miragaia
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Tomás Gomes
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris F-75005, France.,Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biotherapie CICBT 1428, Institut Curie, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Elodie Segura
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Margarida Gama-Carvalho
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory/Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. .,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
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70
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Rodrigues G, Gonçalves da Costa Sousa M, da Silva DC, Berto Rezende TM, de Morais PC, Franco OL. Nanostrategies to Develop Current Antiviral Vaccines. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:3880-3890. [PMID: 35006813 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a worldwide concern. They are responsible for increasing the mortality rate and causing economic and social problems. Viral epidemics and pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, force the scientific community to consider molecules with antiviral activity. A number of viral infections still do not have a vaccine or efficient treatment and it is imperative to search for vaccines to control these infections. In this context, nanotechnology in association with the design of vaccines has presented an option for virus control. Nanovaccines have displayed an impressive immune response using a low dosage. This review aims to describe the advances and update the data in studies using nanovaccines and their immunomodulatory effect against human viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79117-900, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Gonçalves da Costa Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Dieime Custódia da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
- Departamento de Física, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Taia Maria Berto Rezende
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
- Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Paulo César de Morais
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências e Nanobiotecnologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79117-900, Brazil
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71
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Unexpected enhancement of FVIII immunogenicity by endothelial expression in lentivirus-transduced and transgenic mice. Blood Adv 2021; 4:2272-2285. [PMID: 32453842 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor VIII (FVIII) replacement therapy for hemophilia A is complicated by development of inhibitory antibodies (inhibitors) in ∼30% of patients. Because endothelial cells (ECs) are the primary physiologic expression site, we probed the therapeutic potential of genetically restoring FVIII expression selectively in ECs in hemophilia A mice (FVIIInull). Expression of FVIII was driven by the Tie2 promoter in the context of lentivirus (LV)-mediated in situ transduction (T2F8LV) or embryonic stem cell-mediated transgenesis (T2F8Tg). Both endothelial expression approaches were associated with a strikingly robust immune response. Following in situ T2F8LV-mediated EC transduction, all FVIIInull mice developed inhibitors but had no detectable plasma FVIII. In the transgenic approach, the T2F8Tg mice had normalized plasma FVIII levels, but showed strong sensitivity to developing an FVIII immune response upon FVIII immunization. A single injection of FVIII with incomplete Freund adjuvant led to high titers of inhibitors and reduction of plasma FVIII to undetectable levels. Because ECs are putative major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII)-expressing nonhematopoietic, "semiprofessional" antigen-presenting cells (APCs), we asked whether they might directly influence the FVIII immune responses. Imaging and flow cytometric studies confirmed that both murine and human ECs express MHCII and efficiently bind and take up FVIII protein in vitro. Moreover, microvascular ECs preconditioned ex vivo with inflammatory cytokines could functionally present exogenously taken-up FVIII to previously primed CD4+/CXCR5+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells to drive FVIII-specific proliferation. Our results show an unanticipated immunogenicity of EC-expressed FVIII and suggest a context-dependent role for ECs in the regulation of inhibitors as auxiliary APCs for Tfh cells.
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72
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Marschall P, Wei R, Segaud J, Yao W, Hener P, German BF, Meyer P, Hugel C, Ada Da Silva G, Braun R, Kaplan DH, Li M. Dual function of Langerhans cells in skin TSLP-promoted T FH differentiation in mouse atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:1778-1794. [PMID: 33068561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is among the most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases, usually occurring early in life, and often preceding other atopic diseases such as asthma. TH2 has been believed to play a crucial role in cellular and humoral response in AD, but accumulating evidence has shown that follicular helper T cell (TFH), a critical player in humoral immunity, is associated with disease severity and plays an important role in AD pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES This study aimed at investigating how TFHs are generated during the pathogenesis of AD, particularly what is the role of keratinocyte-derived cytokine TSLP and Langerhans cells (LCs). METHODS Two experimental AD mouse models were employed: (1) triggered by the overproduction of TSLP through topical application of MC903, and (2) induced by epicutaneous allergen ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization. RESULTS This study demonstrated that the development of TFHs and germinal center (GC) response were crucially dependent on TSLP in both the MC903 model and the OVA sensitization model. Moreover, we found that LCs promoted TFH differentiation and GC response in the MC903 model, and the depletion of Langerin+ dendritic cells (DCs) or selective depletion of LCs diminished the TFH/GC response. By contrast, in the model with OVA sensitization, LCs inhibited TFH/GC response and suppressed TH2 skin inflammation and the subsequent asthma. Transcriptomic analysis of Langerin+ and Langerin- migratory DCs revealed that Langerin+ DCs became activated in the MC903 model, whereas these cells remained inactivated in OVA sensitization model. CONCLUSIONS Together, these studies revealed a dual functionality of LCs in TSLP-promoted TFH and TH2 differentiation in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Marschall
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Ruicheng Wei
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Justine Segaud
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Wenjin Yao
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Pierre Hener
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Beatriz Falcon German
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Pierre Meyer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Cecile Hugel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Grace Ada Da Silva
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Mei Li
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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Homeostatic regulation of T follicular helper and antibody response to particle antigens by IL-1Ra of medullary sinus macrophage origin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2019798118. [PMID: 33875594 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019798118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccines are composed of surface antigen HBsAg that spontaneously assembles into subviral particles. Factors that impede its humoral immunity in 5% to 10% of vaccinees remain elusive. Here, we showed that the low-level interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) can predict antibody protection both in mice and humans. Mechanistically, murine IL-1Ra-inhibited T follicular helper (Tfh) cell expansion and subsequent germinal center (GC)-dependent humoral immunity, resulting in significantly weakened protection against the HBV challenge. Compared to soluble antigens, HBsAg particle antigen displayed a unique capture/uptake and innate immune activation, including IL-1Ra expression, preferably of medullary sinus macrophages. In humans, a unique polymorphism in the RelA/p65 binding site of IL-1Ra enhancer associated IL-1Ra levels with ethnicity-dependent vaccination outcome. Therefore, the differential IL-1Ra response to particle antigens probably creates a suppressive milieu for Tfh/GC development, and neutralization of IL-1Ra would resurrect antibody response in HBV vaccine nonresponders.
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74
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Bertschi NL, Bazzini C, Schlapbach C. The Concept of Pathogenic TH2 Cells: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum Update 2021. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2021; 182:365-380. [PMID: 33845475 DOI: 10.1159/000515144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper (TH) cells have evolved into distinct subsets that mediate specific immune responses to protect the host against a myriad of infectious and noninfectious challenges. However, if dysregulated, TH-cell subsets can cause inflammatory disease. Emerging evidence now suggests that human allergic disease is caused by a distinct subpopulation of pathogenic TH2 cells. Pathogenic TH2 cells from different type-2-driven diseases share a core phenotype and show overlapping functional attributes. The unique differentiation requirements, activating signals, and metabolic characteristics of pathogenic TH2 cells are just being discovered. A better knowledge of this particular TH2 cell population will enable the specific targeting of disease-driving pathways in allergy. In this review, we introduce a rational for classifying TH cells into distinct subsets, discuss the current knowledge on pathogenic TH2 cells, and summarize their involvement in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Bertschi
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Bazzini
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Schlapbach
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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75
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Baumjohann D, Fazilleau N. Antigen-dependent multistep differentiation of T follicular helper cells and its role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1325-1333. [PMID: 33788271 PMCID: PMC8250352 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play an essential role in regulating the GC reaction and, consequently, the generation of high‐affinity antibodies and memory B cells. Therefore, Tfh cells are critical for potent humoral immune responses against various pathogens and their dysregulation has been linked to autoimmunity and cancer. Tfh cell differentiation is a multistep process, in which cognate interactions with different APC types, costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways, as well as cytokines are involved. However, it is still not fully understood how a subset of activated CD4+ T cells begins to express the Tfh cell‐defining chemokine receptor CXCR5 during the early stage of the immune response, how some CXCR5+ pre‐Tfh cells enter the B‐cell follicles and mature further into GC Tfh cells, and how Tfh cells are maintained in the memory compartment. In this review, we discuss recent advances on how antigen and cognate interactions are important for Tfh cell differentiation and long‐term persistence of Tfh cell memory, and how this is relevant to the current understanding of COVID‐19 pathogenesis and the development of potent SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Baumjohann
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicolas Fazilleau
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, Inserm, Toulouse, U1291, France.,French Germinal Center Club, French Society for Immunology (SFI), Paris, France
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76
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Szabó K, Jámbor I, Szántó A, Horváth IF, Tarr T, Nakken B, Szodoray P, Papp G. The Imbalance of Circulating Follicular T Helper Cell Subsets in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Associates With Serological Alterations and Abnormal B-Cell Distribution. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639975. [PMID: 33815392 PMCID: PMC8018236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since B-cell hyperactivity and pathologic antibody response are key features in the immunopathogenesis of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), the role of follicular T helper (TFH) cells as efficient helpers in the survival and differentiation of B cells has emerged. Our aim was to investigate whether a change in the balance of circulating (c)TFH subsets and follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells could affect the distribution of B cells in pSS. Peripheral blood of 38 pSS patients and 27 healthy controls was assessed for the frequencies of cTFH cell subsets, TFR cells, and certain B cell subpopulations by multicolor flow cytometry. Serological parameters, including anti-SSA, anti-SSB autoantibodies, immunoglobulin, and immune complex titers were determined as part of the routine diagnostic evaluation. Patients with pSS showed a significant increase in activated cTFH cell proportions, which was associated with serological results. Frequencies of cTFH subsets were unchanged in pSS patients compared to healthy controls. The percentages and number of cTFR cells exhibited a significant increase in autoantibody positive patients compared to patients with seronegative pSS. The proportions of transitional and naïve B cells were significantly increased, whereas subsets of memory B cells were significantly decreased and correlated with autoantibody production. Functional analysis revealed that the simultaneous blockade of cTFH and B cell interaction with anti-IL-21 and anti-CD40 antibodies decreased the production of IgM and IgG. Imbalance in TFH subsets and TFR cells indicates an ongoing over-activated humoral immune response, which contributes to the characteristic serological manifestations and the pathogenesis of pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Szabó
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ilona Jámbor
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Antónia Szántó
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Fanny Horváth
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Tarr
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Britt Nakken
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Szodoray
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gábor Papp
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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77
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Abstract
As the professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) sense the microenvironment and shape the ensuing adaptive immune response. DCs can induce both immune activation and immune tolerance according to the peripheral cues. Recent work has established that DCs comprise several phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous subsets that differentially regulate T lymphocyte differentiation. This review summarizes both mouse and human DC subset phenotypes, development, diversification, and function. We focus on advances in our understanding of how different DC subsets regulate distinct CD4+ T helper (Th) cell differentiation outcomes, including Th1, Th2, Th17, T follicular helper, and T regulatory cells. We review DC subset intrinsic properties, local tissue microenvironments, and other immune cells that together determine Th cell differentiation during homeostasis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
| | - Shuting Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
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78
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Kinoshita M, Ogawa Y, Onaka M, Shimada S, Kawamura T. Mepolizumab-responsive Kimura disease. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2021; 9:2928-2930. [PMID: 33684634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manao Kinoshita
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Youichi Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
| | - Misaki Onaka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shinji Shimada
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Tatsuyoshi Kawamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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79
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Huang S, He Q, Zhou L. T cell responses in respiratory viral infections and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134:1522-1534. [PMID: 33655898 PMCID: PMC8280062 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Respiratory viruses are major human pathogens that cause approximately 200 million pneumonia cases annually and induce various comorbidities with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), resulting in significant health concerns and economic burdens. Clinical manifestations in respiratory viral infections and inflammations vary from asymptomatic, mild, to severe, depending on host immune cell responses to pathogens and interactions with airway epithelia. We critically review the activation, effector, and regulation of T cells in respiratory virus infections and chronic inflammations associated with COPD. Crosstalk among T cells, innate immune cells, and airway epithelial cells is discussed as essential parts of pathogenesis and protection in viral infections and COPD. We emphasize the specificity of peptide antigens and the functional heterogeneity of conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to shed some light on potential cellular and molecular candidates for the future development of therapeutics and intervention against respiratory viral infections and inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouxiong Huang
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45249, USA
| | - Quan He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Linfu Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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80
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Duckworth BC, Groom JR. Conversations that count: Cellular interactions that drive T cell fate. Immunol Rev 2021; 300:203-219. [PMID: 33586207 PMCID: PMC8048805 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the extrinsic environment and the internal transcriptional network is circular. Naive T cells first engage with antigen‐presenting cells to set transcriptional differentiation networks in motion. In turn, this regulates specific chemokine receptors that direct migration into distinct lymph node niches. Movement into these regions brings newly activated T cells into contact with accessory cells and cytokines that reinforce the differentiation programming to specify T cell function. We and others have observed similarities in the transcriptional networks that specify both CD4+ T follicular helper (TFH) cells and CD8+ central memory stem‐like (TSCM) cells. Here, we compare and contrast the current knowledge for these shared differentiation programs, compared to their effector counterparts, CD4+ T‐helper 1 (TH1) and CD8+ short‐lived effector (TSLEC) cells. Understanding the interplay between cellular interactions and transcriptional programming is essential to harness T cell differentiation that is fit for purpose; to stimulate potent T cell effector function for the elimination of chronic infection and cancer; or to amplify the formation of humoral immunity and longevity of cellular memory to prevent infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigette C Duckworth
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Joanna R Groom
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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81
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Yao Q, Li H, Fan L, Zhang Y, Zhao S, Zheng N, Wang J. Dietary Regulation of the Crosstalk between Gut Microbiome and Immune Response in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020368. [PMID: 33567698 PMCID: PMC7915342 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic, recurring inflammatory response, is a growing global public health issue. It results from the aberrant crosstalk among environmental factors, gut microbiota, the immune system, and host genetics, with microbiota serving as the core of communication for differently-sourced signals. In the susceptible host, dysbiosis, characterized by the bloom of facultative anaerobic bacteria and the decline of community diversity and balance, can trigger an aberrant immune response that leads to reduced tolerance against commensal microbiota. In IBD, such dysbiosis has been profoundly proven in animal models, as well as clinic data analysis; however, it has not yet been conclusively ascertained whether dysbiosis actually promotes the disease or is simply a consequence of the inflammatory disorder. Better insight into the complex network of interactions between food, the intestinal microbiome, and host immune response will, therefore, contribute significantly to the diagnosis, treatment, and management of IBD. In this article, we review the ways in which the mutualistic circle of dietary nutrients, gut microbiota, and the immune system becomes anomalous during the IBD process, and discuss the roles of bacterial factors in shaping the intestinal inflammatory barrier and adjusting immune capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Y.); (H.L.); (L.F.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huiying Li
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Y.); (H.L.); (L.F.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Linlin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Y.); (H.L.); (L.F.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yangdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Y.); (H.L.); (L.F.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Y.); (H.L.); (L.F.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Y.); (H.L.); (L.F.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Y.); (H.L.); (L.F.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence:
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82
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Yao Y, Chen C, Yu D, Liu Z. Roles of follicular helper and regulatory T cells in allergic diseases and allergen immunotherapy. Allergy 2021; 76:456-470. [PMID: 33098663 DOI: 10.1111/all.14639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are characterized by overactive type 2 immune responses to allergens and immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity. Emerging evidence suggests that follicular helper T (TFH ) cells, rather than type 2 T-helper (TH 2) cells, play a crucial role in controlling IgE production. However, follicular regulatory T (TFR ) cells, a specialized subset of regulatory T (TREG ) cells resident in B-cell follicles, restricts TFH cell-mediated help in extrafollicular antibody production, germinal center (GC) formation, immunoglobulin affinity maturation, and long-lived, high-affinity plasma and memory B-cell differentiation. In mouse models of allergic asthma and food allergy, CXCR5+ TFH cells, not CXCR5- conventional TH 2 cells, are needed to support IgE production, otherwise exacerbated by CXCR5+ TFR cell deletion. Upregulation of TFH cell activities, including a skewing toward type 2 TFH (TFH 2) and IL-13 producing TFH (TFH 13) phenotypes, and defects in TFR cells have been identified in patients with allergic diseases. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) reinstates the balance between TFH and TFR cells in patients with allergic diseases, resulting in clinical benefits. Collectively, further understanding of TFH and TFR cells and their role in the immunopathogenesis of allergic diseases creates opportunities to develop novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yao
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Cai‐Ling Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Di Yu
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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83
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Ni X, Wang Y, Wang P, Chu C, Xu H, Hu J, Sun J, Qi H. Death associated protein kinase 2 suppresses T-B interactions and GC formation. Mol Immunol 2020; 128:249-257. [PMID: 33176179 PMCID: PMC7754787 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) formation is a critical step during T-dependent humoral immune responses. We report Death Associated Protein Kinase 2, a serine/threonine kinase, is rapidly induced in T cells following activation and plays an inhibitory role in T cell-mediated help for the GC formation. Specifically, T cells deficient in Dapk2 have an increased ability to physically conjugate with antigen-presenting B cells and to promote GC formation. However, Dapk2 does not regulate T cell receptor signaling strength and does not influence cytokine-driven T-cell subset polarization. Instead, Dapk2 dampens mTORC1 activities by associating with Raptor. Silencing of Raptor rescues defects observed with the Dapk2 insufficiency. Our study thus identifies Dapk2 as a new kinase likely involved in negative regulation of contact-dependent help delivery to B cells and GC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingya Ni
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Coco Chu
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Heping Xu
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinzhi Hu
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiahui Sun
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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84
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Wang B, Zhu J, Ma X, Qiu S, Pan B, Zhou J, Fan J, Yang X, Guo W. Tfr-Tfh index: A new predicator for recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with HBV infection after curative resection. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 511:282-290. [PMID: 33080261 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells were newly identified as the subsets of cluster of CD4+ T cells. As major components of human immune system, they were found in tumor microenvironment and reported to play vital roles in the progression of cancer. But their clinical significance in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was not elucidated. Thus, this research aimed to investigate their prognostic value in HCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 210 subjects (including 110 HCC patients, 50 chronic hepatitis patients and 50 healthy individuals) were enrolled in the research. Tfh, Tfr cells and Treg cells from peripheral blood were measured by flow cytometry. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of Tfr-Tfh Index (TTI) in early HCC and relapse status. Its further prognostic valve was assessed by Kaplan-Meier survival estimate and log rank tests. RESULTS Tfh cells, Tfr cells, Treg cells and TTI were all higher in HCC patients than in chronic hepatitis patients and healthy control. TTI was found to have positive correlation with the load of HBV. The AUC of TTI for early HCC and relapse status was better than other clinical indices in HBV positive patients. An optimal cutoff point for the TTI stratified the HCC patients into high (>21.96) and low index (≤21.96) groups. High TTI was significantly correlated with recurrence. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed TTI could be a predictor for recurrence. Moreover, it retained prognostic performance for patients with lower recurrence risk. CONCLUSION Our research showed that TTI could be a promising indicator for early recurrence in HCC patients with HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beili Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Xiaolu Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Shuangjian Qiu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhong Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Baishen Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhong Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhong Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Xinrong Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhong Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
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85
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Alterauge D, Bagnoli JW, Dahlström F, Bradford BM, Mabbott NA, Buch T, Enard W, Baumjohann D. Continued Bcl6 Expression Prevents the Transdifferentiation of Established Tfh Cells into Th1 Cells during Acute Viral Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108232. [PMID: 33027650 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are crucial for the establishment of germinal centers (GCs) and potent antibody responses. Nevertheless, the T cell-intrinsic factors that are required for the maintenance of already-established Tfh cells and GCs remain largely unknown. Here, we use temporally guided gene ablation in CD4+ T cells to dissect the contributions of the Tfh-associated chemokine receptor CXCR5 and the transcription factor Bcl6. Induced ablation of Cxcr5 has minor effects on the function of established Tfh cells, and Cxcr5-ablated cells still exhibit most of the features of CXCR5+ Tfh cells. In contrast, continued Bcl6 expression is critical to maintain the GC Tfh cell phenotype and also the GC reaction. Importantly, Bcl6 ablation during acute viral infection results in the transdifferentiation of established Tfh into Th1 cells, thus highlighting the plasticity of Tfh cells. These findings have implications for strategies that boost or restrain Tfh cells and GCs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Alterauge
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Johannes W Bagnoli
- Anthropology & Human Genomics, Department of Biology II, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Frank Dahlström
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Barry M Bradford
- The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Wagistr. 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Enard
- Anthropology & Human Genomics, Department of Biology II, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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86
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Sheikh AA, Groom JR. Transcription tipping points for T follicular helper cell and T-helper 1 cell fate commitment. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:528-538. [PMID: 32999454 PMCID: PMC7525231 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During viral infection, immune cells coordinate the induction of inflammatory responses that clear infection and humoral responses that promote protection. CD4+ T-cell differentiation sits at the center of this axis. Differentiation toward T-helper 1 (Th1) cells mediates inflammation and pathogen clearance, while T follicular helper (Tfh) cells facilitate germinal center (GC) reactions for the generation of high-affinity antibodies and immune memory. While Th1 and Tfh differentiation occurs in parallel, these CD4+ T-cell identities are mutually exclusive, and progression toward these ends is determined via the upregulation of T-bet and Bcl6, respectively. These lineage-defining transcription factors act in concert with multiple networks of transcriptional regulators that tip the T-bet and Bcl6 axis in CD4+ T-cell progenitors to either a Th1 or Tfh fate. It is now clear that these transcriptional networks are guided by cytokine cues that are not only varied between distinct viral infections but also dynamically altered throughout the duration of infection. Thus, multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors combine to specify the fate, plasticity, and function of Th1 and Tfh cells during infection. Here, we review the current information on the mode of action of the lineage-defining transcription factors Bcl6 and T-bet and how they act individually and in complex to govern CD4+ T-cell ontogeny. Furthermore, we outline the multifaceted transcriptional regulatory networks that act upstream and downstream of Bcl6 and T-bet to tip the differentiation equilibrium toward either a Tfh or Th1 fate and how these are impacted by dynamic inflammatory cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amania A Sheikh
- Divisions of Immunology and Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Joanna R Groom
- Divisions of Immunology and Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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87
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Sheikh AA, Cooper L, Feng M, Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, Lafouresse F, Duckworth BC, Huntington ND, Moon JJ, Pellegrini M, Nutt SL, Belz GT, Good-Jacobson KL, Groom JR. Context-Dependent Role for T-bet in T Follicular Helper Differentiation and Germinal Center Function following Viral Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1758-1772.e4. [PMID: 31412245 PMCID: PMC6711398 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Following infection, inflammatory cues upregulate core transcriptional programs to establish pathogen-specific protection. In viral infections, T follicular helper (TFH) cells express the prototypical T helper 1 transcription factor T-bet. Several studies have demonstrated essential but conflicting roles for T-bet in TFH biology. Understanding the basis of this controversy is crucial, as modulation of T-bet expression instructs TFH differentiation and ultimately protective antibody responses. Comparing influenza and LCMV viral infections, we demonstrate that the role of T-bet is contingent on the environmental setting of TFH differentiation, IL-2 signaling, and T cell competition. Furthermore, we demonstrate that T-bet expression by either TFH or GC B cells independently drives antibody isotype class switching. Specifically, T cell-specific loss of T-bet promotes IgG1, whereas B cell-specific loss of T-bet inhibits IgG2a/c switching. Combined, this work highlights that the context-dependent induction of T-bet instructs the development of protective, neutralizing antibodies following viral infection or vaccination. Shiekh et al. show that, in influenza and LCMV infections, the role of the transcription factor T-bet in TFH differentiation is contingent on environmental cues, IL-2 signaling, and T cell competition. Cell-specific T-bet expression independently drives antibody isotype class switching. Therefore T-bet instructs immune protection in a context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amania A Sheikh
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Lucy Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Meiqi Feng
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Fernando Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Fanny Lafouresse
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERM U1037, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Brigette C Duckworth
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - James J Moon
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Marc Pellegrini
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kim L Good-Jacobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Joanna R Groom
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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88
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Tang T, Xu T, Liu X, Yang T, Zhang L, Yang Z. Roles of BATF/JUN/IRF4 complex in tacrolimus mediated immunosuppression on Tfh cells in acute rejection after liver transplantation. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:1776-1786. [PMID: 32749698 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Rejection injury is a serious complication after liver transplantation (LTx). Tacrolimus (Tac) is a key immunosuppressive agent in the prevention of liver rejection after transplantation. The basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor (BATF)/JUN/interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) complex serves critical functions in the immune response. This study aimed to explore the role of the BATF/JUN/IRF4 complex in rejection after LTx by treatment with Tac. Herein, DA and Lewis (LEW) rats were used to construct the LTx animal model. The recipient LEW rats were treated with Tac or saline, subcutaneously. Splenic mononuclear cells were treated with Tac at 1 and 10 nM after stimulation with interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the expression of factors associated with the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-BATF/JUN/IRF4 and IL-21 were detected. The results demonstrated that Tac prolonged the allografts survival and attenuated inflammation injury, and decreased the percentage frequencies of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and inhibited B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6) and IL-6 expression in Tfh cells. In addition, Tac inhibited the expression of the BATF/JUN/IRF4 complex, Bcl-6 and IL-21 NFATc1 and NFATc2 were inhibited by Tac, and interacted with the promoter of BATF and IRF4. In conclusion, the attenuation of rejection injury may be dependent on the NFAT-BATF/JUN/IRF4-IL-21 axis, and the BATF/JUN/IRF4 complex participates in the inhibition of IL-21-producing Tfh cells after treatment with Tac. These findings suggest that the BATF/JUN/IRF4 complex-IL-21 axis may be used as a potential target for attenuating rejection injury after LTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengqian Tang
- The Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Xu
- The Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangde Liu
- The Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tongkun Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Basic Medical College of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Leida Zhang
- The Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhanyu Yang
- The Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
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89
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Lartey S, Zhou F, Brokstad KA, Mohn KGI, Slettevoll SA, Pathirana RD, Cox RJ. Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Induces Tonsillar Follicular T Helper Cell Responses That Correlate With Antibody Induction. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:21-32. [PMID: 31250024 PMCID: PMC6910880 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza remains a major threat to public health. Live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) have been shown to be effective, particularly in children. Follicular T helper (TFH) cells provide B-cell help and are crucial for generating long-term humoral immunity. However the role of TFH cells in LAIV-induced immune responses is unknown. Methods We collected tonsils, plasma, and saliva samples from children and adults receiving LAIV prior to tonsillectomy. We measured influenza-specific TFH-cell responses after LAIV by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Systemic and local antibody responses were analysed by hemagglutination inhibition assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results We report that LAIV induced early (3–7 days post-vaccination) activation of tonsillar follicles and influenza-specific TFH-cell (CXCR5+CD57+CD4+ T cell) responses in children, and to a lesser extent in adults. Serological analyses showed that LAIV elicited rapid (day 14) and long-term (up to 1 year post-vaccination) antibody responses (hemagglutination inhibition, influenza-specific IgG) in children, but not adults. There was an inverse correlation between pre-existing influenza-specific salivary IgA concentrations and tonsillar TFH-cell responses, and a positive correlation between tonsillar TFH-cell and systemic IgG induction after LAIV. Conclusions Our data, taken together, demonstrate an important role of tonsillar TFH cells in LAIV-induced immunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fan Zhou
- Influenza Center, Bergen, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccines Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karl A Brokstad
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca J Cox
- Influenza Center, Bergen, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccines Research, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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90
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Pham TN, Spaulding C, Munshi HG. Controlling TIME: How MNK Kinases Function to Shape Tumor Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082096. [PMID: 32731503 PMCID: PMC7465005 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have clearly established the oncogenic role for MAPK-interacting protein kinases (MNK) in human malignancies. Modulation of MNK activity affects translation of mRNAs involved in cancer development, progression, and resistance to therapies. As a result, there are ongoing efforts to develop and evaluate MNK inhibitors for cancer treatment. However, it is important to recognize that MNK activity also plays an important role in regulating the innate and adaptive immune systems. A better understanding of the role of MNK kinases and MNK-mediated signals in regulating the immune system could help mitigate undesired side effects while maximizing therapeutic efficacy of MNK inhibitors. Here, we provide a systematic review on the function of MNK kinases and their substrates in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao N.D. Pham
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Correspondence: (T.N.D.P.); (H.G.M.); Tel.: +312-503-0312 (T.N.D.P.); +312-503-2301 (H.G.M.)
| | - Christina Spaulding
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hidayatullah G. Munshi
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Correspondence: (T.N.D.P.); (H.G.M.); Tel.: +312-503-0312 (T.N.D.P.); +312-503-2301 (H.G.M.)
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91
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Donnadieu E, Reisinger KB, Scharf S, Michel Y, Bein J, Hansen S, Loth AG, Flinner N, Hartmann S, Hansmann ML. Landscape of T Follicular Helper Cell Dynamics in Human Germinal Centers. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1248-1255. [PMID: 32699157 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play a very important role in mounting a humoral response. Studies conducted in mouse models have revealed with good kinetic and spatial resolution the dynamics of these cells in germinal centers (GC) and their cross-talk with B cells upon an immune response. However, whether a similar migratory behavior is performed by human Tfh cells is unclear, as technology to track them in situ has been lacking. In this study, we combined traditional immunohistochemistry and real-time fluorescent imaging approaches on fresh human adenoid slices to provide static and dynamic information on Tfh cells. Our data indicate that GC light zones are composed of two distinct areas in terms of Tfh cell distribution and migration. In the outer GC light zones, Tfh cells migrate actively and with a high ability to form dynamic clusters showing intense and rapid reorganization. In these outer regions, Tfh cells demonstrate multiple interactions between each other. Conversely, in central regions of GC light zones, Tfh cells are much more static, forming long-lasting conjugates. These findings reveal for the first time, to our knowledge, the dynamic behavior whereby Tfh cells migrate in human GC and highlight the heterogeneity of GC for Tfh cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Donnadieu
- Département Immunologie, Inflammation, et Infection, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Université de Paris, F-75014 Paris, France;
| | | | - Sonja Scharf
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yvonne Michel
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julia Bein
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Reference and Consultant Center for Lymph Node and Lymphoma Diagnostics, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Susanne Hansen
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas G Loth
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; and
| | - Nadine Flinner
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sylvia Hartmann
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Reference and Consultant Center for Lymph Node and Lymphoma Diagnostics, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin-Leo Hansmann
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Reference and Consultant Center for Lymph Node and Lymphoma Diagnostics, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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92
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Long X, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Min M, Lin B, Chen J, Ma X, Zhai S, Cai Z, Liu Y, Lu Y, Che N, Tan W, Qin J, Wang X. Histone methyltransferase Nsd2 is required for follicular helper T cell differentiation. J Exp Med 2020; 217:jem.20190832. [PMID: 31636135 PMCID: PMC7037247 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of Bcl6 expression during follicular helper T cell differentiation remains incompletely understood. Here, Long et al. show that T cell activation induces H3K36me2 methyltransferase Nsd2, in a CD28- and ICOS-dependent manner, to promote Bcl6 expression and Tfh differentiation. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells provide essential help for humoral immune response. Transcriptional factor Bcl6 is the master regulator for Tfh generation and is induced very early after T cell activation in a CD28-dependent manner, but how CD28 signal promotes Bcl6 early expression remains unknown. Here we found that CD28 signal quickly induces expression of the H3K36me2 methytransferase Nsd2, which is required for Bcl6 expression as early as the first cell division after T cell activation. Nsd2 deficiency in T cells leads to decreased Bcl6 expression, impaired Tfh generation, compromised germinal center response, and delayed virus clearance. Ectopic Bcl6 expression rescues the Tfh defect of Nsd2 KO cells. ICOS signal is dispensable for early Nsd2 induction but required for sustained Nsd2 expression, which is critical for Tfh maintenance. Overexpression of Nsd2 increases Bcl6 expression and enhances Tfh generation; 4-mo-old mice even develop spontaneous Tfh. Overall, our study reveals Nsd2 as a critical epigenetic regulator for Tfh differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Long
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Min
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bichun Lin
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojie Ma
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sulan Zhai
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenming Cai
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanlai Lu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Che
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenfeng Tan
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Qin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Institute of Nutrition and Health Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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93
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Wang W, Li Y, Hao J, He Y, Dong X, Fu YX, Guo X. The Interaction between Lymphoid Tissue Inducer-Like Cells and T Cells in the Mesenteric Lymph Node Restrains Intestinal Humoral Immunity. Cell Rep 2020; 32:107936. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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94
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Germinal centers B-cell reaction and T follicular helper cells in response to HIV-1 infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2020; 14:246-252. [PMID: 30994502 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to summarize the recent findings on germinal center B-cell reaction and Tfh cells in HIV-1 infection, with particular emphasis on the spatial organization of the germinal center, follicular cell regulation, and cellular alterations resulting from HIV infection. RECENT FINDINGS HIV-specific bNAbs are generated by iterative cycles of B-cell maturation supported by GC environment. Recent observations underline that germinal center structural alterations at the earliest stages of HIV infection could impact Tfh cell and germinal center B-cell homeostasis, thus preventing the rise of efficient humoral immunity. Moreover, despite ART treatment, HIV-derived antigens persist, particularly in follicular CD4+ T cells. Antigenic persistence and variability lead to unregulated chronic stimulation. In this context, regulation of the germinal center appears of special interest. In addition to follicular T-regulatory cells (Tfr), new potent regulators of germinal center reaction, such as follicular CD8 T and NK cells have been recently identified. SUMMARY Altogether these new data provide a better understanding on how HIV infection severely impacts germinal center reaction. Here we propose several therapeutic approaches to promote the bNAb development in HIV-infected patients by improving the preservation of germinal center architecture and its regulation.
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95
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Papillion A, Powell MD, Chisolm DA, Bachus H, Fuller MJ, Weinmann AS, Villarino A, O'Shea JJ, León B, Oestreich KJ, Ballesteros-Tato A. Inhibition of IL-2 responsiveness by IL-6 is required for the generation of GC-T FH cells. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/39/eaaw7636. [PMID: 31519812 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaw7636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sustained T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation is required for maintaining germinal center T follicular helper (GC-TFH) cells. Paradoxically, TCR activation induces interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) expression and IL-2 production, thereby initiating a feedback loop of IL-2 signaling that normally inhibits TFH cells. It is unclear how GC-TFH cells can receive prolonged TCR signaling without succumbing to the detrimental effects of IL-2. Using an influenza infection model, we show here that GC-TFH cells secreted large amounts of IL-2 but responded poorly to it. To maintain their IL-2 hyporesponsiveness, GC-TFH cells required intrinsic IL-6 signaling. Mechanistically, we found that IL-6 inhibited up-regulation of IL-2Rβ (CD122) by preventing association of STAT5 with the Il2rb locus, thus allowing GC-TFH cells to receive sustained TCR signaling and produce IL-2 without initiating a TCR/IL-2 inhibitory feedback loop. Collectively, our results identify a regulatory mechanism that controls the generation of GC-TFH cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Papillion
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michael D Powell
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Danielle A Chisolm
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Holly Bachus
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michael J Fuller
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Amy S Weinmann
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Beatriz León
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kenneth J Oestreich
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - André Ballesteros-Tato
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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96
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Rocca MA, Cacciaguerra L, Filippi M. Moving beyond anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies: emerging biomarkers in the spectrum of neuromyelitis optica. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:601-618. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1764352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Cacciaguerra
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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97
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Effects of sleep on the splenic milieu in mice and the T cell receptor repertoire recruited into a T cell dependent B cell response. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 5:100082. [PMID: 34589857 PMCID: PMC8474558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is known to improve immune function ranging from cell distribution in the naïve state to elevated antibody titers after an immune challenge. The underlying mechanisms still remain unclear, partially because most studies have focused on the analysis of blood only. Hence, we investigated the effects of sleep within the spleen in female C57BL/6J mice with normal sleep compared to short-term sleep-deprived animals both in the naïve state and after an antigen challenge. Lack of sleep decreased the expression of genes associated with immune cell recruitment into and antigen presentation within the spleen both in the naïve state and during a T cell dependent B cell response directed against sheep red blood cells (SRBC). However, neither T cell proliferation nor formation of SRBC-specific antibodies was affected. In addition, the T cell receptor repertoire recruited into the immune response within seven days was not influenced by sleep deprivation. Thus, sleep modulated the molecular milieu within the spleen whereas we could not detect corresponding changes in the primary immune response against SRBC. Further studies will show whether sleep influences the secondary immune response against SRBC or the development of the B cell receptor repertoire, and how this can be compared to other antigens. Sleep deprivation (SD) decreases expression of genes involved in T cell function. SD induces those changes in the milieu of both lymph nodes and spleen. SD dampens the expression of several genes in the spleen during an immune response. SD does not alter the T cell receptor repertoire recruited into the immune response.
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Key Words
- Antigen presentation
- BCZ, B cell zone
- CCL, C–C motif ligand
- CCR, C–C motif receptor
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CIITA, class II major histocompatibility complex transactivator
- CXCL, C-X-C motif ligand
- FDR, false discovery rate
- GC, germinal center
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- Lymphocyte migration
- MHC-II, major histocompatibility complex II
- SD, sleep deprivation
- SLO, secondary lymphoid organ
- SRBC, sheep red blood cells
- Sheep red blood cells
- Sleep deprivation
- T cell dependent B cell Response
- T cell receptor repertoire
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TCR-R, T cell receptor repertoire
- TCZ, T cell zone
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98
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Sant AJ. The Way Forward: Potentiating Protective Immunity to Novel and Pandemic Influenza Through Engagement of Memory CD4 T Cells. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:S30-S37. [PMID: 30715376 PMCID: PMC6452298 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Potentially pandemic strains of influenza pose an undeniable threat to human populations. Therefore, it is essential to develop better strategies to enhance vaccine design and predict parameters that identify susceptible humans. CD4 T cells are a central component of protective immunity to influenza, delivering direct effector function and potentiating responses of other lymphoid cells. Humans have highly diverse influenza-specific CD4 T-cell populations that vary in stimulation history, specificity, and functionality. These complexities constitute a formidable obstacle to predicting immune responses to pandemic strains of influenza and derivation of optimal vaccine strategies. We suggest that more precise efforts to identify and enumerate both the positive and negative contributors of immunity in the CD4 T-cell compartment will aid in both predicting susceptible hosts and in development of vaccination strategies that will poise most human subjects to respond to pandemic influenza strains with protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Sant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York
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99
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Lewis SM, Williams A, Eisenbarth SC. Structure and function of the immune system in the spleen. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/33/eaau6085. [PMID: 30824527 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau6085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The spleen is the largest secondary lymphoid organ in the body and, as such, hosts a wide range of immunologic functions alongside its roles in hematopoiesis and red blood cell clearance. The physical organization of the spleen allows it to filter blood of pathogens and abnormal cells and facilitate low-probability interactions between antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and cognate lymphocytes. APCs specific to the spleen regulate the T and B cell response to these antigenic targets in the blood. This review will focus on cell types, cell organization, and immunologic functions specific to the spleen and how these affect initiation of adaptive immunity to systemic blood-borne antigens. Potential differences in structure and function between mouse and human spleen will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Lewis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Adam Williams
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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100
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CD4 + T cell phenotypes in the pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia. Cell Immunol 2020; 351:104096. [PMID: 32199587 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by low platelet counts due to enhanced platelet clearance and compromised production. Traditionally, ITP was regarded a B cell mediated disorder as anti-platelet antibodies are detected in most patients. The very nature of self-antigens, evident processes of isotype switching and the affinity maturation of anti-platelet antibodies indicate that B cells in order to mount anti-platelet immune response require assistance of auto-reactive CD4+ T cells. For a long time, ITP pathogenesis has been exclusively reviewed through the prism of the disturbed balance between Th1 and Th2 subsets of CD4+ T cells, however, more recently new subsets of these cells have been described including Th17, Th9, Th22, T follicular helper and regulatory T cells. In this paper, we review the current understanding of the role and immunological mechanisms by which CD4+ T cells contribute to the pathogenesis of ITP.
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