51
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Kaneto H, Miyatsuka T, Fujitani Y, Noguchi H, Song KH, Yoon KH, Matsuoka TA. Role of PDX-1 and MafA as a potential therapeutic target for diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007; 77 Suppl 1:S127-37. [PMID: 17449132 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2007.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox factor-1 (PDX-1) plays a crucial role in pancreas development, beta-cell differentiation, and maintaining mature beta-cell function. During pancreas development, PDX-1 expression is maintained in precursor cells, and later it becomes restricted to beta-cells. In mature beta-cells, PDX-1 regulates gene expression of various beta-cell-related factors including insulin. Also, PDX-1 has potency to induce insulin-producing cells from non-beta-cells in various tissues, and PDX-1-VP16 fusion protein more efficiently induces insulin-producing cells, especially in the presence of NeuroD or Ngn3. MafA is a recently isolated beta-cell-specific transcription factor which functions as a potent activator of insulin gene transcription. During pancreas development, MafA expression is first detected at the beginning of the principal phase of insulin-producing cell production. Furthermore, MafA markedly enhances insulin gene promoter activity and ameliorates glucose tolerance in diabetic mice, especially in the presence of PDX-1 and NeuroD. Taken together, PDX-1 and MafA play a crucial role in inducing surrogate beta-cells and could be a therapeutic target for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kaneto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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52
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Wang AY, Ehrhardt A, Xu H, Kay MA. Adenovirus transduction is required for the correction of diabetes using Pdx-1 or Neurogenin-3 in the liver. Mol Ther 2007; 15:255-63. [PMID: 17235302 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of insulin-producing cells in vivo has emerged as a promising method for treating type I diabetes. Pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (Pdx-1), NeuroD, and Neurogenin-3 (Ngn3) are pancreatic transcription factors important for the development of insulin-producing cells in the liver. Other groups have demonstrated that adenoviral-mediated transgene expression of these transcription factors in the liver can reverse hyperglycemia in diabetic mice. We delivered Pdx-1 and Ngn3 to the livers of diabetic mice using adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 8, a vector that has been shown to result in non-toxic, persistent, high level expression of the transgene. We were unable to correct hyperglycemia in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes using AAV vectors expressing Pdx-1 and Ngn3. However, when we co-delivered these transcription factor expression cassettes in non-viral vectors with an irrelevant adenoviral vector, we were able to correct hyperglycemia in diabetic animals. Further studies demonstrated that an antigen-dependent immune response elicited by the adenoviral capsid together with the expression of a pancreatic transcription factor was required for restoration of serum insulin levels by the liver. Our results suggest that a host response to adenovirus in combination with expression of a pro-endocrine pancreas transcription factor is sufficient to induce insulin production in the livers of diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Y Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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53
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Newsholme P, Haber EP, Hirabara SM, Rebelato ELO, Procopio J, Morgan D, Oliveira-Emilio HC, Carpinelli AR, Curi R. Diabetes associated cell stress and dysfunction: role of mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial ROS production and activity. J Physiol 2007; 583:9-24. [PMID: 17584843 PMCID: PMC2277225 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.135871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted, given the current weight of experimental evidence, that reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to cell and tissue dysfunction and damage caused by glucolipotoxicity in diabetes. The source of ROS in the insulin secreting pancreatic beta-cells and in the cells which are targets for insulin action has been considered to be the mitochondrial electron transport chain. While this source is undoubtably important, we provide additional information and evidence for NADPH oxidase-dependent generation of ROS both in pancreatic beta-cells and in insulin sensitive cells. While mitochondrial ROS generation may be important for regulation of mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP) activity and thus disruption of cellular energy metabolism, the NADPH oxidase associated ROS may alter parameters of signal transduction, insulin secretion, insulin action and cell proliferation or cell death. Thus NADPH oxidase may be a useful target for intervention strategies based on reversing the negative impact of glucolipotoxicity in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Newsholme
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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54
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Mukai E, Fujimoto S, Sakurai F, Kawabata K, Yamashita M, Inagaki N, Mizuguchi H. Efficient gene transfer into murine pancreatic islets using adenovirus vectors. J Control Release 2007; 119:136-41. [PMID: 17331612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2006] [Revised: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the efficiency of gene transduction into murine pancreatic islets using the adenovirus (Ad) vector. Western blotting analysis showed that mouse pancreatic islets express coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor, a receptor for Ad. Nevertheless, gene expression after transduction of the Ad vector in vitro was observed only in the periphery of the islets, probably due to physical obstruction against Ad infection of the cells in the inside of islets. Ca(2+)-free treatment before the Ad vector transduction enhanced transduction efficiency in the islets, but not the cells in the inside of islets. The Ad vector transduction through the celiac artery in vivo and then cultivation of islets in vitro resulted in efficient transduction even in the inside of islets. Thus we propose a new strategy for efficient gene transfer to pancreatic beta-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Mukai
- Laboratory of Gene Transfer and Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito, Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
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55
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Noguchi H, Xu G, Matsumoto S, Kaneto H, Kobayashi N, Bonner-Weir S, Hayashi S. Induction of pancreatic stem/progenitor cells into insulin-producing cells by adenoviral-mediated gene transfer technology. Cell Transplant 2007; 15:929-38. [PMID: 17299998 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783981431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
beta-Cell replacement therapy via islet transplantation is a promising possibility for the optimal treatment of type 1 diabetes; however, such an approach is severely limited by the shortage of donor organs. This problem could be overcome if it were possible to generate transplantable islets from stem cells. We showed previously that adult beta-cells might originate from duct or duct-associated cells. Ductal progenitor cells in the pancreas would become particularly useful for therapies that target beta-cell replacement in diabetic patients, because duct cell types are abundantly available in the pancreas of these patients and in donor organs. In this study, we examined which embryonic transcription factors in adult mouse and human duct cells could efficiently induce their differentiation into insulin-expressing cells. Infection with the adenovirus expressing PDX-1, Ngn3, NeuroD, or Pax4 induced the insulin gene expression. NeuroD was the most effective inducer of insulin expression in primary duct cells. Surprisingly, adenovirus Pax4 strongly induced Ngn3 expression, while Pax4 is considered the downstream target of Ngn3. These data suggest that the overexpression of transcription factors, especially NeuroD, facilitates pancreatic stem/progenitor cell differentiation into insulin-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Noguchi
- Diabetes Research Institute Japan, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
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56
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Kaneto H, Katakami N, Kawamori D, Miyatsuka T, Sakamoto K, Matsuoka TA, Matsuhisa M, Yamasaki Y. Involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:355-66. [PMID: 17184181 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.1465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta-cell failure is the common characteristic of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is induced by pancreatic beta-cell destruction, which is mediated by an autoimmune mechanism and consequent inflammatory process. Various inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress produced by islet-infiltrating immune cells have been proposed to play an important role in mediating the destruction of beta cells. The JNK pathway is also activated by such cytokines and oxidative stress and is involved in beta-cell destruction. Type 2 diabetes is the most prevalent and serious metabolic disease affecting people all over the world. Pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are the hallmark of type 2 diabetes. Once hyperglycemia becomes apparent, beta-cell function gradually deteriorates, and insulin resistance is aggravated. This process is called "glucose toxicity." Under such conditions, oxidative stress is provoked, and the JNK pathway is activated, which is likely involved in pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. In addition, oxidative stress and activation of the JNK pathway are involved in the progression of atherosclerosis, which is often observed under diabetic conditions. Taken together, it is likely that oxidative stress and subsequent activation of the JNK pathway are involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kaneto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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57
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a devastating disease and over 6% of the population is affected worldwide. The success achieved over the last few years with islet transplantation suggest that diabetes can be cured by the replenishment of deficient beta cells. These observations are proof of concept and have intensified interest in treating diabetes or other diseases not only by cell transplantation but also by stem cells. Work with ES cells has not yet produced cells with the phenotype of true beta cells, but there has been recent progress in directing ES cells to the endoderm. Bone marrow-derived stem cells could initiate pancreatic regeneration. Pancreatic stem/progenitor cells have been identified, and the formation of new beta cells from duct, acinar and liver cells is an active area of investigation. Some agents including glucagon-like peptide-1/exendin-4 can stimulate the regeneration of beta cells in vivo. Overexpression of embryonic transcription factors in stem cells could efficiently induce their differentiation into insulin-expressing cells. New technology, known as protein transduction technology, facilitates the differentiation of stem cells into insulin-producing cells. Recent progress in the search for new sources of beta cells has opened up several possibilities for the development of new treatments for diabetes.
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58
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Abstract
The hallmark of Type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance and pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction. Under diabetic conditions, the c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway is activated in various tissues, which is involved in both insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. Activation of the JNK pathway interferes with insulin action and reduces insulin biosynthesis, and suppression of the JNK pathway in diabetic mice improves insulin resistance and beta-cell function, leading to amelioration of glucose tolerance. Taken together, the JNK pathway is likely to play a central role in the progression of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction and, thus, could be a potential therapeutic target for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kaneto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics (A8), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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59
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Tokui Y, Kozawa J, Yamagata K, Zhang J, Ohmoto H, Tochino Y, Okita K, Iwahashi H, Namba M, Shimomura I, Miyagawa JI. Neogenesis and proliferation of beta-cells induced by human betacellulin gene transduction via retrograde pancreatic duct injection of an adenovirus vector. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 350:987-93. [PMID: 17046717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.09.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Betacellulin (BTC) has been shown to have a role in the differentiation and proliferation of beta-cells both in vitro and in vivo. We administered a human betacellulin (hBTC) adenovirus vector to male ICR mice via retrograde pancreatic duct injection. As a control, we administered a beta-galactosidase adenovirus vector. In the mice, hBTC protein was mainly overexpressed by pancreatic duct cells. On immunohistochemical analysis, we observed features of beta-cell neogenesis as newly formed insulin-positive cells in the duct cell lining or islet-like cell clusters (ICCs) closely associated with the ducts. The BrdU labeling index of beta-cells was also increased by the betacellulin vector compared with that of control mice. These results indicate that hBTC gene transduction into adult pancreatic duct cells promoted beta-cell differentiation (mainly from duct cells) and proliferation of pre-existing beta-cells, resulting in an increase of the beta-cell mass that improved glucose tolerance in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yae Tokui
- Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2-B5, Yamadaoka, Suita-city, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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60
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Kaneto H, Miyatsuka T, Kawamori D, Shiraiwa T, Fujitani Y, Matsuoka TA. PDX-1 and MafA in β-cell differentiation and dysfunction. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2006; 1:587-600. [PMID: 30754099 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.1.5.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox factor-1 (PDX-1) plays crucial roles in pancreas development and β-cell differentiation, and in maintaining mature β-cell function. MafA is a recently isolated β-cell-specific transcription factor that functions as a potent activator of insulin gene transcription. Also, these pancreatic transcription factors play a crucial role in inducing surrogate β-cells from non-β-cells and, thus, could be therapeutic targets for diabetes. Conversely, expression and/or activities of PDX-1 and MafA in β-cells are reduced under diabetic conditions, which leads to suppression of insulin biosynthesis and secretion. It is likely that alteration of such transcription factors explains, at least in part, the molecular mechanism for β-cell glucose toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kaneto
- a Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics (A8), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Miyatsuka
- a Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics (A8), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Dan Kawamori
- a Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics (A8), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Toshihiko Shiraiwa
- a Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics (A8), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yoshio Fujitani
- a Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics (A8), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Taka-Aki Matsuoka
- a Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics (A8), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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61
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Ueda S, Fukamachi K, Matsuoka Y, Takasuka N, Takeshita F, Naito A, Iigo M, Alexander DB, Moore MA, Saito I, Ochiya T, Tsuda H. Ductal origin of pancreatic adenocarcinomas induced by conditional activation of a human Ha-ras oncogene in rat pancreas. Carcinogenesis 2006; 27:2497-510. [PMID: 16774944 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgl090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the most debilitating malignancies in humans. Currently, radiation and chemotherapy are ineffective, with median survival times after treatment of <12 months. Animal models that reflect the human condition and can be used to explore screening and therapeutic approaches are clearly desirable. One feature of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma is an exceedingly high frequency of K-ras mutation. The present study was conducted to determine if targeted activation of a human oncogenic-ras transgene in rat pancreas would induce carcinomas correspondent to human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. We established transgenic (Hras250) rats in which expression of a human Ha-rasG12V oncogene is regulated by the Cre/lox system. Targeted pancreatic activation of the transgene was accomplished by injection of Cre-carrying adenovirus into the pancreatic ducts and acini through the common bile duct. Adenoviral infection of injected animals was exclusive to the pancreas; infected cells could be identified in duct, intercalated duct, centroacinar and, less frequently, acinar cells, but not in endocrine islet cells. Four weeks after injection, proliferative lesions in the duct epithelium, intercalated ducts and centroacinar cells, but not acinar cells, were widespread. Tumorigenesis in other tissues was not observed. Most lesions, including atypical duct proliferative lesions, PanIN-like lesions and carcinomas, were positive for cytokeratins 19 and 7, cyclooxygenase 2 and MMP-7 but negative for amylase and chymotrypsin. Many adenocarcinoma lesions were positive for EGF and EGFR. Duct epithelial and atypical duct proliferative lesions and carcinoma lesions were all positive for transduced Ha-rasG12V oncogene expression. The cytogenesis of pancreatic ductal type carcinoma was depicted. This model exhibits important similarities to the human disease and promises to advance our understanding of the behavior of pancreas adenocarcinomas and expedite screening and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Ueda
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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62
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Narang AS, Mahato RI. Biological and Biomaterial Approaches for Improved Islet Transplantation. Pharmacol Rev 2006; 58:194-243. [PMID: 16714486 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation may be used to treat type I diabetes. Despite tremendous progress in islet isolation, culture, and preservation, the clinical use of this modality of treatment is limited due to post-transplantation challenges to the islets such as the failure to revascularize and immune destruction of the islet graft. In addition, the need for lifelong strong immunosuppressing agents restricts the use of this option to a limited subset of patients, which is further restricted by the unmet need for large numbers of islets. Inadequate islet supply issues are being addressed by regeneration therapy and xenotransplantation. Various strategies are being tried to prevent beta-cell death, including immunoisolation using semipermeable biocompatible polymeric capsules and induction of immune tolerance. Genetic modification of islets promises to complement all these strategies toward the success of islet transplantation. Furthermore, synergistic application of more than one strategy is required for improving the success of islet transplantation. This review will critically address various insights developed in each individual strategy and for multipronged approaches, which will be helpful in achieving better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit S Narang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 26 S. Dunlap St., Feurt Building, Room 413, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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63
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Kaneto H, Nakatani Y, Kawamori D, Miyatsuka T, Matsuoka TA, Matsuhisa M, Yamasaki Y. Role of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase in pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 38:782-93. [PMID: 16607699 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is the most prevalent and serious metabolic disease affecting people all over the world. Pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are the hallmark of type 2 diabetes. Normal beta-cells can compensate for insulin resistance by increasing insulin secretion and/or beta-cell mass, but insufficient compensation leads to the onset of glucose intolerance. Once hyperglycemia becomes apparent, beta-cell function gradually deteriorates and insulin resistance aggravates. Under diabetic conditions, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress are induced in various tissues, leading to activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway. The activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase suppresses insulin biosynthesis and interferes with insulin action. Indeed, suppression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in diabetic mice improves insulin resistance and ameliorates glucose tolerance. Thus, the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway plays a central role in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and could be a potential target for diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kaneto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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64
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Samson SL, Chan L. Gene therapy for diabetes: reinventing the islet. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2006; 17:92-100. [PMID: 16504534 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A cure for type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes might be found in generating surrogate insulin-producing cells to replace beta cells. A gene therapy strategy using constructs designed to allow glucose-regulated insulin transcription when delivered to non-pancreatic tissues has not fully recreated the stringent control of blood glucose provided by the beta cell. A more promising gene therapy approach has been to express pancreatic endocrine developmental factors, such as PDX-1, NeuroD/BETA2 and Neurogenin 3, to promote differentiation of non-endocrine cells towards a beta cell or islet phenotype, enabling these cells to synthesize and secrete insulin in a glucose-regulated manner. Further research is necessary, however, to better define the most effective pro-endocrine factors and the most amenable cell types to achieve transdifferentiation for beta cell replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Samson
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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65
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Ayuso E, Chillón M, García F, Agudo J, Andaluz A, Carretero A, Monfar M, Moya M, Montané J, Otaegui PJ, Bosch F. In vivo Gene Transfer to Healthy and Diabetic Canine Pancreas. Mol Ther 2006; 13:747-55. [PMID: 16330257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Revised: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy may provide new treatments for severe pancreatic disorders. However, gene transfer to the pancreas is difficult because of its anatomic location and structure, and pancreatitis is a serious concern. Like the human pancreas, the canine pancreas is compact, with similar vascularization and lobular structure. It is therefore a suitable model in which to assess gene transfer strategies. Here we examined the ability of adenoviral vectors to transfer genes into the pancreas of dogs in which pancreatic circulation had been clamped. Adenoviruses carrying the beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) gene were injected into the pancreatic-duodenal vein and the clamp was released 10 min later. These dogs showed beta-gal-positive cells throughout the pancreas, with no evidence of pancreatic damage. beta-Gal was expressed mainly in acinar cells, but also in ducts and islets. Moreover, transduction was prominent in connective tissue of the lobe septa. beta-Gal expression in the exocrine pancreas of a diabetic dog was also found to be similar to that observed in healthy dogs. Thus, efficient gene transfer to canine pancreas in vivo may be achieved by adenovirus injection after clamping pancreatic circulation. This technique may be used to assay new gene therapy approaches for diabetes mellitus and other pancreatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Ayuso
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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66
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Abstract
The most intensively studied autoimmune disorder, type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1), has attracted perhaps the greatest interest for gene-based therapeutic and prophylactic interventions. The final clinical manifestation of this immunologically and genetically complex disease, the absence of insulin, is the major starting point for almost all the gene therapy modalities attempted to date. Insulin replacement by transplantation of islets of Langerhans or surrogate beta cells is the obvious choice, but the allogeneic nature of the transplants activates potent antidonor immunoreactivity necessitating gene and cell-based immunosuppressive strategies as an alternative to the toxic pharmacologic immunosuppressives indicated for classic solid organ transplants. Accumulating knowledge of the cellular mechanisms involved in onset, however, have yielded promising tolerance induction prophylactic approaches using genes and cells. Despite the early successes in a number of animal models, the true test of efficacy in humans remains to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Giannoukakis
- Diabetes Institute, Pediatric Research Section, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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67
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Yamada S, Kojima I. Regenerative medicine of the pancreatic beta cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 12:218-26. [PMID: 15995810 DOI: 10.1007/s00534-005-0983-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that affects millions of people. The number of patients suffering from diabetes continues to increase all over the world. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes result from an inadequate mass of functioning beta cells. To achieve the ultimate goal of curing diabetes in the future, the mechanism of the regenerative process of the adult human pancreas must be elucidated. In this review, we first summarize the regenerative processes of the pancreas observed in animal models in vivo, and approaches to promote the regeneration of the pancreas in vivo. Next we consider other new approaches, such as stem cell research and cell-based therapy, for the cure of diabetes in the future. Based on the innovative success of the Edmonton protocol, islet transplantation has been considered to be a new therapeutic option for the treatment of diabetes. However, a serious shortage of donor pancreata is a critical problem. We suggest that the following issues should be solved in order to realize cell-based therapy. The first is to establish a source of stem/progenitor cells that will multiply easily in vitro and maintain their property as progenitor cells. The probable use of adult stem cells will circumvent potential ethical problems, and autotransplantation will become possible. The most difficult and as yet unsolved issue is how to differentiate these cells and acquire fully functional islets. Further investigations to understand the regenerative process of the adult pancreas and the appropriate induction of stem cell differentiation will help to establish cell-based therapy in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Yamada
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan
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68
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Abstract
New sources of insulin-producing cells are needed to overcome the limited availability of islet tissue for transplantation to diabetic patients. The engineering of murine or human transformed beta-cell lines and of non beta-cells has progressed slowly in recent years, while significant achievements have been claimed in the differentiation of insulin-producing cells from embryonic and adult stem cells. Some of the results have been questioned, however, and the generated cells lack many characteristics of differentiated beta-cells. A much better understanding of the processes that govern the expansion and differentiation of stem cells is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Montanya
- Endocrine Unit, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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69
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Loiler SA, Tang Q, Clarke T, Campbell-Thompson ML, Chiodo V, Hauswirth W, Cruz P, Perret-Gentil M, Atkinson MA, Ramiya VK, Flotte TR. Localized Gene Expression Following Administration of Adeno-associated Viral Vectors via Pancreatic Ducts. Mol Ther 2005; 12:519-27. [PMID: 15979413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Revised: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer into pancreatic cells in vivo could be of immense therapeutic benefit in cases of type 1 diabetes (T1D) through the production of molecules capable of interrupting the progression of autoimmunity or promoting regeneration of insulin-secreting beta cells. We adapted a clinically relevant surgical technique (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) to deliver rAAV encoding human alpha1-antitrypsin (approved gene symbol SERPINA1) to the pancreas of 3-week-old Fisher 344 rats and C57BL/6 mice. We compared natural as well as bioengineered serotypes of rAAV (rAAV1, rAAV2/Apo, rAAV8) as well as different promoters (chicken beta-actin, human insulin) for their expression in vivo. Rats injected with rAAV1 showed the highest hAAT expression (week 2, rAAV1/CB-AT, 579 +/- 457 ng/ml). In mice, rAAV8 vector delivered the highest serum concentration of hAAT (week 2, rAAV8/CB-AT, 19 +/- 6 microg/ml). The chicken beta-actin promoter provided the highest expression in both rodent experiments. Immunohistochemical staining indicated transduction primarily of pancreatic acinar cells with either the rAAV1/CB-AT vector in the rat or the rAAV8/CB-AT vector in the mouse. This study demonstrates that rAAV vectors can be designed to deliver therapeutic genes efficiently to the pancreas and achieve high levels of gene expression and may be useful in treating pancreatic disorders, including T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Loiler
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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70
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Kaneto H, Nakatani Y, Kawamori D, Miyatsuka T, Matsuoka TA, Matsuhisa M, Yamasaki Y. Role of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase in pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37:1595-608. [PMID: 15878838 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Revised: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is the most prevalent and serious metabolic disease affecting people all over the world. Pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are the hallmark of type 2 diabetes. Normal beta-cells can compensate for insulin resistance by increasing insulin secretion and/or beta-cell mass, but insufficient compensation leads to the onset of glucose intolerance. Once hyperglycemia becomes apparent, beta-cell function gradually deteriorates and insulin resistance aggravates. Under diabetic conditions, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress are induced in various tissues, leading to activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway. The activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase suppresses insulin biosynthesis and interferes with insulin action. Indeed, suppression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in diabetic mice improves insulin resistance and ameliorates glucose tolerance. Thus, the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway plays a central role in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and could be a potential target for diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kaneto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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71
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Kozawa J, Tokui Y, Moriwaki M, Li M, Ohmoto H, Yuan M, Zhang J, Iwahashi H, Imagawa A, Yamagata K, Tochino Y, Shimomura I, Higashiyama S, Miyagawa JI. Regenerative and therapeutic effects of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor on diabetes by gene transduction through retrograde pancreatic duct injection of adenovirus vector. Pancreas 2005; 31:32-42. [PMID: 15968245 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpa.0000163177.59920.f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the adult pancreas, pre-existing beta cells, stem cells, and endocrine progenitor cells residing in the duct lining are considered important sources for beta-cell regeneration. A member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, heparin binding (HB)-EGF, may promote this process. We examined whether HB-EGF gene transduction into duct cells could promote beta-cell regeneration. METHODS We administered an HB-EGF adenovirus vector construct to male Institute of Cancer Research mice by retrograde injection through the pancreatic duct. We also performed HB-EGF gene transduction into cultured duct cells. RESULTS On immunohistochemical and histomorphometric analysis of the experimental group, insulin-positive cells differentiated from duct cells, and the 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine labeling index of beta cells was significantly increased. beta-cell mass was also increased, and the glucose tolerance of diabetic mice was improved at 12 weeks after injection. Using cultured pancreatic duct cells, we confirmed that HB-EGF gene transduction induced both insulin gene expression and insulin production by these cells. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that HB-EGF gene transduction into adult pancreatic duct cells not only promotes the proliferation of pre-existing beta cells but also leads to beta-cell differentiation from duct cells, and the resulting increase in beta-cell mass improves glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Kozawa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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72
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet beta-cells. Management of this disease is burdensome both to the individual and society, costing over 100 billion US dollars annually. Shortage of pancreatic tissue, together with a lifetime requirement of immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection and recurrent disease, remain as major hurdles yet to be overcome prior to widespread applicability. Stem cells, with their potential of developing into pancreatic beta-cells, appear to be the best prospect for overcoming the islet shortage. Current investigation, however (both embryonic and adult stem cells), is still in the preliminary stage and several more years remain before they can potentially be used in the clinical setting. Procedures that reduce in vitro manipulation of cells and allow stem cells to develop into islets in vivo are crucial. Furthermore, the regeneration of existing islets is a distinct possibility. Simplistically, it might be hypothesized that down-regulation of autoimmunity may give the pancreas the breathing space to regenerate islets. Supplementation with factors known to induce beta-cell replication and neogenesis might further augment the regenerative processes. Clearly, islet-regeneration research will soon match the level of interest currently focused on in vitro stem cell-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Ramiya
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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73
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Barbu AR, Akusjärvi G, Welsh N. Adenoviral-mediated transduction of human pancreatic islets: importance of adenoviral genome for cell viability and association with a deficient antiviral response. Endocrinology 2005; 146:2406-14. [PMID: 15705772 DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As adenoviral vectors are extensively used for genetic manipulation of insulin-producing cells in vitro, there is an increasing need to evaluate their effects on the function, morphology, and viability of transduced pancreatic islets. In the present study we observed that specific adenoviral genotypes, carrying E4 and E1/E3 deletions, correlate with differential induction of necrosis in pancreatic islet cells. In particular, the adenovirus death protein encoded from the E3 region of the adenoviral genome was able to modulate the changes induced in the morphology and viability of the transduced cells. We also propose a putative role for the transcriptional regulator pIX. Although human islet cells showed an increased resistance in terms of viral concentrations required for the induction of cell toxicity, our results showed that they were unable to build up an efficient antiviral response after transduction and that their survival was dependent on the exogenous addition of alpha-interferon. An intact and fully functional beta-cell is crucial for the successful application of gene therapy approaches in type 1 diabetes, and therefore, the implications of our findings need to be considered when designing vectors for gene transfer into pancreatic beta-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea R Barbu
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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74
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Kaneto H, Nakatani Y, Miyatsuka T, Matsuoka TA, Matsuhisa M, Hori M, Yamasaki Y. PDX-1/VP16 fusion protein, together with NeuroD or Ngn3, markedly induces insulin gene transcription and ameliorates glucose tolerance. Diabetes 2005; 54:1009-22. [PMID: 15793239 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.4.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is the most prevalent and serious metabolic disease, and the number of diabetic patients worldwide is increasing. The reduction of insulin biosynthesis in pancreatic beta-cells is closely associated with the onset and progression of diabetes, and thus it is important to search for ways to induce insulin-producing cells in non-beta-cells. In this study, we showed that a modified form of the pancreatic and duodenal homeobox factor 1 (PDX-1) carrying the VP16 transcriptional activation domain (PDX-1/VP16) markedly increases insulin biosynthesis and induces various pancreas-related factors in the liver, especially in the presence of NeuroD or neurogenin 3 (Ngn3). Furthermore, in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, PDX-1/VP16 overexpression, together with NeuroD or Ngn3, drastically ameliorated glucose tolerance. Thus PDX-1/VP16 expression, together with NeuroD or Ngn3, markedly induces insulin gene transcription and ameliorates glucose tolerance. This approach warrants further investigation and may have utility in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kaneto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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75
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Wang H, Iezzi M, Theander S, Antinozzi PA, Gauthier BR, Halban PA, Wollheim CB. Suppression of Pdx-1 perturbs proinsulin processing, insulin secretion and GLP-1 signalling in INS-1 cells. Diabetologia 2005; 48:720-31. [PMID: 15756539 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-1692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Mutations in genes encoding HNF-4alpha, HNF-1alpha and IPF-1/Pdx-1 are associated with, respectively, MODY subtypes-1, -3 and -4. Impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion is the common primary defect of these monogenic forms of diabetes. A regulatory circuit between these three transcription factors has also been suggested. We aimed to explore how Pdx-1 regulates beta cell function and gene expression patterns. METHODS We studied two previously established INS-1 stable cell lines permitting inducible expression of, respectively, Pdx-1 and its dominant-negative mutant. We used HPLC for insulin processing, adenovirally encoded aequorin for cytosolic [Ca2+], and transient transfection of human growth hormone or patch-clamp capacitance recordings to monitor exocytosis. RESULTS Induction of DN-Pdx-1 resulted in defective glucose-stimulated and K+-depolarisation-induced insulin secretion in INS-1 cells, while overexpression of Pdx-1 had no effect. We found that DN-Pdx-1 caused down-regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), and consequently prohormone convertases (PC-1/3 and -2). As a result, DN-Pdx-1 severely impaired proinsulin processing. In addition, induction of Pdx-1 suppressed the expression of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R), which resulted in marked reduction of both basal and GLP-1 agonist exendin-4-stimulated cellular cAMP levels. Induction of DN-Pdx-1 did not affect glucokinase activity, glycolysis, mitochondrial metabolism or ATP generation. The K+-induced cytosolic [Ca2+] rise and Ca2+-evoked exocytosis (membrane capacitance) were not abrogated. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The severely impaired proinsulin processing combined with decreased GLP-1R expression and cellular cAMP content, rather than metabolic defects or altered exocytosis, may contribute to the beta cell dysfunction induced by Pdx-1 deficiency.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Animals
- Calcium Signaling/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Doxycycline/pharmacology
- Exocytosis/physiology
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor
- Glucokinase/genetics
- Glucose/metabolism
- Glucose/pharmacology
- Glycolysis
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Homeodomain Proteins/physiology
- Human Growth Hormone/genetics
- Human Growth Hormone/metabolism
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Secretion
- Islets of Langerhans/drug effects
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mutation
- Proinsulin/metabolism
- Proprotein Convertases/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Glucagon/genetics
- Receptors, Glucagon/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Time Factors
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wang
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University Medical Center, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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76
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Kaneto H, Matsuoka TA, Nakatani Y, Kawamori D, Miyatsuka T, Matsuhisa M, Yamasaki Y. Oxidative stress, ER stress, and the JNK pathway in type 2 diabetes. J Mol Med (Berl) 2005; 83:429-39. [PMID: 15759102 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-005-0640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are observed in type 2 diabetes. Under diabetic conditions, oxidative stress and ER stress are induced in various tissues, leading to activation of the JNK pathway. This JNK activation suppresses insulin biosynthesis and interferes with insulin action. Indeed, suppression of the JNK pathway in diabetic mice improves insulin resistance and ameliorates glucose tolerance. Thus, the JNK pathway plays a central role in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and may be a potential target for diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kaneto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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77
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Kaneto H, Nakatani Y, Kawamori D, Miyatsuka T, Matsuoka TA. Involvement of oxidative stress and the JNK pathway in glucose toxicity. Rev Diabet Stud 2005; 1:165-74. [PMID: 17491701 PMCID: PMC1783693 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2004.1.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmark of type 2 diabetes is pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Normal beta-cells can compensate for insulin resistance by increasing insulin secretion, but insufficient compensation leads to the onset of glucose intolerance. Once hyperglycemia becomes apparent, beta-cell function gradually deteriorates and insulin resistance becomes aggravated. Such phenomena are collectively called "glucose toxicity". Under diabetic conditions, oxidative stress is induced and the JNK pathway is activated, which is involved in "glucose toxicity". Activation of the JNK pathway suppresses insulin biosynthesis and interferes with insulin action. Indeed, suppression of the JNK pathway in diabetic mice improves insulin resistance and ameliorates glucose tolerance. Consequently, the JNK pathway plays a crucial role in the progression of pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance and thus could be a potential therapeutic target for the "glucose toxicity" found in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kaneto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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78
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Street CN, Sipione S, Helms L, Binette T, Rajotte RV, Bleackley RC, Korbutt GS. Stem cell-based approaches to solving the problem of tissue supply for islet transplantation in type 1 diabetes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36:667-83. [PMID: 15010331 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2003.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2003] [Accepted: 09/16/2003] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a debilitating condition, affecting millions worldwide, that is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Although exogenous insulin administration has traditionally been the mode of treatment for this disease, recent advancements in the transplantation of donor-derived insulin-producing cells have provided new hope for a cure. However, in order for islet transplantation to become a widely used technique, an alternative source of cells must be identified to supplement the limited supply currently available from cadaveric donor organs. Stem cells represent a promising solution to this problem, and current research is being aimed at the creation of islet-endocrine tissue from these undifferentiated cells. This review presents a summary of the research to date involving stem cells and cell replacement therapy for type 1 diabetes. The potential for the differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells to islet phenotype is discussed, as well as the possibility of identifying and exploiting a pancreatic progenitor/stem cell from the adult pancreas. The possibility of creating new islets from adult stem cells derived from other tissues, or directly form other terminally differentiated cell types is also addressed. Finally, a model for the isolation and maturation of islets from the neonatal porcine pancreas is discussed as evidence for the existence of an islet precursor cell in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cale N Street
- Surgical-Medical Research Institute, University of Alberta, Room 1074, Dentistry/Pharmacy Building, Edmonton, Alta., Canada T6G 2N8
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79
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Hildebrandt IJ, Gambhir SS. Molecular imaging applications for immunology. Clin Immunol 2004; 111:210-24. [PMID: 15137954 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2003.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of multimodality molecular imaging has recently facilitated the study of molecular and cellular events in living subjects in a noninvasive and repetitive manner to improve the diagnostic capability of traditional assays. The noninvasive imaging modalities utilized for both small animal and human imaging include positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and computed tomography (CT). Techniques specific to small-animal imaging include bioluminescent imaging (BIm) and fluorescent imaging (FIm). Molecular imaging permits the study of events within cells, the examination of cell trafficking patterns that relate to inflammatory diseases and metastases, and the ability to rapidly screen new drug treatments for distribution and effectiveness. In this paper, we will review the current field of molecular imaging assays (especially those utilizing PET and BIm modalities) and examine how they might impact animal models and human disease in the field of clinical immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Junie Hildebrandt
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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80
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O'Driscoll L, Gammell P, Clynes M. Expression in murine teratocarcinoma f9 cells of transcription factors involved in pancreas development. Transplant Proc 2004; 36:1151-8. [PMID: 15194401 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it has been established that formation and functional differentiation of the pancreas from embryonic endoderm is associated with activation/inactivation of many genes controlled by specific sets of transcription factors, the role and activation sequence of individual transcription factors has not yet been fully elucidated. This study sought to differentiate a murine teratocarcinoma cell line, F9, to endodermal-like cells and, subsequently; to investigate the effects of regulated expression of transcription factors in pancreas development. METHODS Following differentiation using retinoic acid and db cAMP (RAC), resulting F9 cells (F9-RAC) were transfected with cDNAs for PDX-1, ngn3, beta 2/NeuroD (beta 2), and Nkx2.2, singly or in combination. Expression of these transcription factors was investigated using RT-PCR and immunofluorescence techniques. RT-PCR analysis was used to assess the subsequent effects of expression of these factors on endogenous genes related to pancreas development. RESULTS Regulated differentiation of F9 cells generated endodermal-like cell types. Following transfection, PDX-1, ngn3, beta 2, and Nkx2.2 were expressed in F9-RAC cells, with their proteins localized mainly in cellular nuclei. Expression of these factors apparently did not affect the endogenous expression of preproinsulin, PDX-1, beta 2, Isl1, Pax4, Pax6, Sonic hedgehog, and Indian hedgehog. CONCLUSION This study describes the successful transient expression of transcription factors related to pancreas development, following directed differentiation of F9 cells to endoderm-like cells, and shows that treatment of F9 cells with a combination of RAC causes up-regulation of genes relevant to pancreatic development. The lack of further effect of regulated transcription factor expression on these genes may suggest that parietal endoderm- like cells derived from F9 cells is not the optimal lineage from which to develop beta cells. It may be useful to include F9-derived visceral endoderm in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O'Driscoll
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland.
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81
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Street CN, Rajotte RV, Korbutt GS. Stem cells: a promising source of pancreatic islets for transplantation in type 1 diabetes. Curr Top Dev Biol 2004; 58:111-36. [PMID: 14711014 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(03)58004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a disease that affects millions and causes a major burden on the health care system. Type 1 diabetes has traditionally been managed with exogenous insulin therapy, however factors such as cost, lifestyle restriction, and life threatening complications necessitate the development of a more efficient treatment alternative. Pancreas transplantation, and more recently transplant of purified pancreatic islets, has offered the potential for independence from insulin injections. Islet transplantation is gaining acceptance as it has been shown to be effective for certain patients with type 1 diabetes. One obstacle, however, is the fact that there is an inadequate supply of cadaveric human islets to implement this procedure on a widespread clinical basis. A promising source of transplantable islets in the future will come through the use of adult or embryonic stem cells. This chapter presents an overview of the advancements made in the development of a stem cell based application to islet transplantation. Advantages and limitations are discussed regarding the use of embryonic stem cells, adult pancreatic stem/progenitor cells, and the use of nonpancreatic tissues based on current experimental models in the literature. It is concluded that stem cells offer the greatest potential for the development of an abundant source of pancreatic islets, although specific obstacles must be overcome before this can become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cale N Street
- Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Rm. 1074 Dentistry/Pharmacy Bldg., University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2N8
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82
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83
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Miyatsuka T, Kaneto H, Kajimoto Y, Hirota S, Arakawa Y, Fujitani Y, Umayahara Y, Watada H, Yamasaki Y, Magnuson MA, Miyazaki J, Hori M. Ectopically expressed PDX-1 in liver initiates endocrine and exocrine pancreas differentiation but causes dysmorphogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 310:1017-25. [PMID: 14550306 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To date, the potency of pancreatic and duodenal homeobox gene 1 (PDX-1) in inducing differentiation into insulin-producing cells has been demonstrated in some cells and tissues. In order to carry out efficient screening of somatic tissues and cells that can transdifferentiate into beta-cell-like cells in response to PDX-1, we generated CAG-CAT-PDX1 transgenic mice carrying a transgene cassette composed of the chicken beta-actin gene (CAG) promoter and a floxed stuffer DNA sequence (CAT) linked to PDX-1 cDNA. When the mice were crossed with Alb-Cre mice, which express the Cre recombinase driven by the rat albumin gene promoter, PDX-1 was expressed in more than 50% of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. The PDX-1 (+) livers expressed a variety of endocrine hormone genes such as insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. In addition, they expressed exocrine genes such as elastase-1 and chymotrypsinogen 1B. However, the mice exhibited marked jaundice due to conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, and the liver tissue displayed abnormal lobe structures and multiple cystic lesions. Thus, the in vivo ectopic expression of PDX-1 in albumin-producing cells was able to initiate but not complete the differentiation of liver cells into pancreatic cells. The conditional PDX-1 transgenic mouse system developed in this study appeared to be useful for efficient screening of PDX-1 responsive somatic tissues and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miyatsuka
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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84
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Orive Arroyo G, Hernánedez RM, Gascón AR, Igartua M, Pedraz JL. A glimmer of hope for diabetics? Trends Biotechnol 2003; 21:289-90. [PMID: 12837610 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(03)00143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes affects 150 million people worldwide and results from abnormal function of pancreatic islets. The scarcity of human tissue donors has focused interest in developing renewable sources of insulin-producing cells appropriate for engraftment. Advances in stem cell technology and transdifferentiation techniques have provided powerful tools to study pancreatic development, function and disease. Recent results from these two approaches could have significant implications for future therapies of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Orive Arroyo
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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85
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Abstract
Regeneration therapy can be classified into three categories. The first category, in vitro regeneration therapy, makes use of transplanted cultured cells, including embryonic stem (ES) cells, pancreatic precursor cells and beta-cell lines, in conjunction with immunosuppressive therapy or immunoisolation for the treatment of patients with Type 1 diabetes. In the second type of regeneration therapy, ex vivo regeneration therapy, a patient's own cells, such as bone marrow stem cells, are transiently removed and induced to differentiate into beta-cells in vitro. However, at the present time, insulin-producing cells cannot be generated from bone marrow stem cells. In vivo regeneration therapy, the third type of regeneration therapy, enables impaired tissue to regenerate from a patient's own cells in vivo. beta-Cell neogenesis from non-beta-cells, and beta-cell proliferation in vivo have been considered in particular as regeneration therapies for patients with Type 2 diabetes. Regeneration therapy for pancreatic beta-cells can be combined with various other therapeutic strategies, including islet transplantation, cell-based therapy, gene therapy and drug therapy, to promote beta-cell proliferation and neogenesis; it is hoped that these strategies will, in the future, provide a cure for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamaoka
- Division of Genetic Information, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
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