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Li M, Mu XD, Song JR, Zhai PT, Cheng Y, Le Y, Li ZB. PAF enhances cancer stem cell properties via β-catenin signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:1010-1020. [PMID: 33970778 PMCID: PMC8172152 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1919826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing proofs have declared that liver cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the main contributors to tumor initiation, metastasis, therapy resistance, and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying CSCs regulation remain largely unclear. Recently, PCNA-associated factor (PAF) was identified to play a key role in maintaining breast cancer cell stemness, but its role in liver cancer stem cells has not been declared yet. Herein, we found that both mRNA and protein expression levels of PAF were significantly higher in HCC tissues and cell lines than normal controls. CSC-enriched hepatoma spheres displayed an increase in PAF expression compared to monolayer-cultured cells. Both loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments revealed that PAF enhanced sphere formation and the percentage of CD133+ or EpCAM+ cells in HCCLM3 and Huh7 cells. In the xenograft HCC tumor model, tumor initiation rates and tumor growth were suppressed by knockdown of PAF. Mechanistically, PAF can amplify the self-renewal of liver CSCs by activating β-catenin signaling. Taken together, our results demonstrate that PAF plays a crucial role in maintaining the hepatoma cell stemness by β-catenin signaling.Abbreviations: CSCs: cancer stem cells; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; PAF: pCNA-associated factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- Department of Minimally Invasive Intervention, Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Xu-Dong Mu
- Department of Minimally Invasive Intervention, Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Juan-Rong Song
- Department of Minimally Invasive Intervention, Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Peng-Tao Zhai
- Department of Minimally Invasive Intervention, Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Minimally Invasive Intervention, Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Yao Le
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yulin First Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Yulin, China
| | - Zhu-Bin Li
- Department of Minimally Invasive Intervention, Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Xi’an, China
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Elahi M, Motoi Y, Shimonaka S, Ishida Y, Hioki H, Takanashi M, Ishiguro K, Imai Y, Hattori N. High-fat diet-induced activation of SGK1 promotes Alzheimer's disease-associated tau pathology. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:1693-1710. [PMID: 33890983 PMCID: PMC8411983 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has long been considered a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the molecular links between T2DM and AD remain obscure. Here, we reported that serum-/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) is activated by administering a chronic high-fat diet (HFD), which increases the risk of T2DM, and thus promotes Tau pathology via the phosphorylation of tau at Ser214 and the activation of a key tau kinase, namely, GSK-3ß, forming SGK1-GSK-3ß-tau complex. SGK1 was activated under conditions of elevated glucocorticoid and hyperglycemia associated with HFD, but not of fatty acid–mediated insulin resistance. Elevated expression of SGK1 in the mouse hippocampus led to neurodegeneration and impairments in learning and memory. Upregulation and activation of SGK1, SGK1-GSK-3ß-tau complex were also observed in the hippocampi of AD cases. Our results suggest that SGK1 is a key modifier of tau pathology in AD, linking AD to corticosteroid effects and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montasir Elahi
- Department of Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Dementia, Juntendo University Graduate of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Motoi
- Department of Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Dementia, Juntendo University Graduate of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shotaro Shimonaka
- Department of Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Dementia, Juntendo University Graduate of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Ishida
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hioki
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Takanashi
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Ishiguro
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Imai
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +81 368018332; Fax: +81 358000547;
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Dementia, Juntendo University Graduate of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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IGF1R Deficiency Modulates Brain Signaling Pathways and Disturbs Mitochondria and Redox Homeostasis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020158. [PMID: 33562061 PMCID: PMC7915200 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R)-mediated signaling pathways modulate important neurophysiological aspects in the central nervous system, including neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity and complex cognitive functions. In the present study, we intended to characterize the impact of IGF1R deficiency in the brain, focusing on PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways and mitochondria-related parameters. For this purpose, we used 13-week-old UBC-CreERT2; Igf1rfl/fl male mice in which Igf1r was conditionally deleted. IGF1R deficiency caused a decrease in brain weight as well as the activation of the IR/PI3K/Akt and inhibition of the MAPK/ERK1/2/CREB signaling pathways. Despite no alterations in the activity of caspases 3 and 9, a significant alteration in phosphorylated GSK3β and an increase in phosphorylated Tau protein levels were observed. In addition, significant disturbances in mitochondrial dynamics and content and altered activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes were noticed. An increase in oxidative stress, characterized by decreased nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) protein levels and aconitase activity and increased H2O2 levels were also found in the brain of IGF1R-deficient mice. Overall, our observations confirm the complexity of IGF1R in mediating brain signaling responses and suggest that its deficiency negatively impacts brain cells homeostasis and survival by affecting mitochondria and redox homeostasis.
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Xu B, Xu J, Cai N, Li M, Liu L, Qin Y, Li X, Wang H. Roflumilast prevents ischemic stroke-induced neuronal damage by restricting GSK3β-mediated oxidative stress and IRE1α/TRAF2/JNK pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 163:281-296. [PMID: 33359910 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) protects against neuronal apoptosis induced by cerebral ischemia. However, the exact mechanisms responsible for the protection of PDE4 inhibition have not been completely clarified. Roflumilast (Roflu) is an FDA-approved PDE4 inhibitor for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The potential protective role of Roflu against ischemic stroke-associated neuronal injury remains unexplored. In this study, we investigated the effect and mechanism of Roflu against ischemic stroke using in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation reperfusion (OGD/R) and in vivo rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) models. We demonstrated that Roflu significantly reduced the apoptosis of HT-22 cells exposed to OGD/R, enhanced the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), and reduced oxidative stress. Treatment with Roflu increased the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) but decreased the level of phosphorylated inositol requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α). Interestingly, constitutively active GSK3β (S9A) mutation abolished the effects of Roflu on oxidative stress and IRE1α phosphorylation. Moreover, Roflu decreased the binding of IRE1α to tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) and attenuated the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). We also found that PDE4B knockdown reduced the phosphorylation of both IRE1α and JNK, while overexpression of PDE4B antagonized the role of PDE4B knockdown on the activation of IRE1α and JNK. Besides, the inhibition of PDE4 by Roflu produced similar effects in primary cultured neurons. Finally, Roflu ameliorated MCAO-induced cerebral injury by decreasing infarct volume, restoring neurological score, and reducing the phosphorylation of IRE1α and JNK. Collectively, these data suggest that Roflu protects neurons from cerebral ischemia reperfusion-mediated injury via the activation of GSK3β/Nrf-2 signaling and suppression of the IRE1α/TRAF2/JNK pathway. Roflu has the potential as a protective drug for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingtian Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiangping Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Center for Brian Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China.
| | - Ningbo Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Mengfan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yunyun Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Center for Brian Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China.
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Optineurin deletion disrupts metabotropic glutamate receptor 5-mediated regulation of ERK1/2, GSK3β/ZBTB16, mTOR/ULK1 signaling in autophagy. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114427. [PMID: 33513340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Optineurin (OPTN) is a multifunctional protein that mediates a network of cellular processes regulating membrane trafficking, inflammatory responses and autophagy. The OPTN-rich interactome includes Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1 and 5), members of the Gαq/11 protein receptor family. Recent evidence has shown that mGluR5, in addition to its canonical Gαq/11 protein-coupled signaling, regulates autophagic machinery via mTOR/ULK1 and GSK3β/ZBTB16 pathways in both Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease mouse models. Despite its potential involvement, the role of OPTN in mediating mGluR5 downstream signaling cascades remains largely unknown. Here, we employed a CRISPR/Cas9 OPTN-deficient STHdhQ7/Q7 striatal cell line and global OPTN knockout mice to investigate whether Optn gene deletion alters both mGluR5 canonical and noncanonical signaling. We find that OPTN is required for mGluR5-activated Ca2+ flux and ERK1/2 signaling following receptor activation in STHdhQ7/Q7 cells and acute hippocampal slices. Deletion of OPTN impairs both GSK3β/ZBTB16 and mTOR/ULK1 autophagic signaling in STHdhQ7/Q7 cells. Furthermore, mGluR5-dependent regulation of GSK3β/ZBTB16 and mTOR/ULK1 autophagic signaling is impaired in hippocampal slices of OPTN knockout mice. Overall, we show that the crosstalk between OPTN and mGluR5 can have major implication on receptor signaling and therefore potentially contribute to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Chen Y, Maejima Y, Shirakabe A, Yamamoto T, Ikeda Y, Sadoshima J, Zhai P. Ser9 phosphorylation of GSK-3β promotes aging in the heart through suppression of autophagy. THE JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR AGING 2021; 1:9. [PMID: 34778891 PMCID: PMC8589323 DOI: 10.20517/jca.2021.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a serine/threonine kinase and a negative regulator of cardiac hypertrophy. Phosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser9 negatively regulates its kinase activity. The role of GSK-3β in cardiac aging remains poorly understood. AIM The study aimed to elucidate the role of GSK-3β Ser9 phosphorylation in mediating cardiac aging and the underlying mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS Phosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser9 and the levels of β-catenin and Mcl-1 were increased in the mouse heart during aging, suggesting that GSK-3β is inactivated during aging in the heart. Age-induced cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, left ventricular dysfunction, and increases in cardiomyocyte apoptosis and senescence were all attenuated in constitutively active GSK-3βS9A knock-in (KI) mice compared to littermate wild type mice. Although autophagy is inhibited in the heart during aging, KI of GSK-3βS9A reversed the age-associated decline in autophagy in the mouse heart. GSK-3β directly phosphorylates Ulk1, a regulator of autophagy, at Ser913, thereby stimulating autophagy in cardiomyocytes. Ulk1Ser913A KI mice exhibited decreased autophagic flux and increased senescence in cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that GSK-3β is inactivated during aging through Ser9 phosphorylation, which in turn plays an important role in mediating cardiac aging. GSK-3β promotes autophagy through phosphorylation of Ulk1 at Ser913, which in turn prevents aging in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yasuhiro Maejima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shirakabe
- Division of Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Chiba 270-1694, Japan
| | - Takanobu Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ikeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Hypertension, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Peiyong Zhai
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Abd-Elrahman KS, Albaker A, de Souza JM, Ribeiro FM, Schlossmacher MG, Tiberi M, Hamilton A, Ferguson SSG. Aβ oligomers induce pathophysiological mGluR5 signaling in Alzheimer's disease model mice in a sex-selective manner. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/662/eabd2494. [PMID: 33323410 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abd2494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence, presentation, and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) differ between men and women, although β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition is a pathological hallmark of AD in both sexes. Aβ-induced activation of the neuronal glutamate receptor mGluR5 is linked to AD progression. However, we found that mGluR5 exhibits distinct sex-dependent profiles. Specifically, mGluR5 isolated from male mouse cortical and hippocampal tissues bound with high affinity to Aβ oligomers, whereas mGluR5 from female mice exhibited no such affinity. This sex-selective Aβ-mGluR5 interaction did not appear to depend on estrogen, but rather Aβ interaction with cellular prion protein (PrPC), which was detected only in male mouse brain homogenates. The ternary complex between mGluR5, Aβ oligomers, and PrPC was essential to elicit mGluR5-dependent pathological suppression of autophagy in primary neuronal cultures. Pharmacological inhibition of mGluR5 reactivated autophagy, mitigated Aβ pathology, and reversed cognitive decline in male APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice, but not in their female counterparts. Aβ oligomers also bound with high affinity to human mGluR5 isolated from postmortem donor male cortical brain tissue, but not that from female samples, suggesting that this mechanism may be relevant to patients. Our findings indicate that mGluR5 does not contribute to Aβ pathology in females, highlighting the complexity of mGluR5 pharmacology and Aβ signaling that supports the need for sex-specific stratification in clinical trials assessing AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled S Abd-Elrahman
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Awatif Albaker
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 12371, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jessica M de Souza
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB, Universidade Federalde Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Fabiola M Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB, Universidade Federalde Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Michael G Schlossmacher
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.,Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Mario Tiberi
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.,Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Alison Hamilton
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Stephen S G Ferguson
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
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Rajendran K, Chellappan DR, Sankaranarayanan S, Ramakrishnan V, Krishnan UM. Investigations on a polyherbal formulation for treatment of cognitive impairment in a cholinergic dysfunctional rodent model. Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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O-GlcNAc stabilizes SMAD4 by inhibiting GSK-3β-mediated proteasomal degradation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19908. [PMID: 33199824 PMCID: PMC7670456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification which occurs on the hydroxyl group of serine or threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. It has been reported that the presence of this single sugar motif regulates various biological events by altering the fate of target proteins, such as their function, localization, and degradation. This study identified SMAD4 as a novel O-GlcNAc-modified protein. SMAD4 is a component of the SMAD transcriptional complex, a major regulator of the signaling pathway for the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). TGF-β is a powerful promoter of cancer EMT and metastasis. This study showed that the amount of SMAD4 proteins changes according to cellular O-GlcNAc levels in human lung cancer cells. This observation was made based on the prolonged half-life of SMAD4 proteins. The mechanism behind this interaction was that O-GlcNAc impeded interactions between SMAD4 and GSK-3β which promote proteasomal degradation of SMAD4. In addition, O-GlcNAc modification on SMAD4 Thr63 was responsible for stabilization. As a result, defects in O-GlcNAcylation on SMAD4 Thr63 attenuated the reporter activity of luciferase, the TGF-β-responsive SMAD binding element (SBE). This study’s findings imply that cellular O-GlcNAc may regulate the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway by stabilizing SMAD4.
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Structural modeling of GSK3β implicates the inactive (DFG-out) conformation as the target bound by TDZD analogs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18326. [PMID: 33110096 PMCID: PMC7591898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75020-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) controls many physiological pathways, and is implicated in many diseases including Alzheimer’s and several cancers. GSK3β-mediated phosphorylation of target residues in microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPTAU) contributes to MAPTAU hyperphosphorylation and subsequent formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Inhibitors of GSK3β protect against Alzheimer’s disease and are therapeutic for several cancers. A thiadiazolidinone drug, TDZD-8, is a non-ATP-competitive inhibitor targeting GSK3β with demonstrated efficacy against multiple diseases. However, no experimental data or models define the binding mode of TDZD-8 with GSK3β, which chiefly reflects our lack of an established inactive conformation for this protein. Here, we used metadynamic simulation to predict the three-dimensional structure of the inactive conformation of GSK3β. Our model predicts that phosphorylation of GSK3β Serine9 would hasten the DFG-flip to an inactive state. Molecular docking and simulation predict the TDZD-8 binding conformation of GSK3β to be inactive, and are consistent with biochemical evidence for the TDZD-8–interacting residues of GSK3β. We also identified the pharmacophore and assessed binding efficacy of second-generation TDZD analogs (TDZD-10 and Tideglusib) that bind GSK3β as non-ATP-competitive inhibitors. Based on these results, the predicted inactive conformation of GSK3β can facilitate the identification of novel GSK3β inhibitors of high potency and specificity.
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The role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta in multiple sclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110874. [PMID: 33080467 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that leads to progressive neurological disability due to axonal deterioration. Although MS presents profound heterogeneity in the clinical course, its underlying central mechanism is active demyelination and neurodegeneration associated with inflammation. Multiple autoimmune and neuroinflammatory pathways are involved in the demyelination process of MS. Analysis of MS lesions has shown that inflammatory genes are upregulated. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is part of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family and has important roles in many signaling cascades. GSK-3 is a highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase expressed in both the central and the peripheral nervous systems. GSK-3 modulates several biological processes through phosphorylation of protein kinases, including cell signaling, neuronal growth, apoptosis and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interleukins, allowing adaptive changes in events such as cellular proliferation, migration, inflammation, and immunity. GSK-3 occurs in mammals in two isoforms GSK-3α and GSK-3β, both of which are common in the brain, although GSK-3α is found particularly in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, striated hippocampus and Purkinje cells, while GSK-3β is found in all brain regions. In patients with chronic progressive MS, expression of GSK-3β is elevated in several brain regions such as the corpus callosum and cerebral cortex. GSK-3β inhibition may play a role in glial cell activation, reducing pathological pain induced by nerve injury by formalin injection. According to the role of GSK-3β in pathological conditions, the aim of this article is review of the role of GSK-3β in multiple sclerosis and inflammation of neurons.
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Gender Difference on the Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Failure. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8096847. [PMID: 32908639 PMCID: PMC7474378 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8096847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity is the leading cause of drug-induced liver failure, which is closely related to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage. Studies in clinical trials and in animal models have shown that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) affect the progression of various types of liver damage. Interestingly, the sex-dependent effect of n-3 PUFAs on human health has also been well documented. However, it is unknown whether supplementation of n-3 PUFAs modulates the pathogenesis of APAP-induced liver failure with sex-specificity. Our results showed that both endogenous and exogenous n-3 PUFAs significantly aggravated the APAP-induced liver injury in male mice, whereas the opposite effects were observed in females. In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that estrogen contributes to the gender difference in the regulation of n-3 PUFAs on APAP overdose. We found that n-3 PUFA-mediated regulation of hepatic oxidative stress response and autophagy upon APAP challenge is distinct between male and female mice. Moreover, we provided evidence that β-catenin signaling activation is responsible for the sex-dependent regulation of APAP hepatotoxicity by n-3 PUFAs. Together, these findings indicated that supplementation with n-3 PUFAs displays sex-differential effect on APAP hepatotoxicity and could have profound significance in the clinical management for drug-induced liver injury.
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63
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McEachern EP, Coley AA, Yang SS, Gao WJ. PSD-95 deficiency alters GABAergic inhibition in the prefrontal cortex. Neuropharmacology 2020; 179:108277. [PMID: 32818520 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Postsynaptic Density Protein-95 (PSD-95) is a major scaffolding protein in the excitatory synapses in the brain and a critical regulator of synaptic maturation for NMDA and AMPA receptors. PSD-95 deficiency has been linked to cognitive and learning deficits implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. Previous studies have shown that PSD-95 deficiency causes a significant reduction in the excitatory response in the hippocampus. However, little is known about whether PSD-95 deficiency will affect gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibitory synapses. Using a PSD-95 transgenic mouse model (PSD-95+/-), we studied how PSD-95 deficiency affects GABAA receptor expression and function in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) during adolescence. Our results showed a significant increase in the GABAA receptor subunit α1. Correspondingly, there are increases in the frequency and amplitude in spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) in pyramidal neurons in the mPFC of PSD-95+/- mice, along with a significant increase in evoked IPSCs, leading to a dramatic shift in the excitatory-to-inhibitory balance in PSD-95 deficient mice. Furthermore, PSD-95 deficiency promotes inhibitory synapse function via upregulation and trafficking of NLGN2 and reduced GSK3β activity through tyr-216 phosphorylation. Our study provides novel insights on the effects of GABAergic transmission in the mPFC due to PSD-95 deficiency and its potential link with cognitive and learning deficits associated with neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin P McEachern
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Austin A Coley
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Sha-Sha Yang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Wen-Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA.
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64
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Galectin-3 Secreted by Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reduces Aberrant Tau Phosphorylation in an Alzheimer Disease Model. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8878412. [PMID: 32733573 PMCID: PMC7383310 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8878412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of neurofibrillary tangles has been implicated as an important pathological marker for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies have revealed that the inhibition of abnormal hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of tau in the AD brain might serve as an important drug target. Using in vitro and in vivo experimental models, such as the AD mouse model (5xFAD mice), we investigated the inhibition of hyperphosphorylation of tau using the human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs). Administration of hUCB-MSCs not only ameliorated the spatial learning and memory impairments but also mitigated the hyperphosphorylation of tau in 5xFAD mice. Furthermore, in vivo experiments in mice and in vitro ThT fluorescence assay validated galectin-3 (GAL-3) as an essential factor of hUCB-MSC. Moreover, GAL-3 was observed to be involved in the removal of aberrant forms of tau, by reducing hyperphosphorylation through decrements in the glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β). Our results confirm that GAL-3, secreted by hUCB-MSC, regulates the abnormal accumulation of tau by protein-protein interactions. This study suggests that hUCB-MSCs mitigate hyperphosphorylation of tau through GAL-3 secretion. These findings highlight the potential role of hUCB-MSCs as a therapeutic agent for aberrant tau in AD.
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65
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Trostnikov MV, Veselkina ER, Krementsova AV, Boldyrev SV, Roshina NV, Pasyukova EG. Modulated Expression of the Protein Kinase GSK3 in Motor and Dopaminergic Neurons Increases Female Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Genet 2020; 11:668. [PMID: 32695143 PMCID: PMC7339944 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most eukaryotic genes express multiple transcripts and proteins, and a sophisticated gene expression strategy plays a crucial role in ensuring the cell-specificity of genetic information and the correctness of phenotypes. The Drosophila melanogaster gene shaggy encodes several isoforms of the conserved glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), which is vitally important for multiple biological processes. To characterize the phenotypic effects of differential shaggy expression, we explored how the multidirectional modulation of the expression of the main GSK3 isoform, Shaggy-PB, in different tissues and cells affects lifespan. To this end, we used lines with transgenic constructs that encode mutant variants of the protein. The effect of shaggy misexpression on lifespan depended on the direction of the presumed change in GSK3 activity and the type of tissue/cell. The modulation of GSK3 activity in motor and dopaminergic neurons improved female lifespan but caused seemingly negative changes in the structural (mitochondrial depletion; neuronal loss) and functional (perturbed locomotion) properties of the nervous system, indicating the importance of analyzing the relationship between lifespan and healthspan in invertebrate models. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular and cellular bases of lifespan extension, demonstrating that the fine-tuning of transcript-specific shaggy expression in individual groups of neurons is sufficient to provide a sex-specific increase in survival and slow aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Trostnikov
- Laboratory of Genome Variation, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina R Veselkina
- Laboratory of Genome Variation, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna V Krementsova
- Laboratory of Genome Variation, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Kinetics and Mechanisms of Enzymatic and Catalytic Reactions, N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stepan V Boldyrev
- Laboratory of Genome Variation, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Genetic Basis of Biodiversity, N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Roshina
- Laboratory of Genome Variation, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Genetic Basis of Biodiversity, N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena G Pasyukova
- Laboratory of Genome Variation, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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66
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Jaworski T. Control of neuronal excitability by GSK-3beta: Epilepsy and beyond. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118745. [PMID: 32450268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3β) is an enzyme with a variety of cellular functions in addition to the regulation of glycogen metabolism. In the central nervous system, different intracellular signaling pathways converge on GSK-3β through a cascade of phosphorylation events that ultimately control a broad range of neuronal functions in the development and adulthood. In mice, genetically removing or increasing GSK-3β cause distinct functional and structural neuronal phenotypes and consequently affect cognition. Precise control of GSK-3β activity is important for such processes as neuronal migration, development of neuronal morphology, synaptic plasticity, excitability, and gene expression. Altered GSK-3β activity contributes to aberrant plasticity within neuronal circuits leading to neurological, psychiatric disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therapeutically targeting GSK-3β can restore the aberrant plasticity of neuronal networks at least in animal models of these diseases. Although the complete repertoire of GSK-3β neuronal substrates has not been defined, emerging evidence shows that different ion channels and their accessory proteins controlling excitability, neurotransmitter release, and synaptic transmission are regulated by GSK-3β, thereby supporting mechanisms of synaptic plasticity in cognition. Dysregulation of ion channel function by defective GSK-3β activity sustains abnormal excitability in the development of epilepsy and other GSK-3β-linked human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Jaworski
- Laboratory of Animal Models, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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67
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Manduca JD, Thériault RK, Perreault ML. Glycogen synthase kinase-3: The missing link to aberrant circuit function in disorders of cognitive dysfunction? Pharmacol Res 2020; 157:104819. [PMID: 32305493 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Elevated GSK-3 activity has been implicated in cognitive dysfunction associated with various disorders including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, type 2 diabetes, traumatic brain injury, major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Further, aberrant neural oscillatory activity in, and between, cortical regions and the hippocampus is consistently present within these same cognitive disorders. In this review, we will put forth the idea that increased GSK-3 activity serves as a pathological convergence point across cognitive disorders, inducing similar consequent impacts on downstream signaling mechanisms implicated in the maintenance of processes critical to brain systems communication and normal cognitive functioning. In this regard we suggest that increased activation of GSK-3 and neuronal oscillatory dysfunction are early pathological changes that may be functionally linked. Mechanistic commonalities between these disorders of cognitive dysfunction will be discussed and potential downstream targets of GSK-3 that may contribute to neuronal oscillatory dysfunction identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Manduca
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Melissa L Perreault
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, ON, Canada.
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68
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Hamstra SI, Kurgan N, Baranowski RW, Qiu L, Watson CJF, Messner HN, MacPherson REK, MacNeil AJ, Roy BD, Fajardo VA. Low-dose lithium feeding increases the SERCA2a-to-phospholamban ratio, improving SERCA function in murine left ventricles. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:666-675. [PMID: 32087034 DOI: 10.1113/ep088061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) has been shown to improve cardiac SERCA2a function. Lithium can inhibit GSK3, but therapeutic doses used in treating bipolar disorder can have toxic effects. It has not been determined whether subtherapeutic doses of lithium can improve cardiac SERCA function. What is the main finding and its importance? Using left ventricles from wild-type mice, we found that subtherapeutic lithium feeding for 6 weeks decreased GSK3 activity and increased cardiac SERCA function compared with control-fed mice. These findings warrant the investigation of low-dose lithium feeding in preclinical models of cardiomyopathy and heart failure to determine the therapeutic benefit of GSK3 inhibition. ABSTRACT The sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase (SERCA) pump is responsible for regulating calcium (Ca2+ ) within myocytes, with SERCA2a being the dominant isoform in cardiomyocytes. Its inhibitor, phospholamban (PLN), acts by decreasing the affinity of SERCA for Ca2+ . Changes in the SERCA2a:PLN ratio can cause Ca2+ dysregulation often seen in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. The enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is known to downregulate SERCA function by decreasing the SERCA2a:PLN ratio. In this study, we sought to determine whether feeding mice low-dose lithium, a natural GSK3 inhibitor, would improve left ventricular SERCA function by altering the SERCA2a:PLN ratio. To this end, male wild-type C57BL/6J mice were fed low-dose lithium via drinking water (10 mg kg-1 day-1 LiCl for 6 weeks) and left ventricles were harvested. GSK3 activity was significantly reduced in LiCl-fed versus control-fed mice. The apparent affinity of SERCA for Ca2+ was also increased (pCa50 ; control, 6.09 ± 0.03 versus LiCl, 6.26 ± 0.04, P < 0.0001) along with a 2.0-fold increase in SERCA2a:PLN ratio in LiCl-fed versus control-fed mice. These findings suggest that low-dose lithium supplementation can improve SERCA function by increasing the SERCA2a:PLN ratio. Future studies in murine preclinical models will determine whether GSK3 inhibition via low-dose lithium could be a potential therapeutic strategy for dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie I Hamstra
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.,Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Nigel Kurgan
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.,Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Ryan W Baranowski
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.,Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Liqun Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Colton J F Watson
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Holt N Messner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | | | - Adam J MacNeil
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Brian D Roy
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.,Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Val A Fajardo
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.,Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
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69
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Koren-Iton A, Salomon-Zimri S, Smolar A, Shavit-Stein E, Dori A, Chapman J, Michaelson DM. Central and Peripheral Mechanisms in ApoE4-Driven Diabetic Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1289. [PMID: 32075060 PMCID: PMC7072920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 gene allele and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are prime risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite evidence linking T2DM and apoE4, the mechanism underlying their interaction is yet to be determined. In the present study, we employed a model of APOE-targeted replacement mice and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance to investigate diabetic mechanisms associated with apoE4 pathology and the extent to which they are driven by peripheral and central processes. Results obtained revealed an intriguing pattern, in which under basal conditions, apoE4 mice display impaired glucose and insulin tolerance and decreased insulin secretion, as well as cognitive and sensorimotor characteristics relative to apoE3 mice, while the HFD impairs apoE3 mice without significantly affecting apoE4 mice. Measurements of weight and fasting blood glucose levels increased in a time-dependent manner following the HFD, though no effect of genotype was observed. Interestingly, sciatic electrophysiological and skin intra-epidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) peripheral measurements were not affected by the APOE genotype or HFD, suggesting that the observed sensorimotor and cognitive phenotypes are related to central nervous system processes. Indeed, measurements of hippocampal insulin receptor and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) activation revealed a pattern similar to that obtained in the behavioral measurements while Akt activation presented a dominant effect of diet. HFD manipulation induced genotype-independent hyperlipidation of apoE, and reduced levels of brain apoE in apoE3 mice, rendering them similar to apoE4 mice, whose brain apoE levels were not affected by the diet. No such effect was observed in the peripheral plasma levels of apoE, suggesting that the pathological effects of apoE4 under the control diet and apoE3 under HFD conditions are related to the decreased levels of brain apoE. Taken together, our data suggests that diabetic mechanisms play an important role in mediating the pathological effects of apoE4 and that consequently, diabetic-related therapy may be useful in treating apoE4 pathology in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Koren-Iton
- Department of Neurobiology, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.K.-I.); (S.S.-Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Shiran Salomon-Zimri
- Department of Neurobiology, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.K.-I.); (S.S.-Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Alex Smolar
- Department of Neurobiology, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.K.-I.); (S.S.-Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Efrat Shavit-Stein
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5261, Israel; (E.S.-S.); (A.D.); (J.C.)
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Amir Dori
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5261, Israel; (E.S.-S.); (A.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Joab Chapman
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5261, Israel; (E.S.-S.); (A.D.); (J.C.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Daniel M. Michaelson
- Department of Neurobiology, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.K.-I.); (S.S.-Z.); (A.S.)
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70
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Farhadi A, Vosough M, Zhang JS, Tahamtani Y, Shahpasand K. A Possible Neurodegeneration Mechanism Triggered by Diabetes. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:692-700. [PMID: 31399291 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Several conditions result in neurodegeneration; among which diabetes mellitus (DM) is of crucial importance. Tau (τ) malfunction is a major pathological process participating in neurodegeneration. Despite extensive considerations, the actual causative link between DM and τ abnormalities remains uncertain thus far. Phosphorylated (p)-τ at Thr-Pro motifs can exist in the two distinct cis and trans conformations. cis is neurotoxic, and is accumulated upon various stress conditions, such as nutrition depletion. We assume that pathogenic cis p-τ is the central mediator of neurodegeneration in DM, and propose why different brain areas give various responses to stress conditions. We herein juxtapose recent approaches in diabetic neurodegeneration and propose a therapeutic target to stop neuronal loss during DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisan Farhadi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, IR 19395-4644, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- International Collaborative Center on Growth Factor Research, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University; Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yaser Tahamtani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, IR 19395-4644, Iran.
| | - Koorosh Shahpasand
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, IR 19395-4644, Iran.
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71
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Tyr198 is the Essential Autophosphorylation Site for STK16 Localization and Kinase Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194852. [PMID: 31574902 PMCID: PMC6801969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
STK16, reported as a Golgi localized serine/threonine kinase, has been shown to participate in multiple cellular processes, including the TGF-β signaling pathway, TGN protein secretion and sorting, as well as cell cycle and Golgi assembly regulation. However, the mechanisms of the regulation of its kinase activity remain underexplored. It was known that STK16 is autophosphorylated at Thr185, Ser197, and Tyr198 of the activation segment in its kinase domain. We found that STK16 localizes to the cell membrane and the Golgi throughout the cell cycle, but mutations in the auto-phosphorylation sites not only alter its subcellular localization but also affect its kinase activity. In particular, the Tyr198 mutation alone significantly reduced the kinase activity of STK16, abolished its Golgi and membrane localization, and affected the cell cycle progression. This study demonstrates that a single site autophosphorylation of STK16 could affect its localization and function, which provides insights into the molecular regulatory mechanism of STK16's kinase activity.
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72
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Qin T, Fu X, Yu J, Zhang R, Deng X, Fu Q, Ma Z, Ma S. Modification of GSK3β/β-catenin signaling on saikosaponins-d-induced inhibition of neural progenitor cell proliferation and adult neurogenesis. Toxicology 2019; 424:152233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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73
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Wegner MS, Gruber L, Schömel N, Trautmann S, Brachtendorf S, Fuhrmann D, Schreiber Y, Olesch C, Brüne B, Geisslinger G, Grösch S. GPER1 influences cellular homeostasis and cytostatic drug resistance via influencing long chain ceramide synthesis in breast cancer cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 112:95-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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74
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Modulation of GSK - 3β/β - catenin cascade by commensal bifidobateria plays an important role for the inhibition of metaflammation-related biomarkers in response to LPS or non-physiological concentrations of fructose: An in vitro study. PHARMANUTRITION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2019.100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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75
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GSK-3 β at the Intersection of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurodegeneration. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:4209475. [PMID: 31191636 PMCID: PMC6525914 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4209475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In neurons, Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β (GSK-3β) has been shown to regulate various critical processes underlying structural and functional synaptic plasticity. Mouse models with neuron-selective expression or deletion of GSK-3β present behavioral and cognitive abnormalities, positioning this protein kinase as a key signaling molecule in normal brain functioning. Furthermore, mouse models with defective GSK-3β activity display distinct structural and behavioral abnormalities, which model some aspects of different neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Equalizing GSK-3β activity in these mouse models by genetic or pharmacological interventions is able to rescue some of these abnormalities. Thus, GSK-3β is a relevant therapeutic target for the treatment of many brain disorders. Here, we provide an overview of how GSK-3β is regulated in physiological synaptic plasticity and how aberrant GSK-3β activity contributes to the development of dysfunctional synaptic plasticity in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
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76
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Kaufman MJ, Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Pope HG. Supraphysiologic-dose anabolic-androgenic steroid use: A risk factor for dementia? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 100:180-207. [PMID: 30817935 PMCID: PMC6451684 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Supraphysiologic-dose anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use is associated with physiologic, cognitive, and brain abnormalities similar to those found in people at risk for developing Alzheimer's Disease and its related dementias (AD/ADRD), which are associated with high brain β-amyloid (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (tau-P) protein levels. Supraphysiologic-dose AAS induces androgen abnormalities and excess oxidative stress, which have been linked to increased and decreased expression or activity of proteins that synthesize and eliminate, respectively, Aβ and tau-P. Aβ and tau-P accumulation may begin soon after initiating supraphysiologic-dose AAS use, which typically occurs in the early 20s, and their accumulation may be accelerated by other psychoactive substance use, which is common among non-medical AAS users. Accordingly, the widespread use of supraphysiologic-dose AAS may increase the numbers of people who develop dementia. Early diagnosis and correction of sex-steroid level abnormalities and excess oxidative stress could attenuate risk for developing AD/ADRD in supraphysiologic-dose AAS users, in people with other substance use disorders, and in people with low sex-steroid levels or excess oxidative stress associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Kaufman
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Gen Kanayama
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James I Hudson
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Harrison G Pope
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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77
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The Anti-Tumor Agent Sodium Selenate Decreases Methylated PP2A, Increases GSK3βY216 Phosphorylation, Including Tau Disease Epitopes and Reduces Neuronal Excitability in SHSY-5Y Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040844. [PMID: 30781361 PMCID: PMC6412488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium application as sodium selenate was repeatedly shown to have anti-carcinogenic properties by increasing levels of the serine/ threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in cancer cells. PP2A has a prominent role in cell development, homeostasis, and in neurons regulates excitability. PP2A, GSK3β and Tau reside together in a complex, which facilitates their interaction and (dys)-function as has been reported for several neurological disorders. In this study we recorded maximum increase in total PP2A at 3 µM sodium selenate in a neuron cell line. In conjunction with these data, whole-cell electrophysiological studies revealed that this concentration had maximum effect on membrane potentials, conductance and currents. Somewhat surprisingly, the catalytically active form, methylated PP2A (mePP2A) was significantly decreased. In close correlation to these data, the phosphorylation state of two substrate proteins, sensitive to PP2A activity, GSK3β and Tau were found to be increased. In summary, our data reveal that sodium selenate enhances PP2A levels, but reduces catalytic activity of PP2A in a dose dependent manner, which fails to reduce Tau and GSK3β phosphorylation under physiological conditions, indicating an alternative route in the rescue of cell pathology in neurological disorders.
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Sharma N, Tramutola A, Lanzillotta C, Arena A, Blarzino C, Cassano T, Butterfield DA, Di Domenico F, Perluigi M, Barone E. Loss of biliverdin reductase-A favors Tau hyper-phosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 125:176-189. [PMID: 30738142 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyper-active GSK-3β favors Tau phosphorylation during the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Akt is one of the main kinases inhibiting GSK-3β and its activation occurs in response to neurotoxic stimuli including, i.e., oxidative stress. Biliverdin reductase-A (BVR-A) is a scaffold protein favoring the Akt-mediated inhibition of GSK-3β. Reduced BVR-A levels along with increased oxidative stress were observed early in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice (at 6 months), thus suggesting that loss of BVR-A could be a limiting factor in the oxidative stress-induced Akt-mediated inhibition of GSK-3β in AD. We evaluated changes of BVR-A, Akt, GSK-3β, oxidative stress and Tau phosphorylation levels: (a) in brain from young (6-months) and old (12-months) 3xTg-AD mice; and (b) in post-mortem inferior parietal lobule (IPL) samples from amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), from AD and from age-matched controls. Furthermore, similar analyses were performed in vitro in cells lacking BVR-A and treated with H2O2. Reduced BVR-A levels along with: (a) increased oxidative stress; (b) reduced GSK-3β inhibition; and (c) increased Tau Ser404 phosphorylation (target of GSK-3β activity) without changes of Akt activation in young mice, were observed. Similar findings were obtained in MCI, consistent with the notion that this is a molecular mechanism disrupted in humans. Interestingly, cells lacking BVR-A and treated with H2O2 showed reduced GSK-3β inhibition and increased Tau Ser404 phosphorylation, which resulted from a defect of Akt and GSK-3β physical interaction. Reduced levels of Akt/GSK-3β complex were confirmed in both young 3xTg-AD and MCI brain. We demonstrated that loss of BVR-A impairs the neuroprotective Akt-mediated inhibition of GSK-3β in response to oxidative stress, thus contributing to Tau hyper-phosphorylation in early stage AD. Such changes potential provide promising therapeutic targets for this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Sharma
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Antonella Tramutola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Chiara Lanzillotta
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Andrea Arena
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Carla Blarzino
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via L. Pinto, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Markey Cancer Center, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA
| | - Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy.
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Takahashi M, Kobayashi Y, Ando K, Saito Y, Hisanaga SI. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 promotes proteasomal degradation of the 5-HT 1A receptor via phosphorylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 510:370-375. [PMID: 30712943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is a major neurotransmitter in mammalian brains and is involved in brain development and psychiatric disorders. The 5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1AR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) associated with an inhibitory G-protein (Gi) with the widest and most abundant expression. It is not known; however, how expression or activity of 5-HTlAR is regulated. We studied here phosphorylation of 5-HT1AR by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), a neuron-specific membrane-bound Ser/Thr kinase that is activated by binding of the p35 Cdk5 activator. 5-HT1AR was phosphorylated by the Cdk5-p35 complex at Thr314 in the third cytoplasmic loop. The phosphorylation stimulated the degradation of 5-HT1AR by the proteasome, resulting in neutralization of the inhibitory action of 5-HT1AR on intracellular cAMP concentration. These results suggest that Cdk5-p35 modulates 5-HT signaling through phosphorylation-dependent degradation of 5-HTlAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Takahashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- Graduate School Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Kanae Ando
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito
- Graduate School Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hisanaga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
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80
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Paudel P, Seong SH, Zhou Y, Park CH, Yokozawa T, Jung HA, Choi JS. Rosmarinic Acid Derivatives' Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Is the Pharmacological Basis of Kangen-Karyu in Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2018; 23:E2919. [PMID: 30413117 PMCID: PMC6278281 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) is considered to be the central therapeutic approach against Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, boiled water extracts of the Kangen-karyu (KK) herbal mixture and its constituents were screened for GSK-3β inhibitory activity. KK is used in traditional Kampo and Chinese medicines for improving cognitive function. The GSK-3β inhibition potential was evaluated by using the Kinase-Glo luminescent kinase assay platform. Furthermore, enzyme kinetics and in silico modeling were performed by using AutoDockTools to demonstrate the mechanism of enzyme inhibition. KK extract significantly inhibited GSK-3β in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50: 17.05 ± 1.14 μg/mL) when compared with the reference drug luteolin (IC50: 2.18 ± 0.13 μM). Among the six components of KK, extracts of Cyperi Rhizoma and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix significantly inhibited GSK-3β with IC50 values of 20.68 ± 2.50 and 7.77 ± 1.38 μg/mL, respectively. Among the constituents of the roots of S. miltiorrhiza water extract, rosmarinic acid, magnesium lithospermate B, salvianolic acid A, salvianolic acid B, and salvianolic acid C inhibited GSK-3β with IC50 values ranging from 6.97 to 135.5 μM. Salvianolic acid B was found to be an ATP-competitive inhibitor of GSK-3β and showed the lowest IC50 value (6.97 ± 0.96 µM). In silico modeling suggested a mechanism of action by which the hydrophobic, π⁻cation, and hydrophilic interactions of salvianolic acid B at ATP and substrate sites are critical for the observed GSK-3β inhibition. Therefore, one of the mechanisms of action of KK against AD may be the inhibition of GSK-3β and one of the active components of KK is the root of S. miltiorrhiza and its constituents: rosmarinic acid, magnesium lithospermate B, and salvianolic acids A, B, and C. Our results demonstrate the pharmacological basis for the use of KK against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Paudel
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.
| | - Su Hui Seong
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.
| | - Yajuan Zhou
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.
| | - Chan Hum Park
- Department of Medicinal Crop Research National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Takako Yokozawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
| | - Hyun Ah Jung
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.
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81
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Kimura T, Sharma G, Ishiguro K, Hisanaga SI. Phospho-Tau Bar Code: Analysis of Phosphoisotypes of Tau and Its Application to Tauopathy. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:44. [PMID: 29467609 PMCID: PMC5808175 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein which regulates the assembly and stability of microtubules in the axons of neurons. Tau is also a major component of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), a pathological hallmark in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A characteristic of AD tau is hyperphosphorylation with more than 40 phosphorylation sites. Aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau are also found in other neurodegenerative diseases which are collectively called tauopathies. Although a large number of studies have been performed on the phosphorylation of AD tau, it is not known if there is disease-specific phosphorylation among tauopathies. This is due to the lack of a proper method for analyzing tau phosphorylation in vivo. Most previous phosphorylation studies were conducted using a range of phosphorylation site-specific antibodies. These studies describe relative changes of different phosphorylation sites, however, it is hard to estimate total, absolute and collective changes in phosphorylation. To overcome these problems, we have recently applied the Phos-Tag technique to the analysis of tau phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. This method separates tau into many bands during SDS-PAGE depending on its phosphorylation states, creating a bar code appearance. We propose calling this banding pattern of tau the "phospho-tau bar code." In this review article, we describe what is newly discovered regarding tau phosphorylation through the use of the Phos-Tag. We would like to propose its use for the postmortem diagnosis of tauopathy which is presently done by immunostaining diseased brains with anti-phospho-antibodies. While Phos-tag SDS-PAGE, like other biochemical assays, will lose morphological information, it could provide other types of valuable information such as disease-specific phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Kimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Govinda Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Koichi Ishiguro
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hisanaga
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
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82
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Nday CM, Eleftheriadou D, Jackson G. Shared pathological pathways of Alzheimer's disease with specific comorbidities: current perspectives and interventions. J Neurochem 2018; 144:360-389. [PMID: 29164610 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) belongs to one of the most multifactorial, complex and heterogeneous morbidity-leading disorders. Despite the extensive research in the field, AD pathogenesis is still at some extend obscure. Mechanisms linking AD with certain comorbidities, namely diabetes mellitus, obesity and dyslipidemia, are increasingly gaining importance, mainly because of their potential role in promoting AD development and exacerbation. Their exact cognitive impairment trajectories, however, remain to be fully elucidated. The current review aims to offer a clear and comprehensive description of the state-of-the-art approaches focused on generating in-depth knowledge regarding the overlapping pathology of AD and its concomitant ailments. Thorough understanding of associated alterations on a number of molecular, metabolic and hormonal pathways, will contribute to the further development of novel and integrated theranostics, as well as targeted interventions that may be beneficial for individuals with age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane M Nday
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Eleftheriadou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Graham Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
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83
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Lacal Romero J, Shen Z, Baumgardner K, Wei J, Briggs SP, Firtel RA. The Dictyostelium GSK3 kinase GlkA coordinates signal relay and chemotaxis in response to growth conditions. Dev Biol 2018; 435:56-72. [PMID: 29355521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
GSK3 plays a central role in orchestrating key biological signaling pathways, including cell migration. Here, we identify GlkA as a GSK3 family kinase with functions that overlap with and are distinct from those of GskA. We show that GlkA, as previously shown for GskA, regulates the cell's cytoskeleton through MyoII assembly and control of Ras and Rap1 function, leading to aberrant cell migration. However, there are both qualitative and quantitative differences in the regulation of Ras and Rap1 and their downstream effectors, including PKB, PKBR1, and PI3K, with glkA- cells exhibiting a more severe chemotaxis phenotype than gskA- cells. Unexpectedly, the severe glkA- phenotypes, but not those of gskA-, are only exhibited when cells are grown attached to a substratum but not in suspension, suggesting that GlkA functions as a key kinase of cell attachment signaling. Using proteomic iTRAQ analysis we show that there are quantitative differences in the pattern of protein expression depending on the growth conditions in wild-type cells. We find that GlkA expression affects the cell's proteome during vegetative growth and development, with many of these changes depending on whether the cells are grown attached to a substratum or in suspension. These changes include key cytoskeletal and signaling proteins known to be essential for proper chemotaxis and signal relay during the aggregation stage of Dictyostelium development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Lacal Romero
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380, USA
| | - Zhouxin Shen
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380, USA
| | - Kimberly Baumgardner
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380, USA
| | - Jing Wei
- JadeBio, Inc., 505 Coast Boulevard South Suite 206, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Steven P Briggs
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380, USA
| | - Richard A Firtel
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380, USA.
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