51
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Wang T, Fang X, Wen T, Liu J, Zhai Z, Wang Z, Meng J, Yang Y, Wang C, Xu H. Synthetic Neutralizing Peptides Inhibit the Host Cell Binding of Spike Protein and Block Infection of SARS-CoV-2. J Med Chem 2021; 64:14887-14894. [PMID: 34533959 PMCID: PMC8482785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral treatments of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been extensively pursued to conquer the pandemic. To inhibit the viral entry to the host cell, we designed and obtained three peptide sequences via quartz crystal microbalance measurement screening, which showed high affinity at nanomole to the S1 subunit of the spike protein and wild-type SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. Circular dichroism spectroscopy measurements revealed significant conformation changes of the S1 protein upon encounter with the three peptides. The peptides were able to effectively block the infection of a pseudovirus to 50% by inhibiting the host cell lines binding with the S1 protein, evidenced by the results from Western blotting and pseudovirus luciferase assay. Moreover, the combination of the three peptides could increase the inhibitory rate to 75%. In conclusion, the three chemically synthetic neutralizing peptides and their combinations hold promising potential as effective therapeutics in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,
School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005,
China
| | - Xiaocui Fang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience,
National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing
100190, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,
School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005,
China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,
School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005,
China
| | - Zhaoyi Zhai
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience,
National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing
100190, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiyou Wang
- School of Electric Communication and Electrical
Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022,
China
| | - Jie Meng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,
School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005,
China
| | - Yanlian Yang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience,
National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing
100190, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience,
National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing
100190, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,
School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005,
China
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52
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Gauhar A, Privezentzev CV, Demydchuk M, Gerlza T, Rieger J, Kungl AJ, Walsh FS, Rutkowski JL, Stocki P. Single domain shark VNAR antibodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21970. [PMID: 34637549 PMCID: PMC8667653 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100986rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Single domain shark variable domain of new antigen receptor (VNAR) antibodies can offer a viable alternative to conventional Ig‐based monoclonal antibodies in treating COVID‐19 disease during the current pandemic. Here we report the identification of neutralizing single domain VNAR antibodies selected against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein derived from the Wuhan variant using phage display. We identified 56 unique binding clones that exhibited high affinity and specificity to the spike protein. Of those, 10 showed an ability to block both the spike protein receptor binding domain from the Wuhan variant and the N501Y mutant from interacting with recombinant angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in vitro. In addition, three antibody clones retained in vitro blocking activity when the E484K spike protein mutant was used. The inhibitory property of the VNAR antibodies was further confirmed for all 10 antibody clones using ACE2 expressing cells with spike protein from the Wuhan variant. The viral neutralizing potential of the VNAR clones was also confirmed for the 10 antibodies tested using live Wuhan variant virus in in vitro cell infectivity assays. Single domain VNAR antibodies, due to their low complexity, small size, unique epitope recognition, and formatting flexibility, should be a useful adjunct to existing antibody approaches to treat COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Gauhar
- Ossianix, Inc, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, UK.,Ossianix, Inc, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cyril V Privezentzev
- Ossianix, Inc, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, UK.,Ossianix, Inc, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mykhaylo Demydchuk
- Ossianix, Inc, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, UK.,Ossianix, Inc, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tanja Gerlza
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Rieger
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas J Kungl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Frank S Walsh
- Ossianix, Inc, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, UK.,Ossianix, Inc, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J Lynn Rutkowski
- Ossianix, Inc, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, UK.,Ossianix, Inc, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pawel Stocki
- Ossianix, Inc, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, UK.,Ossianix, Inc, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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53
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Batista CM, Foti L. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 and anti-cytokine storm neutralizing antibody therapies against COVID-19: Update, challenges, and perspectives. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:108036. [PMID: 34371330 PMCID: PMC8330556 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic since March 2020. This disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The only available tools to avoid contamination and transmission of this virus are physical distancing, the use of N95 and surgical masks, and hand hygiene. Vaccines are another essential tool to reduce the impact of the pandemic, though these present challenges in terms of production and logistics, particularly in underdeveloped and developing countries. One of the critical early research findings is the interaction of the spike virus protein with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) human receptor. Developing strategies to block this interaction has therefore been identified as a way to treat this infection. Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) have emerged as a therapeutic approach since the pandemic started. Infected patients may be asymptomatic or present with mild symptoms, and others may evolve to moderate or severe disease, leading to death. An immunological phenomenon known as cytokine storm has been observed in patients with severe disease characterized by a proinflammatory cytokine cascade response that leads to lung injury. Thus, some treatment strategies focus on anti-cytokine storm nAbs. This review summarizes the latest advances in research and clinical trials, challenges, and perspectives on antibody-based treatments (ABT) as therapies against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Foti
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatids Molecular and Systemic Biology, Brazil.
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54
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Olbrich L, Castelletti N, Schälte Y, Garí M, Pütz P, Bakuli A, Pritsch M, Kroidl I, Saathoff E, Guggenbuehl Noller JM, Fingerle V, Le Gleut R, Gilberg L, Brand I, Falk P, Markgraf A, Deák F, Riess F, Diefenbach M, Eser T, Weinauer F, Martin S, Quenzel EM, Becker M, Durner J, Girl P, Müller K, Radon K, Fuchs C, Wölfel R, Hasenauer J, Hoelscher M, Wieser A. Head-to-head evaluation of seven different seroassays including direct viral neutralisation in a representative cohort for SARS-CoV-2. J Gen Virol 2021; 102:001653. [PMID: 34623233 PMCID: PMC8604188 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of seroassays are available for SARS-CoV-2 testing; yet, head-to-head evaluations of different testing principles are limited, especially using raw values rather than categorical data. In addition, identifying correlates of protection is of utmost importance, and comparisons of available testing systems with functional assays, such as direct viral neutralisation, are needed.We analysed 6658 samples consisting of true-positives (n=193), true-negatives (n=1091), and specimens of unknown status (n=5374). For primary testing, we used Euroimmun-Anti-SARS-CoV-2-ELISA-IgA/IgG and Roche-Elecsys-Anti-SARS-CoV-2. Subsequently virus-neutralisation, GeneScriptcPass, VIRAMED-SARS-CoV-2-ViraChip, and Mikrogen-recomLine-SARS-CoV-2-IgG were applied for confirmatory testing. Statistical modelling generated optimised assay cut-off thresholds. Sensitivity of Euroimmun-anti-S1-IgA was 64.8%, specificity 93.3% (manufacturer's cut-off); for Euroimmun-anti-S1-IgG, sensitivity was 77.2/79.8% (manufacturer's/optimised cut-offs), specificity 98.0/97.8%; Roche-anti-N sensitivity was 85.5/88.6%, specificity 99.8/99.7%. In true-positives, mean and median Euroimmun-anti-S1-IgA and -IgG titres decreased 30/90 days after RT-PCR-positivity, Roche-anti-N titres decreased significantly later. Virus-neutralisation was 80.6% sensitive, 100.0% specific (≥1:5 dilution). Neutralisation surrogate tests (GeneScriptcPass, Mikrogen-recomLine-RBD) were >94.9% sensitive and >98.1% specific. Optimised cut-offs improved test performances of several tests. Confirmatory testing with virus-neutralisation might be complemented with GeneScriptcPassTM or recomLine-RBD for certain applications. Head-to-head comparisons given here aim to contribute to the refinement of testing strategies for individual and public health use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Olbrich
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Noemi Castelletti
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yannik Schälte
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Center for Mathematics, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Mercè Garí
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Pütz
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Business Administration and Economics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Abhishek Bakuli
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Pritsch
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Inge Kroidl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Elmar Saathoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | | | - Volker Fingerle
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Germany
| | - Ronan Le Gleut
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Core Facility Statistical Consulting, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Leonard Gilberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Isabel Brand
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Philine Falk
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Alisa Markgraf
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Flora Deák
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Friedrich Riess
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Max Diefenbach
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Tabea Eser
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Marc Becker
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Laboratory Becker and colleagues, Führichstr. 70, 81671 München, Germany
| | - Jürgen Durner
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Laboratory Becker and colleagues, Führichstr. 70, 81671 München, Germany
| | - Philipp Girl
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Müller
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Radon
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Center for International Health (CIH), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) Munich, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Christiane Fuchs
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Center for Mathematics, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Business Administration and Economics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Core Facility Statistical Consulting, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Roman Wölfel
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Hasenauer
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Center for Mathematics, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
- Center for International Health (CIH), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Wieser
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | - on behalf of the KoCo19-Study Group
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Center for Mathematics, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Business Administration and Economics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Germany
- Core Facility Statistical Consulting, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- BRK-Blutspendedienst, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Laboratory Becker and colleagues, Führichstr. 70, 81671 München, Germany
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Center for International Health (CIH), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) Munich, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 80337 Munich, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
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55
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Gao X, Yu X, Zhu K, Qin B, Wang W, Han P, Aleksandra Wojdyla J, Wang M, Cui S. Crystal Structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Elongation Factor G1. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:667638. [PMID: 34540889 PMCID: PMC8446442 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.667638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) caused an estimated 10 million cases of tuberculosis and 1.2 million deaths in 2019 globally. The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Mtb is becoming a public health threat worldwide and makes the identification of anti-Mtb drug targets urgent. Elongation factor G (EF-G) is involved in tRNA translocation on ribosomes during protein translation. Therefore, EF-G is a major focus of structural analysis and a valuable drug target of antibiotics. However, the crystal structure of Mtb EF-G1 is not yet available, and this has limited the design of inhibitors. Here, we report the crystal structure of Mtb EF-G1 in complex with GDP. The unique crystal form of the Mtb EF-G1-GDP complex provides an excellent platform for fragment-based screening using a crystallographic approach. Our findings provide a structure-based explanation for GDP recognition, and facilitate the identification of EF-G1 inhibitors with potential interest in the context of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopan Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, And Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, And Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Laboratory on Tuberculosis, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug-resistant Tuberculosis Research Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaixiang Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, And Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Qin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, And Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, And Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Meitian Wang
- Swiss Light Source at the Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Sheng Cui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, And Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen on Construction of Novel Systematic Network Against Tuberculosis, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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56
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Raghu D, Hamill P, Banaji A, McLaren A, Hsu YT. Assessment of the binding interactions of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein variants. J Pharm Anal 2021; 12:58-64. [PMID: 34545316 PMCID: PMC8443317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus 2 is a major global health issue and is driving the need for new therapeutics. The surface spike protein, which plays a central role in virus infection, is currently the target for vaccines and neutralizing treatments. The emergence of novel variants with multiple mutations in the spike protein may reduce the effectiveness of neutralizing antibodies by altering the binding activity of the protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). To understand the impact of spike protein mutations on the binding interactions required for virus infection and the effectiveness of neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies, the binding activities of the original spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) sequence and the reported spike protein variants were investigated using surface plasmon resonance. In addition, the interactions of the ACE2 receptor, an anti-spike mAb (mAb1), a neutralizing mAb (mAb2), the original spike RBD sequence, and mutants D614G, N501Y, N439K, Y453F, and E484K were assessed. Compared to the original RBD, the Y453F and N501Y mutants displayed a significant increase in ACE2 binding affinity, whereas D614G had a substantial reduction in binding affinity. All mAb-RBD mutant proteins displayed a reduction in binding affinities relative to the original RBD, except for the E484K-mAb1 interaction. The potential neutralizing capability of mAb1 and mAb2 was investigated. Accordingly, mAb1 failed to inhibit the ACE2-RBD interaction while mAb2 inhibited the ACE2-RBD interactions for all RBD mutants, except mutant E484K, which only displayed partial blocking. Characterization of binding interactions using surface plasmon resonance. Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain mutations. Kinetic data indicate possible neutralizing activity. Assessment of the neutralizing ability of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Raghu
- Product Characterization, MilliporeSigma, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Pamela Hamill
- Product Characterization, MilliporeSigma, Stirling, FK9 4NF, UK
| | - Arpitha Banaji
- Product Characterization, MilliporeSigma, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Amy McLaren
- Product Characterization, MilliporeSigma, Stirling, FK9 4NF, UK
| | - Yu-Ting Hsu
- Product Characterization, MilliporeSigma, Stirling, FK9 4NF, UK.,Process and Analytical Development, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, MO, 63118, USA
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57
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Chen J, Ali F, Khan I, Zhu YZ. Recent progress in the development of potential drugs against SARS-CoV-2. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100057. [PMID: 34870155 PMCID: PMC8437701 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a newly emerged and highly pathogenic coronavirus, is identified as the causal agent of Coronavirus Disease (2019) (COVID-19) in the late December 2019, in China. The virus has rapidly spread nationwide and spilled over to the other countries around the globe, resulting in more than 120 million infections and 2.6 million deaths until the time of this review. Unfortunately, there are still no specific drugs available against this disease, and it is very necessary to call upon more scientists to work together to stop a further spread. Hence, the recent progress in the development of drugs may help scientific community quickly understand current research status and further develop new effective drugs. Herein, we summarize the cellular entry and replication process of this virus and discuss the recent development of potential viral based drugs that target bio-macromolecules in different stages of the viral life cycle, especially S protein, 3CLPro, PLPro, RdRp and helicase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Chen
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Technology, Putian University, No. 1133 Xueyuan Zhong Jie, 351100, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Laboratory Medicine (Putian University), No. 1133 Xueyuan Zhong Jie, 351100, Fujian Province University, Fujian, China
| | - Fayaz Ali
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau
| | - Imran Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau
| | - Yi Zhun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau
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58
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Mouffak S, Shubbar Q, Saleh E, El-Awady R. Recent advances in management of COVID-19: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112107. [PMID: 34488083 PMCID: PMC8390390 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused and is still causing significant mortality and economic consequences all over the globe. As of today, there are three U.S Food and Drug administration (FDA) approved vaccines, Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna and Janssen COVID-19 vaccine. Also, the antiviral drug remdesivir and two combinations of monoclonal antibodies are authorized for Emergency use (EUA) in certain patients. Furthermore, baricitinib was approved in Japan (April 23, 2021). Despite available vaccines and EUA, pharmacological therapy for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 is still highly required. There are several ongoing clinical trials investigating the efficacy of clinically available drugs in treating COVID-19. In this study, selected novel pharmacological agents for the possible treatment of COVID-19 will be discussed. Point of discussion will cover mechanism of action, supporting evidence for safety and efficacy and reached stage in development. Drugs were classified into three classes according to the phase of viral life cycle they target. Phase I, the early infective phase, relies on supportive care and symptomatic treatment as needed. In phase II, the pulmonary phase, treatment aims at inhibiting viral entry or replication. Drugs used during this phase are famotidine, monoclonal antibodies, nanobodies, ivermectin, remdesivir, camostat mesylate and other antiviral agents. Finally, phase III, the hyper-inflammatory phase, tocilizumab, dexamethasone, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), and melatonin are used. The aim of this study is to summarize current findings and suggest gaps in knowledge that can influence future COVID-19 treatment study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Mouffak
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Qamar Shubbar
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ekram Saleh
- Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Cancer Biology department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Raafat El-Awady
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Safarchi A, Fatima S, Ayati Z, Vafaee F. An update on novel approaches for diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:164. [PMID: 34420513 PMCID: PMC8380468 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has made a serious public health and economic crisis worldwide which united global efforts to develop rapid, precise, and cost-efficient diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics. Numerous multi-disciplinary studies and techniques have been designed to investigate and develop various approaches to help frontline health workers, policymakers, and populations to overcome the disease. While these techniques have been reviewed within individual disciplines, it is now timely to provide a cross-disciplinary overview of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches summarizing complementary efforts across multiple fields of research and technology. Accordingly, we reviewed and summarized various advanced novel approaches used for diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 to help researchers across diverse disciplines on their prioritization of resources for research and development and to give them better a picture of the latest techniques. These include artificial intelligence, nano-based, CRISPR-based, and mass spectrometry technologies as well as neutralizing factors and traditional medicines. We also reviewed new approaches for vaccine development and developed a dashboard to provide frequent updates on the current and future approved vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Safarchi
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, NSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Shadma Fatima
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, NSW Sydney, Australia
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Zahra Ayati
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Vafaee
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, NSW Sydney, Australia
- UNSW Data Science Hub University of New South Wales, NSW Sydney, Australia
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60
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Liang Y, Yi L, Deng P, Wang L, Yue Y, Wang H, Tian L, Xie J, Chen M, Luo Y, Yu Z, Pi H, Zhou Z. Rapamycin antagonizes cadmium-induced breast cancer cell proliferation and metastasis through directly modulating ACSS2. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 224:112626. [PMID: 34411822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a carcinogen that stimulates breast cancer (BC) progression. Rapamycin is a macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus that possesses a wide array of pharmacological activities, including anti-BC activity. However, the effects of rapamycin on Cd-increased BC progression and the underlying mechanism have not been fully elucidated. Here, we hypothesize that rapamycin antagonizes Cd-induced BC cell proliferation and metastasis by directly modulating ACSS2. In this study, we found that rapamycin efficiently inhibited Cd-induced proliferation, invasion and migration in MCF-7 and T47-D cells. Moreover, a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay confirmed that rapamycin directly binds to the ACSS2 protein with a calculated equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 18.3 μM. Molecular docking showed that there are three binding sites in the ACSS2 protein and that rapamycin binds at the coenzyme A (COA) binding site with a docking score of - 12.26 and a binding free energy of - 26.34 kcal/mol. More importantly, rapamycin suppresses Cd-induced BC progression by activating ACSS2. After cells were cotreated with an ACSS2 inhibitor, the effects of rapamycin were abolished. In conclusion, our findings suggest that rapamycin suppresses Cd-augmented BC progression by upregulating ACSS2, and ACSS2 may serve as a direct target of rapamycin for inhibiting xenobiotic (e.g., Cd)-mediated BC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Liang
- School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lai Yi
- Department of Hematology, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine (Central Hospital of Zhuzhou City), Central South University, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Deng
- Department of Occupational Health (Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liting Wang
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Occupational Health (Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Occupational Health (Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Occupational Health (Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Xie
- Department of Occupational Health (Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengyan Chen
- Department of Occupational Health (Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Occupational Health (Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengping Yu
- School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; Department of Occupational Health (Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huifeng Pi
- Department of Occupational Health (Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zhou Zhou
- School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, and Department of Emergency Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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61
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Xue Q, Kan X, Pan Z, Li Z, Pan W, Zhou F, Duan X. An intelligent face mask integrated with high density conductive nanowire array for directly exhaled coronavirus aerosols screening. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 186:113286. [PMID: 33990035 PMCID: PMC8091738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The current ongoing outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has globally affected the lives of more than one hundred million people. RT-PCR based molecular test is recommended as the gold standard method for diagnosing current infections. However, transportation and processing of the clinical sample for detecting virus require an expert operator and long processing time. Testing device enables on-site virus detection could reduce the sample-to-answer time, which plays a central role in containing the pandemic. In this work, we proposed an intelligent face mask, where a flexible immunosensor based on high density conductive nanowire array, a miniaturized impedance circuit, and wireless communication units were embedded. The sub-100 nm size and the gap between the neighbored nanowires facilitate the locking of nanoscale virus particles by the nanowire arrays and greatly improve the detection efficiency. Such a point-of-care (POC) system was demonstrated for coronavirus 'spike' protein and whole virus aerosol detection in simulated human breath. Detection of viral concentration as low as 7 pfu/mL from the atomized sample of coronavirus aerosol mimic was achieved in only 5 min. The POC systems can be readily applied for preliminary screening of coronavirus infections on-site and may help to understand the COVID-19 progression while a patient is under prescribed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, School of Precision Instruments and Optoelec-tronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xinyuan Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, School of Precision Instruments and Optoelec-tronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhihao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, School of Precision Instruments and Optoelec-tronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zheyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, School of Precision Instruments and Optoelec-tronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wenwei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, School of Precision Instruments and Optoelec-tronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, School of Precision Instruments and Optoelec-tronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, School of Precision Instruments and Optoelec-tronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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62
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Zupancic JM, Schardt JS, Desai AA, Makowski EK, Smith MD, Pornnoppadol G, Garcia de Mattos Barbosa M, Cascalho M, Lanigan TM, Tessier PM. Engineered Multivalent Nanobodies Potently and Broadly Neutralize SARS-CoV-2 Variants. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4:2100099. [PMID: 34514086 PMCID: PMC8420545 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a severe threat to human health, especially due to current and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants with potential to escape humoral immunity developed after vaccination or infection. The development of broadly neutralizing antibodies that engage evolutionarily conserved epitopes on coronavirus spike proteins represents a promising strategy to improve therapy and prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 and variants thereof. Herein, a facile multivalent engineering approach is employed to achieve large synergistic improvements in the neutralizing activity of a SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive nanobody (VHH-72) initially generated against SARS-CoV. This synergy is epitope specific and is not observed for a second high-affinity nanobody against a non-conserved epitope in the receptor-binding domain. Importantly, a hexavalent VHH-72 nanobody retains binding to spike proteins from multiple highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants (B.1.1.7 and B.1.351) and potently neutralizes them. Multivalent VHH-72 nanobodies also display drug-like biophysical properties, including high stability, high solubility, and low levels of non-specific binding. The unique neutralizing and biophysical properties of VHH-72 multivalent nanobodies make them attractive as therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Zupancic
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Biointerfaces InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - John S. Schardt
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Biointerfaces InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Alec A. Desai
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Biointerfaces InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Emily K. Makowski
- Biointerfaces InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Matthew D. Smith
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Biointerfaces InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Ghasidit Pornnoppadol
- Biointerfaces InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | | | - Marilia Cascalho
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Thomas M. Lanigan
- Division of RheumatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Peter M. Tessier
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Biointerfaces InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
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63
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Pan Y, Du J, Liu J, Wu H, Gui F, Zhang N, Deng X, Song G, Li Y, Lu J, Wu X, Zhan S, Jing Z, Wang J, Yang Y, Liu J, Chen Y, Chen Q, Zhang H, Hu H, Duan K, Wang M, Wang Q, Yang X. Screening of potent neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 using convalescent patients-derived phage-display libraries. Cell Discov 2021; 7:57. [PMID: 34315862 PMCID: PMC8315086 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00295-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to threaten public health worldwide, the development of effective interventions is urgently needed. Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) have great potential for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, ten nAbs were isolated from two phage-display immune libraries constructed from the pooled PBMCs of eight COVID-19 convalescent patients. Eight of them, consisting of heavy chains encoded by the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene-variable region (IGHV)3-66 or IGHV3-53 genes, recognized the same epitope on the receptor-binding domain (RBD), while the remaining two bound to different epitopes. Among the ten antibodies, 2B11 exhibited the highest affinity and neutralization potency against the original wild-type (WT) SARS-CoV-2 virus (KD = 4.76 nM for the S1 protein, IC50 = 6 ng/mL for pseudoviruses, and IC50 = 1 ng/mL for authentic viruses), and potent neutralizing ability against B.1.1.7 pseudoviruses. Furthermore, 1E10, targeting a distinct epitope on RBD, exhibited different neutralization efficiency against WT SARS-CoV-2 and its variants B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1. The crystal structure of the 2B11-RBD complexes revealed that the epitope of 2B11 highly overlaps with the ACE2-binding site. The in vivo experiment of 2B11 using AdV5-hACE2-transduced mice showed encouraging therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. Taken together, our results suggest that the highly potent SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibody, 2B11, could be used against the WT SARS-CoV-2 and B.1.1.7 variant, or in combination with a different epitope-targeted neutralizing antibody, such as 1E10, against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbing Pan
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianhui Du
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hai Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Gui
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojie Deng
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gang Song
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jia Lu
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - ShanShan Zhan
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhaofei Jing
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiong Wang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yimin Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianbang Liu
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Chen
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qin Chen
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huanyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hengrui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kai Duan
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Manli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Qisheng Wang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, China.
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64
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Chitsike L, Duerksen-Hughes P. Keep out! SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitors: their role and utility as COVID-19 therapeutics. Virol J 2021; 18:154. [PMID: 34301275 PMCID: PMC8301738 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01624-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has put healthcare infrastructures and our social and economic lives under unprecedented strain. Effective solutions are needed to end the pandemic while significantly lessening its further impact on mortality and social and economic life. Effective and widely-available vaccines have appropriately long been seen as the best way to end the pandemic. Indeed, the current availability of several effective vaccines are already making a significant progress towards achieving that goal. Nevertheless, concerns have risen due to new SARS-CoV-2 variants that harbor mutations against which current vaccines are less effective. Furthermore, some individuals are unwilling or unable to take the vaccine. As health officials across the globe scramble to vaccinate their populations to reach herd immunity, the challenges noted above indicate that COVID-19 therapeutics are still needed to work alongside the vaccines. Here we describe the impact that neutralizing antibodies have had on those with early or mild COVID-19, and what their approval for early management of COVID-19 means for other viral entry inhibitors that have a similar mechanism of action. Importantly, we also highlight studies that show that therapeutic strategies involving various viral entry inhibitors such as multivalent antibodies, recombinant ACE2 and miniproteins can be effective not only for pre-exposure prophylaxis, but also in protecting against SARS-CoV-2 antigenic drift and future zoonotic sarbecoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennox Chitsike
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11021 Campus Street, 101 Alumni Hall, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Penelope Duerksen-Hughes
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11021 Campus Street, 101 Alumni Hall, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
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65
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Bertoglio F, Fühner V, Ruschig M, Heine PA, Abassi L, Klünemann T, Rand U, Meier D, Langreder N, Steinke S, Ballmann R, Schneider KT, Roth KDR, Kuhn P, Riese P, Schäckermann D, Korn J, Koch A, Chaudhry MZ, Eschke K, Kim Y, Zock-Emmenthal S, Becker M, Scholz M, Moreira GMSG, Wenzel EV, Russo G, Garritsen HSP, Casu S, Gerstner A, Roth G, Adler J, Trimpert J, Hermann A, Schirrmann T, Dübel S, Frenzel A, Van den Heuvel J, Čičin-Šain L, Schubert M, Hust M. A SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody selected from COVID-19 patients binds to the ACE2-RBD interface and is tolerant to most known RBD mutations. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109433. [PMID: 34273271 PMCID: PMC8260561 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel betacoronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a form of severe pneumonia disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To develop human neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, antibody gene libraries from convalescent COVID-19 patients were constructed and recombinant antibody fragments (scFv) against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein were selected by phage display. The antibody STE90-C11 shows a subnanometer IC50 in a plaque-based live SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assay. The in vivo efficacy of the antibody is demonstrated in the Syrian hamster and in the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) mice model. The crystal structure of STE90-C11 Fab in complex with SARS-CoV-2-RBD is solved at 2.0 Å resolution showing that the antibody binds at the same region as ACE2 to RBD. The binding and inhibition of STE90-C11 is not blocked by many known emerging RBD mutations. STE90-C11-derived human IgG1 with FcγR-silenced Fc (COR-101) is undergoing Phase Ib/II clinical trials for the treatment of moderate to severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Bertoglio
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Viola Fühner
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ruschig
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philip Alexander Heine
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Leila Abassi
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Klünemann
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Structure and Function of Proteins, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulfert Rand
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Doris Meier
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nora Langreder
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Steinke
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rico Ballmann
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kai-Thomas Schneider
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kristian Daniel Ralph Roth
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philipp Kuhn
- YUMAB GmbH, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peggy Riese
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dorina Schäckermann
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Janin Korn
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Allan Koch
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - M Zeeshan Chaudhry
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Eschke
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Yeonsu Kim
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Zock-Emmenthal
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Genetik, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marlies Becker
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Margitta Scholz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gustavo Marçal Schmidt Garcia Moreira
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Esther Veronika Wenzel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Giulio Russo
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hendrikus S P Garritsen
- Städtisches Klinikum Braunschweig gGmbH, Celler Str. 38, 38114 Braunschweig, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films IST, Bienroder Weg 54E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Casu
- Helios Klinikum Salzgitter, Kattowitzer Str. 191, 38226 Salzgitter, Germany
| | - Andreas Gerstner
- Städtisches Klinikum Braunschweig gGmbH, Holwedestraße 16, 38118 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Günter Roth
- BioCopy GmbH, Elzstrasse 27, 79312 Emmendingen, Germany
| | - Julia Adler
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- CORAT Therapeutics GmbH, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schirrmann
- YUMAB GmbH, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; CORAT Therapeutics GmbH, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Dübel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - André Frenzel
- YUMAB GmbH, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joop Van den Heuvel
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Structure and Function of Proteins, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luka Čičin-Šain
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CIIM), a joint venture of Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren Schubert
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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66
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Roth KDR, Wenzel EV, Ruschig M, Steinke S, Langreder N, Heine PA, Schneider KT, Ballmann R, Fühner V, Kuhn P, Schirrmann T, Frenzel A, Dübel S, Schubert M, Moreira GMSG, Bertoglio F, Russo G, Hust M. Developing Recombinant Antibodies by Phage Display Against Infectious Diseases and Toxins for Diagnostics and Therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:697876. [PMID: 34307196 PMCID: PMC8294040 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.697876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are essential molecules for diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by pathogens and their toxins. Antibodies were integrated in our medical repertoire against infectious diseases more than hundred years ago by using animal sera to treat tetanus and diphtheria. In these days, most developed therapeutic antibodies target cancer or autoimmune diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic was a reminder about the importance of antibodies for therapy against infectious diseases. While monoclonal antibodies could be generated by hybridoma technology since the 70ies of the former century, nowadays antibody phage display, among other display technologies, is robustly established to discover new human monoclonal antibodies. Phage display is an in vitro technology which confers the potential for generating antibodies from universal libraries against any conceivable molecule of sufficient size and omits the limitations of the immune systems. If convalescent patients or immunized/infected animals are available, it is possible to construct immune phage display libraries to select in vivo affinity-matured antibodies. A further advantage is the availability of the DNA sequence encoding the phage displayed antibody fragment, which is packaged in the phage particles. Therefore, the selected antibody fragments can be rapidly further engineered in any needed antibody format according to the requirements of the final application. In this review, we present an overview of phage display derived recombinant antibodies against bacterial, viral and eukaryotic pathogens, as well as microbial toxins, intended for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Daniel Ralph Roth
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Esther Veronika Wenzel
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ruschig
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Steinke
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nora Langreder
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philip Alexander Heine
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kai-Thomas Schneider
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rico Ballmann
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Viola Fühner
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Dübel
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany.,YUMAB GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maren Schubert
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Federico Bertoglio
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Giulio Russo
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,YUMAB GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
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Wang Q, Liu Z. Recent progress of surface plasmon resonance in the development of coronavirus disease-2019 drug candidates. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY REPORTS 2021; 1:100003. [PMID: 36304139 PMCID: PMC8237387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmcr.2021.100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
At the end of 2019, the new coronavirus caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) suddenly raged, bringing a severe public health crisis to the world. It is urgent to discover suitable drugs and treatment regimens against this coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and related diseases. Based on the previous knowledge and experience in treating similar diseases, researchers have come up with hundreds of possible drug candidates in the shortest possible time. Based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology, this review summarized the application of SPR technology in COVID-19 research from four aspects: the invasion mode of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells, antibody drug candidates for the treatment of COVID-19, small molecule drug repurposing and vaccines for COVID-19. SPR technology has gradually become a powerful tool to study the interaction between drugs and targets due to its high efficiency, automation, labeling-free and high data resolution. The use of SPR technology can not only obtain the affinity data between drugs and targets, but also clarify the binding sites and mechanisms of drugs. We hope that this review can provide a reference for the subsequent application of SPR technology in antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
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68
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Focosi D, Maggi F, Franchini M, Aguzzi A, Lanza M, Mazzoni A, Menichetti F. Patient-blood management for COVID19 convalescent plasma therapy: relevance of affinity and donor-recipient differences in concentration of neutralizing antibodies. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:987-992. [PMID: 33878505 PMCID: PMC8052606 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent plasma (CCP) is being extensively investigated as a treatment, with mixed results to date. Overall, there has been a generalized lack of appropriateness in prescriptions, which, in the field of transfusion medicine, is termed patient-blood management. OBJECTIVES We aimed to separate study design variables that could affect clinical outcome after CCP therapy. We focus here on variables such as pretransfusion antibody testing in recipients, dose adjustments and antibody affinity measurements. SOURCES We searched PubMed and preprint servers for relevant preclinical and clinical studies discussing each of these variables in the field of CCP therapy. CONTENT We show evidence that neglecting those variables has affected the outcomes of the vast majority of CCP clinical trials to date. IMPLICATIONS A better understanding of such variables will improve the design of the next generation of CCP clinical trials. This will likely lead to better clinical outcomes and will minimize risks of immune evasion from subneutralizing doses of neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Massimo Franchini
- Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Carlo Poma Hospital, Mantua, Italy
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Lanza
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mazzoni
- Division of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Biology, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
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69
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Sender R, Bar-On YM, Gleizer S, Bernshtein B, Flamholz A, Phillips R, Milo R. The total number and mass of SARS-CoV-2 virions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2024815118. [PMID: 34083352 PMCID: PMC8237675 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024815118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitatively describing the time course of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection within an infected individual is important for understanding the current global pandemic and possible ways to combat it. Here we integrate the best current knowledge about the typical viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in bodily fluids and host tissues to estimate the total number and mass of SARS-CoV-2 virions in an infected person. We estimate that each infected person carries 109 to 1011 virions during peak infection, with a total mass in the range of 1 μg to 100 μg, which curiously implies that all SARS-CoV-2 virions currently circulating within human hosts have a collective mass of only 0.1 kg to 10 kg. We combine our estimates with the available literature on host immune response and viral mutation rates to demonstrate how antibodies markedly outnumber the spike proteins, and the genetic diversity of virions in an infected host covers all possible single nucleotide substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Sender
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yinon M Bar-On
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Shmuel Gleizer
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Biana Bernshtein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Avi Flamholz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Rob Phillips
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Ron Milo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
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70
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Zupancic JM, Desai AA, Schardt JS, Pornnoppadol G, Makowski EK, Smith MD, Kennedy AA, Garcia de Mattos Barbosa M, Cascalho M, Lanigan TM, Tai AW, Tessier PM. Directed evolution of potent neutralizing nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2 using CDR-swapping mutagenesis. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1379-1388.e7. [PMID: 34171229 PMCID: PMC8223476 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
There is widespread interest in facile methods for generating potent neutralizing antibodies, nanobodies, and other affinity proteins against SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses to address current and future pandemics. While isolating antibodies from animals and humans are proven approaches, these methods are limited to the affinities, specificities, and functional activities of antibodies generated by the immune system. Here we report a surprisingly simple directed evolution method for generating nanobodies with high affinities and neutralization activities against SARS-CoV-2. We demonstrate that complementarity-determining region swapping between low-affinity lead nanobodies, which we discovered unintentionally but find is simple to implement systematically, results in matured nanobodies with unusually large increases in affinity. Importantly, the matured nanobodies potently neutralize both SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and live virus, and possess drug-like biophysical properties. We expect that our methods will improve in vitro nanobody discovery and accelerate the generation of potent neutralizing nanobodies against diverse coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Zupancic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alec A Desai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John S Schardt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ghasidit Pornnoppadol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emily K Makowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthew D Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Andrew A Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Marilia Cascalho
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas M Lanigan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew W Tai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Medicine Service, Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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71
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Chen J, Wu F, Lin D, Kong W, Cai X, Yang J, Sun X, Cao P. Rational optimization of a human neutralizing antibody of SARS-CoV-2. Comput Biol Med 2021; 135:104550. [PMID: 34147856 PMCID: PMC8196228 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused a worldwide epidemic of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Antibody drugs present an effective weapon for tens of millions of COVID-19 patients. Antibodies disrupting the interactions between the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 S protein and the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) effectively block SARS-CoV-2 cell entry into host cells. In order to rapidly develop more potent neutralizing antibodies, we utilized virtual scanning mutageneses and molecular dynamics simulations to optimize the antibody of P2B-2F6 isolated from single B cells of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Two potent P2B-2F6 mutants, namely H:V106R and H:V106R/H:P107Y, were found to possess higher binding affinities with the RBD domain of SARS-CoV-2 than others. Polar interactions are preferred near 106 and 107 paratope residues of the heavy chain. The mutations also increase the hydrogen-bonding network formed between the antibody and the RBD. Notably, the optimized antibodies possess potential neutralizing activity against the alarming SARS-CoV-2 variant of N501Y. This study provides insights into structure-based optimization of antibodies with higher affinity to the antigen. We hope that our proposed antibody mutants could contribute to the development of improved therapies against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dan Lin
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Weikang Kong
- Sir Run Run Hospital, NanJing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Xueting Cai
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China.
| | - Peng Cao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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72
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Molecular mechanism of interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and host cells and interventional therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:233. [PMID: 34117216 PMCID: PMC8193598 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00653-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has resulted in an unprecedented setback for global economy and health. SARS-CoV-2 has an exceptionally high level of transmissibility and extremely broad tissue tropism. However, the underlying molecular mechanism responsible for sustaining this degree of virulence remains largely unexplored. In this article, we review the current knowledge and crucial information about how SARS-CoV-2 attaches on the surface of host cells through a variety of receptors, such as ACE2, neuropilin-1, AXL, and antibody-FcγR complexes. We further explain how its spike (S) protein undergoes conformational transition from prefusion to postfusion with the help of proteases like furin, TMPRSS2, and cathepsins. We then review the ongoing experimental studies and clinical trials of antibodies, peptides, or small-molecule compounds with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, and discuss how these antiviral therapies targeting host-pathogen interaction could potentially suppress viral attachment, reduce the exposure of fusion peptide to curtail membrane fusion and block the formation of six-helix bundle (6-HB) fusion core. Finally, the specter of rapidly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants deserves a serious review of broad-spectrum drugs or vaccines for long-term prevention and control of COVID-19 in the future.
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73
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Harbour JC, Lyski ZL, Schell JB, Thomas A, Messer WB, Slifka MK, Nolz JC. Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Mice Immunized with Vaccinia Virus Expressing the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 206:2596-2604. [PMID: 33972374 PMCID: PMC8165000 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health emergency, and the development of a successful vaccine will ultimately be required to prevent the continued spread and seasonal recurrence of this disease within the human population. However, very little is known about either the quality of the adaptive immune response or the viral Ag targets that will be necessary to prevent the spread of the infection. In this study, we generated recombinant Vaccinia virus expressing the full-length spike protein from SARS-CoV-2 (VacV-S) to evaluate the cellular and humoral immune response mounted against this viral Ag in mice. Both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells specific to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein underwent robust expansion, contraction, and persisted for at least 40 d following a single immunization with VacV-S. Vaccination also caused the rapid emergence of spike-specific IgG-neutralizing Abs. Interestingly, both the cellular and humoral immune responses strongly targeted the S1 domain of spike following VacV-S immunization. Notably, immunization with VacV-expressing spike conjugated to the MHC class II invariant chain, a strategy previously reported by us and others to enhance the immunogenicity of antigenic peptides, did not promote stronger spike-specific T cell or Ab responses in vivo. Overall, these findings demonstrate that an immunization approach using VacV or attenuated versions of VacV expressing the native, full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein could be used for further vaccine development to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake C Harbour
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Zoe L Lyski
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - John B Schell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Archana Thomas
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - William B Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Program in Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Mark K Slifka
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Jeffrey C Nolz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR;
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; and
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
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74
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Kombe Kombe AJ, Zahid A, Mohammed A, Shi R, Jin T. Potent Molecular Feature-based Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies as Promising Therapeutics Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:670815. [PMID: 34136533 PMCID: PMC8201996 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.670815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2019-2020 winter was marked by the emergence of a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) related disease (COVID-19), which started in Wuhan, China. Its high human-to-human transmission ability led to a worldwide spread within few weeks and has caused substantial human loss. Mechanical antiviral control approach, drug repositioning, and use of COVID-19 convalescent plasmas (CPs) were the first line strategies utilized to mitigate the viral spread, yet insufficient. The urgent need to contain this deadly pandemic has led searchers and pharmaceutical companies to develop vaccines. However, not all vaccines manufactured are safe. Besides, an alternative and effective treatment option for such an infectious disease would include pure anti-viral neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (NmAbs), which can block the virus at specific molecular targets from entering cells by inhibiting virus-cell structural complex formation, with more safety and efficiency than the CP. Indeed, there is a lot of molecular evidence about the protector effect and the use of molecular feature-based NmAbs as promising therapeutics to contain COVID-19. Thus, from the scientific publication database screening, we here retrieved antibody-related papers and summarized the repertory of characterized NmAbs against SARS-CoV-2, their molecular neutralization mechanisms, and their immunotherapeutic pros and cons. About 500 anti-SARS-CoV-2 NmAbs, characterized through competitive binding assays and neutralization efficacy, were reported at the writing time (January 2021). All NmAbs bind respectively to SARS-CoV-2 S and exhibit high molecular neutralizing effects against wild-type and/or pseudotyped virus. Overall, we defined six NmAb groups blocking SARS-CoV-2 through different molecular neutralization mechanisms, from which five potential neutralization sites on SARS-CoV-2 S protein are described. Therefore, more efforts are needed to develop NmAbs-based cocktails to mitigate COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud John Kombe Kombe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ayesha Zahid
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ahmed Mohammed
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ronghua Shi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
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75
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Pymm P, Adair A, Chan LJ, Cooney JP, Mordant FL, Allison CC, Lopez E, Haycroft ER, O'Neill MT, Tan LL, Dietrich MH, Drew D, Doerflinger M, Dengler MA, Scott NE, Wheatley AK, Gherardin NA, Venugopal H, Cromer D, Davenport MP, Pickering R, Godfrey DI, Purcell DFJ, Kent SJ, Chung AW, Subbarao K, Pellegrini M, Glukhova A, Tham WH. Nanobody cocktails potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2 D614G N501Y variant and protect mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2101918118. [PMID: 33893175 PMCID: PMC8126837 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101918118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies are important for immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and as therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Here, we identified high-affinity nanobodies from alpacas immunized with coronavirus spike and receptor-binding domains (RBD) that disrupted RBD engagement with the human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and potently neutralized SARS-CoV-2. Epitope mapping, X-ray crystallography, and cryo-electron microscopy revealed two distinct antigenic sites and showed two neutralizing nanobodies from different epitope classes bound simultaneously to the spike trimer. Nanobody-Fc fusions of the four most potent nanobodies blocked ACE2 engagement with RBD variants present in human populations and potently neutralized both wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and the N501Y D614G variant at concentrations as low as 0.1 nM. Prophylactic administration of either single nanobody-Fc or as mixtures reduced viral loads by up to 104-fold in mice infected with the N501Y D614G SARS-CoV-2 virus. These results suggest a role for nanobody-Fc fusions as prophylactic agents against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Pymm
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defences Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Amy Adair
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defences Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Li-Jin Chan
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defences Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - James P Cooney
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defences Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Francesca L Mordant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Cody C Allison
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defences Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ester Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ebene R Haycroft
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Matthew T O'Neill
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defences Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Li Lynn Tan
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defences Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Melanie H Dietrich
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defences Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Damien Drew
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defences Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Marcel Doerflinger
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defences Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Michael A Dengler
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defences Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Nichollas E Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Hariprasad Venugopal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Deborah Cromer
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Raelene Pickering
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Marc Pellegrini
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defences Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Alisa Glukhova
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defences Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Wai-Hong Tham
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defences Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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76
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Wagner TR, Ostertag E, Kaiser PD, Gramlich M, Ruetalo N, Junker D, Haering J, Traenkle B, Becker M, Dulovic A, Schweizer H, Nueske S, Scholz A, Zeck A, Schenke‐Layland K, Nelde A, Strengert M, Walz JS, Zocher G, Stehle T, Schindler M, Schneiderhan‐Marra N, Rothbauer U. NeutrobodyPlex-monitoring SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing immune responses using nanobodies. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52325. [PMID: 33904225 PMCID: PMC8097376 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202052325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an ongoing need for diagnostic tools to monitor the immune status of large patient cohorts and the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns. Here, we present 11 unique nanobodies (Nbs) specific for the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD), of which 8 Nbs potently inhibit the interaction of RBD with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the major viral docking site. Following detailed epitope mapping and structural analysis, we select two inhibitory Nbs, one of which binds an epitope inside and one of which binds an epitope outside the RBD:ACE2 interface. Based on these, we generate a biparatopic nanobody (bipNb) with viral neutralization efficacy in the picomolar range. Using bipNb as a surrogate, we establish a competitive multiplex binding assay ("NeutrobodyPlex") for detailed analysis of the presence and performance of neutralizing RBD-binding antibodies in serum of convalescent or vaccinated patients. We demonstrate that NeutrobodyPlex enables high-throughput screening and detailed analysis of neutralizing immune responses in infected or vaccinated individuals, to monitor immune status or to guide vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R Wagner
- Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyEberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
| | - Elena Ostertag
- Interfaculty Institute of BiochemistryEberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
| | - Philipp D Kaiser
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
| | - Marius Gramlich
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
| | - Natalia Ruetalo
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral DiseasesUniversity Hospital TuebingenTuebingenGermany
| | - Daniel Junker
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
| | - Julia Haering
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
| | - Bjoern Traenkle
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
| | - Matthias Becker
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
| | - Alex Dulovic
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
| | - Helen Schweizer
- Livestock Center of the Faculty of Veterinary MedicineLudwig Maximilians UniversityOberschleissheimGermany
| | - Stefan Nueske
- Livestock Center of the Faculty of Veterinary MedicineLudwig Maximilians UniversityOberschleissheimGermany
| | - Armin Scholz
- Livestock Center of the Faculty of Veterinary MedicineLudwig Maximilians UniversityOberschleissheimGermany
| | - Anne Zeck
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
| | - Katja Schenke‐Layland
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image‐Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”Eberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
- Department of Women’s HealthResearch Institute for Women’s HealthEberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
- Department of Medicine/CardiologyCardiovascular Research LaboratoriesDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Annika Nelde
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image‐Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”Eberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational ImmunologyGerman Cancer Consortium (DKTK)Department of Internal MedicineUniversity Hospital TuebingenTuebingenGermany
- Institute for Cell BiologyDepartment of ImmunologyEberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
| | - Monika Strengert
- Department of EpidemiologyHelmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweigGermany
- TWINCORE GmbHCentre for Experimental and Clinical Infection ResearchA Joint venture of the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchHannoverGermany
| | - Juliane S Walz
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image‐Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”Eberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational ImmunologyGerman Cancer Consortium (DKTK)Department of Internal MedicineUniversity Hospital TuebingenTuebingenGermany
- Institute for Cell BiologyDepartment of ImmunologyEberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
- Dr. Margarete Fischer‐Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Robert Bosch Center for Tumor DiseaseRBCTStuttgartGermany
| | - Georg Zocher
- Interfaculty Institute of BiochemistryEberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of BiochemistryEberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
- Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Michael Schindler
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral DiseasesUniversity Hospital TuebingenTuebingenGermany
| | | | - Ulrich Rothbauer
- Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyEberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image‐Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”Eberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
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77
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Potent Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by Hetero-bivalent Alpaca Nanobodies Targeting the Spike Receptor-Binding Domain. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02438-20. [PMID: 33658349 PMCID: PMC8139655 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02438-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell entry by SARS-CoV-2 requires the binding between the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the viral Spike protein and the cellular angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As such, RBD has become the major target for vaccine development, while RBD-specific antibodies are pursued as therapeutics. Here, we report the development and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific VHH/nanobody (Nb) from immunized alpacas. Seven RBD-specific Nbs with high stability were identified using phage display. They bind to SARS-CoV-2 RBD with affinity KD ranging from 2.6 to 113 nM, and six of them can block RBD-ACE2 interaction. The fusion of the Nbs with IgG1 Fc resulted in homodimers with greatly improved RBD-binding affinities (KD ranging from 72.7 pM to 4.5 nM) and nanomolar RBD-ACE2 blocking abilities. Furthermore, the fusion of two Nbs with non-overlapping epitopes resulted in hetero-bivalent Nbs, namely aRBD-2-5 and aRBD-2-7, with significantly higher RBD binding affinities (KD of 59.2 pM and 0.25 nM) and greatly enhanced SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing potency. The 50% neutralization dose (ND50) of aRBD-2-5 and aRBD-2-7 was 1.22 ng/mL (∼0.043 nM) and 3.18 ng/mL (∼0.111 nM), respectively. These high-affinity SARS-CoV-2 blocking Nbs could be further developed into therapeutics as well as diagnostic reagents for COVID-19.ImportanceTo date, SARS-CoV-2 has caused tremendous loss of human life and economic output worldwide. Although a few COVID-19 vaccines have been approved in several countries, the development of effective therapeutics, including SARS-CoV-2 targeting antibodies, remains critical. Due to their small size (13-15 kDa), high solubility, and stability, Nbs are particularly well suited for pulmonary delivery and more amenable to engineer into multivalent formats than the conventional antibody. Here, we report a series of new anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nbs isolated from immunized alpaca and two engineered hetero-bivalent Nbs. These potent neutralizing Nbs showed promise as potential therapeutics against COVID-19.
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78
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Valdez-Cruz NA, García-Hernández E, Espitia C, Cobos-Marín L, Altamirano C, Bando-Campos CG, Cofas-Vargas LF, Coronado-Aceves EW, González-Hernández RA, Hernández-Peralta P, Juárez-López D, Ortega-Portilla PA, Restrepo-Pineda S, Zelada-Cordero P, Trujillo-Roldán MA. Integrative overview of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their possible applications in COVID-19 prophylaxis and treatment. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:88. [PMID: 33888152 PMCID: PMC8061467 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel β-coronavirus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic disease, which spread rapidly, infecting more than 134 million people, and killing almost 2.9 million thus far. Based on the urgent need for therapeutic and prophylactic strategies, the identification and characterization of antibodies has been accelerated, since they have been fundamental in treating other viral diseases. Here, we summarized in an integrative manner the present understanding of the immune response and physiopathology caused by SARS-CoV-2, including the activation of the humoral immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection and therefore, the synthesis of antibodies. Furthermore, we also discussed about the antibodies that can be generated in COVID-19 convalescent sera and their associated clinical studies, including a detailed characterization of a variety of human antibodies and identification of antibodies from other sources, which have powerful neutralizing capacities. Accordingly, the development of effective treatments to mitigate COVID-19 is expected. Finally, we reviewed the challenges faced in producing potential therapeutic antibodies and nanobodies by cell factories at an industrial level while ensuring their quality, efficacy, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Enrique García-Hernández
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Clara Espitia
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Laura Cobos-Marín
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Claudia Altamirano
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil N° 2950, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carlos G Bando-Campos
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luis F Cofas-Vargas
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Enrique W Coronado-Aceves
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ricardo A González-Hernández
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Pablo Hernández-Peralta
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Daniel Juárez-López
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Paola A Ortega-Portilla
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sara Restrepo-Pineda
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Patricio Zelada-Cordero
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
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79
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mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate CVnCoV induces high levels of virus-neutralising antibodies and mediates protection in rodents. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:57. [PMID: 33863911 PMCID: PMC8052455 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00311-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
mRNA technologies have recently proven clinical efficacy against coronavirus disease 2019 and are among the most promising technologies to address the current pandemic. Here, we show preclinical data for our clinical candidate CVnCoV, a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA vaccine that encodes full-length, pre-fusion stabilised severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein. In contrast to previously published approaches, CVnCoV is exclusively composed of naturally occurring nucleotides. Immunisation with CVnCoV induced strong humoral responses with high titres of virus-neutralising antibodies and robust T-cell responses. CVnCoV vaccination protected hamsters from challenge with wild-type SARS-CoV-2, demonstrated by the absence of viral replication in the lungs. Hamsters vaccinated with a suboptimal dose of CVnCoV leading to breakthrough viral replication exhibited no evidence of vaccine-enhanced disease. Overall, data presented here provide evidence that CVnCoV represents a potent and safe vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2.
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80
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Levi-Schaffer F, de Marco A. Coronavirus disease 2019 and the revival of passive immunization: Antibody therapy for inhibiting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and preventing host cell infection: IUPHAR review: 31. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3359-3372. [PMID: 33401333 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic stimulated both the scientific community and healthcare companies to undertake an unprecedented effort with the aim of understanding the molecular mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and developing effective therapeutic solutions. The peculiar immune response triggered by this virus, which seems to last only few months, led to a search for alternatives such as passive immunization in addition to conventional vaccinations. Convalescent sera, monoclonal antibodies selected from the most potent neutralizing binders induced by the virus infection, recombinant human single-domain antibodies, and binders of variable scaffold and different origin have been tested alone or in combination exploiting monovalent, multivalent and multispecific formats. In this review, we analyse the state of the research in this field and present a summary of the ongoing projects finalized to identify suitable molecules for therapies based on passive immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ario de Marco
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
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81
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Sender R, Bar-On YM, Gleizer S, Bernsthein B, Flamholz A, Phillips R, Milo R. The total number and mass of SARS-CoV-2 virions. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2020.11.16.20232009. [PMID: 33236021 PMCID: PMC7685332 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.16.20232009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Quantitatively describing the time course of the SARS-CoV-2 infection within an infected individual is important for understanding the current global pandemic and possible ways to combat it. Here we integrate the best current knowledge about the typical viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in bodily fluids and host tissues to estimate the total number and mass of SARS-CoV-2 virions in an infected person. We estimate that each infected person carries 109-1011 virions during peak infection, with a total mass in the range of 1-100 μg, which curiously implies that all SARS-CoV-2 virions currently circulating within human hosts have a collective mass of only 0.1-10 kg. We combine our estimates with the available literature on host immune response and viral mutation rates to demonstrate how antibodies markedly outnumber the spike proteins and the genetic diversity of virions in an infected host covers all possible single nucleotide substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Sender
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | | | | | - Biana Bernsthein
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Present address: Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Avi Flamholz
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Rob Phillips
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois Street, SF CA 94158, USA
| | - Ron Milo
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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82
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Kumar Das J, Tradigo G, Veltri P, H Guzzi P, Roy S. Data science in unveiling COVID-19 pathogenesis and diagnosis: evolutionary origin to drug repurposing. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:855-872. [PMID: 33592108 PMCID: PMC7929414 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION The outbreak of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, also known as COVID-19) in Wuhan has attracted worldwide attention. SARS-CoV-2 causes severe inflammation, which can be fatal. Consequently, there has been a massive and rapid growth in research aimed at throwing light on the mechanisms of infection and the progression of the disease. With regard to this data science is playing a pivotal role in in silico analysis to gain insights into SARS-CoV-2 and the outbreak of COVID-19 in order to forecast, diagnose and come up with a drug to tackle the virus. The availability of large multiomics, radiological, bio-molecular and medical datasets requires the development of novel exploratory and predictive models, or the customisation of existing ones in order to fit the current problem. The high number of approaches generates the need for surveys to guide data scientists and medical practitioners in selecting the right tools to manage their clinical data. RESULTS Focusing on data science methodologies, we conduct a detailed study on the state-of-the-art of works tackling the current pandemic scenario. We consider various current COVID-19 data analytic domains such as phylogenetic analysis, SARS-CoV-2 genome identification, protein structure prediction, host-viral protein interactomics, clinical imaging, epidemiological research and drug discovery. We highlight data types and instances, their generation pipelines and the data science models currently in use. The current study should give a detailed sketch of the road map towards handling COVID-19 like situations by leveraging data science experts in choosing the right tools. We also summarise our review focusing on prime challenges and possible future research directions. CONTACT hguzzi@unicz.it, sroy01@cus.ac.in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Kumar Das
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland, USA
| | - Giuseppe Tradigo
- eCampus University, Via Isimbardi 10, 22060 Novedrate, CO, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Veltri
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Pietro H Guzzi
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Swarup Roy
- Network Reconstruction & Analysis (NetRA) Lab, Department of Computer Applications, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
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Kathiravan MK, Radhakrishnan S, Namasivayam V, Palaniappan S. An Overview of Spike Surface Glycoprotein in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:637550. [PMID: 33898518 PMCID: PMC8058706 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.637550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus originated in December 2019 in Hubei, China. This contagious disease named as COVID-19 resulted in a massive expansion within 6 months by spreading to more than 213 countries. Despite the availability of antiviral drugs for the treatment of various viral infections, it was concluded by the WHO that there is no medicine to treat novel CoV, SARS-CoV-2. It has been confirmed that SARS-COV-2 is the most highly virulent human coronavirus and occupies the third position following SARS and MERS with the highest mortality rate. The genetic assembly of SARS-CoV-2 is segmented into structural and non-structural proteins, of which two-thirds of the viral genome encodes non-structural proteins and the remaining genome encodes structural proteins. The most predominant structural proteins that make up SARS-CoV-2 include spike surface glycoproteins (S), membrane proteins (M), envelope proteins (E), and nucleocapsid proteins (N). This review will focus on one of the four major structural proteins in the CoV assembly, the spike, which is involved in host cell recognition and the fusion process. The monomer disintegrates into S1 and S2 subunits with the S1 domain necessitating binding of the virus to its host cell receptor and the S2 domain mediating the viral fusion. On viral infection by the host, the S protein is further cleaved by the protease enzyme to two major subdomains S1/S2. Spike is proven to be an interesting target for developing vaccines and in particular, the RBD-single chain dimer has shown initial success. The availability of small molecules and peptidic inhibitors for host cell receptors is briefly discussed. The development of new molecules and therapeutic druggable targets for SARS-CoV-2 is of global importance. Attacking the virus employing multiple targets and strategies is the best way to inhibit the virus. This article will appeal to researchers in understanding the structural and biological aspects of the S protein in the field of drug design and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Kumaradoss Kathiravan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Tamil Nadu, India
- Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Research Lab, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srimathi Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Tamil Nadu, India
- Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Research Lab, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Tamil Nadu, India
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84
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Wang L, Zhao J, Nguyen LNT, Adkins JL, Schank M, Khanal S, Nguyen LN, Dang X, Cao D, Thakuri BKC, Lu Z, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wu XY, El Gazzar M, Ning S, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Blockade of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated cell-cell fusion using COVID-19 convalescent plasma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5558. [PMID: 33692386 PMCID: PMC7946952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 pandemic poses a serious threat to global public health, thus there is an urgent need to define the molecular mechanisms involved in SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein-mediated virus entry that is essential for preventing and/or treating this emerging infectious disease. In this study, we examined the blocking activity of human COVID-19 convalescent plasma by cell-cell fusion assays using SARS-CoV-2-S-transfected 293 T as effector cells and ACE2-expressing 293 T as target cells. We demonstrate that the SARS-CoV-2 S protein exhibits a very high capacity for membrane fusion and is efficient in mediating virus fusion and entry into target cells. Importantly, we find that COVID-19 convalescent plasma with high titers of IgG neutralizing antibodies can block cell-cell fusion and virus entry by interfering with the SARS-CoV-2-S/ACE2 or SARS-CoV-S/ACE2 interactions. These findings suggest that COVID-19 convalescent plasma may not only inhibit SARS-CoV-2-S but also cross-neutralize SARS-CoV-S-mediated membrane fusion and virus entry, supporting its potential as a preventive and/or therapeutic agent against SARS-CoV-2 as well as other SARS-CoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Lam N T Nguyen
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - James L Adkins
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Madison Schank
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Sushant Khanal
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Lam N Nguyen
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Xindi Dang
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Dechao Cao
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Bal Krishna Chand Thakuri
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Zeyuan Lu
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Xiao Y Wu
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Mohamed El Gazzar
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Jonathan P Moorman
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Zhi Q Yao
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.
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85
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Gai J, Ma L, Li G, Zhu M, Qiao P, Li X, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Ji W, Zhang H, Cao H, Li X, Gong R, Wan Y. A potent neutralizing nanobody against SARS-CoV-2 with inhaled delivery potential. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:101-113. [PMID: 33821254 PMCID: PMC8013425 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has become a serious burden on global public health. Although therapeutic drugs against COVID‐19 have been used in many countries, their efficacy is still limited. We here reported nanobody (Nb) phage display libraries derived from four camels immunized with the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike receptor‐binding domain (RBD), from which 381 Nbs were identified to recognize SARS‐CoV‐2‐RBD. Furthermore, seven Nbs were shown to block interaction of human angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with SARS‐CoV‐2‐RBD variants and two Nbs blocked the interaction of human ACE2 with bat‐SL‐CoV‐WIV1‐RBD and SARS‐CoV‐1‐RBD. Among these candidates, Nb11‐59 exhibited the highest activity against authentic SARS‐CoV‐2 with 50% neutralizing dose (ND50) of 0.55 μg/ml. Nb11‐59 can be produced on large scale in Pichia pastoris, with 20 g/L titer and 99.36% purity. It also showed good stability profile, and nebulization did not impact its stability. Overall, Nb11‐59 might be a promising prophylactic and therapeutic molecule against COVID‐19, especially through inhalation delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Gai
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Linlin Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Min Zhu
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Peng Qiao
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Haiwei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Yadong Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Weiwei Ji
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Huanhuan Cao
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Xionghui Li
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Rui Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China
| | - Yakun Wan
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd Shanghai China
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86
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Generation of HIV-resistant cells with a single-domain antibody: implications for HIV-1 gene therapy. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:660-674. [PMID: 33462383 PMCID: PMC7812570 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00627-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The cure or functional cure of the "Berlin patient" and "London patient" indicates that infusion of HIV-resistant cells could be a viable treatment strategy. Very recently, we genetically linked a short-peptide fusion inhibitor with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) attachment signal, rendering modified cells fully resistant to HIV infection. In this study, GPI-anchored m36.4, a single-domain antibody (nanobody) targeting the coreceptor-binding site of gp120, was constructed with a lentiviral vector. We verified that m36.4 was efficiently expressed on the plasma membrane of transduced TZM-bl cells and targeted lipid raft sites without affecting the expression of HIV receptors (CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4). Significantly, TZM-bl cells expressing GPI-m36.4 were highly resistant to infection with divergent HIV-1 subtypes and potently blocked HIV-1 envelope-mediated cell-cell fusion and cell-cell viral transmission. Furthermore, we showed that GPI-m36.4-modified human CEMss-CCR5 cells were nonpermissive to both CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 isolates and displayed a strong survival advantage over unmodified cells. It was found that GPI-m36.4 could also impair HIV-1 Env processing and viral infectivity in transduced cells, underlying a multifaceted mechanism of antiviral action. In conclusion, our studies characterize m36.4 as a powerful nanobody that can generate HIV-resistant cells, offering a novel gene therapy approach that can be used alone or in combination.
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87
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Abstract
A newly emerged coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), belongs to the β-coronavirus family and shows high similarities with SARS-CoV. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared SARS-CoV-2 a global pandemic, and the disease was named the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has caused over 46 million infections and over one million deaths worldwide, and the numbers are still increasing. Efficacious antiviral agents are urgently needed to combat this virus. The life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 mainly includes the viral attachment, membrane fusion, genomic replication, assembly and budding of virions. Accordingly, drug development against SARS-CoV-2 currently focuses on blocking spike protein binding to ACE2, inhibiting viral membrane fusion with host cells, and preventing the viral replication by targeting 3C-like protease, papain-like protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase as well as some host-cell proteins. In this review, the advances of drug development in these three major areas are elaborated.
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88
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Yao H, Cai H, Li T, Zhou B, Qin W, Lavillette D, Li D. A high-affinity RBD-targeting nanobody improves fusion partner's potency against SARS-CoV-2. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009328. [PMID: 33657135 PMCID: PMC7959386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A key step to the SARS-CoV-2 infection is the attachment of its Spike receptor-binding domain (S RBD) to the host receptor ACE2. Considerable research has been devoted to the development of neutralizing antibodies, including llama-derived single-chain nanobodies, to target the receptor-binding motif (RBM) and to block ACE2-RBD binding. Simple and effective strategies to increase potency are desirable for such studies when antibodies are only modestly effective. Here, we identify and characterize a high-affinity synthetic nanobody (sybody, SR31) as a fusion partner to improve the potency of RBM-antibodies. Crystallographic studies reveal that SR31 binds to RBD at a conserved and 'greasy' site distal to RBM. Although SR31 distorts RBD at the interface, it does not perturb the RBM conformation, hence displaying no neutralizing activities itself. However, fusing SR31 to two modestly neutralizing sybodies dramatically increases their affinity for RBD and neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. Our work presents a tool protein and an efficient strategy to improve nanobody potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebang Yao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmin Cai
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingjie Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenming Qin
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (Zhangjiang Laboratory), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dimitri Lavillette
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Pasteurien College, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dianfan Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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89
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Bessalah S, Jebahi S, Mejri N, Salhi I, Khorchani T, Hammadi M. Perspective on therapeutic and diagnostic potential of camel nanobodies for coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). 3 Biotech 2021; 11:89. [PMID: 33500874 PMCID: PMC7820838 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02647-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we focus on the camelid nanobodies as a revolutionary therapy that can guide efforts to discover new drugs for Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The small size property makes nanobodies capable of penetrating efficiently into tissues and recognizing cryptic antigens. Strong antigen affinity and stability in the gastrointestinal tract allow them to be used via oral administration. In fact, the use of nanobodies as inhalant can be directly delivered to the target organ, conferring high pulmonary drug concentrations and low systemic drug concentrations and minimal systemic side effects. For that, nanobodies are referred as a class of next-generation antibodies. Nanobodies permit the construction of multivalent formats that may achieve ultra-high neutralization potency and then may prevent mutational escape and can neutralize a wide range of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Due to their distinctive characteristics, nanobodies can be of great use in the development of promising treatment or preventive strategies against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, the state-of-the-art of camel nanobodies design strategies against the virus including SARS-CoV-2 are critically summarized. The application of general nanotechnology was also discussed to mitigate and control emerging SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Bessalah
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, 4119 Médenine, Tunisia
| | - Samira Jebahi
- Laboratory on Energy and Matter for Nuclear Sciences Development (LR16CNSTN02), National Centre for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Thabet Technopark, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia, Pole technologique, BP 72, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Naceur Mejri
- Laboratory on Energy and Matter for Nuclear Sciences Development (LR16CNSTN02), National Centre for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Thabet Technopark, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia, Pole technologique, BP 72, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Imed Salhi
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, 4119 Médenine, Tunisia
| | - Touhami Khorchani
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, 4119 Médenine, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Hammadi
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, 4119 Médenine, Tunisia
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90
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Zare H, Aghamollaei H, Hosseindokht M, Heiat M, Razei A, Bakherad H. Nanobodies, the potent agents to detect and treat the Coronavirus infections: A systematic review. Mol Cell Probes 2021; 55:101692. [PMID: 33358936 PMCID: PMC7832525 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The newly emerged coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) continues to infect humans, and no effective treatment has yet been found. Antibody therapy is one way to control infection caused by COVID-19. However, the use of classical antibodies raises complex issues. Heavy chain antibodies (HCAbs) are single-domain antibodies derived from the Camelidae family. The variable part of these antibodies (Nanobodies or VHH) has interesting properties such as small size, cost-effective production, and good tissue permeability, causing VHH to be regarded as an antiviral therapeutics. However, the small size of nanobodies may lead to low antigen binding affinity and rapid renal clearance. In this systematic review, the application of nanobodies in the treatment of COVID-19 infection and other similar infections (MERS and SARS) was reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Zare
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Hossein Aghamollaei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Hosseindokht
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammad Heiat
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Razei
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Bakherad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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91
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Cruz-Teran C, Tiruthani K, McSweeney M, Ma A, Pickles R, Lai SK. Challenges and opportunities for antiviral monoclonal antibodies as COVID-19 therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 169:100-117. [PMID: 33309815 PMCID: PMC7833882 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To address the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an unprecedented global effort to advance potent neutralizing mAbs against SARS-CoV-2 as therapeutics. However, historical efforts to advance antiviral monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for the treatment of other respiratory infections have been met with categorical failures in the clinic. By investigating the mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 and similar viruses spread within the lung, along with available biodistribution data for systemically injected mAb, we highlight the challenges faced by current antiviral mAbs for COVID-19. We summarize some of the leading mAbs currently in development, and present the evidence supporting inhaled delivery of antiviral mAb as an early intervention against COVID-19 that could prevent important pulmonary morbidities associated with the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruz-Teran
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Karthik Tiruthani
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Alice Ma
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Raymond Pickles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Samuel K Lai
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Inhalon Biopharma, Durham, NC 27709, USA; UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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92
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Ngo ST, Nguyen TH, Pham DH, Tung NT, Nam PC. Thermodynamics and kinetics in antibody resistance of the 501Y.V2 SARS-CoV-2 variant. RSC Adv 2021; 11:33438-33446. [PMID: 35497518 PMCID: PMC9042284 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04134g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the thermodynamics and kinetics of the binding process of an antibody to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein is very important for the development of COVID-19 vaccines. In particular, it is essential to understand how the binding mechanism may change under the effects of RBD mutations. In this context, we have demonstrated that the South African variant (B1.351 or 501Y.V2) can resist the neutralizing antibody (NAb). Three substitutions in the RBD including K417N, E484K, and N501Y alter the free energy landscape, binding pose, binding free energy, binding kinetics, hydrogen bonding, nonbonded contacts, and unbinding pathway of RBD + NAb complexes. The low binding affinity of NAb to 501Y.V2 RBD confirms the antibody resistance of the South African variant. Moreover, the fragment of NAb + RBD can be used as an affordable model to investigate changes in the binding process between the mutated RBD and antibodies. Increasing FEL minima of 501Y.V2 RBD + antibody in comparison with the WT RBD systems imply that the complex 501Y.V2 RBD + antibody is more unstable than the WT one.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Tung Ngo
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Trung Hai Nguyen
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Duc-Hung Pham
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati 45229, OH, USA
| | - Nguyen Thanh Tung
- Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Cam Nam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Da Nang, University of Science and Technology, Da Nang City, Vietnam
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93
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Esparza TJ, Martin NP, Anderson GP, Goldman ER, Brody DL. High affinity nanobodies block SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain interaction with human angiotensin converting enzyme. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22370. [PMID: 33353972 PMCID: PMC7755911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently few approved effective treatments for SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Nanobodies are 12–15 kDa single-domain antibody fragments that can be delivered by inhalation and are amenable to relatively inexpensive large scale production compared to other biologicals. We have isolated nanobodies that bind to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain and block spike protein interaction with the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with 1–5 nM affinity. The lead nanobody candidate, NIH-CoVnb-112, blocks SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus infection of HEK293 cells expressing human ACE2 with an EC50 of 0.3 µg/mL. NIH-CoVnb-112 retains structural integrity and potency after nebulization. Furthermore, NIH-CoVnb-112 blocks interaction between ACE2 and several high affinity variant forms of the spike protein. These nanobodies and their derivatives have therapeutic, preventative, and diagnostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Esparza
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Negin P Martin
- Viral Vector Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH/DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH/DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - George P Anderson
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Ellen R Goldman
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - David L Brody
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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94
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Asandei A, Mereuta L, Schiopu I, Park J, Seo CH, Park Y, Luchian T. Non-Receptor-Mediated Lipid Membrane Permeabilization by the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 Subunit. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:55649-55658. [PMID: 33270413 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to the pressing need to generate specific drugs or vaccines for COVID-19 and management of its outbreak, detailed knowledge regarding the SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells and timely, cheap, and easy-to-use detection methods are of critical importance for containing the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. Through electrophysiology and fluorescence spectroscopy experiments, we show that even in the absence of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, the S1 subunit from SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding to neutral phospholipid membranes leads to their mechanical destabilization and permeabilization. A similar cytotoxic effect of the protein was seen in human lung epithelial cells. A monoclonal antibody generated toward the S1 subunit alleviates to a considerable extent the destabilizing potential of the protein in such model membranes. Finally, we demonstrate the proof-of-concept capability of an α-hemolysin (α-HL) protein nanopore to detect in aqueous buffer and real time the region-binding domain of the S1 subunit from SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by monitoring its immunological interaction with a target antibody. Our results may offer new perspectives in understanding the pathogenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, its treatment, and real-time detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Asandei
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Sciences Department, "Alexandru I. Cuza" University, Iasi 700506, Romania
| | - Loredana Mereuta
- Department of Physics, "Alexandru I. Cuza" University, Iasi 700506, Romania
| | - Irina Schiopu
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Sciences Department, "Alexandru I. Cuza" University, Iasi 700506, Romania
| | - Jonggwan Park
- Department of Bioinformatics, Kongju National University, Kongju 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ho Seo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Kongju National University, Kongju 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonkyung Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Center for Proteinaceous Materials (RCPM), Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Tudor Luchian
- Department of Physics, "Alexandru I. Cuza" University, Iasi 700506, Romania
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95
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Abstract
More clinical trial data are needed to determine whether sera from COVID-19-convalescent patients and neutralizing monoclonal antibodies specific to SARS-CoV-2 antigens can prevent COVID-19 or reduce the severity of the disease in high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibo Jiang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA.
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96
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Singh DD, Han I, Choi EH, Yadav DK. Immunopathology, host-virus genome interactions, and effective vaccine development in SARS-CoV-2. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3774-3787. [PMID: 33235690 PMCID: PMC7677077 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a group of enveloped RNA viruses that are diversely found in humans and now declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. The population's susceptibility to these highly pathogenic coronaviruses has contributed to large outbreaks, evolved into public health events, and rapidly transmitted globally. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop effective therapies and vaccines against this disease. In the primary stage of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) infection, the signs and symptoms are nonspecific, and many more cases have been observed than initially expected. Genome sequencing is performed regularly to identify genetic changes to SARS-COV-2, and vaccine development is focused on manufacture, production, and based on specific problems, and very few are available on recent developments in the prevention of outbreaks. The aim of this review article to explore recent updates on SARS-COV-2 in the context of pathogenesis during disease progression, and innate acquired mechanisms of defense, This includes advances in diagnostics, susceptibility, and severity of host-virus genome interactions, modes of transmission, active compounds being used in pre-clinical and clinical trials for the treatment of patients, vaccine developments, and the effectiveness of SARS-COV-2 prevention and control measures. We have summarized the importance of pathophysiology immune response, Diagnostics, vaccine development currently approaches explored for SARS-COV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desh Deepak Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Ihn Han
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical & Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical & Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hambakmoeiro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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97
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Samrat SK, Tharappel AM, Li Z, Li H. Prospect of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Potential role in vaccine and therapeutic development. Virus Res 2020; 288:198141. [PMID: 32846196 PMCID: PMC7443330 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The recent outbreak of the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has become a significant concern to public health care worldwide. As of August 19, 2020, more than 22,140,472 people are infected, and over 781,135 people have died due to this deadly virus. In the USA alone, over 5,482,602 people are currently infected, and more than 171,823 people have died. SARS-CoV-2 has shown a higher infectivity rate and a more extended incubation period as compared to previous coronaviruses. SARS-CoV-2 binds much more strongly than SARS-CoV to the same host receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Previously, several methods to develop a vaccine against SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV have been tried with limited success. Since SARS-CoV-2 uses the spike (S) protein for entry to the host cell, it is one of the most preferred targets for making vaccines or therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we have summarised the characteristics of the S protein, as well as the different approaches being used for the development of vaccines and/or therapeutics based on the S protein.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibody-Dependent Enhancement/drug effects
- Betacoronavirus/drug effects
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 Vaccines
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Genetic Vectors/chemistry
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Patient Safety
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/immunology
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/immunology
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Vaccines, Attenuated
- Vaccines, DNA
- Vaccines, Subunit
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Subodh Kumar Samrat
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Anil M Tharappel
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Zhong Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Hongmin Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, 1 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
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98
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Zhou QA, Kato-Weinstein J, Li Y, Deng Y, Granet R, Garner L, Liu C, Polshakov D, Gessner C, Watkins S. Potential Therapeutic Agents and Associated Bioassay Data for COVID-19 and Related Human Coronavirus Infections. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:813-834. [PMID: 33062950 PMCID: PMC7447080 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has led to several million confirmed cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. To support the ongoing research and development of COVID-19 therapeutics, this report provides an overview of protein targets and corresponding potential drug candidates with bioassay and structure-activity relationship data found in the scientific literature and patents for COVID-19 or related virus infections. Highlighted are several sets of small molecules and biologics that act on specific targets, including 3CLpro, PLpro, RdRp, S-protein-ACE2 interaction, helicase/NTPase, TMPRSS2, and furin, which are involved in the viral life cycle or in other aspects of the disease pathophysiology. We hope this report will be valuable to the ongoing drug repurposing efforts and the discovery of new therapeutics with the potential for treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongqiong Angela Zhou
- CAS, a division
of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-3012, United States
| | | | - Yingzhu Li
- CAS, a division
of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-3012, United States
| | - Yi Deng
- CAS, a division
of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-3012, United States
| | - Roger Granet
- CAS, a division
of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-3012, United States
| | - Linda Garner
- CAS, a division
of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-3012, United States
| | - Cynthia Liu
- CAS, a division
of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-3012, United States
| | - Dmitrii Polshakov
- CAS, a division
of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-3012, United States
| | - Chris Gessner
- CAS, a division
of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-3012, United States
| | - Steven Watkins
- CAS, a division
of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-3012, United States
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99
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Yu F, Xiang R, Deng X, Wang L, Yu Z, Tian S, Liang R, Li Y, Ying T, Jiang S. Receptor-binding domain-specific human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:212. [PMID: 32963228 PMCID: PMC7506210 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, respectively, have posed severe threats to global public health and the economy. Treatment and prevention of these viral diseases call for the research and development of human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (NMAbs). Scientists have screened neutralizing antibodies using the virus receptor-binding domain (RBD) as an antigen, indicating that RBD contains multiple conformational neutralizing epitopes, which are the main structural domains for inducing neutralizing antibodies and T-cell immune responses. This review summarizes the structure and function of RBD and RBD-specific NMAbs against SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 currently under development.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Betacoronavirus/drug effects
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Cross Reactions
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/chemistry
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/immunology
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/immunology
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/drug effects
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/pathogenicity
- SARS-CoV-2
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/immunology
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/virology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Virion/immunology
- Virion/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoqian Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhengsen Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shijun Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Ruiying Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanbai Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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100
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Karthik K, Senthilkumar TMA, Udhayavel S, Raj GD. Role of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) in the virulence of SARS-CoV-2 and its mitigation strategies for the development of vaccines and immunotherapies to counter COVID-19. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:3055-3060. [PMID: 32845733 PMCID: PMC7484565 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1796425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a global threat and death tolls are increasing worldwide. The SARS-CoV-2 though shares similarities with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, immunopathology of the novel virus is not understood properly. Previous reports from SARS and MERS-CoV documents that preexisting, non-neutralizing or poorly neutralizing antibodies developed as a result of vaccine or infection enhance subsequent infection, a phenomenon called as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Since immunotherapy has been implicated for COVID-19 treatment and vaccine is under development, due consideration has to be provided on ADE to prevent untoward reactions. ADE mitigation strategies like the development of vaccine or immunotherapeutics targeting receptor binding motif can be designed to minimize ADE of SARS-CoV-2 since full-length protein-based approach can lead to ADE as reported in MERS-CoV. The present mini-review aims to address the phenomenon of ADE of SARS-CoV-2 through the lessons learned from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and ways to mitigate them so as to develop better vaccines and immunotherapeutics against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai, India
| | | | - Shanmugasundaram Udhayavel
- Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai, India
| | - Gopal Dhinakar Raj
- Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai, India
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