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Lamprinou M, Sachinidis A, Stamoula E, Vavilis T, Papazisis G. COVID-19 vaccines adverse events: potential molecular mechanisms. Immunol Res 2023; 71:356-372. [PMID: 36607502 PMCID: PMC9821369 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09357-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus, known as SARS-CoV-2. The disease, since its first outbreak in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, has led to a global pandemic. The pharmaceutical industry has developed several vaccines, of different vector technologies, against the virus. Of note, among these vaccines, seven have been fully approved by WHO. However, despite the benefits of COVID-19 vaccination, some rare adverse effects have been reported and have been associated with the use of the vaccines developed against SARS-CoV-2, especially those based on mRNA and non-replicating viral vector technology. Rare adverse events reported include allergic and anaphylactic reactions, thrombosis and thrombocytopenia, myocarditis, Bell's palsy, transient myelitis, Guillen-Barre syndrome, recurrences of herpes-zoster, autoimmunity flares, epilepsy, and tachycardia. In this review, we discuss the potential molecular mechanisms leading to these rare adverse events of interest and we also attempt an association with the various vaccine components and platforms. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms, according to which the vaccines cause side effects, in conjunction with the identification of the vaccine components and/or platforms that are responsible for these reactions, in terms of pharmacovigilance, could probably enable the improvement of future vaccines against COVID-19 and/or even other pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malamatenia Lamprinou
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124 Greece
| | - Athanasios Sachinidis
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Stamoula
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124 Greece
| | - Theofanis Vavilis
- Laboratory of Medical Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ,Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, European University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Georgios Papazisis
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124 Greece ,Clinical Research Unit, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education (SUBRE), School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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52
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Beyond neutralization: Fc-dependent antibody effector functions in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Rev Immunol 2022:10.1038/s41577-022-00813-1. [PMID: 36536068 PMCID: PMC9761659 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies are known to have a crucial role in protecting against SARS-CoV-2 infection and have been suggested to be a useful correlate of protection for vaccine clinical trials and for population-level surveys. In addition to neutralizing virus directly, antibodies can also engage immune effectors through their Fc domains, including Fc receptor-expressing immune cells and complement. The outcome of these interactions depends on a range of factors, including antibody isotype-Fc receptor combinations, Fc receptor-bearing cell types and antibody post-translational modifications. A growing body of evidence has shown roles for these Fc-dependent antibody effector functions in determining the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, measuring these functions is more complicated than assays that measure antibody binding and virus neutralization. Here, we examine recent data illuminating the roles of Fc-dependent antibody effector functions in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and we discuss the implications of these data for the development of next-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapeutics.
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53
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Pereira de Jesus BA, Gomes AA, Clark AE, Rodrigues TA, Ledgerwood-Lee M, Van Zant W, Brickner H, Wang M, Blum DL, Cassera MB, Carlin AF, Aronoff-Spencer ES, da Silva GF, Magalhães MDLB, Ray P. In Vitro Diagnostic Assay to Detect SARS-CoV-2-Neutralizing Antibody in Patient Sera Using Engineered ACE-2 Mini-Protein. Viruses 2022; 14:2823. [PMID: 36560827 PMCID: PMC9780992 DOI: 10.3390/v14122823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent development and mass administration of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines allowed for disease control, reducing hospitalizations and mortality. Most of these vaccines target the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein antigens, culminating with the production of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) that disrupt the attachment of the virus to ACE2 receptors on the host cells. However, several studies demonstrated that the NAbs typically rise within a few weeks after vaccination but quickly reduce months later. Thus, multiple booster administration is recommended, leading to vaccination hesitancy in many populations. Detecting serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 NAbs can instruct patients and healthcare providers on correct booster strategies. Several in vitro diagnostics kits are available; however, their high cost impairs the mass NAbs diagnostic testing. Recently, we engineered an ACE2 mimetic that interacts with the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of the SARS-2 S protein. Here we present the use of this engineered mini-protein (p-deface2 mut) to develop a detection assay to measure NAbs in patient sera using a competitive ELISA assay. Serum samples from twenty-one patients were tested. Nine samples (42.8%) tested positive, and twelve (57.1%) tested negative for neutralizing sera. The data correlated with the result from the standard commercial assay that uses human ACE2 protein. This confirmed that p-deface2 mut could replace human ACE2 in ELISA assays. Using bacterially expressed p-deface2 mut protein is cost-effective and may allow mass SARS-CoV-2 NAbs detection, especially in low-income countries where economical diagnostic testing is crucial. Such information will help providers decide when a booster is required, reducing risks of reinfection and preventing the administration before it is medically necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anderson Albino Gomes
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Alex E. Clark
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Melissa Ledgerwood-Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Westley Van Zant
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Howard Brickner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Meiqiao Wang
- Bioexpression and Fermentation Facility, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David L. Blum
- Bioexpression and Fermentation Facility, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Maria B. Cassera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD), University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Aaron F. Carlin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eliah S. Aronoff-Spencer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gustavo Felippe da Silva
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages 88520-000, Brazil
| | | | - Partha Ray
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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54
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Park JH, Cha MJ, Choi H, Kim MC, Chung JW, Lee KS, Jeong DG, Baek MS, Kim WY, Lim Y, Yoon SW, Choi SH. Relationship between SARS-CoV-2 antibody titer and the severity of COVID-19. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2022; 55:1094-1100. [PMID: 35570185 PMCID: PMC9069977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear whether high titers of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies aggravate clinical manifestations in patients or whether severe clinical manifestations result in high antibody titers. Thus, we investigated the cause-effect relationship between SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers and disease severity. METHODS We prospectively enrolled patients admitted with the diagnosis of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) from February 2020 to August 2020. We measured SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers, namely anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibody and neutralizing antibody (NAb), from blood samples and calculated the chest radiograph (CXR) scores of the patients to evaluate the severity of COVID-19. RESULTS Overall, 40 patients with COVID-19 were enrolled. Pneumonia was observed in more than half of the patients (25/40, 60%). SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers were higher in patients who were aged >60 years (anti-RBD antibodies, P = 0.003 and NAb, P = 0.009), presented with pneumonia (P = 0.006 and 0.007, respectively), and required oxygen therapy (P = 0.003 and 0.004, respectively) than in those who were not. CXR scores peaked (at 15-21 days after the onset of symptoms) statistically significantly earlier than SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers (at 22-30 days for NAb and at 31-70 days for anti-RBD antibody). There was a close correlation between the maximum CXR score and the maximum SAR-CoV-2 antibody titer. CONCLUSIONS Based on the comparison of the peak time of SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers with the CXR score after symptom onset, we suggest that severe clinical manifestations result in high titers of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joung Ha Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital, Gwangmyeong, South Korea
| | - Min Jae Cha
- Department of Radiology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyewon Choi
- Department of Radiology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital, Gwangmyeong, South Korea
| | - Jin-Won Chung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Sun Lee
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Moon Seong Baek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won-Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yaeji Lim
- Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Woo Yoon
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea,Corresponding author. Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea,Corresponding author. Fax: +82 2 6299 2064
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Shi Y, Huang J, Liu Y, Liu J, Guo X, Li J, Gong L, Zhou X, Cheng G, Qiu Y, You J, Lou Y. Structural and biochemical characteristics of mRNA nanoparticles determine anti-SARS-CoV-2 humoral and cellular immune responses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo1827. [PMID: 36417530 PMCID: PMC9683711 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic underlines the urgent need for effective mRNA vaccines. However, current understanding of the immunological outcomes of mRNA vaccines formulated under different nanoplatforms is insufficient. Here, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 receptor binding domain mRNA delivered via lipid nanoparticle (LNP), cationic nanoemulsion (CNE), and cationic liposome (Lipo) was constructed. Results demonstrated that the structural and biochemical characteristics of nanoparticles shaped their tissue dissemination, cellular uptake, and intracellular trafficking, which eventually determined the activation of antiviral humoral and cellular immunity. Specifically, LNP was mainly internalized by myocyte and subsequently circumvented lysosome degradation, giving rise to humoral-biased immune responses. Meanwhile, CNE and Lipo induced cellular-preferred immunity, which was respectively attributed to the better lysosomal escape in dendritic cells and the superior biodistribution in secondary lymphoid organs. Overall, this study may guide the design and clinical use of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shi
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 QingChun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People’s Republic of China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 QingChun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemeng Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liming Gong
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Ausper Biopharma Inc., 688 Bin’an Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guofeng Cheng
- Ausper Biopharma Inc., 688 Bin’an Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunqing Qiu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 QingChun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian You
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 QingChun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People’s Republic of China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Lou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 QingChun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People’s Republic of China
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Goh YS, Fong SW, Hor PX, Amrun SN, Lee CYP, Young BE, Chia PY, Tambyah PA, Kalimuddin S, Pada S, Tan SY, Sun LJ, Chen MIC, Leo YS, Lye DC, Ng LFP, Renia L. Conserved longitudinal alterations of anti-S-protein IgG subclasses in disease progression in initial ancestral Wuhan and vaccine breakthrough Delta infections. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1043049. [PMID: 36483199 PMCID: PMC9723332 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1043049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 has a wide disease spectrum ranging from asymptomatic to severe. While humoral immune responses are critical in preventing infection, the immune mechanisms leading to severe disease, and the identification of biomarkers of disease progression and/or resolution of the infection remains to be determined. METHODS Plasma samples were obtained from infections during the initial wave of ancestral wildtype SARS-CoV-2 and from vaccine breakthrough infections during the wave of Delta variant, up to six months post infection. The spike-specific antibody profiles were compared across different severity groups and timepoints. RESULTS We found an association between spike-specific IgM, IgA and IgG and disease severity in unvaccinated infected individuals. In addition to strong IgG1 and IgG3 response, patients with severe disease develop a robust IgG2 and IgG4 response. A comparison of the ratio of IgG1 and IgG3 to IgG2 and IgG4 showed that disease progression is associated with a smaller ratio in both the initial wave of WT and the vaccine breakthrough Delta infections. Time-course analysis revealed that smaller (IgG1 and IgG3)/(IgG2 and IgG4) ratio is associated with disease progression, while the reverse associates with clinical recovery. DISCUSSION While each IgG subclass is associated with disease severity, the balance within the four IgG subclasses may affect disease outcome. Acute disease progression or infection resolution is associated with a specific immunological phenotype that is conserved in both the initial wave of WT and the vaccine breakthrough Delta infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shan Goh
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siew-Wai Fong
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei Xiang Hor
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siti Naqiah Amrun
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheryl Yi-Pin Lee
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barnaby Edward Young
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Po Ying Chia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul A. Tambyah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Infectious Diseases, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shirin Kalimuddin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore,Emerging Infectious Disease Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Surinder Pada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Ng Teng Fong Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seow-Yen Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Changi General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Mark I-Cheng Chen
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee-Sin Leo
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David C. Lye
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisa F. P. Ng
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore,National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Renia
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore,*Correspondence: Laurent Renia,
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Ismanto HS, Xu Z, Saputri DS, Wilamowski J, Li S, Nugraha DK, Horiguchi Y, Okada M, Arase H, Standley DM. Landscape of infection enhancing antibodies in COVID-19 and healthy donors. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6033-6040. [PMCID: PMC9635252 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hendra S. Ismanto
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Zichang Xu
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Dianita S. Saputri
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jan Wilamowski
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Songling Li
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of System Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Dendi K. Nugraha
- Deparment of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Horiguchi
- Deparment of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masato Okada
- Deparment of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Oncogene Research, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hisashi Arase
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Immunochemistry, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daron M Standley
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of System Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Corresponding author at: Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
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58
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Yaugel-Novoa M, Bourlet T, Paul S. Role of the humoral immune response during COVID-19: guilty or not guilty? Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1170-1180. [PMID: 36195658 PMCID: PMC9530436 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00569-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemic and mucosal humoral immune responses are crucial to fight respiratory viral infections in the current pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. During SARS-CoV-2 infection, the dynamics of systemic and mucosal antibody infections are affected by patient characteristics, such as age, sex, disease severity, or prior immunity to other human coronaviruses. Patients suffering from severe disease develop higher levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in serum and mucosal tissues than those with mild disease, and these antibodies are detectable for up to a year after symptom onset. In hospitalized patients, the aberrant glycosylation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies enhances inflammation-associated antibody Fc-dependent effector functions, thereby contributing to COVID-19 pathophysiology. Current vaccines elicit robust humoral immune responses, principally in the blood. However, they are less effective against new viral variants, such as Delta and Omicron. This review provides an overview of current knowledge about the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2, with a particular focus on the protective and pathological role of humoral immunity in COVID-19 severity. We also discuss the humoral immune response elicited by COVID-19 vaccination and protection against emerging viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melyssa Yaugel-Novoa
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Bourlet
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France,CIC Inserm 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
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59
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Li D, Martinez DR, Schäfer A, Chen H, Barr M, Sutherland LL, Lee E, Parks R, Mielke D, Edwards W, Newman A, Bock KW, Minai M, Nagata BM, Gagne M, Douek DC, DeMarco CT, Denny TN, Oguin TH, Brown A, Rountree W, Wang Y, Mansouri K, Edwards RJ, Ferrari G, Sempowski GD, Eaton A, Tang J, Cain DW, Santra S, Pardi N, Weissman D, Tomai MA, Fox CB, Moore IN, Andersen H, Lewis MG, Golding H, Seder R, Khurana S, Baric RS, Montefiori DC, Saunders KO, Haynes BF. Breadth of SARS-CoV-2 neutralization and protection induced by a nanoparticle vaccine. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6309. [PMID: 36274085 PMCID: PMC9588772 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33985-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus vaccines that are highly effective against current and anticipated SARS-CoV-2 variants are needed to control COVID-19. We previously reported a receptor-binding domain (RBD)-sortase A-conjugated ferritin nanoparticle (scNP) vaccine that induced neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and pre-emergent sarbecoviruses and protected non-human primates (NHPs) from SARS-CoV-2 WA-1 infection. Here, we find the RBD-scNP induced neutralizing antibodies in NHPs against pseudoviruses of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 variants including 614G, Beta, Delta, Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, and BA.4/BA.5, and a designed variant with escape mutations, PMS20. Adjuvant studies demonstrate variant neutralization titers are highest with 3M-052-aqueous formulation (AF). Immunization twice with RBD-scNPs protect NHPs from SARS-CoV-2 WA-1, Beta, and Delta variant challenge, and protect mice from challenges of SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant and two other heterologous sarbecoviruses. These results demonstrate the ability of RBD-scNPs to induce broad neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants and to protect animals from multiple different SARS-related viruses. Such a vaccine could provide broad immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Li
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - David R. Martinez
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Haiyan Chen
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Maggie Barr
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Laura L. Sutherland
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Esther Lee
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Robert Parks
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Dieter Mielke
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Whitney Edwards
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Amanda Newman
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Kevin W. Bock
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Mahnaz Minai
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Bianca M. Nagata
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Matthew Gagne
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - C. Todd DeMarco
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Thomas N. Denny
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Thomas H. Oguin
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Alecia Brown
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Wes Rountree
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Yunfei Wang
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Katayoun Mansouri
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Robert J. Edwards
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Gregory D. Sempowski
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Amanda Eaton
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Juanjie Tang
- grid.417587.80000 0001 2243 3366Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20871 USA
| | - Derek W. Cain
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- grid.239395.70000 0000 9011 8547Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Mark A. Tomai
- grid.417536.20000 0001 0695 6319Corporate Research Materials Lab, 3M Company, St Paul, MN 55144 USA
| | - Christopher B. Fox
- grid.53959.330000 0004 1794 8076Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98104 USA
| | - Ian N. Moore
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Hanne Andersen
- grid.282501.c0000 0000 8739 6829BIOQUAL, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Mark G. Lewis
- grid.282501.c0000 0000 8739 6829BIOQUAL, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Hana Golding
- grid.417587.80000 0001 2243 3366Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20871 USA
| | - Robert Seder
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Surender Khurana
- grid.417587.80000 0001 2243 3366Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20871 USA
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - David C. Montefiori
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Kevin O. Saunders
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
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60
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Lavell AHA, Sikkens JJ, Edridge AWD, van der Straten K, Sechan F, Oomen M, Buis DTP, Schinkel M, Burger JA, Poniman M, van Rijswijk J, de Jong MD, de Bree GJ, Peters EJG, Smulders YM, Sanders RW, van Gils MJ, van der Hoek L, Bomers MK. Recent infection with HCoV-OC43 may be associated with protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. iScience 2022; 25:105105. [PMID: 36101832 PMCID: PMC9458542 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are known to cross-react with SARS-CoV-2, but data on cross-protective effects of prior HCoV infections are conflicting. In a prospective cohort of healthcare workers (HCWs), we studied the association between seasonal HCoV (OC43, HKU1, 229E and NL63) nucleocapsid protein IgG and SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first pandemic wave in the Netherlands (March 2020 - June 2020), by 4-weekly serum sampling. HCW with HCoV-OC43 antibody levels in the highest quartile, were less likely to become SARS-CoV-2 seropositive when compared with those with lower levels (6/32, 18.8%, versus 42/97, 43.3%, respectively: p = 0.019; HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.16-0.88). We found no significant association with HCoV-OC43 spike protein IgG, or with antibodies against other HCoVs. Our results indicate that the high levels of HCoV-OC43-nucleocapsid antibodies, as an indicator of a recent infection, are associated with protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection; this supports and informs efforts to develop pancoronavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Ayesha Lavell
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonne J Sikkens
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur W D Edridge
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karlijn van der Straten
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ferdyansyah Sechan
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Melissa Oomen
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David T P Buis
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel Schinkel
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam UMC Location Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Judith A Burger
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Meliawati Poniman
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline van Rijswijk
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Menno D de Jong
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Godelieve J de Bree
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edgar J G Peters
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yvo M Smulders
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marije K Bomers
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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61
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Adhikari A, Abayasingam A, Rodrigo C, Agapiou D, Pandzic E, Brasher NA, Fernando BSM, Keoshkerian E, Li H, Kim HN, Lord M, Popovic G, Rawlinson W, Mina M, Post JJ, Hudson B, Gilroy N, Dwyer D, Sasson SC, Grubor-Bauk B, Lloyd AR, Martinello M, Bull RA, Tedla N. Longitudinal Characterization of Phagocytic and Neutralization Functions of Anti-Spike Antibodies in Plasma of Patients after Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:1499-1512. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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62
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Obeng EM, Fianu I, Danquah MK. Multivalent ACE2 engineering-A promising pathway for advanced coronavirus nanomedicine development. NANO TODAY 2022; 46:101580. [PMID: 35942040 PMCID: PMC9350675 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The spread of coronavirus diseases has resulted in a clarion call to develop potent drugs and vaccines even as different strains appear beyond human prediction. An initial step that is integral to the viral entry into host cells results from an active-targeted interaction of the viral spike (S) proteins and the cell surface receptor, called angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Thus, engineered ACE2 has been an interesting decoy inhibitor against emerging coronavirus infestation. This article discusses promising innovative ACE2 engineering pathways for current and emerging coronavirus therapeutic development. First, we provide a brief discussion of some ACE2-associated human coronaviruses and their cell invasion mechanism. Then, we describe and contrast the individual spike proteins and ACE2 receptor interactions, highlighting crucial hotspots across the ACE2-associated coronaviruses. Lastly, we address the importance of multivalency in ACE2 nanomedicine engineering and discuss novel approaches to develop and achieve multivalent therapeutic outcomes. Beyond coronaviruses, these approaches will serve as a paradigm to develop new and improved treatment technologies against pathogens that use ACE2 receptor for invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene M Obeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Isaac Fianu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael K Danquah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tennessee, 615 McCallie Ave, Chattanooga, TN 37403, United States
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63
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Theoretical Explanation for the Rarity of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Infection (ADE) in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911364. [PMID: 36232664 PMCID: PMC9569501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Global vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 virus has proved to be highly effective. However, the possibility of antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE) upon vaccination remains underinvestigated. Here, we aimed to theoretically determine conditions for the occurrence of ADE in COVID-19. We developed a series of mathematical models of antibody response: model Ab—a model of antibody formation; model Cv—a model of infection spread in the body; and a complete model, which combines the two others. The models describe experimental data on SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans and cell cultures, including viral load dynamics, seroconversion times and antibody concentration kinetics. The modelling revealed that a significant proportion of macrophages can become infected only if they bind antibodies with high probability. Thus, a high probability of macrophage infection and a sufficient amount of pre-existing antibodies are necessary for the development of ADE in SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, from the point of view of the dynamics of pneumocyte infection, the two cases where the body has a high concentration of preexisting antibodies and a high probability of macrophage infection and where there is a low concentration of antibodies in the body and no macrophage infection are indistinguishable. This conclusion could explain the lack of confirmed ADE cases for COVID-19.
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64
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Zanella I, Degli Antoni M, Marchese V, Castelli F, Quiros-Roldan E. Non-neutralizing antibodies: Deleterious or propitious during SARS-CoV-2 infection? Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108943. [PMID: 35753123 PMCID: PMC9189100 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is a complex phenomenon mediated by antibodies, frequently pre-existing non-neutralizing or sub-neutralizing antibodies. In the course of infectious diseases, ADE may be responsible for worsening the clinical course of the disease by increasing the virulence of pathogens (ADE of infection) or enhancing disease severity (ADE of disease). Here we reviewed the mechanisms thought to be behind the ADE phenomenon and its potential relationship with COVID-19 severity. Since the early COVID-19 epidemics, ADE has been mentioned as a possible mechanism involved in severe COVID-19 disease and, later, as a potential risk in the case of infection after vaccination. However, current data do not support its role in disease severity, both after infection and reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Zanella
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy,Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Section, Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Melania Degli Antoni
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Marchese
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Castelli
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenia Quiros-Roldan
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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65
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Sbarigia C, Vardanyan D, Buccini L, Tacconi S, Dini L. SARS-CoV-2 and extracellular vesicles: An intricate interplay in pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.987034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are widely recognized as intercellular communication mediators. Among the different biological processes, EVs play a role in viral infections, supporting virus entrance and spread into host cells and immune response evasion. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection became an urgent public health issue with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, being responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic. Since EVs are implicated in SARS-CoV-2 infection in a morphological and functional level, they have gained growing interest for a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and represent possible diagnostic tools to track the disease progression. Furthermore, thanks to their biocompatibility and efficient immune activation, the use of EVs may also represent a promising strategy for the development of new therapeutic strategies against COVID-19. In this review, we explore the role of EVs in viral infections with a focus on SARS-CoV-2 biology and pathogenesis, considering recent morphometric studies. The common biogenesis aspects and structural similarities between EVs and SARS-CoV-2 will be examined, offering a panoramic of their multifaceted interplay and presenting EVs as a machinery supporting the viral cycle. On the other hand, EVs may be exploited as early diagnostic biomarkers and efficient carriers for drug delivery and vaccination, and ongoing studies will be reviewed to highlight EVs as potential alternative therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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66
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Chen S, Guan F, Candotti F, Benlagha K, Camara NOS, Herrada AA, James LK, Lei J, Miller H, Kubo M, Ning Q, Liu C. The role of B cells in COVID-19 infection and vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 13:988536. [PMID: 36110861 PMCID: PMC9468879 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.988536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells secrete antibodies and mediate the humoral immune response, making them extremely important in protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2, which caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In this review, we summarize the positive function and pathological response of B cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and re-infection. Then, we structure the immunity responses that B cells mediated in peripheral tissues. Furthermore, we discuss the role of B cells during vaccination including the effectiveness of antibodies and memory B cells, viral evolution mechanisms, and future vaccine development. This review might help medical workers and researchers to have a better understanding of the interaction between B cells and SARS-CoV-2 and broaden their vision for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiru Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fabio Candotti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kamel Benlagha
- Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Laboratory of Human Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andres A. Herrada
- Lymphatic and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Louisa K. James
- Centre for Immunobiology, Bizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jiahui Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heather Miller
- Cytek Biosciences, R&D Clinical Reagents, Fremont, CA, United States
| | - Masato Kubo
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), Rikagaku Kenkyusho, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
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Lu M, Chamblee M, Zhang Y, Ye C, Dravid P, Park JG, Mahesh KC, Trivedi S, Murthy S, Sharma H, Cassady C, Chaiwatpongsakorn S, Liang X, Yount JS, Boyaka PN, Peeples ME, Martinez-Sobrido L, Kapoor A, Li J. SARS-CoV-2 prefusion spike protein stabilized by six rather than two prolines is more potent for inducing antibodies that neutralize viral variants of concern. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2110105119. [PMID: 35994646 PMCID: PMC9436349 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110105119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The spike (S) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the main target for neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). The S protein trimer is anchored in the virion membrane in its prefusion (preS) but metastable form. The preS protein has been stabilized by introducing two or six proline substitutions, to generate stabilized, soluble 2P or HexaPro (6P) preS proteins. Currently, it is not known which form is the most immunogenic. Here, we generated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) expressing preS-2P, preS-HexaPro, and native full-length S, and compared their immunogenicity in mice and hamsters. The rVSV-preS-HexaPro produced and secreted significantly more preS protein compared to rVSV-preS-2P. Importantly, rVSV-preS-HexaPro triggered significantly more preS-specific serum IgG antibody than rVSV-preS-2P in both mice and hamsters. Antibodies induced by preS-HexaPro neutralized the B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, B.1.427, and B.1.617.2 variants approximately two to four times better than those induced by preS-2P. Furthermore, preS-HexaPro induced a more robust Th1-biased cellular immune response than preS-2P. A single dose (104 pfu) immunization with rVSV-preS-HexaPro and rVSV-preS-2P provided complete protection against challenge with mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 and B.1.617.2 variant, whereas rVSV-S only conferred partial protection. When the immunization dose was lowered to 103 pfu, rVSV-preS-HexaPro induced two- to sixfold higher antibody responses than rVSV-preS-2P in hamsters. In addition, rVSV-preS-HexaPro conferred 70% protection against lung infection whereas only 30% protection was observed in the rVSV-preS-2P. Collectively, our data demonstrate that both preS-2P and preS-HexaPro are highly efficacious but preS-HexaPro is more immunogenic and protective, highlighting the advantages of using preS-HexaPro in the next generation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijia Lu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Michelle Chamblee
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Yuexiu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Chengjin Ye
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227
| | - Piyush Dravid
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227
| | - KC Mahesh
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205
| | - Sheetal Trivedi
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205
| | - Satyapramod Murthy
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205
| | - Cole Cassady
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205
| | - Supranee Chaiwatpongsakorn
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205
| | - Xueya Liang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Jacob S. Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Prosper N. Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Mark E. Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | | | - Amit Kapoor
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
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Time Lag between COVID-19 Diagnosis and Symptoms Onset for Different Population Groups: Evidence That Self-Testing in Schools Was Associated with Timely Diagnosis among Children. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091305. [PMID: 36143342 PMCID: PMC9506207 DOI: 10.3390/life12091305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early identification of COVID-19 cases has been vital for reducing transmission and enabling treatment. In Greece, in autumn 2021 when Delta was the predominant circulating variant, unvaccinated citizens had to be tested before attending activities, and self-testing was required twice a week for students (5−17 years). Here, we describe the time of diagnosis by age group and possible exposure to assess testing strategies (September to November 2021). Information on the presence of symptoms at the time of diagnosis was available for 69,298 cases; 24,855 (36%) were asymptomatic or tested the same day as onset (early diagnosis), 21,310 (31%) reported testing one day after, and 23,133 (33%) did so two or more days after the onset of symptoms. The median lag was 2 days (1−14). Early diagnosis significantly differed among age groups (p-value < 0.001) and was higher among children. For every one-year increase of age, the odds of an early diagnosis were reduced by 1%. Cases exposed during training activities or in settings such as accommodation centers and hospitals were more frequently diagnosed early. The percentage of persons having a positive self-test before a rapid test/PCR diagnosis ranged from 7% in the age group of 60 years and above to 86% in the age group of 5−17 years. The provision of self-tests in schools and increased testing in closed settings led to an earlier diagnosis and probably to a decreased transmission of the virus in the period during which Delta was the predominant variant in Greece. However, more effort is needed for early diagnosis of adults in the community, especially after the onset of symptoms.
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69
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Gutiérrez LJ, Tosso RD, Zarycz MNC, Enriz RD, Baldoni HA. Epitopes mapped onto SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding motif by five distinct human neutralising antibodies. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2022.2111421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J. Gutiérrez
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Research (IMIBIO-SL. CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo D. Tosso
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Research (IMIBIO-SL. CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - M. Natalia C. Zarycz
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Research (IMIBIO-SL. CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
| | - Ricardo D. Enriz
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Research (IMIBIO-SL. CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Héctor A. Baldoni
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
- Institute of Applied Mathematics of San Luis (IMASL. CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
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70
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Bigay J, Le Grand R, Martinon F, Maisonnasse P. Vaccine-associated enhanced disease in humans and animal models: Lessons and challenges for vaccine development. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:932408. [PMID: 36033843 PMCID: PMC9399815 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.932408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fight against infectious diseases calls for the development of safe and effective vaccines that generate long-lasting protective immunity. In a few situations, vaccine-mediated immune responses may have led to exacerbated pathology upon subsequent infection with the pathogen targeted by the vaccine. Such vaccine-associated enhanced disease (VAED) has been reported, or at least suspected, in animal models, and in a few instances in humans, for vaccine candidates against the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles virus (MV), dengue virus (DENV), HIV-1, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1), and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Although alleviated by clinical and epidemiological evidence, a number of concerns were also initially raised concerning the short- and long-term safety of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is causing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Although the mechanisms leading to this phenomenon are not yet completely understood, the individual and/or collective role of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), complement-dependent enhancement, and cell-dependent enhancement have been highlighted. Here, we review mechanisms that may be associated with the risk of VAED, which are important to take into consideration, both in the assessment of vaccine safety and in finding ways to define models and immunization strategies that can alleviate such concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frédéric Martinon
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud-INSERM U1184, CEA, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
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Kumar A, Ladha A, Choudhury A, Ikbal AMA, Bhattacharjee B, Das T, Gupta G, Sharma C, Sarbajna A, Mandal SC, Choudhury MD, Ali N, Slama P, Rezaei N, Palit P, Tiwari ON. The chimera of S1 and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2: can it be a potential vaccine candidate for COVID-19? Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1071-1086. [PMID: 35604776 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2081156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has emerged as one of the biggest global health issues. Spike protein (S) and nucleoprotein (N), the major immunogenic components of SARS-CoV-2, have been shown to be involved in the attachment and replication of the virus inside the host cell. AREAS COVERED Several investigations have shown that the SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein can elicit a cell-mediated immune response capable of regulating viral replication and lowering viral burden. However, the development of an effective vaccine that can stop the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 remains a matter of concern. Literature was retrieved using the keywords COVID-19 vaccine, role of nucleoprotein as vaccine candidate, spike protein, nucleoprotein immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, and chimera vaccine in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google. EXPERT OPINION We have focussed on the use of chimera protein, consisting of N and S-1 protein components of SARS-CoV-2, as a potential vaccine candidate. This may act as a polyvalent mixed recombinant protein vaccine to elicit a strong T and B cell immune response, which will be capable of neutralizing the wild and mutated variants of SARS-CoV-2, and also restricting its attachment, replication, and budding in the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amresh Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Amit Ladha
- Area of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, NIIT University, Neemrana, India
| | - Ankita Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Allama TR College of Pharmacy, Hospital Rd, Srigouri, India
| | - Abu Md Ashif Ikbal
- Department of Pharmacy, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, Tripura (W), India
| | - Bedanta Bhattacharjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Tanmay Das
- Department of Business Administration, Assam University Silchar, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Area of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, NIIT University, Neemrana, India.,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Chhavi Sharma
- Area of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, NIIT University, Neemrana, India
| | - Adity Sarbajna
- Department of Zoology, Surendranath College, Kolkata, India
| | - Subhash C Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Nahid Ali
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL BIOLOGY, Kolkata, India
| | - Petr Slama
- Laboratory of Animal Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Partha Palit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Drug Discovery research Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Onkar Nath Tiwari
- Centre for Conservation and Utilisation of Blue Green Algae (CCUBGA), Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
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High viral loads: what drives fatal cases of COVID-19 in vaccinees? - an autopsy study. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:1013-1021. [PMID: 35365771 PMCID: PMC8974809 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-022-01069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections in vaccinees has become a relevant serious issue. This study aimed to determine the causes of death, histological organ alteration, and viral spread in relation to demographic, clinical-pathological, viral variants, and vaccine types for deceased individuals with proven SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination who died between January and November 2021. Twenty-nine consecutively collected cases were analyzed and compared to 141 nonvaccinated control cases. Autopsies were performed on 16 partially and 13 fully vaccinated individuals. Most patients were elderly and suffered from several relevant comorbidities. Real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) identified a significantly increased rate of generalized viral dissemination within organ systems in vaccinated cases versus nonvaccinated cases (45% vs. 16%, respectively; P = 0.008) mainly with Ct-values of higher than 25 in non-respiratory samples. However, vaccinated cases also showed high viral loads, reaching Ct-values below 10, especially in the upper airways and lungs. This was accompanied by high rates of pulmonal bacterial or mycotic superinfections and the occurrence of immunocompromising factors, such as malignancies, immunosuppressive drug intake, or decreased immunoglobulin levels. All these findings were particularly accentuated in partially vaccinated patients compared to fully vaccinated individuals. The virus dissemination observed in our case study may indicate that patients with an impaired immune system have a decreased ability to eliminate the virus. However, the potential role of antibody-dependent enhancement must also be ruled out in future studies. Fatal cases of COVID-19 in vaccinees were rare and often associated with severe comorbidities or other immunosuppressive conditions.
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73
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Nguyen DC, Lamothe PA, Woodruff MC, Saini AS, Faliti CE, Sanz I, Lee FE. COVID-19 and plasma cells: Is there long-lived protection? Immunol Rev 2022; 309:40-63. [PMID: 35801537 PMCID: PMC9350162 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection with SARS-CoV-2, the etiology of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, has resulted in over 450 million cases with more than 6 million deaths worldwide, causing global disruptions since early 2020. Memory B cells and durable antibody protection from long-lived plasma cells (LLPC) are the mainstay of most effective vaccines. However, ending the pandemic has been hampered by the lack of long-lived immunity after infection or vaccination. Although immunizations offer protection from severe disease and hospitalization, breakthrough infections still occur, most likely due to new mutant viruses and the overall decline of neutralizing antibodies after 6 months. Here, we review the current knowledge of B cells, from extrafollicular to memory populations, with a focus on distinct plasma cell subsets, such as early-minted blood antibody-secreting cells and the bone marrow LLPC, and how these humoral compartments contribute to protection after SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan C. Nguyen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Pedro A. Lamothe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Matthew C. Woodruff
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ankur S. Saini
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Caterina E. Faliti
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Frances Eun‐Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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Structure-selected RBM immunogens prime polyclonal memory responses that neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010686. [PMID: 35862442 PMCID: PMC9302722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful control of the COVID-19 pandemic depends on vaccines that prevent transmission. The full-length Spike protein is highly immunogenic but the majority of antibodies do not target the virus: ACE2 interface. In an effort to affect the quality of the antibody response focusing it to the receptor-binding motif (RBM) we generated a series of conformationally-constrained immunogens by inserting solvent-exposed RBM amino acid residues into hypervariable loops of an immunoglobulin molecule. Priming C57BL/6 mice with plasmid (p)DNA encoding these constructs yielded a rapid memory response to booster immunization with recombinant Spike protein. Immune sera antibodies bound strongly to the purified receptor-binding domain (RBD) and Spike proteins. pDNA primed for a consistent response with antibodies efficient at neutralizing authentic WA1 virus and three variants of concern (VOC), B.1.351, B.1.617.2, and BA.1. We demonstrate that immunogens built on structure selection can be used to influence the quality of the antibody response by focusing it to a conserved site of vulnerability shared between wildtype virus and VOCs, resulting in neutralizing antibodies across variants.
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75
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Nguyen TP, Do Q, Phan LT, Dinh DV, Khong H, Hoang LV, Nguyen TV, Pham HN, Chu MV, Nguyen TT, Pham QD, Le TM, Trang TN, Dinh TT, Vo TV, Vu TT, Nguyen QB, Phan VT, Nguyen LV, Nguyen GT, Tran PM, Nghiem TD, Tran TV, Nguyen TG, Tran TQ, Nguyen LT, Do AT, Nguyen DD, Ho SA, Nguyen VT, Pham DT, Tran HB, Vu ST, Hoang SX, Do TM, Nguyen XT, Le GQ, Tran T, Cao TM, Dao HM, Nguyen TT, Doan UY, Le VT, Tran LP, Nguyen NM, Nguyen NT, Pham HT, Nguyen QH, Nguyen HT, Nguyen HL, Tran VT, Tran MT, Nguyen TT, Ha PT, Huynh HT, Nguyen KD, Thuan UT, Doan CC, Do SM. Safety and immunogenicity of Nanocovax, a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein vaccine: Interim results of a double-blind, randomised controlled phase 1 and 2 trial. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2022; 24:100474. [PMID: 35602004 PMCID: PMC9108376 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanocovax is a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 subunit vaccine composed of full-length prefusion stabilized recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins (S-2P) and aluminium hydroxide adjuvant. METHODS We conducted a dose-escalation, open label trial (phase 1) and a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (phase 2) to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the Nanocovax vaccine (in 25 mcg, 50 mcg, and 75 mcg doses, aluminium hydroxide adjuvanted (0·5 mg/dose) in 2-dose regime, 28 days apart (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04683484). In phase 1, 60 participants received two intramuscular injection of the vaccine following dose-escalation procedure. The primary outcomes were reactogenicity and laboratory tests to evaluate the vaccine safety. In phase 2, 560 healthy adults received either vaccine doses similar in phase 1 (25 or 50 or 75 mcg S antigen in 0·5 mg aluminium per dose) or adjuvant (0·5 mg aluminium) in a ratio of 2:2:2:1. One primary outcome was the vaccine safety, including solicited adverse events for 7 day and unsolicited adverse events for 28 days after each injection as well as serious adverse event or adverse events of special interest throughout the study period. Another primary outcome was anti-S IgG antibody response (Index unit/ml). Secondary outcomes were surrogate virus neutralisation (inhibition percentage), wild-type SARS-CoV-2 neutralisation (dilution fold), and T-cell responses by intracellular staining for interferon gamma (IFNg). Anti-S IgG and neutralising antibody levels were compared with convalescent serum samples from symptomatic Covid-19 patients. FINDINGS For phase 1 study, no serious adverse events were observed for all 60 participants. Most adverse events were grade 1 and disappeared shortly after injection. For phase 2 study, after randomisation, 480 participants were assigned to receive the vaccine with adjuvant, and 80 participants were assigned to receive the placebo (adjuvant only). Reactogenicity was absent or mild in the majority of participants and of short duration (mean ≤3 days). Unsolicited adverse events were mild in most participants. There were no serious adverse events related to Nanocovax. Regarding the immunogenicity, Nanocovax induced robust anti-S antibody responses. In general, there humoral responses were similar among vaccine groups which reached their peaks at day 42 and declined afterward. At day 42, IgG levels of vaccine groups were 60·48 [CI95%: 51·12-71·55], 49·11 [41·26-58·46], 57·18 [48·4-67·5] compared to 7·10 [6·32-13·92] of convalescent samples. IgG levels reported here can be converted to WHO international standard binding antibody unit (BAU/ml) by multiplying them to a conversion factor of 21·8. Neutralising antibody titre of vaccine groups at day 42 were 89·2 [52·2-152·3], 80·0 [50·8-125.9] and 95·1 [63·1-143·6], compared to 55·1 [33·4-91·0] of the convalescent group. INTERPRETATION Up to day 90, Nanocovax was found to be safe, well tolerated, and induced robust immune responses. FUNDING This work was funded by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), the Ministry of Science and Technology of Vietnam, and Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy P. Nguyen
- Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC, Lot I-5C Saigon Hitech Park, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Quyet Do
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Lan T. Phan
- Pasteur Institute, 167 Pasteur, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Duc V. Dinh
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Hiep Khong
- Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC, Lot I-5C Saigon Hitech Park, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Luong V. Hoang
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Thuong V. Nguyen
- Pasteur Institute, 167 Pasteur, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Hung N. Pham
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Men V. Chu
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Toan T. Nguyen
- Pasteur Institute, 167 Pasteur, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Quang D. Pham
- Pasteur Institute, 167 Pasteur, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Tri M. Le
- Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC, Lot I-5C Saigon Hitech Park, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Tuyen N.T. Trang
- Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC, Lot I-5C Saigon Hitech Park, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh T. Dinh
- Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC, Lot I-5C Saigon Hitech Park, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thuong V. Vo
- Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC, Lot I-5C Saigon Hitech Park, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thao T. Vu
- Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC, Lot I-5C Saigon Hitech Park, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Quynh B.P. Nguyen
- Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC, Lot I-5C Saigon Hitech Park, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Vuong T. Phan
- Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC, Lot I-5C Saigon Hitech Park, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Luong V. Nguyen
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Giang T. Nguyen
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Phong M. Tran
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Thuan D. Nghiem
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Tien V. Tran
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Tien G. Nguyen
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Tuynh Q. Tran
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Linh T. Nguyen
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Anh T. Do
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Dung D. Nguyen
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Son A. Ho
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Viet T. Nguyen
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Dung T. Pham
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Hieu B. Tran
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Son T. Vu
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Su X. Hoang
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Trung M. Do
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Xuan T. Nguyen
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Giang Q. Le
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Ton Tran
- Pasteur Institute, 167 Pasteur, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thang M. Cao
- Pasteur Institute, 167 Pasteur, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Huy M. Dao
- Pasteur Institute, 167 Pasteur, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thao T.T. Nguyen
- Pasteur Institute, 167 Pasteur, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Uyen Y Doan
- Pasteur Institute, 167 Pasteur, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Vy T.T. Le
- Pasteur Institute, 167 Pasteur, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Linh P. Tran
- Pasteur Institute, 167 Pasteur, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Ngoc M. Nguyen
- Pasteur Institute, 167 Pasteur, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Ngoc T. Nguyen
- Pasteur Institute, 167 Pasteur, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Hang T.T. Pham
- Pasteur Institute, 167 Pasteur, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Quan H. Nguyen
- Pasteur Institute, 167 Pasteur, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Hieu T. Nguyen
- Pasteur Institute, 167 Pasteur, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Hang L.K. Nguyen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Vinh T. Tran
- Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC, Lot I-5C Saigon Hitech Park, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Mai T.N. Tran
- Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC, Lot I-5C Saigon Hitech Park, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Truc T.T. Nguyen
- Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC, Lot I-5C Saigon Hitech Park, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Phat T. Ha
- Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC, Lot I-5C Saigon Hitech Park, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Hieu T. Huynh
- Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC, Lot I-5C Saigon Hitech Park, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Khanh D. Nguyen
- Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC, Lot I-5C Saigon Hitech Park, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Ung T. Thuan
- Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC, Lot I-5C Saigon Hitech Park, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Chung C. Doan
- Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC, Lot I-5C Saigon Hitech Park, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Si M. Do
- Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC, Lot I-5C Saigon Hitech Park, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Corresponding author.
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76
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Bao Q, Yang T, Yang M, Mao C. Detection, prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and opportunities for nanobiotechnology. VIEW 2022; 3:20200181. [PMID: 35600668 PMCID: PMC9111118 DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the number of confirmed cases and deaths has increased globally at a dramatic speed. In view of the serious health threat to humans, this review discusses the state-of-the-art studies about fighting this disease. It summarizes the current strategies and recent advances in detecting, preventing, and treating COVID-19 and interprets the underlying mechanisms in detail. Detection of COVID-19 can be successfully achieved by multiple techniques such as polymerase chain reaction, computed tomography imaging, and nano-biosensing. Inactivated virus vaccine, nucleic acid vaccine, and different nanoparticles have been employed to effectively prevent COVID-19. A variety of agents such as antiviral agents, neutralizing antibodies, and nanotherapeutics have been developed to treat COVID-19 with exciting efficacy. Although nanobiotechnology has shown great potential in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of COVID-19, efforts should be made to explore new biocompatible nano-biomaterials to advance this field to clinical applications. Hence, nanobiotechnology paves a new way to detect, prevent, and treat COVID-19 effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Bao
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Tao Yang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Mingying Yang
- College of Animal ScienceInstitute of Applied Bioresource ResearchZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of OklahomaNormanOklahomaUSA
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Sahu T, Pande B, PL M, Verma HK. Liver dysfunction during COVID-19 pandemic: Contributing role of associated factors in disease progression and severity. World J Hepatol 2022; 14:1099-1110. [PMID: 35978661 PMCID: PMC9258249 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i6.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a new strain of coronavirus was discovered in China, and the World Health Organization declared it a pandemic in March 2020. The majority of people with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) exhibit no or only mild symptoms such as fever, cough, anosmia, and headache. Meanwhile, approximately 15% develop a severe lung infection over the course of 10 d, resulting in respiratory failure, which can lead to multi-organ failure, coagulopathy, and death. Since the beginning of the pandemic, it appears that there has been consideration that pre-existing chronic liver disease may predispose to deprived consequences in conjunction with COVID-19. Furthermore, extensive liver damage has been linked to immune dysfunction and coagulopathy, which leads to a more severe COVID-19 outcome. Besides that, people with COVID-19 frequently have abnormal liver function, with more significant elevations in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in patients with severe COVID-19 compared to those with mild/moderate disease. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the liver, as well as the use of liver chemistry as a prognostic tool during COVID-19. We also evaluate the findings for viral infection of hepatocytes, and look into the potential mechanisms behind SARS-CoV-2-related liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Sahu
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur 492001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Babita Pande
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur 492001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Manasa PL
- Center for Basic Sciences, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Henu Kumar Verma
- Department of Immunopathology, Institute of Lungs Health and Immunity, Munich 85764, Bavaria, Germany
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78
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Antibodies to combat viral infections: development strategies and progress. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:676-696. [PMID: 35725925 PMCID: PMC9207876 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are appealing as potential therapeutics and prophylactics for viral infections owing to characteristics such as their high specificity and their ability to enhance immune responses. Furthermore, antibody engineering can be used to strengthen effector function and prolong mAb half-life, and advances in structural biology have enabled the selection and optimization of potent neutralizing mAbs through identification of vulnerable regions in viral proteins, which can also be relevant for vaccine design. The COVID-19 pandemic has stimulated extensive efforts to develop neutralizing mAbs against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with several mAbs now having received authorization for emergency use, providing not just an important component of strategies to combat COVID-19 but also a boost to efforts to harness mAbs in therapeutic and preventive settings for other infectious diseases. Here, we describe advances in antibody discovery and engineering that have led to the development of mAbs for use against infections caused by viruses including SARS-CoV-2, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Ebola virus (EBOV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and influenza. We also discuss the rationale for moving from empirical to structure-guided strategies in vaccine development, based on identifying optimal candidate antigens and vulnerable regions within them that can be targeted by antibodies to result in a strong protective immune response. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are appealing as potential therapeutics and prophylactics for viral infections. This Review describes advances in antibody discovery and engineering that have led to the development of mAbs that target viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), respiratory syncytial virus and Ebola virus, and also considers the implications for vaccine development.
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79
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Cugno M, Meroni PL, Consonni D, Griffini S, Grovetti E, Novembrino C, Torri A, Griffante G, Gariglio M, Varani L, Peyvandi F. Effects of Antibody Responses to Pre-Existing Coronaviruses on Disease Severity and Complement Activation in COVID-19 Patients. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061191. [PMID: 35744709 PMCID: PMC9228214 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be influenced by pre-existing immune responses against endemic coronaviruses, but conflicting data have been reported. We studied 148 patients who were hospitalised because of a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, classified mild in 58, moderate in 44, and severe in 46. The controls were 27 healthy subjects. At admission, blood samples were collected for the measurement of biomarkers of disease severity and levels of the IgG against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and pre-existing coronaviruses OC43, HKU1, NL63 and 229E. Higher levels of IgG antibodies against the RBD of pre-existing coronavirus (with the highest significance for anti-HKU1 IgG, p = 0.01) were found in patients with mild disease, compared with those with moderate or severe disease. Multivariable logistic regression confirmed the association of high levels of antibodies to pre-existing coronavirus with mild disease and showed their associations with low levels of the complement activation marker SC5b-9 (p range = 0.007–0.05). High levels of anti-NL63 antibodies were associated with low levels of the coagulation activation marker D-dimer (p = 0.04), while high levels of IgG against 229E were associated with low levels of the endothelial activation marker von Willebrand factor (p = 0.05). Anti-SARS-CoV-2-neutralising activity of plasma positively correlated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG (r = 0.53, p = 0.04) and with anti-HKU1 IgG (r = 0.51, p = 0.05). In hospitalised patients with COVID-19, high levels of antibodies to pre-existing coronaviruses are associated with mild disease, suggesting that their measurement could be useful in predicting the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Cugno
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- UOC Medicina Generale–Emostasi e Trombosi, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.G.); (E.G.); (C.N.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Pier Luigi Meroni
- Immunorheumatology Research Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milan, Italy;
| | - Dario Consonni
- Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Samantha Griffini
- UOC Medicina Generale–Emostasi e Trombosi, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.G.); (E.G.); (C.N.); (A.T.)
| | - Elena Grovetti
- UOC Medicina Generale–Emostasi e Trombosi, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.G.); (E.G.); (C.N.); (A.T.)
| | - Cristina Novembrino
- UOC Medicina Generale–Emostasi e Trombosi, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.G.); (E.G.); (C.N.); (A.T.)
| | - Adriana Torri
- UOC Medicina Generale–Emostasi e Trombosi, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.G.); (E.G.); (C.N.); (A.T.)
| | - Gloria Griffante
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Marisa Gariglio
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Luca Varani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland;
| | - Flora Peyvandi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- UOC Medicina Generale–Emostasi e Trombosi, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.G.); (E.G.); (C.N.); (A.T.)
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Mohammed RN, Tamjidifar R, Rahman HS, Adili A, Ghoreishizadeh S, Saeedi H, Thangavelu L, Shomali N, Aslaminabad R, Marofi F, Tahavvori M, Danishna S, Akbari M, Ercan G. A comprehensive review about immune responses and exhaustion during coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:79. [PMID: 35655192 PMCID: PMC9162381 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00856-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a viral infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. The infection was reported in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019 and has become a major global concern due to severe respiratory infections and high transmission rates. Evidence suggests that the strong interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and patients' immune systems leads to various clinical symptoms of COVID-19. Although the adaptive immune responses are essential for eliminating SARS-CoV-2, the innate immune system may, in some cases, cause the infection to progress. The cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in adaptive immune responses demonstrated functional exhaustion through upregulation of exhaustion markers. In this regard, humoral immune responses play an essential role in combat SARS-CoV-2 because SARS-CoV-2 restricts antigen presentation through downregulation of MHC class I and II molecules that lead to the inhibition of T cell-mediated immune response responses. This review summarizes the exact pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and the alteration of the immune response during SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, we've explained the exhaustion of the immune system during SARS-CoV-2 and the potential immunomodulation approach to overcome this phenomenon. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebar N. Mohammed
- Medical Laboratory Analysis Department, College of Health Sciences, Cihlan University of Sulaimaniya, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | - Rozita Tamjidifar
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sarchinar District, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | - Ali Adili
- Department of Oncology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Saeedi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Aslaminabad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mina Tahavvori
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Morteza Akbari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gülinnaz Ercan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Stem Cell, Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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81
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Sharma NK, Sarode SC. Do compromised mitochondria aggravate severity and fatality by SARS-CoV-2? Curr Med Res Opin 2022; 38:911-916. [PMID: 35403526 PMCID: PMC9115783 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2022.2065140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
At global level, the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is known to be caused by an etiologic agent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Numerous evidence and propositions have emerged on the molecular and cellular attributes that cause COVID-19. Notwithstanding, still several key questions with reference to molecular aspects of severity of infection by SARS-CoV-2 need to be answered. In the same line, the role of healthy mitochondria to maintain intracellular temperature and their association with the severity of SARS-CoV-2 is completely missing. In this direction, preclinical and clinical data on the comorbidities in the case of mitochondrial defective disease and COVID-19 are not available. The authors propose that patients harboring primary mitochondrial disease and secondary mitochondrial dysfunction will display a higher severity and death rate compared to healthy mitochondria harboring patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Kumar Sharma
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- CONTACT Nilesh Kumar Sharma Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Pune, Maharashtra 411018, India
| | - Sachin C. Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Pune, India
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82
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Burnouf T, Gathof B, Bloch EM, Bazin R, de Angelis V, Patidar GK, Rastvorceva RMG, Oreh A, Goel R, Rahimi-Levene N, Hindawi S, Al-Riyami AZ, So-Osman C. Production and Quality Assurance of Human Polyclonal Hyperimmune Immunoglobulins against SARS-CoV-2. Transfus Med Rev 2022; 36:125-132. [PMID: 35879213 PMCID: PMC9183240 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Burnouf
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Birgit Gathof
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Köln, Germany.
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Renée Bazin
- Héma-Québec, Medical Affairs and Innovation, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Gopal Kumar Patidar
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rada M Grubovic Rastvorceva
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine of RNM, Skopje, North Macedonia; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Goce Delcev, Štip, North Macedonia
| | - Adaeze Oreh
- Department of Planning, Research and Statistics, National Blood Service Commission, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ruchika Goel
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Simmons Cancer Institute at SIU School of Medicine and ImpactLife Blood Center, Springfield, IL, USA
| | | | - Salwa Hindawi
- Haematology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa Z Al-Riyami
- Department of Hematology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Cynthia So-Osman
- Department of Haematology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Unit Transfusion Medicine, Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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83
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Farouq MAH, Acevedo R, Ferro VA, Mulheran PA, Al Qaraghuli MM. The Role of Antibodies in the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Virus Infection, and Evaluating Their Contribution to Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116078. [PMID: 35682757 PMCID: PMC9181534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies play a crucial role in the immune response, in fighting off pathogens as well as helping create strong immunological memory. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) occurs when non-neutralising antibodies recognise and bind to a pathogen, but are unable to prevent infection, and is widely known and is reported as occurring in infection caused by several viruses. This narrative review explores the ADE phenomenon, its occurrence in viral infections and evaluates its role in infection by SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As of yet, there is no clear evidence of ADE in SARS-CoV-2, though this area is still subject to further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. H. Farouq
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK; (P.A.M.); (M.M.A.Q.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)1415524400
| | - Reinaldo Acevedo
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
| | - Valerie A. Ferro
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK;
| | - Paul A. Mulheran
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK; (P.A.M.); (M.M.A.Q.)
| | - Mohammed M. Al Qaraghuli
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK; (P.A.M.); (M.M.A.Q.)
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK;
- EPSRC Future Manufacturing Research Hub for Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation (CMAC), University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
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84
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Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Titers Predict the Severity of COVID-19. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051089. [PMID: 35632830 PMCID: PMC9143418 DOI: 10.3390/v14051089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a wide spectrum of disease, ranging from asymptomatic infection to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Some biomarkers may predict disease severity. Among them, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response has been related to severe disease. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between the anti-SARS-CoV-2 serological response and COVID-19 outcome. Demographic, clinical, and biological data from nasopharyngeal-PCR confirmed COVID-19 hospitalized patients were prospectively collected between April and August 2020 at our institution. All patients had serial weekly serology testing for a maximum of three blood samples or until discharge. Two different serological assays were used: a chemiluminescent assay and an in-house developed Luminex immunoassay. Kinetics of the serological response and correlation between the antibody titers and outcome were assessed. Among the 70 patients enrolled in the study, 22 required invasive ventilation, 29 required non-invasive ventilation or oxygen supplementation, and 19 did not require any oxygen supplementation. Median duration of symptoms upon admission for the three groups were 13, 8, and 9 days, respectively. Antibody titers gradually increased for up to 3 weeks since the onset of symptoms for patients requiring oxygen supplementation with significantly higher antibody titers for patients requiring invasive ventilation. Antibody titers on admission were also significantly higher in severely ill patients and serology performed well in predicting the necessity of invasive ventilation (AUC: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.67–0.9). Serology testing at admission may be a good indicator to identify severe COVID-19 patients who will require invasive mechanical ventilation.
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Li M, Wang H, Tian L, Pang Z, Yang Q, Huang T, Fan J, Song L, Tong Y, Fan H. COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons and prospects. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:146. [PMID: 35504917 PMCID: PMC9062866 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With the constantly mutating of SARS-CoV-2 and the emergence of Variants of Concern (VOC), the implementation of vaccination is critically important. Existing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines mainly include inactivated, live attenuated, viral vector, protein subunit, RNA, DNA, and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines. Viral vector vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, and mRNA vaccines may induce additional cellular or humoral immune regulations, including Th cell responses and germinal center responses, and form relevant memory cells, greatly improving their efficiency. However, some viral vector or mRNA vaccines may be associated with complications like thrombocytopenia and myocarditis, raising concerns about the safety of these COVID-19 vaccines. Here, we systemically assess the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, including the possible complications and different effects on pregnant women, the elderly, people with immune diseases and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), transplant recipients, and cancer patients. Based on the current analysis, governments and relevant agencies are recommended to continue to advance the vaccine immunization process. Simultaneously, special attention should be paid to the health status of the vaccines, timely treatment of complications, vaccine development, and ensuring the lives and health of patients. In addition, available measures such as mix-and-match vaccination, developing new vaccines like nanoparticle vaccines, and optimizing immune adjuvant to improve vaccine safety and efficacy could be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maochen Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Han Wang
- Laboratory for Clinical Immunology, Harbin Children's Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Lili Tian
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zehan Pang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qingkun Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianqi Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Junfen Fan
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
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Efficacy and safety of two neutralising monoclonal antibody therapies, sotrovimab and BRII-196 plus BRII-198, for adults hospitalised with COVID-19 (TICO): a randomised controlled trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022. [PMID: 34953520 PMCID: PMC8700279 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00751-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of two neutralising monoclonal antibody therapies (sotrovimab [Vir Biotechnology and GlaxoSmithKline] and BRII-196 plus BRII-198 [Brii Biosciences]) for adults admitted to hospital for COVID-19 (hereafter referred to as hospitalised) with COVID-19. METHODS In this multinational, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, clinical trial (Therapeutics for Inpatients with COVID-19 [TICO]), adults (aged ≥18 years) hospitalised with COVID-19 at 43 hospitals in the USA, Denmark, Switzerland, and Poland were recruited. Patients were eligible if they had laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 symptoms for up to 12 days. Using a web-based application, participants were randomly assigned (2:1:2:1), stratified by trial site pharmacy, to sotrovimab 500 mg, matching placebo for sotrovimab, BRII-196 1000 mg plus BRII-198 1000 mg, or matching placebo for BRII-196 plus BRII-198, in addition to standard of care. Each study product was administered as a single dose given intravenously over 60 min. The concurrent placebo groups were pooled for analyses. The primary outcome was time to sustained clinical recovery, defined as discharge from the hospital to home and remaining at home for 14 consecutive days, up to day 90 after randomisation. Interim futility analyses were based on two seven-category ordinal outcome scales on day 5 that measured pulmonary status and extrapulmonary complications of COVID-19. The safety outcome was a composite of death, serious adverse events, incident organ failure, and serious coinfection up to day 90 after randomisation. Efficacy and safety outcomes were assessed in the modified intention-to-treat population, defined as all patients randomly assigned to treatment who started the study infusion. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04501978. FINDINGS Between Dec 16, 2020, and March 1, 2021, 546 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to sotrovimab (n=184), BRII-196 plus BRII-198 (n=183), or placebo (n=179), of whom 536 received part or all of their assigned study drug (sotrovimab n=182, BRII-196 plus BRII-198 n=176, or placebo n=178; median age of 60 years [IQR 50-72], 228 [43%] patients were female and 308 [57%] were male). At this point, enrolment was halted on the basis of the interim futility analysis. At day 5, neither the sotrovimab group nor the BRII-196 plus BRII-198 group had significantly higher odds of more favourable outcomes than the placebo group on either the pulmonary scale (adjusted odds ratio sotrovimab 1·07 [95% CI 0·74-1·56]; BRII-196 plus BRII-198 0·98 [95% CI 0·67-1·43]) or the pulmonary-plus complications scale (sotrovimab 1·08 [0·74-1·58]; BRII-196 plus BRII-198 1·00 [0·68-1·46]). By day 90, sustained clinical recovery was seen in 151 (85%) patients in the placebo group compared with 160 (88%) in the sotrovimab group (adjusted rate ratio 1·12 [95% CI 0·91-1·37]) and 155 (88%) in the BRII-196 plus BRII-198 group (1·08 [0·88-1·32]). The composite safety outcome up to day 90 was met by 48 (27%) patients in the placebo group, 42 (23%) in the sotrovimab group, and 45 (26%) in the BRII-196 plus BRII-198 group. 13 (7%) patients in the placebo group, 14 (8%) in the sotrovimab group, and 15 (9%) in the BRII-196 plus BRII-198 group died up to day 90. INTERPRETATION Neither sotrovimab nor BRII-196 plus BRII-198 showed efficacy for improving clinical outcomes among adults hospitalised with COVID-19. FUNDING US National Institutes of Health and Operation Warp Speed.
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87
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Gruell H, Vanshylla K, Weber T, Barnes CO, Kreer C, Klein F. Antibody-Mediated Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2. Immunity 2022; 55:925-944. [PMID: 35623355 PMCID: PMC9118976 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies can block infection, clear pathogens, and are essential to provide long-term immunity. Since the onset of the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies have been comprehensively investigated and critical information on their development, function, and potential use to prevent and treat COVID-19 have been revealed. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 immune escape variants, humoral immunity is being challenged, and a detailed understanding of neutralizing antibodies is essential to guide vaccine design strategies as well as antibody-mediated therapies. In this review, we summarize some of the key findings on SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, with a focus on their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Gruell
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kanika Vanshylla
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Timm Weber
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christopher O Barnes
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christoph Kreer
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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Sanz C, Nomdedeu M, Pereira A, Sauleda S, Alonso R, Bes M, Brillembourg H, García‐Vidal C, Millan A, Martínez‐Llonch N, Pirón M, Puerta‐Alcalde P, Puig L, Rico V, Soriano A. Efficacy of early transfusion of convalescent plasma with high-titer SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Transfusion 2022; 62:974-981. [PMID: 35338710 PMCID: PMC9115410 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite most controlled trials have shown no measurable benefit of COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) in patients with COVID-19, some studies suggest that early administration of CCP with high-titer anti-SARS-CoV-2 can be beneficial in selected patients. We investigated the efficacy of early administration of high-titer CCP to patients with COVID-19 who required hospitalization, STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Observational, propensity score (PS) matched case-control study of COVID-19 patients treated with CCP within 72 h of hospital admission and untreated controls from August 2020 to February 2021. All CCP donations had a Euroimmun anti-SARS-CoV-2 sample-to-cutoff ratio ≥3. PS matching was based on prognostic factors and presented features with high-standardized differences between the treated and control groups. The primary endpoint was mortality within 30 days of diagnosis. RESULTS A total of 1604 patients were analyzed, 261 of whom received CCP, most (82%) within 24 h after admission. Median age was 67 years (interquartile range: 56-79), and 953 (60%) were men. Presenting factors independently associated with higher 30-day mortality were increased age, cardiac disease, hypoxemic respiratory failure, renal failure, and plasma d-dimer >700 ng/ml. After PS matching, transfusion of CCP was associated with a significant reduction in the 30-day mortality rate (odds ratio [OR]; 0.94, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.91-0.98; p = .001) that extended to the 60th day after COVID-19 diagnosis (OR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.92-0.99; p = .01). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that CCP can still be helpful in selected patients with COVID-19 and call for further studies before withdrawing CCP from the COVID-19 therapeutic armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sanz
- Blood Bank and Transfusion ServiceHospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Meritxell Nomdedeu
- Hemathology and Hemotherapy ServiceHospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Arturo Pereira
- Blood Bank and Transfusion ServiceHospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Rodrigo Alonso
- Infectious Diseases DepartmentHospital Clínic‐IDIBAPS, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Marta Bes
- Banc de Sang i TeixitsBarcelonaSpain
| | - Helena Brillembourg
- Blood Bank and Transfusion ServiceHospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Carolina García‐Vidal
- Infectious Diseases DepartmentHospital Clínic‐IDIBAPS, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | | | | | | | - Pedro Puerta‐Alcalde
- Infectious Diseases DepartmentHospital Clínic‐IDIBAPS, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Veronica Rico
- Infectious Diseases DepartmentHospital Clínic‐IDIBAPS, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Alex Soriano
- Infectious Diseases DepartmentHospital Clínic‐IDIBAPS, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
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Shin SP, Shin KS, Lee JM, Jung IK, Koo J, Lee SW, Park S, Shin J, Park M, Park B, Oh H, Koo BS, Hong J, Ryu CM, Kim JO, Oh T, Kang CY. The Chimeric Adenovirus (Ad5/35) Expressing Engineered Spike Protein Confers Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in Mice and Non-Human Primates. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:712. [PMID: 35632468 PMCID: PMC9147121 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Several COVID-19 platforms have been licensed across the world thus far, but vaccine platform research that can lead to effective antigen delivery is still ongoing. Here, we constructed AdCLD-CoV19 that could modulate humoral immunity by harboring SARS-CoV-2 antigens onto a chimeric adenovirus 5/35 platform that was effective in cellular immunity. By replacing the S1/S2 furin cleavage sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein mounted on AdCLD-CoV19 with the linker sequence, high antigen expression was confirmed in various cell lines. The high levels of antigen expression contributed to antigen-specific antibody activity in mice and non-human primates (NHPs) with a single vaccination of AdCLD-CoV19. Furthermore, the adenovirus-induced Th1 immune response was specifically raised for the S protein, and these immune responses protected the NHP against live viruses. While AdCLD-CoV19 maintained neutralizing antibody activity against various SARS-CoV-2 variants, it was reduced to single vaccination for β and ο variants, and the reduced neutralizing antibody activity was restored with booster shots. Hence, AdCLD-CoV19 can prevent SARS-CoV-2 with a single vaccination, and the new vaccine administration strategy that responds to various variants can maintain the efficacy of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Phil Shin
- Cellid Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.-P.S.); (K.-S.S.); (J.-M.L.); (I.-K.J.); (J.K.); (S.-W.L.); (S.P.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (B.P.); (T.O.)
| | - Kwang-Soo Shin
- Cellid Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.-P.S.); (K.-S.S.); (J.-M.L.); (I.-K.J.); (J.K.); (S.-W.L.); (S.P.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (B.P.); (T.O.)
| | - Jeong-Mi Lee
- Cellid Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.-P.S.); (K.-S.S.); (J.-M.L.); (I.-K.J.); (J.K.); (S.-W.L.); (S.P.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (B.P.); (T.O.)
| | - In-Kyung Jung
- Cellid Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.-P.S.); (K.-S.S.); (J.-M.L.); (I.-K.J.); (J.K.); (S.-W.L.); (S.P.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (B.P.); (T.O.)
| | - Jimo Koo
- Cellid Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.-P.S.); (K.-S.S.); (J.-M.L.); (I.-K.J.); (J.K.); (S.-W.L.); (S.P.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (B.P.); (T.O.)
| | - Seung-Woo Lee
- Cellid Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.-P.S.); (K.-S.S.); (J.-M.L.); (I.-K.J.); (J.K.); (S.-W.L.); (S.P.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (B.P.); (T.O.)
| | - Seowoo Park
- Cellid Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.-P.S.); (K.-S.S.); (J.-M.L.); (I.-K.J.); (J.K.); (S.-W.L.); (S.P.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (B.P.); (T.O.)
| | - Jieun Shin
- Cellid Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.-P.S.); (K.-S.S.); (J.-M.L.); (I.-K.J.); (J.K.); (S.-W.L.); (S.P.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (B.P.); (T.O.)
| | - Myunghwan Park
- Cellid Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.-P.S.); (K.-S.S.); (J.-M.L.); (I.-K.J.); (J.K.); (S.-W.L.); (S.P.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (B.P.); (T.O.)
| | - Bongju Park
- Cellid Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.-P.S.); (K.-S.S.); (J.-M.L.); (I.-K.J.); (J.K.); (S.-W.L.); (S.P.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (B.P.); (T.O.)
| | - Hanseul Oh
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea; (H.O.); (B.-S.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Bon-Sang Koo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea; (H.O.); (B.-S.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Jungjoo Hong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea; (H.O.); (B.-S.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Jae-Ouk Kim
- Science Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Taegwon Oh
- Cellid Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.-P.S.); (K.-S.S.); (J.-M.L.); (I.-K.J.); (J.K.); (S.-W.L.); (S.P.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (B.P.); (T.O.)
| | - Chang-Yuil Kang
- Cellid Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.-P.S.); (K.-S.S.); (J.-M.L.); (I.-K.J.); (J.K.); (S.-W.L.); (S.P.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (B.P.); (T.O.)
- Laboratory of Immunology, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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SARS-CoV-2 Antinucleocapsid Antibody Response of mRNA and Inactivated Virus Vaccines Compared to Unvaccinated Individuals. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050643. [PMID: 35632399 PMCID: PMC9143597 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative studies of SARS-CoV-2 antinucleocapsid (anti-N) antibody response in the context of inactivated virus vaccines versus natural infection are limited. This study aims to determine and compare the anti-N antibody levels in people vaccinated with Sinopharm’s (Wuhan, China) inactivated virus vaccine in comparison with naturally infected unvaccinated and Pfizer’s spike (S) mRNA-based vaccinated subjects. Two hundred ninety-nine Jordanian adults participated in the study including unvaccinated COVID-19-infected patients (n = 99), Pfizer-vaccinated (n = 100), and Sinopharm-vaccinated recipients (n = 100). Serum samples were assayed for anti-N IgG, anti-N IgM, and anti-S IgG. Sera of 64.6% of naturally infected unvaccinated participants had positive anti-S IgG (median = 36.35 U/mL; range: 0.04−532.5 U/mL) compared to 88% of Pfizer-vaccinated (Manhattan, NY, USA) (median = 26.52 U/mL; range: 0.39−1265 U/mL) and 58% of Sinopharm-vaccinated subjects (median = 14.35 U/mL; range: 0.39−870.17 U/mL). Samples of 60.6% of naturally infected unvaccinated people had positive anti-N IgG (median = 15.03 U/mL; range: 0−265.1 U/mL) compared to 25% of Pfizer-vaccinated (median = 0.02 U/mL; range: 0−68 U/mL) and 48% of Sinopharm-vaccinated subjects (median = 0.8 U/mL; range: 0−146.3 U/mL). Anti-N titers among the three groups were significantly different (p < 0.05). Anti-N IgM antibodies appeared in 23.2% of the naturally infected unvaccinated group (median = 0.29 U/mL; range: 0−15 U/mL) compared to only 9.0% of Pfizer-vaccinated (median = 018 U/mL; range: 0−33 U/mL) and 7.0% of Sinopharm-vaccinated subjects (median = 0.2 U/mL; range: 0−12.02 U/mL). A significant negative correlation was found between anti-S and age for both vaccines and between anti-S and the presence of chronic disease in Sinopharm-vaccinated subjects. A significant positive correlation between anti-N and anti-S titers was found among the three groups. This study shows that the inactivated virus vaccine, Sinopharm, induces an anti-N response that can boost that of natural infection or vice versa. On the other hand, the Pfizer mRNA-based vaccine induces a significantly stronger anti-S Ab response.
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de Souza AS, de Freitas Amorim VM, Guardia GDA, dos Santos FF, Ulrich H, Galante PAF, de Souza RF, Guzzo CR. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Variants of Concern: A Perspective for Emerging More Transmissible and Vaccine-Resistant Strains. Viruses 2022; 14:827. [PMID: 35458557 PMCID: PMC9029021 DOI: 10.3390/v14040827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOC) are constantly threatening global public health. With no end date, the pandemic persists with the emergence of novel variants that threaten the effectiveness of diagnostic tests and vaccines. Mutations in the Spike surface protein of the virus are regularly observed in the new variants, potentializing the emergence of novel viruses with different tropism from the current ones, which may change the severity and symptoms of the disease. Growing evidence has shown that mutations are being selected in favor of variants that are more capable of evading the action of neutralizing antibodies. In this context, the most important factor guiding the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 is its interaction with the host's immune system. Thus, as current vaccines cannot block the transmission of the virus, measures complementary to vaccination, such as the use of masks, hand hygiene, and keeping environments ventilated remain essential to delay the emergence of new variants. Importantly, in addition to the involvement of the immune system in the evolution of the virus, we highlight several chemical parameters that influence the molecular interactions between viruses and host cells during invasion and are also critical tools making novel variants more transmissible. In this review, we dissect the impacts of the Spike mutations on biological parameters such as (1) the increase in Spike binding affinity to hACE2; (2) bound time for the receptor to be cleaved by the proteases; (3) how mutations associate with the increase in RBD up-conformation state in the Spike ectodomain; (4) expansion of uncleaved Spike protein in the virion particles; (5) increment in Spike concentration per virion particles; and (6) evasion of the immune system. These factors play key roles in the fast spreading of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, including the Omicron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anacleto Silva de Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (A.S.d.S.); (V.M.d.F.A.); (R.F.d.S.)
| | - Vitor Martins de Freitas Amorim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (A.S.d.S.); (V.M.d.F.A.); (R.F.d.S.)
| | - Gabriela D. A. Guardia
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio Libanes, São Paulo 01308-060, Brazil; (G.D.A.G.); (F.F.d.S.); (P.A.F.G.)
| | - Filipe F. dos Santos
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio Libanes, São Paulo 01308-060, Brazil; (G.D.A.G.); (F.F.d.S.); (P.A.F.G.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Pedro A. F. Galante
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio Libanes, São Paulo 01308-060, Brazil; (G.D.A.G.); (F.F.d.S.); (P.A.F.G.)
| | - Robson Francisco de Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (A.S.d.S.); (V.M.d.F.A.); (R.F.d.S.)
| | - Cristiane Rodrigues Guzzo
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (A.S.d.S.); (V.M.d.F.A.); (R.F.d.S.)
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Chourasia R, Padhi S, Phukon LC, Abedin MM, Sirohi R, Singh SP, Rai AK. Peptide candidates for the development of therapeutics and vaccines against β-coronavirus infection. Bioengineered 2022; 13:9435-9454. [PMID: 35387556 PMCID: PMC9161909 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2060453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Betacoronaviruses (β-CoVs) have caused major viral outbreaks in the last two decades in the world. The mutation and recombination abilities in β-CoVs resulted in zoonotic diseases in humans. Proteins responsible for viral attachment and replication are highly conserved in β-CoVs. These conserved proteins have been extensively studied as targets for preventing infection and the spread of β-CoVs. Peptides are among the most promising candidates for developing vaccines and therapeutics against viral pathogens. The immunostimulatory and viral inhibitory potential of natural and synthetic peptides has been extensively studied since the SARS-CoV outbreak. Food-derived peptides demonstrating high antiviral activity can be used to develop effective therapeutics against β-CoVs. Specificity, tolerability, and customizability of peptides can be explored to develop potent drugs against β-CoVs. However, the proteolytic susceptibility and low bioavailability of peptides pose challenges for the development of therapeutics. This review illustrates the potential role of peptides in eliciting an adaptive immune response and inhibiting different stages of the β-CoV life cycle. Further, the challenges and future directions associated with developing peptide-based therapeutics and vaccines against existing and future β-CoV pathogens have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rounak Chourasia
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (DBT-IBSD), Regional Centre, Tadong- 737102, India
| | - Srichandan Padhi
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (DBT-IBSD), Regional Centre, Tadong- 737102, India
| | - Loreni Chiring Phukon
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (DBT-IBSD), Regional Centre, Tadong- 737102, India
| | - Md Minhajul Abedin
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (DBT-IBSD), Regional Centre, Tadong- 737102, India
| | - Ranjana Sirohi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudhir P Singh
- Centre of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (DBT-CIAB), Sector-81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali- 140306, India
| | - Amit Kumar Rai
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (DBT-IBSD), Regional Centre, Tadong- 737102, India.,Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (DBT-IBSD), Mizoram Node, Aizawl, India
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93
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Gupta A, Gonzalez-Rojas Y, Juarez E, Crespo Casal M, Moya J, Rodrigues Falci D, Sarkis E, Solis J, Zheng H, Scott N, Cathcart AL, Parra S, Sager JE, Austin D, Peppercorn A, Alexander E, Yeh WW, Brinson C, Aldinger M, Shapiro AE. Effect of Sotrovimab on Hospitalization or Death Among High-risk Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2022; 327:1236-1246. [PMID: 35285853 PMCID: PMC8922199 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.2832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Older patients and those with comorbidities who are infected with SARS-CoV-2 may be at increased risk of hospitalization and death. Sotrovimab is a neutralizing antibody for the treatment of high-risk patients to prevent COVID-19 progression. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and adverse events of sotrovimab in preventing progression of mild to moderate COVID-19 to severe disease. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Randomized clinical trial including 1057 nonhospitalized patients with symptomatic, mild to moderate COVID-19 and at least 1 risk factor for progression conducted at 57 sites in Brazil, Canada, Peru, Spain, and the US from August 27, 2020, through March 11, 2021; follow-up data were collected through April 8, 2021. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized (1:1) to an intravenous infusion with 500 mg of sotrovimab (n = 528) or placebo (n = 529). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with COVID-19 progression through day 29 (all-cause hospitalization lasting >24 hours for acute illness management or death); 5 secondary outcomes were tested in hierarchal order, including a composite of all-cause emergency department (ED) visit, hospitalization of any duration for acute illness management, or death through day 29 and progression to severe or critical respiratory COVID-19 requiring supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. RESULTS Enrollment was stopped early for efficacy at the prespecified interim analysis. Among 1057 patients randomized (median age, 53 years [IQR, 42-62], 20% were ≥65 years of age, and 65% Latinx), the median duration of follow-up was 103 days for sotrovimab and 102 days for placebo. All-cause hospitalization lasting longer than 24 hours or death was significantly reduced with sotrovimab (6/528 [1%]) vs placebo (30/529 [6%]) (adjusted relative risk [RR], 0.21 [95% CI, 0.09 to 0.50]; absolute difference, -4.53% [95% CI, -6.70% to -2.37%]; P < .001). Four of the 5 secondary outcomes were statistically significant in favor of sotrovimab, including reduced ED visit, hospitalization, or death (13/528 [2%] for sotrovimab vs 39/529 [7%] for placebo; adjusted RR, 0.34 [95% CI, 0.19 to 0.63]; absolute difference, -4.91% [95% CI, -7.50% to -2.32%]; P < .001) and progression to severe or critical respiratory COVID-19 (7/528 [1%] for sotrovimab vs 28/529 [5%] for placebo; adjusted RR, 0.26 [95% CI, 0.12 to 0.59]; absolute difference, -3.97% [95% CI, -6.11% to -1.82%]; P = .002). Adverse events were infrequent and similar between treatment groups (22% for sotrovimab vs 23% for placebo); the most common events were diarrhea with sotrovimab (n = 8; 2%) and COVID-19 pneumonia with placebo (n = 22; 4%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among nonhospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 and at risk of disease progression, a single intravenous dose of sotrovimab, compared with placebo, significantly reduced the risk of a composite end point of all-cause hospitalization or death through day 29. The findings support sotrovimab as a treatment option for nonhospitalized, high-risk patients with mild to moderate COVID-19, although efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 variants that have emerged since the study was completed is unknown. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04545060.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Gupta
- Albion Finch Medical, William Osler Health Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Jaynier Moya
- Pines Care Research Center, Pembroke Pines, Florida
| | | | | | | | - Hanzhe Zheng
- Vir Biotechnology Inc, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Sergio Parra
- Vir Biotechnology Inc, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Wendy W. Yeh
- Vir Biotechnology Inc, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Adrienne E. Shapiro
- Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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94
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Ercanoglu MS, Gieselmann L, Dähling S, Poopalasingam N, Detmer S, Koch M, Korenkov M, Halwe S, Klüver M, Di Cristanziano V, Janicki H, Schlotz M, Worczinski J, Gathof B, Gruell H, Zehner M, Becker S, Vanshylla K, Kreer C, Klein F. No substantial preexisting B cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in healthy adults. iScience 2022; 25:103951. [PMID: 35224466 PMCID: PMC8857777 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Preexisting immunity against SARS-CoV-2 may have critical implications for our understanding of COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. The presence and clinical relevance of a preexisting B cell immunity remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we provide a detailed analysis of the B cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in unexposed individuals. To this end, we extensively investigated SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity in 150 adults sampled pre-pandemically. Comprehensive screening of donor plasma and purified IgG samples for binding and neutralization in various functional assays revealed no substantial activity against SARS-CoV-2 but broad reactivity to endemic betacoronaviruses. Moreover, we analyzed antibody sequences of 8,174 putatively SARS-CoV-2-reactive B cells at a single cell level and generated and tested 158 monoclonal antibodies. None of these antibodies displayed relevant binding or neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2. Taken together, our results show no evidence of competent preexisting antibody and B cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in unexposed adults. Comprehensive analysis of the B cell response to SARS-CoV-2 in pre-pandemic samples No substantial plasma and IgG reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 MAbs isolated from pre-pandemic samples showed no SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity No indication of competent preexisting B cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Seda Ercanoglu
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Lutz Gieselmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabrina Dähling
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nareshkumar Poopalasingam
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Detmer
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Manuel Koch
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology and Center for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Korenkov
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sandro Halwe
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 2, 35042 Marburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Klüver
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 2, 35042 Marburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Veronica Di Cristanziano
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hanna Janicki
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Maike Schlotz
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Johanna Worczinski
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Birgit Gathof
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Gruell
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Zehner
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 2, 35042 Marburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Kanika Vanshylla
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Kreer
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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95
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Kovalenko AO, Ryabchevskaya EM, Evtushenko EA, Manukhova TI, Kondakova OA, Ivanov PA, Arkhipenko MV, Gushchin VA, Nikitin NA, Karpova OV. Vaccine Candidate Against COVID-19 Based on Structurally Modified Plant Virus as an Adjuvant. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:845316. [PMID: 35295298 PMCID: PMC8919459 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.845316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant vaccine candidate has been developed based on the major coronaviruses’ antigen (S protein) fragments and a novel adjuvant—spherical particles (SPs) formed during tobacco mosaic virus thermal remodeling. The receptor-binding domain and the highly conserved antigenic fragments of the S2 protein subunit were chosen for the design of recombinant coronavirus antigens. The set of three antigens (Co1, CoF, and PE) was developed and used to create a vaccine candidate composed of antigens and SPs (SPs + 3AG). Recognition of SPs + 3AG compositions by commercially available antibodies against spike proteins of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 was confirmed. The immunogenicity testing of these compositions in a mouse model showed that SPs improved immune response to the CoF and PE antigens. Total IgG titers against both proteins were 9–16 times higher than those to SPs. Neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 in serum samples collected from hamsters immunized with the SPs + 3AG was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina O Kovalenko
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ekaterina A Evtushenko
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana I Manukhova
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A Kondakova
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter A Ivanov
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V Arkhipenko
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Gushchin
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolai A Nikitin
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V Karpova
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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96
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Crowley AR, Natarajan H, Hederman AP, Bobak CA, Weiner JA, Wieland-Alter W, Lee J, Bloch EM, Tobian AAR, Redd AD, Blankson JN, Wolf D, Goetghebuer T, Marchant A, Connor RI, Wright PF, Ackerman ME. Boosting of cross-reactive antibodies to endemic coronaviruses by SARS-CoV-2 infection but not vaccination with stabilized spike. eLife 2022; 11:75228. [PMID: 35289271 PMCID: PMC8923670 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preexisting antibodies to endemic coronaviruses (CoV) that cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 have the potential to influence the antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination and infection for better or worse. In this observational study of mucosal and systemic humoral immunity in acutely infected, convalescent, and vaccinated subjects, we tested for cross-reactivity against endemic CoV spike (S) protein at subdomain resolution. Elevated responses, particularly to the β-CoV OC43, were observed in all natural infection cohorts tested and were correlated with the response to SARS-CoV-2. The kinetics of this response and isotypes involved suggest that infection boosts preexisting antibody lineages raised against prior endemic CoV exposure that cross-react. While further research is needed to discern whether this recalled response is desirable or detrimental, the boosted antibodies principally targeted the better-conserved S2 subdomain of the viral spike and were not associated with neutralization activity. In contrast, vaccination with a stabilized spike mRNA vaccine did not robustly boost cross-reactive antibodies, suggesting differing antigenicity and immunogenicity. In sum, this study provides evidence that antibodies targeting endemic CoV are robustly boosted in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection but not to vaccination with stabilized S, and that depending on conformation or other factors, the S2 subdomain of the spike protein triggers a rapidly recalled, IgG-dominated response that lacks neutralization activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Crowley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
| | - Harini Natarajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
| | - Andrew P Hederman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
| | - Carly A Bobak
- Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
| | - Wendy Wieland-Alter
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, United States
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Joel N Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Dana Wolf
- Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tessa Goetghebuer
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium.,Pediatric Department, CHU St Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Ruth I Connor
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, United States
| | - Peter F Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, United States
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States.,Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States.,Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
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97
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Clark NM, Janaka SK, Hartman W, Stramer S, Goodhue E, Weiss J, Evans DT, Connor JP. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA antibodies in COVID-19 convalescent plasma do not enhance viral infection. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0257930. [PMID: 35259162 PMCID: PMC8903276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19 has resulted in the death of nearly 4 million people within the last 18 months. While preventive vaccination, and monoclonal antibody therapies have been rapidly developed and deployed, early in the pandemic the use of COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) was a common means of passive immunization with a theoretical risk of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of viral infection. Though vaccines elicit a strong and protective immune response and transfusion of CCP with high titers of neutralization activity are correlated with better clinical outcomes, the question of whether antibodies in CCP can enhance infection of SARS-CoV-2 has not been directly addressed. In this study, we analyzed for and observed passive transfer of neutralization activity with CCP transfusion. Furthermore, to specifically understand if antibodies against the spike protein (S) enhance infection, we measured the anti-S IgG, IgA, and IgM responses and adapted retroviral-pseudotypes to measure virus neutralization with target cells expressing the ACE2 virus receptor and the Fc alpha receptor (FcαR) or Fc gamma receptor IIA (FcγRIIA). Whereas neutralizing activity of CCP correlated best with higher titers of anti-S IgG antibodies, the neutralizing titer was not affected when Fc receptors were present on target cells. These observations support the absence of antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE) by IgG and IgA isotypes found in CCP. The results presented, therefore, not only supports the therapeutic use of currently available antibody-based treatment, including the continuation of CCP transfusion strategies, but also the use of various vaccine platforms in a prophylactic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha M. Clark
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sanath Kumar Janaka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - William Hartman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Susan Stramer
- American Red Cross, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Erin Goodhue
- American Red Cross, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - John Weiss
- American Red Cross, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Joseph P. Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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98
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Dai X, Zhao W, Tong X, Liu W, Zeng X, Duan X, Wu H, Wang L, Huang Z, Tang X, Yang Y. Non-clinical immunogenicity, biodistribution and toxicology evaluation of a chimpanzee adenovirus-based COVID-19 vaccine in rat and rhesus macaque. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1437-1453. [PMID: 35226134 PMCID: PMC8883008 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in 2019 has rapidly expanded into a serious global pandemic. Due to the high morbidity and mortality of COVID-19, there is an urgent need to develop safe and effective vaccines. AdC68-19S is an investigational chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 68 (AdC68) vector-based vaccine which encodes the full-length spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we evaluated the immunogenicity, biodistribution and safety profiles of the candidate vaccine AdC68-19S in Sprague Dawley (SD) rat and rhesus macaque under GLP conditions. To characterize the biodistribution profile of AdC68-19S, SD rats were given a single intramuscular injection of AdC68-19S 2 × 1011 VP/dose. Designated organs were collected on day 1, day 2, day 4, day 8 and day 15. Genomic DNA was extracted from all samples and was further quantified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). To characterize the toxicology and immunogenicity profiles of AdC68-19S, the rats and rhesus macaques were injected intramuscularly with AdC68-19S up to 2 × 1011vp/dose or 4 × 1011vp/dose (2 and fourfold the proposed clinical dose of 1 × 1011vp/dose) on two or three occasions with a 14-day interval period, respectively. In addition to the conventional toxicological evaluation indexes, the antigen-specific cellular and humoral responses were evaluated. We proved that multiple intramuscular injections could elicit effective and long-lasting neutralizing antibody responses and Th1 T cell responses. AdC68-19S was mainly distributed in injection sites and no AdC68-19S related toxicological reaction was observed. In conclusion, these results have shown that AdC68-19S could induce an effective immune response with a good safety profile, and is a promising candidate vaccine against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Dai
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijun Zhao
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Tong
- Yunnan Walvax Biotech, Co. LTD, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianhuan Zeng
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Duan
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Wu
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Wang
- Yunnan Walvax Biotech, Co. LTD, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Yunnan Walvax Biotech, Co. LTD, Kunming, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinying Tang
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Yang
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, People's Republic of China.
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99
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Panahibakhsh M, Amiri F, Doroudi T, Sadeghi M, Kolivand P, Alipour F, Gorji A. The association between micronutrients and the SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in convalescent patients. Infection 2022; 50:965-972. [PMID: 35190974 PMCID: PMC8860137 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-022-01774-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various micronutrients play key roles in the immune responses to viral infection, antibody synthesis, and susceptibility to infection. This study aimed to investigate the role of micronutrients on the immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS To evaluate humoral immunity following SARS-CoV-2 infection, the levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and IgG, as well as the concentrations of different micronutrients, were determined in 36 convalescent COVID-19 patients 60 days after infection. Furthermore, the correlation between biochemical and hematological parameters, clinical features, and the changes in adiposity with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was evaluated. RESULTS Serum IgM and IgG antibodies were detected in 38.8% and 83.3% of recovered patients after 60 days of COVID-19 infection, respectively. The values of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG were negatively correlated with the number of the platelet. Moreover, the values of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM were positively correlated with LDH and the vitamin B12 concentration. Furthermore, a gender-specific association of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgM with vitamins D as well as with B9 and zinc was observed. A significant negative correlation was observed between the values of IgG with vitamin D in male participants and a positive correlation was detected between IgG values and B9 in female participants. Moreover, IgM levels with serum zinc values in females were negatively correlated. CONCLUSION Our study suggests the potential role of micronutrients in gender-specific humoral immunity following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further studies are required with a greater sample of subjects to substantiate the validity and robustness of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faramarz Amiri
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taher Doroudi
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Sadeghi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Alipour
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Gorji
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany. .,Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
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100
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Kosiorek P, Kazberuk DE, Hryniewicz A, Milewski R, Stróż S, Stasiak-Barmuta A. Systemic COVID-19 Vaccination Enhances the Humoral Immune Response after SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Population Study from a Hospital in Poland Criteria for COVID-19 Reimmunization Are Needed. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020334. [PMID: 35214792 PMCID: PMC8875391 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine stimulates the humoral response. Our study aimed to compare the intensity of the humoral immune response, measured by SARS-CoV-2 IgG, SARS-CoV-2 IgM, and S-RBD-neutralizing IgG antibody levels after COVID-19 vaccination versus after SARS-CoV-2 infection. We analyzed 1060 people in the following groups: convalescents; healthy unvaccinated individuals; individuals vaccinated with Comirnaty, AstraZeneca, Moderna, or Johnson & Johnson; and vaccinated SARS-CoV-2 convalescents. The concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 IgG, SARS-CoV-2 IgM, and S-RBD-neutralizing antibodies were estimated in an oncology hospital laboratory by chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA; MAGLUMI). Results: (1) We observed a rise in antibody response in both the SARS-CoV-2 convalescent and COVID-19-vaccinated groups. (2) The levels of all antibody concentrations in vaccinated COVID-19 convalescents were significantly higher. (3) We differentiated asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 convalescents from the control group. Our analysis suggests that monitoring SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody concentrations is essential as an indicator of asymptomatic COVID-19 and as a measure of the effectiveness of the humoral response in convalescents and vaccinated people. Considering the time-limited effects of post-SARS-CoV-2 infection recovery or vaccination and the physiological half-life, among other factors, we suggest monitoring IgG antibody levels as a criterion for future vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kosiorek
- Department of Emergency, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Centre, Ogrodowa 12, 15-027 Białystok, Poland
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Białystok, Jana Kilińskiego 1, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (S.S.); (A.S.-B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dorota Elżbieta Kazberuk
- Department of Radiotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Centre, Ogrodowa 12, 15-027 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Anna Hryniewicz
- Department of Rehabilitation, Medical University of Białystok, Jana Kilińskiego 1, 15-089 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Robert Milewski
- Department of Statistics and Medical Informatics, Medical University of Białystok, Jana Kilińskiego 1, 15-089 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Samuel Stróż
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Białystok, Jana Kilińskiego 1, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (S.S.); (A.S.-B.)
| | - Anna Stasiak-Barmuta
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Białystok, Jana Kilińskiego 1, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (S.S.); (A.S.-B.)
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