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Spatial transcriptomics reveals niche-specific enrichment and vulnerabilities of radial glial stem-like cells in malignant gliomas. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1028. [PMID: 36823172 PMCID: PMC9950149 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse midline glioma-H3K27M mutant (DMG) and glioblastoma (GBM) are the most lethal brain tumors that primarily occur in pediatric and adult patients, respectively. Both tumors exhibit significant heterogeneity, shaped by distinct genetic/epigenetic drivers, transcriptional programs including RNA splicing, and microenvironmental cues in glioma niches. However, the spatial organization of cellular states and niche-specific regulatory programs remain to be investigated. Here, we perform a spatial profiling of DMG and GBM combining short- and long-read spatial transcriptomics, and single-cell transcriptomic datasets. We identify clinically relevant transcriptional programs, RNA isoform diversity, and multi-cellular ecosystems across different glioma niches. We find that while the tumor core enriches for oligodendrocyte precursor-like cells, radial glial stem-like (RG-like) cells are enriched in the neuron-rich invasive niche in both DMG and GBM. Further, we identify niche-specific regulatory programs for RG-like cells, and functionally confirm that FAM20C mediates invasive growth of RG-like cells in a neuron-rich microenvironment in a human neural stem cell derived orthotopic DMG model. Together, our results provide a blueprint for understanding the spatial architecture and niche-specific vulnerabilities of DMG and GBM.
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Pun M, Pratt D, Nano PR, Joshi PK, Jiang L, Englinger B, Rao A, Cieslik M, Chinnaiyan AM, Aldape K, Pfister S, Filbin MG, Bhaduri A, Venneti S. Common molecular features of H3K27M DMGs and PFA ependymomas map to hindbrain developmental pathways. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:25. [PMID: 36759899 PMCID: PMC9912509 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally decreased histone 3, lysine 27 tri-methylation (H3K27me3) is a hallmark of H3K27-altered diffuse midline gliomas (DMGs) and group-A posterior fossa ependymomas (PFAs). H3K27-altered DMGs are largely characterized by lysine-to-methionine mutations in histone 3 at position 27 (H3K27M). Most PFAs overexpress EZH inhibitory protein (EZHIP), which possesses a region of similarity to the mutant H3K27M. Both H3K27M and EZHIP inhibit the function of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) responsible for H3K27me3 deposition. These tumors often arise in neighboring regions of the brainstem and posterior fossa. In rare cases PFAs harbor H3K27M mutations, and DMGs overexpress EZHIP. These findings together raise the possibility that certain cell populations in the developing hindbrain/posterior fossa are especially sensitive to modulation of H3K27me3 states. We identified shared molecular features by comparing genomic, bulk transcriptomic, chromatin-based profiles, and single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from the two tumor classes. Our approach demonstrated that 1q gain, a key biomarker in PFAs, is prognostic in H3.1K27M, but not H3.3K27M gliomas. Conversely, Activin A Receptor Type 1 (ACVR1), which is associated with mutations in H3.1K27M gliomas, is overexpressed in a subset of PFAs with poor outcome. Despite diffuse H3K27me3 reduction, previous work shows that both tumors maintain genomic H3K27me3 deposition at select sites. We demonstrate heterogeneity in shared patterns of residual H3K27me3 for both tumors that largely segregated with inferred anatomic tumor origins and progenitor populations of tumor cells. In contrast, analysis of genes linked to H3K27 acetylation (H3K27ac)-marked enhancers showed higher expression in astrocytic-like tumor cells. Finally, common H3K27me3-marked genes mapped closely to expression patterns in the human developing hindbrain. Overall, our data demonstrate developmentally relevant molecular similarities between PFAs and H3K27M DMGs and support the overall hypothesis that deregulated mechanisms of hindbrain development are central to the biology of both tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Pun
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Metabolism and Epigenetics, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 3520E MSRB 1, 1150 W. Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 41804, USA
- Chad Carr Pediatric Tumor Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Drew Pratt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., Room 2S235, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Patricia R Nano
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Piyush K Joshi
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ) Heidelberg, Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bernhard Englinger
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arvind Rao
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Marcin Cieslik
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., Room 2S235, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Stefan Pfister
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ) Heidelberg, Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mariella G Filbin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Aparna Bhaduri
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sriram Venneti
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Metabolism and Epigenetics, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 3520E MSRB 1, 1150 W. Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 41804, USA.
- Chad Carr Pediatric Tumor Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Burglen L, Van Hoeymissen E, Qebibo L, Barth M, Belnap N, Boschann F, Depienne C, De Clercq K, Douglas AGL, Fitzgerald MP, Foulds N, Garel C, Helbig I, Held K, Horn D, Janssen A, Kaindl AM, Narayanan V, Prager C, Rupin-Mas M, Afenjar A, Zhao S, Ramaekers VT, Ruggiero SM, Thomas S, Valence S, Van Maldergem L, Rohacs T, Rodriguez D, Dyment D, Voets T, Vriens J. Gain-of-function variants in the ion channel gene TRPM3 underlie a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders. eLife 2023; 12:81032. [PMID: 36648066 PMCID: PMC9886277 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
TRPM3 is a temperature- and neurosteroid-sensitive plasma membrane cation channel expressed in a variety of neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Recently, rare de novo variants in TRPM3 were identified in individuals with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, but the link between TRPM3 activity and neuronal disease remains poorly understood. We previously reported that two disease-associated variants in TRPM3 lead to a gain of channel function . Here, we report a further 10 patients carrying one of seven additional heterozygous TRPM3 missense variants. These patients present with a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental symptoms, including global developmental delay, intellectual disability, epilepsy, musculo-skeletal anomalies, and altered pain perception. We describe a cerebellar phenotype with ataxia or severe hypotonia, nystagmus, and cerebellar atrophy in more than half of the patients. All disease-associated variants exhibited a robust gain-of-function phenotype, characterized by increased basal activity leading to cellular calcium overload and by enhanced responses to the neurosteroid ligand pregnenolone sulfate when co-expressed with wild-type TRPM3 in mammalian cells. The antiseizure medication primidone, a known TRPM3 antagonist, reduced the increased basal activity of all mutant channels. These findings establish gain-of-function of TRPM3 as the cause of a spectrum of autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorders with frequent cerebellar involvement in humans and provide support for the evaluation of TRPM3 antagonists as a potential therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Burglen
- Centre de référence des malformations et maladies congénitales du cervelet, Départementde Génétique, APHP, Sorbonne UniversityParisFrance
- Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine InstituteParisFrance
| | - Evelien Van Hoeymissen
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of cellular and molecular medicine, University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis & Reproductive Medicine, Department Development & Regeneration, University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Leila Qebibo
- Centre de référence des malformations et maladies congénitales du cervelet, Départementde Génétique, APHP, Sorbonne UniversityParisFrance
| | - Magalie Barth
- Department of Genetics, University Hospital of AngersAngersFrance
| | - Newell Belnap
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood DisordersPhoenixUnited States
| | - Felix Boschann
- Charité – Universitäts medizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Genetics and Human GeneticsBerlinGermany
| | - Christel Depienne
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-EssenEssenGermany
| | - Katrien De Clercq
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of cellular and molecular medicine, University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis & Reproductive Medicine, Department Development & Regeneration, University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Andrew GL Douglas
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Nicola Foulds
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Catherine Garel
- Centre de référence des malformations et maladies congénitales du cervelet, Départementde Génétique, APHP, Sorbonne UniversityParisFrance
- Service de Radiologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Médecine Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Katharina Held
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of cellular and molecular medicine, University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis & Reproductive Medicine, Department Development & Regeneration, University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Denise Horn
- Charité – Universitäts medizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Genetics and Human GeneticsBerlinGermany
| | - Annelies Janssen
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of cellular and molecular medicine, University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
| | - Angela M Kaindl
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitäts medizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité - Universitäts medizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- Charité – Universitäts medizin Berlin, Center for Chronically Sick ChildrenBerlinGermany
| | - Vinodh Narayanan
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood DisordersPhoenixUnited States
| | - Christina Prager
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité - Universitäts medizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- Charité – Universitäts medizin Berlin, Center for Chronically Sick ChildrenBerlinGermany
| | - Mailys Rupin-Mas
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Hospital of AngersAngersFrance
| | - Alexandra Afenjar
- Centre de référence des malformations et maladies congénitales du cervelet, Départementde Génétique, APHP, Sorbonne UniversityParisFrance
| | - Siyuan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyNewarkUnited States
| | | | | | - Simon Thomas
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District HospitalSalisburyUnited Kingdom
| | - Stéphanie Valence
- Centre de référence des malformations et maladies congénitales du cervelet, Départementde Génétique, APHP, Sorbonne UniversityParisFrance
- Sorbonne Université, Service de Neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HPParisFrance
| | - Lionel Van Maldergem
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université de Franche-Comté BesançonBesanconFrance
- Center of Clinical Investigation 1431, National Institute of Health and Medical ResearchBesanconFrance
| | - Tibor Rohacs
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyNewarkUnited States
| | - Diana Rodriguez
- Centre de référence des malformations et maladies congénitales du cervelet, Départementde Génétique, APHP, Sorbonne UniversityParisFrance
- Sorbonne Université, Service de Neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HPParisFrance
| | - David Dyment
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of OttawaOttawaCanada
| | - Thomas Voets
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of cellular and molecular medicine, University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
| | - Joris Vriens
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis & Reproductive Medicine, Department Development & Regeneration, University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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Cameron D, Mi D, Vinh NN, Webber C, Li M, Marín O, O'Donovan MC, Bray NJ. Single-Nuclei RNA Sequencing of 5 Regions of the Human Prenatal Brain Implicates Developing Neuron Populations in Genetic Risk for Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:157-166. [PMID: 36150908 PMCID: PMC10804933 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While a variety of evidence supports a prenatal component in schizophrenia, there are few data regarding the cell populations involved. We sought to identify cells of the human prenatal brain mediating genetic risk for schizophrenia by integrating cell-specific gene expression measures generated through single-nuclei RNA sequencing with recent large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) and exome sequencing data for the condition. METHODS Single-nuclei RNA sequencing was performed on 5 brain regions (frontal cortex, ganglionic eminence, hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum) from 3 fetuses from the second trimester of gestation. Enrichment of schizophrenia common variant genetic liability and rare damaging coding variation was assessed in relation to gene expression specificity within each identified cell population. RESULTS Common risk variants were prominently enriched within genes with high expression specificity for developing neuron populations within the frontal cortex, ganglionic eminence, and hippocampus. Enrichments were largely independent of genes expressed in neuronal populations of the adult brain that have been implicated in schizophrenia through the same methods. Genes containing an excess of rare damaging variants in schizophrenia had higher expression specificity for developing glutamatergic neurons of the frontal cortex and hippocampus that were also enriched for common variant liability. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence for a distinct contribution of prenatal neuronal development to genetic risk for schizophrenia, involving specific populations of developing neurons within the second-trimester fetal brain. Our study significantly advances the understanding of the neurodevelopmental origins of schizophrenia and provides a resource with which to investigate the prenatal antecedents of other psychiatric and neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Cameron
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Da Mi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ngoc-Nga Vinh
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Caleb Webber
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Meng Li
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Marín
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Bray
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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55
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Fan Z, Luo Y, Lu H, Wang T, Feng Y, Zhao W, Kim P, Zhou X. SPASCER: spatial transcriptomics annotation at single-cell resolution. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:D1138-D1149. [PMID: 36243975 PMCID: PMC9825565 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the explosive growth of spatial technologies has enabled the characterization of spatial heterogeneity of tissue architectures. Compared to traditional sequencing, spatial transcriptomics reserves the spatial information of each captured location and provides novel insights into diverse spatially related biological contexts. Even though two spatial transcriptomics databases exist, they provide limited analytical information. Information such as spatial heterogeneity of genes and cells, cell-cell communication activities in space, and the cell type compositions in the microenvironment are critical clues to unveil the mechanism of tumorigenesis and embryo differentiation. Therefore, we constructed a new spatial transcriptomics database, named SPASCER (https://ccsm.uth.edu/SPASCER), designed to help understand the heterogeneity of tissue organizations, region-specific microenvironment, and intercellular interactions across tissue architectures at multiple levels. SPASCER contains datasets from 43 studies, including 1082 sub-datasets from 16 organ types across four species. scRNA-seq was integrated to deconvolve/map spatial transcriptomics, and processed with spatial cell-cell interaction, gene pattern and pathway enrichment analysis. Cell-cell interactions and gene regulation network of scRNA-seq from matched spatial transcriptomics were performed as well. The application of SPASCER will provide new insights into tissue architecture and a solid foundation for the mechanistic understanding of many biological processes in healthy and diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Fan
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Center for Computational Systems Medicine, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yangyang Luo
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huifen Lu
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tiangang Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an 710126, China
| | - YuZhou Feng
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Weiling Zhao
- Center for Computational Systems Medicine, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pora Kim
- Center for Computational Systems Medicine, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Center for Computational Systems Medicine, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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56
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Bruce L, Peter B. Three children with different de novo BCL11A variants and diverse developmental phenotypes, but shared global motor discoordination and apraxic speech: Evidence for a functional gene network influencing the developing cerebellum and motor and auditory cortices. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:3401-3415. [PMID: 35856171 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BCL11A is implicated in BCL11A-Related Intellectual Development Disorder (BCL11A-IDD). Previously reported cases had various types of BCL11A variants (copy-number variations [CNVs], singlenucleotide variants [SNVs]). Phenotypes included global, cognitive, and motor delays, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), craniofacial dysmorphology, and speech and language delays described generally, with only two reports specifying childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). Here, we present three additional children with CAS and de novo BCL11A variants, a p.Ala182Thr nonconservative missense and a p.GLu611.Ter nonsense variant, both in exon 4, and a 106 kb deletion harboring exons 1 and 2. All three children have fine and gross motor discoordination, feeding difficulties, and visual motor disorders. Intellectual and learning disabilities and disordered language skills were seen only in the child with the missense variant and the child with the deletion. These findings align with, and expand, previous findings in that BCL11A variants have significant and highly penetrant apraxic effects across motor systems, consistent with cerebellar involvement. The deletion of exons 1 and 2 is the smallest BCL11A CNV with the full phenotypic expression reported to date. The present results support previous findings in that BCL11A-IDD can result from BCL11A variants regardless of type (deletion, SNVs). A gene expression study shows that BCL11 is expressed highly in the early developing cerebellum and primary motor and auditory cortices. Significant co-expression rates in these regions with genes previously implicated in disorders of spoken language and in ASD support the phenotypic overlaps in children with BCL11A-IDD, CAS, and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel Bruce
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Beate Peter
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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57
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Luo Z, Xia M, Shi W, Zhao C, Wang J, Xin D, Dong X, Xiong Y, Zhang F, Berry K, Ogurek S, Liu X, Rao R, Xing R, Wu LMN, Cui S, Xu L, Lin Y, Ma W, Tian S, Xie Q, Zhang L, Xin M, Wang X, Yue F, Zheng H, Liu Y, Stevenson CB, de Blank P, Perentesis JP, Gilbertson RJ, Li H, Ma J, Zhou W, Taylor MD, Lu QR. Human fetal cerebellar cell atlas informs medulloblastoma origin and oncogenesis. Nature 2022; 612:787-794. [PMID: 36450980 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant childhood brain tumour1,2, yet the origin of the most aggressive subgroup-3 form remains elusive, impeding development of effective targeted treatments. Previous analyses of mouse cerebella3-5 have not fully defined the compositional heterogeneity of MBs. Here we undertook single-cell profiling of freshly isolated human fetal cerebella to establish a reference map delineating hierarchical cellular states in MBs. We identified a unique transitional cerebellar progenitor connecting neural stem cells to neuronal lineages in developing fetal cerebella. Intersectional analysis revealed that the transitional progenitors were enriched in aggressive MB subgroups, including group 3 and metastatic tumours. Single-cell multi-omics revealed underlying regulatory networks in the transitional progenitor populations, including transcriptional determinants HNRNPH1 and SOX11, which are correlated with clinical prognosis in group 3 MBs. Genomic and Hi-C profiling identified de novo long-range chromatin loops juxtaposing HNRNPH1/SOX11-targeted super-enhancers to cis-regulatory elements of MYC, an oncogenic driver for group 3 MBs. Targeting the transitional progenitor regulators inhibited MYC expression and MYC-driven group 3 MB growth. Our integrated single-cell atlases of human fetal cerebella and MBs show potential cell populations predisposed to transformation and regulatory circuitries underlying tumour cell states and oncogenesis, highlighting hitherto unrecognized transitional progenitor intermediates predictive of disease prognosis and potential therapeutic vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaili Luo
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mingyang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuntao Zhao
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dazhuan Xin
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xinran Dong
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xiong
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kalen Berry
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sean Ogurek
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xuezhao Liu
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rohit Rao
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rui Xing
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lai Man Natalie Wu
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Siying Cui
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingli Xu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifeng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenkun Ma
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuaiwei Tian
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mei Xin
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xiaotao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Feng Yue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Haizi Zheng
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yaping Liu
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Charles B Stevenson
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Peter de Blank
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John P Perentesis
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Richard J Gilbertson
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, CRUK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Q Richard Lu
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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58
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Abstract
The current understanding of neurological diseases is derived mostly from direct analysis of patients and from animal models of disease. However, most patient studies do not capture the earliest stages of disease development and offer limited opportunities for experimental intervention, so rarely yield complete mechanistic insights. The use of animal models relies on evolutionary conservation of pathways involved in disease and is limited by an inability to recreate human-specific processes. In vitro models that are derived from human pluripotent stem cells cultured in 3D have emerged as a new model system that could bridge the gap between patient studies and animal models. In this Review, we summarize how such organoid models can complement classical approaches to accelerate neurological research. We describe our current understanding of neurodevelopment and how this process differs between humans and other animals, making human-derived models of disease essential. We discuss different methodologies for producing organoids and how organoids can be and have been used to model neurological disorders, including microcephaly, Zika virus infection, Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, and neurodevelopmental diseases, such as Timothy syndrome, Angelman syndrome and tuberous sclerosis. We also discuss the current limitations of organoid models and outline how organoids can be used to revolutionize research into the human brain and neurological diseases. In this Review, Eichmüller and Knoblich discuss how human brain organoids can recapitulate the unique processes that occur in human brain development and how they can complement classical approaches to revolutionize research into neurological diseases. Development of the human brain involves unique processes that are relevant to neurological disease but cannot be studied in animal models, so alternative model systems are required. Organoids are 3D human cell culture models that originate from pluripotent stem cells and recapitulate the hallmarks of human neurodevelopment, enabling studies of human brain development in vitro. Specific mutations can be introduced into organoids to study their effects on neurodevelopment; combined with high-throughput screening methods, this approach can determine the disease relevance of mutations in human tissue. To study specific diseases, brain organoids can be generated from induced pluripotent stem cells from individual patients, thereby preserving the specific genetic background of the individual and generating an insightful model. Through recapitulation of previously inaccessible periods of human brain development, brain organoids have enabled identification of novel mechanisms that underlie neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative and infectious diseases. Combining organoids, patient research and animal models enables us to take full advantage of each of these systems and will provide unprecedented insights into neurodevelopment and neurological diseases.
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59
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Childs CJ, Eiken MK, Spence JR. Approaches to benchmark and characterize in vitro human model systems. Development 2022; 149:dev200641. [PMID: 36214410 PMCID: PMC10906492 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
In vitro human models, such as gastruloids and organoids, are complex three-dimensional (3D) structures often consist of cells from multiple germ layers that possess some attributes of a developing embryo or organ. To use these models to interrogate human development and organogenesis, these 3D models must accurately recapitulate aspects of their in vivo counterparts. Recent advances in single-cell technologies, including sequencing and spatial approaches, have enabled efforts to better understand and directly compare organoids with native tissues. For example, single-cell genomic efforts have created cell and organ atlases that enable benchmarking of in vitro models and can also be leveraged to gain novel biological insights that can be used to further improve in vitro models. This Spotlight discusses the state of current in vitro model systems, the efforts to create large publicly available atlases of the developing human and how these data are being used to improve organoids. Limitations and perspectives on future efforts are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie J. Childs
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Madeline K. Eiken
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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60
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Ke Y, Jian-yuan H, Ping Z, Yue W, Na X, Jian Y, Kai-xuan L, Yi-fan S, Han-bin L, Rong L. The progressive application of single-cell RNA sequencing technology in cardiovascular diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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61
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Krycer JR, Nayler SP. A Survey of the Metabolic Landscape of the Developing Cerebellum at Single-Cell Resolution. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 21:838-850. [PMID: 35767214 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of cell-culture models to investigate development and disease of the cerebellum is a recent advance, facilitated by the discovery that patterning of precursors is capable of giving rise to cells with specific neuronal identity. Pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids, which exhibit self-organisational characteristics reminiscent of early cerebellar tissue, present a number of challenges including recapitulation of conditions resembling the mature brain. An understanding of the processes driving fetal and postnatal maturation is required to reproduce these conditions in vitro and advance the capability of the system to model adult-onset disease. A key tool for achieving this is single-cell RNA sequencing, which enables visualisation of key transcriptional features of subpopulations comprising tissues. Here, we explore and compare available single-cell RNA sequencing data derived from the developing human cerebellum and its synthetic, in vitro counterpart (stem cell-derived cerebellar organoids). We focus on performing a qualitative assessment of the expression of key metabolic pathway genes, given recent findings exemplifying tissue-specific metabolic activity, including hypoxia and metabolic shifts associated with neuronal expansion. Signatures indicative of known cell type-specific metabolic differences, such as the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle and glutamate-glutamine cycle were evident at a transcriptional level. Cerebellar tissue and cerebellar organoids showed a number of behavioural similarities, including HIF1 signalling, which may serve to drive expansion of granule cell progenitors in both settings. We further highlight numerous differences between cultured organoids and native tissue which may provide clarity on the state of metabolic state following differentiation of organoids, providing the future framework to test and further hypotheses regarding promoting maturation. Overall, this analysis provides insight into understanding the state of in vitro models of the cerebellum, a critical factor required for modelling susceptibility of various cell types to cerebellar disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Krycer
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sam P Nayler
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia.
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62
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Apsley EJ, Becker EBE. Purkinje Cell Patterning-Insights from Single-Cell Sequencing. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182918. [PMID: 36139493 PMCID: PMC9497131 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their homogeneous appearance, Purkinje cells are remarkably diverse with respect to their molecular phenotypes, physiological properties, afferent and efferent connectivity, as well as their vulnerability to insults. Heterogeneity in Purkinje cells arises early in development, with molecularly distinct embryonic cell clusters present soon after Purkinje cell specification. Traditional methods have characterized cerebellar development and cell types, including Purkinje cell subtypes, based on knowledge of selected markers. However, recent single-cell RNA sequencing studies provide vastly increased resolution of the whole cerebellar transcriptome. Here we draw together the results of multiple single-cell transcriptomic studies in developing and adult cerebellum in both mouse and human. We describe how this detailed transcriptomic data has increased our understanding of the intricate development and function of Purkinje cells and provides first clues into features specific to human cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Apsley
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Esther B. E. Becker
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Correspondence:
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63
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Madencioglu DA, Kruth KA, Wassink TH, Magnotta VA, Wemmie JA, Williams AJ. Modeling Human Cerebellar Development In Vitro in 2D Structure. J Vis Exp 2022:10.3791/64462. [PMID: 36190246 PMCID: PMC10108866 DOI: 10.3791/64462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise and timely development of the cerebellum is crucial not only for accurate motor coordination and balance but also for cognition. In addition, disruption in cerebellar development has been implicated in many neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia. Investigations of cerebellar development in humans have previously only been possible through post-mortem studies or neuroimaging, yet these methods are not sufficient for understanding the molecular and cellular changes occurring in vivo during early development, which is when many neurodevelopmental disorders originate. The emergence of techniques to generate human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells and the ability to further re-differentiate iPSCs into neurons have paved the way for in vitro modeling of early brain development. The present study provides simplified steps toward generating cerebellar cells for applications that require a 2-dimensional (2D) monolayer structure. Cerebellar cells representing early developmental stages are derived from human iPSCs via the following steps: first, embryoid bodies are made in 3-dimensional (3D) culture, then they are treated with FGF2 and insulin to promote cerebellar fate specification, and finally, they are terminally differentiated as a monolayer on poly-l-ornithine (PLO)/laminin-coated substrates. At 35 days of differentiation, iPSC-derived cerebellar cell cultures express cerebellar markers including ATOH1, PTF1α, PAX6, and KIRREL2, suggesting that this protocol generates glutamatergic and GABAergic cerebellar neuronal precursors, as well as Purkinje cell progenitors. Moreover, the differentiated cells show distinct neuronal morphology and are positive for immunofluorescence markers of neuronal identity such as TUBB3. These cells express axonal guidance molecules, including semaphorin-4C, plexin-B2, and neuropilin-1, and could serve as a model for investigating the molecular mechanisms of neurite outgrowth and synaptic connectivity. This method generates human cerebellar neurons useful for downstream applications, including gene expression, physiological, and morphological studies requiring 2D monolayer formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz A Madencioglu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa; Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa; Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa
| | - Karina A Kruth
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa; Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa; Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa
| | - Thomas H Wassink
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa; Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa
| | - Vincent A Magnotta
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa; Department of Radiology, University of Iowa; Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa; Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa
| | - John A Wemmie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa; Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa; Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa
| | - Aislinn J Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa; Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa; Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa;
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64
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Joyner AL, Bayin NS. Cerebellum lineage allocation, morphogenesis and repair: impact of interplay amongst cells. Development 2022; 149:dev185587. [PMID: 36172987 PMCID: PMC9641654 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum has a simple cytoarchitecture consisting of a folded cortex with three cell layers that surrounds a nuclear structure housing the output neurons. The excitatory neurons are generated from a unique progenitor zone, the rhombic lip, whereas the inhibitory neurons and astrocytes are generated from the ventricular zone. The growth phase of the cerebellum is driven by lineage-restricted progenitor populations derived from each zone. Research during the past decade has uncovered the importance of cell-to-cell communication between the lineages through largely unknown signaling mechanisms for regulating the scaling of cell numbers and cell plasticity during mouse development and following injury in the neonatal (P0-P14) cerebellum. This Review focuses on how the interplay between cell types is key to morphogenesis, production of robust neural circuits and replenishment of cells after injury, and ends with a discussion of the implications of the greater complexity of the human cerebellar progenitor zones for development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L. Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Biochemistry Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - N. Sumru Bayin
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1NQ, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
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65
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Huang W, Xu Q, Su J, Tang L, Hao ZZ, Xu C, Liu R, Shen Y, Sang X, Xu N, Tie X, Miao Z, Liu X, Xu Y, Liu F, Liu Y, Liu S. Linking transcriptomes with morphological and functional phenotypes in mammalian retinal ganglion cells. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111322. [PMID: 36103830 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the brain's gateway to the visual world. They can be classified into different types on the basis of their electrophysiological, transcriptomic, or morphological characteristics. Here, we characterize the transcriptomic, morphological, and functional features of 472 high-quality RGCs using Patch sequencing (Patch-seq), providing functional and morphological annotation of many transcriptomic-defined cell types of a previously established RGC atlas. We show a convergence of different modalities in defining the RGC identity and reveal the degree of correspondence for well-characterized cell types across multimodal data. Moreover, we complement some RGC types with detailed morphological and functional properties. We also identify differentially expressed genes among ON, OFF, and ON-OFF RGCs such as Vat1l, Slitrk6, and Lmo7, providing candidate marker genes for functional studies. Our research suggests that the molecularly distinct clusters may also differ in their roles of encoding visual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zhao-Zhe Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Chuan Xu
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ruifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yuhui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xuan Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Nana Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiaoxiu Tie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zhichao Miao
- European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Xialin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China; Research Unit of Ocular Development and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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66
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Hendrikse LD, Haldipur P, Saulnier O, Millman J, Sjoboen AH, Erickson AW, Ong W, Gordon V, Coudière-Morrison L, Mercier AL, Shokouhian M, Suárez RA, Ly M, Borlase S, Scott DS, Vladoiu MC, Farooq H, Sirbu O, Nakashima T, Nambu S, Funakoshi Y, Bahcheli A, Diaz-Mejia JJ, Golser J, Bach K, Phuong-Bao T, Skowron P, Wang EY, Kumar SA, Balin P, Visvanathan A, Lee JJY, Ayoub R, Chen X, Chen X, Mungall KL, Luu B, Bérubé P, Wang YC, Pfister SM, Kim SK, Delattre O, Bourdeaut F, Doz F, Masliah-Planchon J, Grajkowska WA, Loukides J, Dirks P, Fèvre-Montange M, Jouvet A, French PJ, Kros JM, Zitterbart K, Bailey SD, Eberhart CG, Rao AAN, Giannini C, Olson JM, Garami M, Hauser P, Phillips JJ, Ra YS, de Torres C, Mora J, Li KKW, Ng HK, Poon WS, Pollack IF, López-Aguilar E, Gillespie GY, Van Meter TE, Shofuda T, Vibhakar R, Thompson RC, Cooper MK, Rubin JB, Kumabe T, Jung S, Lach B, Iolascon A, Ferrucci V, de Antonellis P, Zollo M, Cinalli G, Robinson S, Stearns DS, Van Meir EG, Porrati P, Finocchiaro G, Massimino M, Carlotti CG, Faria CC, Roussel MF, Boop F, Chan JA, Aldinger KA, Razavi F, Silvestri E, McLendon RE, Thompson EM, Ansari M, Garre ML, Chico F, Eguía P, Pérezpeña M, Morrissy AS, Cavalli FMG, Wu X, Daniels C, Rich JN, Jones SJM, Moore RA, Marra MA, Huang X, Reimand J, Sorensen PH, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Weiss WA, Pugh TJ, Garzia L, Kleinman CL, Stein LD, Jabado N, Malkin D, Ayrault O, Golden JA, Ellison DW, Doble B, Ramaswamy V, Werbowetski-Ogilvie TE, Suzuki H, Millen KJ, Taylor MD. Failure of human rhombic lip differentiation underlies medulloblastoma formation. Nature 2022; 609:1021-1028. [PMID: 36131014 PMCID: PMC10026724 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05215-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) comprises a group of heterogeneous paediatric embryonal neoplasms of the hindbrain with strong links to early development of the hindbrain1-4. Mutations that activate Sonic hedgehog signalling lead to Sonic hedgehog MB in the upper rhombic lip (RL) granule cell lineage5-8. By contrast, mutations that activate WNT signalling lead to WNT MB in the lower RL9,10. However, little is known about the more commonly occurring group 4 (G4) MB, which is thought to arise in the unipolar brush cell lineage3,4. Here we demonstrate that somatic mutations that cause G4 MB converge on the core binding factor alpha (CBFA) complex and mutually exclusive alterations that affect CBFA2T2, CBFA2T3, PRDM6, UTX and OTX2. CBFA2T2 is expressed early in the progenitor cells of the cerebellar RL subventricular zone in Homo sapiens, and G4 MB transcriptionally resembles these progenitors but are stalled in developmental time. Knockdown of OTX2 in model systems relieves this differentiation blockade, which allows MB cells to spontaneously proceed along normal developmental differentiation trajectories. The specific nature of the split human RL, which is destined to generate most of the neurons in the human brain, and its high level of susceptible EOMES+KI67+ unipolar brush cell progenitor cells probably predisposes our species to the development of G4 MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam D Hendrikse
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parthiv Haldipur
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Olivier Saulnier
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jake Millman
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexandria H Sjoboen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anders W Erickson
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Winnie Ong
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Audrey L Mercier
- PSL Research University, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Institut Curie, Orsay, France
| | - Mohammad Shokouhian
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Raúl A Suárez
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Ly
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Borlase
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David S Scott
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria C Vladoiu
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hamza Farooq
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olga Sirbu
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Takuma Nakashima
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Nambu
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Funakoshi
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alec Bahcheli
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Javier Diaz-Mejia
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Golser
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen Bach
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tram Phuong-Bao
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Patryk Skowron
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evan Y Wang
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sachin A Kumar
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Polina Balin
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abhirami Visvanathan
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John J Y Lee
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ramy Ayoub
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xin Chen
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaodi Chen
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen L Mungall
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Betty Luu
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pierre Bérubé
- McGill University Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yu C Wang
- McGill University Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Olivier Delattre
- SIREDO Oncology Center (Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), Institut Curie, Paris, France
- INSERM U830, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Franck Bourdeaut
- SIREDO Oncology Center (Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), Institut Curie, Paris, France
- INSERM U830, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - François Doz
- SIREDO Oncology Center (Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | | | - James Loukides
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Dirks
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Fèvre-Montange
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre de Pathologie EST, Groupement Hospitalier EST, Université de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Anne Jouvet
- Centre de Pathologie EST, Groupement Hospitalier EST, Université de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Pim J French
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johan M Kros
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karel Zitterbart
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Masaryk University School of Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Swneke D Bailey
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Departments of Pathology, Ophthalmology and Oncology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amulya A N Rao
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Caterina Giannini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James M Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Miklós Garami
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Hauser
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Young S Ra
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Carmen de Torres
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Mora
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kay K W Li
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ho-Keung Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Wai S Poon
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ian F Pollack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Enrique López-Aguilar
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Hospital Pediatría Centro Médico Nacional century XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Timothy E Van Meter
- Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealthy University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Tomoko Shofuda
- Division of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rajeev Vibhakar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Reid C Thompson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael K Cooper
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joshua B Rubin
- Departments of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Toshihiro Kumabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Shin Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Hwasun-gun, South Korea
| | - Boleslaw Lach
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Division of Anatomical Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hamilton General Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Achille Iolascon
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica Ferrucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasqualino de Antonellis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Zollo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cinalli
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Shenandoah Robinson
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Duncan S Stearns
- Department of Pediatrics-Hematology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paola Porrati
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Carlos G Carlotti
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia C Faria
- Division of Neurosurgery, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Martine F Roussel
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Frederick Boop
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer A Chan
- Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kimberly A Aldinger
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ferechte Razavi
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Evelina Silvestri
- Surgical Pathology Unit, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Roger E McLendon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eric M Thompson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marc Ansari
- Cansearch Research Platform for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Department of Women, Child and Adolescent, University Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria L Garre
- U.O. Neurochirurgia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Fernando Chico
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pilar Eguía
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Pérezpeña
- Instituto Nacional De Pediatría de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A Sorana Morrissy
- Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Florence M G Cavalli
- INSERM U900, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, PSL Research University, MINES ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Xiaochong Wu
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig Daniels
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Steven J M Jones
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Richard A Moore
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xi Huang
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jüri Reimand
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Livia Garzia
- Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claudia L Kleinman
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lincoln D Stein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Adaptive Oncology, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nada Jabado
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Malkin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivier Ayrault
- PSL Research University, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Institut Curie, Orsay, France
| | - Jeffrey A Golden
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David W Ellison
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brad Doble
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tamra E Werbowetski-Ogilvie
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hiromichi Suzuki
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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67
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Smith KS, Bihannic L, Gudenas BL, Haldipur P, Tao R, Gao Q, Li Y, Aldinger KA, Iskusnykh IY, Chizhikov VV, Scoggins M, Zhang S, Edwards A, Deng M, Glass IA, Overman LM, Millman J, Sjoboen AH, Hadley J, Golser J, Mankad K, Sheppard H, Onar-Thomas A, Gajjar A, Robinson GW, Hovestadt V, Orr BA, Patay Z, Millen KJ, Northcott PA. Unified rhombic lip origins of group 3 and group 4 medulloblastoma. Nature 2022; 609:1012-1020. [PMID: 36131015 PMCID: PMC9748853 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma, a malignant childhood cerebellar tumour, segregates molecularly into biologically distinct subgroups, suggesting that a personalized approach to therapy would be beneficial1. Mouse modelling and cross-species genomics have provided increasing evidence of discrete, subgroup-specific developmental origins2. However, the anatomical and cellular complexity of developing human tissues3-particularly within the rhombic lip germinal zone, which produces all glutamatergic neuronal lineages before internalization into the cerebellar nodulus-makes it difficult to validate previous inferences that were derived from studies in mice. Here we use multi-omics to resolve the origins of medulloblastoma subgroups in the developing human cerebellum. Molecular signatures encoded within a human rhombic-lip-derived lineage trajectory aligned with photoreceptor and unipolar brush cell expression profiles that are maintained in group 3 and group 4 medulloblastoma, suggesting a convergent basis. A systematic diagnostic-imaging review of a prospective institutional cohort localized the putative anatomical origins of group 3 and group 4 tumours to the nodulus. Our results connect the molecular and phenotypic features of clinically challenging medulloblastoma subgroups to their unified beginnings in the rhombic lip in the early stages of human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Smith
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Laure Bihannic
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brian L Gudenas
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Parthiv Haldipur
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Qingsong Gao
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yiran Li
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kimberly A Aldinger
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Igor Y Iskusnykh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Victor V Chizhikov
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Matthew Scoggins
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Silu Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Angela Edwards
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mei Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ian A Glass
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lynne M Overman
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jake Millman
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexandria H Sjoboen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer Hadley
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joseph Golser
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kshitij Mankad
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Heather Sheppard
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Arzu Onar-Thomas
- Department of Biostatistics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Amar Gajjar
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Giles W Robinson
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Volker Hovestadt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brent A Orr
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Zoltán Patay
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul A Northcott
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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68
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Ramirez M, Badayeva Y, Yeung J, Wu J, Abdalla-Wyse A, Yang E, Trost B, Scherer SW, Goldowitz D. Temporal analysis of enhancers during mouse cerebellar development reveals dynamic and novel regulatory functions. eLife 2022; 11:74207. [PMID: 35942939 PMCID: PMC9398453 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified active enhancers in the mouse cerebellum at embryonic and postnatal stages which provides a view of novel enhancers active during cerebellar development. The majority of cerebellar enhancers have dynamic activity between embryonic and postnatal development. Cerebellar enhancers were enriched for neural transcription factor binding sites with temporally specific expression. Putative gene targets displayed spatially restricted expression patterns, indicating cell-type specific expression regulation. Functional analysis of target genes indicated that enhancers regulate processes spanning several developmental epochs such as specification, differentiation and maturation. We use these analyses to discover one novel regulator and one novel marker of cerebellar development: Bhlhe22 and Pax3, respectively. We identified an enrichment of de novo mutations and variants associated with autism spectrum disorder in cerebellar enhancers. Furthermore, by comparing our data with relevant brain development ENCODE histone profiles and cerebellar single-cell datasets we have been able to generalize and expand on the presented analyses, respectively. We have made the results of our analyses available online in the Developing Mouse Cerebellum Enhancer Atlas (https://goldowitzlab.shinyapps.io/developing_mouse_cerebellum_enhancer_atlas/), where our dataset can be efficiently queried, curated and exported by the scientific community to facilitate future research efforts. Our study provides a valuable resource for studying the dynamics of gene expression regulation by enhancers in the developing cerebellum and delivers a rich dataset of novel gene-enhancer associations providing a basis for future in-depth studies in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ramirez
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yuliya Badayeva
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joanna Yeung
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joshua Wu
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ayasha Abdalla-Wyse
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Erin Yang
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | -
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brett Trost
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Daniel Goldowitz
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
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69
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Castonguay CE, Liao C, Khayachi A, Liu Y, Medeiros M, Houle G, Ross JP, Dion PA, Rouleau GA. Transcriptomic effects of propranolol and primidone converge on molecular pathways relevant to essential tremor. NPJ Genom Med 2022; 7:46. [PMID: 35927430 PMCID: PMC9352876 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-022-00318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common movement disorders, affecting nearly 5% of individuals over 65 years old. Despite this, few genetic risk loci for ET have been identified. Recent advances in pharmacogenomics have previously been useful to identify disease related molecular targets. Notably, gene expression has proven to be quite successful for the inference of drug response in cell models. We sought to leverage this approach in the context of ET where many patients are responsive to two drugs: propranolol and primidone. In this study, cerebellar DAOY and neural progenitor cells were treated for 5 days with clinical concentrations of propranolol and primidone, after which RNA-sequencing was used to identify convergent differentially expressed genes across treatments. Propranolol was found to affect the expression of genes previously associated with ET and other movement disorders such as TRAPPC11. Pathway enrichment analysis of these convergent drug-targeted genes identified multiple terms related to calcium signaling, endosomal sorting, axon guidance, and neuronal morphology. Furthermore, genes targeted by ET drugs were enriched within cell types having high expression of ET-related genes in both cortical and cerebellar tissues. Altogether, our results highlight potential cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with tremor reduction and identify relevant genetic biomarkers for drug-responsiveness in ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-Etienne Castonguay
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Calwing Liao
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anouar Khayachi
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yumin Liu
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Miranda Medeiros
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Houle
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jay P Ross
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick A Dion
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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70
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Phenotypic, metabolic, and biogenesis properties of human stem cell-derived cerebellar spheroids. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12880. [PMID: 35896708 PMCID: PMC9329474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16970-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cerebellum consists of high density and complexity of neurons. Thus, it is challenging to differentiate cerebellar-like organoids with similar cellular markers and function to the human brain. Our previous study showed that the combination of retinoic acid (RA), Wingless/integrated (Wnt) activator, and Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) activator promotes cerebellar differentiation from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). This study examined phenotypic, metabolic, and biogenesis in early cerebellar development. Cerebellum spheroids were differentiated from human iPSK3 cells. During day 7–14, RA and Wnt activator CHIR99021 were used and SHH activator purmorphamine (PMR) was added later to promote ventralization. Gene expression for early cerebellar layer markers, metabolism, and extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis were characterized. Zinc-induced neurotoxicity was investigated as a proof-of-concept of neurotoxicity study. Flow cytometry results showed that there was no significant difference in NEPH3, PTF1A, OLIG2, and MATH1 protein expression between RCP (RA-CHIR-PMR) versus the control condition. However, the expression of cerebellar genes for the molecular layer (BHLE22), the granule cell layer (GABRB2, PAX6, TMEM266, KCNIP4), the Bergmann glial cells (QK1, DAO), and the Purkinje cell layer (ARHGEF33, KIT, MX1, MYH10, PPP1R17, SCGN) was significantly higher in the RCP condition than the control. The shift in metabolic pathways toward glycolysis was observed for RCP condition. The EV biogenesis marker expression was retained. Mild zinc-induced neurotoxicity may exist when zinc exposure exceeds 1.0 µM. RCP treatment can promote specific cerebellar-like differentiation from hiPSCs indicated by gene expression of early cerebellar markers and regionally enriched genes. The higher cerebellar marker expression is accompanied by the elevated glycolysis with the retained EV biogenesis. This study should advance the understanding of biomarkers during early cerebellar development for cerebellum organoid engineering and neurotoxicity study.
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71
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Gillnäs S, Gallini R, He L, Betsholtz C, Andrae J. Severe cerebellar malformations in mutant mice demonstrate a role for PDGF-C/PDGFRα signalling in cerebellar development. Biol Open 2022; 11:275997. [PMID: 35876806 PMCID: PMC9382116 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of the mouse cerebellum is initiated in the embryo and continues for a few weeks after birth. Double mutant mice lacking platelet-derived growth factor-C and that are heterozygous for platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (Pdgfc-/-; PdgfraGFP/+) develop cerebellar hypoplasia and malformation with loss of cerebellar lobes in the posterior vermis. This phenotype is similar to those observed in Foxc1 mutant mice and in a human neuroimaging pattern called Dandy Walker malformation. Pdgfc-Pdgfra mutant mice also display ependymal denudation in the 4th ventricle and gene expression changes in cerebellar meninges, which coincide with the first visible signs of cerebellar malformation. Here we show that PDGF-C/PDGFRα signalling is a critical component in the network of molecular and cellular interactions that take place between the developing meninges and neural tissues, and which are required to build a fully functioning cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gillnäs
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Radiosa Gallini
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna Andrae
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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72
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Ramirez M, Wu J, Liu M, Wu D, Weeden D, Goldowitz D. The Cerebellar Gene Database: a Collective Database of Genes Critical for Cerebellar Development. THE CEREBELLUM 2022; 21:606-614. [PMID: 35857265 PMCID: PMC9325837 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01445-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This report presents the first comprehensive database that specifically compiles genes critical for cerebellar development and function. The Cerebellar Gene Database details genes that, when perturbed in mouse models, result in a cerebellar phenotype according to available data from both Mouse Genome Informatics and PubMed, as well as references to the corresponding studies for further examination. This database also offers a compilation of human genetic disorders with a cerebellar phenotype and their associated gene information from the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database. By comparing and contrasting the mouse and human datasets, we observe that only a small proportion of human mutant genes with a cerebellar phenotype have been studied in mouse knockout models. Given the highly conserved nature between mouse and human genomes, this surprising finding highlights how mouse genetic models can be more frequently employed to elucidate human disease etiology. On the other hand, many mouse genes identified in the present study that are known to lead to a cerebellar phenotype when perturbed have not yet been found to be pathogenic in the cerebellum of humans. This database furthers our understanding of human cerebellar disorders with yet-to-be-identified genetic causes. It is our hope that this gene database will serve as an invaluable tool for gathering background information, generating hypotheses, and facilitating translational research endeavors. Moreover, we encourage continual inputs from the research community in making this compilation a living database, one that remains up-to-date with the advances in cerebellar research.
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73
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Haldipur P, Millen KJ, Aldinger KA. Human Cerebellar Development and Transcriptomics: Implications for Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Annu Rev Neurosci 2022; 45:515-531. [PMID: 35440142 PMCID: PMC9271632 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-111020-091953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Developmental abnormalities of the cerebellum are among the most recognized structural brain malformations in human prenatal imaging. Yet reliable information regarding their cause in humans is sparse, and few outcome studies are available to inform prognosis. We know very little about human cerebellar development, in stark contrast to the wealth of knowledge from decades of research on cerebellar developmental biology of model organisms, especially mice. Recent studies show that multiple aspects of human cerebellar development significantly differ from mice and even rhesus macaques, a nonhuman primate. These discoveries challenge many current mouse-centric models of normal human cerebellar development and models regarding the pathogenesis of several neurodevelopmental phenotypes affecting the cerebellum, including Dandy-Walker malformation and medulloblastoma. Since we cannot model what we do not know, additional normative and pathological human developmental data are essential, and new models are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthiv Haldipur
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA;
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA; .,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kimberly A Aldinger
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA;
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74
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Vinsland E, Linnarsson S. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of mammalian brain development: insights and future directions. Development 2022; 149:275457. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Understanding human brain development is of fundamental interest but is also very challenging. Single-cell RNA-sequencing studies in mammals have revealed that brain development is a highly dynamic process with tremendous, previously concealed, cellular heterogeneity. This Spotlight discusses key insights from these studies and their implications for experimental models. We survey published single-cell RNA-sequencing studies of mouse and human brain development, organized by anatomical regions and developmental time points. We highlight remaining gaps in the field, predominantly concerning human brain development. We propose future directions to fill the remaining gaps, and necessary complementary techniques to create an atlas integrated in space and time of human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Vinsland
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Linnarsson
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
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75
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Coolen M, Altin N, Rajamani K, Pereira E, Siquier-Pernet K, Puig Lombardi E, Moreno N, Barcia G, Yvert M, Laquerrière A, Pouliet A, Nitschké P, Boddaert N, Rausell A, Razavi F, Afenjar A, Billette de Villemeur T, Al-Maawali A, Al-Thihli K, Baptista J, Beleza-Meireles A, Garel C, Legendre M, Gelot A, Burglen L, Moutton S, Cantagrel V. Recessive PRDM13 mutations cause fatal perinatal brainstem dysfunction with cerebellar hypoplasia and disrupt Purkinje cell differentiation. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:909-927. [PMID: 35390279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pontocerebellar hypoplasias (PCHs) are congenital disorders characterized by hypoplasia or early atrophy of the cerebellum and brainstem, leading to a very limited motor and cognitive development. Although over 20 genes have been shown to be mutated in PCHs, a large proportion of affected individuals remains undiagnosed. We describe four families with children presenting with severe neonatal brainstem dysfunction and pronounced deficits in cognitive and motor development associated with four different bi-allelic mutations in PRDM13, including homozygous truncating variants in the most severely affected individuals. Brain MRI and fetopathological examination revealed a PCH-like phenotype, associated with major hypoplasia of inferior olive nuclei and dysplasia of the dentate nucleus. Notably, histopathological examinations highlighted a sparse and disorganized Purkinje cell layer in the cerebellum. PRDM13 encodes a transcriptional repressor known to be critical for neuronal subtypes specification in the mouse retina and spinal cord but had not been implicated, so far, in hindbrain development. snRNA-seq data mining and in situ hybridization in humans show that PRDM13 is expressed at early stages in the progenitors of the cerebellar ventricular zone, which gives rise to cerebellar GABAergic neurons, including Purkinje cells. We also show that loss of function of prdm13 in zebrafish leads to a reduction in Purkinje cells numbers and a complete absence of the inferior olive nuclei. Altogether our data identified bi-allelic mutations in PRDM13 as causing a olivopontocerebellar hypoplasia syndrome and suggest that early deregulations of the transcriptional control of neuronal fate specification could contribute to a significant number of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Coolen
- Université Paris Cité, Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France.
| | - Nami Altin
- Université Paris Cité, Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France
| | - Karthyayani Rajamani
- Université Paris Cité, Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France
| | - Eva Pereira
- Université Paris Cité, Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France
| | - Karine Siquier-Pernet
- Université Paris Cité, Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France
| | - Emilia Puig Lombardi
- Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France
| | - Nadjeda Moreno
- HDBR Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Giulia Barcia
- Université Paris Cité, Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France; Département de Génétique Médicale, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris 75015, France
| | - Marianne Yvert
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire de Diagnostic Prénatal, Pôle Mère Enfant, Maison de Santé Protestante Bordeaux Bagatelle, Talence 33400, France
| | - Annie Laquerrière
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245; Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen 76183, France
| | - Aurore Pouliet
- Université Paris Cité, Genomics Platform, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France
| | - Patrick Nitschké
- Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France
| | - Nathalie Boddaert
- Département de Radiologie Pédiatrique, INSERM UMR 1163 and INSERM U1299, Institut Imagine, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris 75015, France
| | - Antonio Rausell
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Clinical Bioinformatics Laboratory and Molecular Genetics Service, Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris 75015, France
| | - Féréchté Razavi
- Unité d'Embryofœtopathologie, Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris 75015, France
| | - Alexandra Afenjar
- Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet, Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris 75012, France
| | - Thierry Billette de Villemeur
- Sorbonne Université, Service de Neuropédiatrie - Pathologie du Développement, Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares et Polyhandicap, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP, Paris 75012, France
| | - Almundher Al-Maawali
- Department of Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; Genetic and Developmental Medicine Clinic, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Khalid Al-Thihli
- Department of Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; Genetic and Developmental Medicine Clinic, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Julia Baptista
- Exeter Genomics Laboratory, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK; Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL6 8BT, UK
| | - Ana Beleza-Meireles
- Clinical Genetics Department, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston, Bristol BS1 3NU, UK
| | - Catherine Garel
- Service de Radiologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Médecine Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Paris 75012, France
| | - Marine Legendre
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Bordeaux, Pellegrin Hospital, Bordeaux 33300, France
| | - Antoinette Gelot
- Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP, Paris 75012, France; INMED, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM UMR 1249, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Lydie Burglen
- Université Paris Cité, Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France; Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet, Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris 75012, France
| | - Sébastien Moutton
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire de Diagnostic Prénatal, Pôle Mère Enfant, Maison de Santé Protestante Bordeaux Bagatelle, Talence 33400, France
| | - Vincent Cantagrel
- Université Paris Cité, Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France.
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76
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Wang Y, Chai L, Chu C, Li D, Gao C, Wu X, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Xu J, Nyengaard JR, Eickhoff SB, Liu B, Madsen KH, Jiang T, Fan L. Uncovering the genetic profiles underlying the intrinsic organization of the human cerebellum. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2619-2634. [PMID: 35264730 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The functional diversity of the human cerebellum is largely believed to be derived more from its extensive connections rather than being limited to its mostly invariant architecture. However, whether and how the determination of cerebellar connections in its intrinsic organization interact with microscale gene expression is still unknown. Here we decode the genetic profiles of the cerebellar functional organization by investigating the genetic substrates simultaneously linking cerebellar functional heterogeneity and its drivers, i.e., the connections. We not only identified 443 network-specific genes but also discovered that their co-expression pattern correlated strongly with intra-cerebellar functional connectivity (FC). Ninety of these genes were also linked to the FC of cortico-cerebellar cognitive-limbic networks. To further discover the biological functions of these genes, we performed a "virtual gene knock-out" by observing the change in the coupling between gene co-expression and FC and divided the genes into two subsets, i.e., a positive gene contribution indicator (GCI+) involved in cerebellar neurodevelopment and a negative gene set (GCI-) related to neurotransmission. A more interesting finding is that GCI- is significantly linked with the cerebellar connectivity-behavior association and many recognized brain diseases that are closely linked with the cerebellar functional abnormalities. Our results could collectively help to rethink the genetic substrates underlying the cerebellar functional organization and offer possible micro-macro interacted mechanistic interpretations of the cerebellum-involved high order functions and dysfunctions in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- Sino-Danish Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Chai
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Congying Chu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China. .,Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China. .,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
| | - Deying Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Chaohong Gao
- Sino-Danish Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Wu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyi Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Research Center for Healthcare Data Science, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Junhai Xu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jens Randel Nyengaard
- Sino-Danish Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Kristoffer Hougaard Madsen
- Sino-Danish Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,Department of Informatics and Mathematical Modelling, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Amager and Hvidovre, 2650, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Sino-Danish Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Lingzhong Fan
- Sino-Danish Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China. .,Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China. .,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
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77
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Khouri-Farah N, Guo Q, Morgan K, Shin J, Li JYH. Integrated single-cell transcriptomic and epigenetic study of cell state transition and lineage commitment in embryonic mouse cerebellum. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl9156. [PMID: 35363520 PMCID: PMC10938588 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl9156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies using single-cell RNA-sequencing have revealed cellular heterogeneity in the developing mammalian cerebellum, yet the regulatory logic underlying this cellular diversity remains to be elucidated. Using integrated single-cell RNA and ATAC analyses, we resolved developmental trajectories of cerebellar progenitors and identified putative trans- and cis-elements that control cell state transition. We reverse engineered gene regulatory networks (GRNs) of each cerebellar cell type. Through in silico simulations and in vivo experiments, we validated the efficacy of GRN analyses and uncovered the molecular control of a posterior transitory zone (PTZ), a distinct progenitor zone residing immediately anterior to the morphologically defined rhombic lip (RL). We showed that perturbing cell fate specification in the PTZ and RL causes posterior cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, the most common cerebellar birth defect in humans. Our study provides a foundation for comprehensive studies of developmental programs of the mammalian cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagham Khouri-Farah
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
| | - Qiuxia Guo
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
| | - Kerry Morgan
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
| | - Jihye Shin
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
| | - James Y. H. Li
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, 400 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
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78
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Transit Amplifying Progenitors in the Cerebellum: Similarities to and Differences from Transit Amplifying Cells in Other Brain Regions and between Species. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040726. [PMID: 35203375 PMCID: PMC8870322 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transit amplification of neural progenitors/precursors is widely used in the development of the central nervous system and for tissue homeostasis. In most cases, stem cells, which are relatively less proliferative, first differentiate into transit amplifying cells, which are more proliferative, losing their stemness. Subsequently, transit amplifying cells undergo a limited number of mitoses and differentiation to expand the progeny of differentiated cells. This step-by-step proliferation is considered an efficient system for increasing the number of differentiated cells while maintaining the stem cells. Recently, we reported that cerebellar granule cell progenitors also undergo transit amplification in mice. In this review, we summarize our and others’ recent findings and the prospective contribution of transit amplification to neural development and evolution, as well as the molecular mechanisms regulating transit amplification.
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79
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Structure, Function, and Genetics of the Cerebellum in Autism. JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BRAIN SCIENCE 2022; 7:e220008. [PMID: 36425354 PMCID: PMC9683352 DOI: 10.20900/jpbs.20220008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders are common neurodevelopmental disorders that are defined by core behavioral symptoms but have diverse genetic and environmental risk factors. Despite its etiological heterogeneity, several unifying theories of autism have been proposed, including a central role for cerebellar dysfunction. The cerebellum follows a protracted course of development that culminates in an exquisitely crafted brain structure containing over half of the neurons in the entire brain densely packed into a highly organized structure. Through its complex network of connections with cortical and subcortical brain regions, the cerebellum acts as a sensorimotor regulator and affects changes in executive and limbic processing. In this review, we summarize the structural, functional, and genetic contributions of the cerebellum to autism.
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80
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Edara VV, Manning KE, Ellis M, Lai L, Moore KM, Foster SL, Floyd K, Davis-Gardner ME, Mantus G, Nyhoff LE, Bechnak S, Alaaeddine G, Naji A, Samaha H, Lee M, Bristow L, Hussaini L, Ciric CR, Nguyen PV, Gagne M, Roberts-Torres J, Henry AR, Godbole S, Grakoui A, Sexton M, Piantadosi A, Waggoner JJ, Douek DC, Anderson EJ, Rouphael N, Wrammert J, Suthar MS. mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 mRNA vaccines have reduced neutralizing activity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34981056 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.09.459619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccines generate potent neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, the global emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations in the spike protein, the principal antigenic target of these vaccines, has raised concerns over the neutralizing activity of vaccine-induced antibody responses. The Omicron variant, which emerged in November 2021, consists of over 30 mutations within the spike protein. Here, we used an authentic live virus neutralization assay to examine the neutralizing activity of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant against mRNA vaccine-induced antibody responses. Following the 2nd dose, we observed a 30-fold reduction in neutralizing activity against the omicron variant. Through six months after the 2nd dose, none of the sera from naïve vaccinated subjects showed neutralizing activity against the Omicron variant. In contrast, recovered vaccinated individuals showed a 22-fold reduction with more than half of the subjects retaining neutralizing antibody responses. Following a booster shot (3rd dose), we observed a 14-fold reduction in neutralizing activity against the omicron variant and over 90% of boosted subjects showed neutralizing activity against the omicron variant. These findings show that a 3rd dose is required to provide robust neutralizing antibody responses against the Omicron variant.
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81
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Kelley KW, Pașca SP. Human brain organogenesis: Toward a cellular understanding of development and disease. Cell 2021; 185:42-61. [PMID: 34774127 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The construction of the human nervous system is a distinctly complex although highly regulated process. Human tissue inaccessibility has impeded a molecular understanding of the developmental specializations from which our unique cognitive capacities arise. A confluence of recent technological advances in genomics and stem cell-based tissue modeling is laying the foundation for a new understanding of human neural development and dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disease. Here, we review recent progress on uncovering the cellular and molecular principles of human brain organogenesis in vivo as well as using organoids and assembloids in vitro to model features of human evolution and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Kelley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, CA, USA; Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sergiu P Pașca
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, CA, USA; Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Evidence of disrupted rhombic lip development in the pathogenesis of Dandy-Walker malformation. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:761-776. [PMID: 34347142 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM) and Cerebellar vermis hypoplasia (CVH) are commonly recognized human cerebellar malformations diagnosed following ultrasound and antenatal or postnatal MRI. Specific radiological criteria are used to distinguish them, yet little is known about their differential developmental disease mechanisms. We acquired prenatal cases diagnosed as DWM and CVH and studied cerebellar morphobiometry followed by histological and immunohistochemical analyses. This was supplemented by laser capture microdissection and RNA-sequencing of the cerebellar rhombic lip, a transient progenitor zone, to assess the altered transcriptome of DWM vs control samples. Our radiological findings confirm that the cases studied fall within the accepted biometric range of DWM. Our histopathological analysis points to reduced foliation and inferior vermian hypoplasia as common features in all examined DWM cases. We also find that the rhombic lip, a dorsal stem cell zone that drives the growth and maintenance of the posterior vermis is specifically disrupted in DWM, with reduced proliferation and self-renewal of the progenitor pool, and altered vasculature, all confirmed by transcriptomics analysis. We propose a unified model for the developmental pathogenesis of DWM. We hypothesize that rhombic lip development is disrupted through either aberrant vascularization and/or direct insult which causes reduced proliferation and failed expansion of the rhombic lip progenitor pool leading to disproportionate hypoplasia and dysplasia of the inferior vermis. Timing of insult to the developing rhombic lip (before or after 14 PCW) dictates the extent of hypoplasia and distinguishes DWM from CVH.
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