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Cisbani G, Le Behot A, Plante MM, Préfontaine P, Lecordier M, Rivest S. Role of the chemokine receptors CCR2 and CX3CR1 in an experimental model of thrombotic stroke. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 70:280-292. [PMID: 29545116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second cause of mortality worldwide and occurs following the interruption of cerebral blood circulation by cerebral vessel burst or subsequent to a local thrombus formation. Ischemic lesion triggers an important inflammatory response, characterized by massive infiltration of leukocytes, activation of glial cells and neurovascular reorganization. Chemokines and their receptors, such as CCR2 and CX3CR1, play an important role in leukocyte recruitment in the damaged area. Mice genetically depleted for the two receptors CCR2 and CX3CR1 underwent focal cerebral ischemia, based on the topical application of ferric chloride to truncate the distal middle cerebral artery. The infarct, limited only to the cortical area, remained stable in WT mice, while it is reduced overtime in the transgenic mice. Moreover, we did not observe any significant changes in the level of the inflammatory response in the infarcted areas while immune cell infiltration and neurovascularization are modulated according to genotype. Our results show that the genetic deletion of both CCR2 and CX3CR1 receptors has neuroprotective effects in response to a cerebral permanent ischemia. This study underlines a key role of CCR2- and CX3CR1-expressing immune cells in the neuropathology associated with ischemic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cisbani
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Audrey Le Behot
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Marie-Michèle Plante
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Paul Préfontaine
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Manon Lecordier
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
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Hickey K, Stabenfeldt SE. Using biomaterials to modulate chemotactic signaling for central nervous system repair. Biomed Mater 2018; 13:044106. [PMID: 29411713 PMCID: PMC5991092 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aaad82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chemotaxis enables cellular communication and movement within the body. This review focuses on exploiting chemotaxis as a tool for repair of the central nervous system (CNS) damaged from injury and/or degenerative diseases. Chemokines and factors alone may initiate repair following CNS injury/disease, but exogenous administration may enhance repair and promote regeneration. This review will discuss critical chemotactic molecules and factors that may promote neural regeneration. Additionally, this review highlights how biomaterials can impact the presentation and delivery of chemokines and growth factors to alter the regenerative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassondra Hickey
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
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53
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Modulation of Post-Stroke Plasticity and Regeneration by Stem Cell Therapy and Exogenic Factors. CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO REGENERATION AND REPAIR 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-66679-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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54
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The Role of Circular RNAs in Cerebral Ischemic Diseases: Ischemic Stroke and Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1087:309-325. [PMID: 30259377 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1426-1_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic diseases including ischemic stroke and cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury can result in serious dysfunction of the brain, which leads to extremely high mortality and disability. There are no effective therapeutics for cerebral ischemic diseases to date. Circular RNAs are a kind of newly investigated noncoding RNAs. It is reported that circular RNAs are enriched in multiple organs, especially abundant in the brain, which indicates that circular RNAs may be involved in cerebral physiological and pathological processes. In this chapter, we will firstly review the pathophysiology, underlying mechanisms, and current treatments of cerebral ischemic diseases including ischemic stroke and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Secondly, the characteristics and function of circular RNAs will be outlined, and then we are going to introduce the roles circular RNAs play in human diseases. Finally, we will summarize the function of circular RNAs in cerebral ischemic diseases.
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55
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Chen C, Chu SF, Liu DD, Zhang Z, Kong LL, Zhou X, Chen NH. Chemokines play complex roles in cerebral ischemia. Neurochem Int 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Palma-Tortosa S, García-Culebras A, Moraga A, Hurtado O, Perez-Ruiz A, Durán-Laforet V, Parra JDL, Cuartero MI, Pradillo JM, Moro MA, Lizasoain I. Specific Features of SVZ Neurogenesis After Cortical Ischemia: a Longitudinal Study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16343. [PMID: 29180821 PMCID: PMC5703956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating disease with an increasing prevalence. Part of the current development in stroke therapy is focused in the chronic phase, where neurorepair mechanisms such as neurogenesis, are involved. In the adult brain, one of the regions where neurogenesis takes place is the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles. Given the possibility to develop pharmacological therapies to stimulate this process, we have performed a longitudinal analysis of neurogenesis in a model of cortical ischemia in mice. Our results show an initial decrease of SVZ proliferation at 24 h, followed by a recovery leading to an increase at 14d and a second decrease 28d after stroke. Coinciding with the 24 h proliferation decrease, an increase in the eutopic neuroblast migration towards the olfactory bulb was observed. The analysis of the neuroblast ectopic migration from the SVZ toward the lesion showed an increase in this process from day 14 after the insult. Finally, our data revealed an increased number of new cortical neurons in the peri-infarct cortex 65d after the insult. In summary, we report here critical check-points about post-stroke neurogenesis after cortical infarcts, important for the pharmacological modulation of this process in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Palma-Tortosa
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - A García-Culebras
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Moraga
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
- James Black Centre, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - O Hurtado
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Perez-Ruiz
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - V Durán-Laforet
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - J de la Parra
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - M I Cuartero
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Pradillo
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - M A Moro
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - I Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
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Osman AM, Rodhe J, Shen X, Dominguez CA, Joseph B, Blomgren K. The Secretome of Microglia Regulate Neural Stem Cell Function. Neuroscience 2017; 405:92-102. [PMID: 29101080 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain injury is associated with neuroinflammation, and microglia are key players in this process. Microglia can acquire pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory properties, but how this affects neural stem cells (NSCs) remains controversial. Here, NSCs were grown in conditioned media collected from either non-stimulated microglia, or microglia stimulated with pro- or anti-inflammatory agents. NSC survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation were investigated thereafter. We found that NSCs kept in conditioned medium from the anti-inflammatory microglial subtype had better survival, increased migration, and lower astrocytic differentiation compared to NSCs grown in conditioned medium collected from the pro-inflammatory subtype. Finally, we found that NSCs differentiated in microglial conditioned media generated cells expressing the pro-inflammatory chemokine CCL2, most pronounced when differentiated in medium from the pro-inflammatory microglia subtype. Our results show that microglial subtypes regulate NSCs differently and induce generation of cells with inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Osman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Rodhe
- Department of Oncology Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xianli Shen
- Department of Oncology Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia A Dominguez
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Department of Oncology Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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58
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Zhang ZJ, Jiang BC, Gao YJ. Chemokines in neuron-glial cell interaction and pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3275-3291. [PMID: 28389721 PMCID: PMC11107618 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain resulting from damage or dysfunction of the nervous system is a highly debilitating chronic pain state and is often resistant to currently available treatments. It has become clear that neuroinflammation, mainly mediated by proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, plays an important role in the establishment and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Chemokines were originally identified as regulators of peripheral immune cell trafficking and were also expressed in neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system. In recent years, accumulating studies have revealed the expression, distribution and function of chemokines in the spinal cord under chronic pain conditions. In this review, we provide evidence showing that several chemokines are upregulated after peripheral nerve injury and contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain via different forms of neuron-glia interaction in the spinal cord. First, chemokine CX3CL1 is expressed in primary afferents and spinal neurons and induces microglial activation via its microglial receptor CX3CR1 (neuron-to-microglia signaling). Second, CCL2 and CXCL1 are expressed in spinal astrocytes and act on CCR2 and CXCR2 in spinal neurons to increase excitatory synaptic transmission (astrocyte-to-neuron signaling). Third, we recently identified that CXCL13 is highly upregulated in spinal neurons after spinal nerve ligation and induces spinal astrocyte activation via receptor CXCR5 (neuron-to-astrocyte signaling). Strategies that target chemokine-mediated neuron-glia interactions may lead to novel therapies for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
- Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Bao-Chun Jiang
- Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Yong-Jing Gao
- Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
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59
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Ren H, Liu X, Wang L, Gao Y. Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio: A Novel Predictor of the Prognosis of Acute Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 26:2595-2602. [PMID: 28847530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) is associated with diverse malignancies and cardiovascular diseases. However, it has not yet been identified whether LMR is correlated with stroke severity and prognosis. We aimed to explore the relationship between LMR and stroke severity, prognosis, and the predictive value of LMR on a 3-month functional outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 512 patients were enrolled in this study. Baseline demographic and clinical data of all patients were collected. Based on the LMR value on admission (>4.83, 2.97-4.83, <2.97), patients were divided into 3 groups. Moderate to severe stroke was defined as a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 6 or higher. Poor outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 3 or higher. We used the Spearman rank correlation to evaluate the relationship between LMR and stroke severity. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess risk factors of stroke severity and prognosis. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to estimate the predictive value of LMR on prognosis. RESULTS LMR was inversely correlated with stroke severity (r = -.014, P = .019). Moreover, LMR was an independent protective factor of stroke severity (odds ratio [OR] .891, 95% confidence interval [CI] .815-.973, P = .010) and prognosis (OR .507, 95% CI .437-.590, P < .001). ROC indicated that an LMR lower than 2.99 predicted a poor outcome, with a sensitivity of 69.3% and a specificity of 86.6%. CONCLUSION A lower LMR on admission was independently associated with severe stroke and 3-month poor outcome in patients with AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ren
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Yanjun Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China.
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Laterza C, Wattananit S, Uoshima N, Ge R, Pekny R, Tornero D, Monni E, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Monocyte depletion early after stroke promotes neurogenesis from endogenous neural stem cells in adult brain. Exp Neurol 2017; 297:129-137. [PMID: 28746827 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion, leads to long-lasting formation of new striatal neurons from neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult rodents. Concomitantly with this neurogenic response, SVZ exhibits activation of resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes. Here we show that depletion of circulating monocytes, using the anti-CCR2 antibody MC-21 during the first week after stroke, enhances striatal neurogenesis at one week post-insult, most likely by increasing short-term survival of the newly formed neuroblasts in the SVZ and adjacent striatum. Blocking monocyte recruitment did not alter the volume of the ischemic lesion but gave rise to reduced astrocyte activation in SVZ and adjacent striatum, which could contribute to the improved neuroblast survival. A similar decrease of astrocyte activation was found in and around human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived NSPCs transplanted into striatum at one week after stroke in monocyte-depleted mice. However, there was no effect on neurogenesis in the graft as determined 8weeks after implantation. Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that a specific cellular component of the early inflammatory reaction in SVZ and adjacent striatum following stroke, i.e., infiltrating monocytes, compromises the short-term neurogenic response neurogenesis from endogenous NSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Laterza
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Somsak Wattananit
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Naomi Uoshima
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden; Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Ruimin Ge
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Roy Pekny
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Tornero
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Emanuela Monni
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Olle Lindvall
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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Poststroke Induction of α-Synuclein Mediates Ischemic Brain Damage. J Neurosci 2017; 36:7055-65. [PMID: 27358461 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1241-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED α-Synuclein (α-Syn), one of the most abundant proteins in the CNS, is known to be a major player in the neurodegeneration observed in Parkinson's disease. We currently report that transient focal ischemia upregulates α-Syn protein expression and nuclear translocation in neurons of the adult rodent brain. We further show that knockdown or knock-out of α-Syn significantly decreases the infarction and promotes better neurological recovery in rodents subjected to focal ischemia. Furthermore, α-Syn knockdown significantly reduced postischemic induction of phospho-Drp1, 3-nitrotyrosine, cleaved caspase-3, and LC-3 II/I, indicating its role in modulating mitochondrial fragmentation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy, which are known to mediate poststroke neuronal death. Transient focal ischemia also significantly upregulated serine-129 (S129) phosphorylation (pα-Syn) of α-Syn and nuclear translocation of pα-Syn. Furthermore, knock-out mice that lack PLK2 (the predominant kinase that mediates S129 phosphorylation) showed better functional recovery and smaller infarcts when subjected to transient focal ischemia, indicating a detrimental role of S129 phosphorylation of α-Syn. In conclusion, our studies indicate that α-Syn is a potential therapeutic target to minimize poststroke brain damage. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) has been known to cause Parkinson's disease and other chronic synucleinopathies. However, even though α-Syn is linked to pathophysiological mechanisms similar to those that produce acute neurodenegerative disorders, such as stroke, the role of α-Syn in such disorder is not clear. We presently studied whether α-Syn mediates poststroke brain damage and more importantly whether preventing α-Syn expression is neuroprotective and leads to better physiological and functional outcome after stroke. Our study indicates that α-Syn is a potential therapeutic target for stroke therapy.
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Preclinical Studies and Translational Applications of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5135429. [PMID: 28698874 PMCID: PMC5494071 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5135429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) which refers to bleeding in the brain is a very deleterious condition with high mortality and disability rate. Surgery or conservative therapy remains the treatment option. Various studies have divided the disease process of ICH into primary and secondary injury, for which knowledge into these processes has yielded many preclinical and clinical treatment options. The aim of this review is to highlight some of the new experimental drugs as well as other treatment options like stem cell therapy, rehabilitation, and nanomedicine and mention some translational clinical applications that have been done with these treatment options.
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From Blood to Lesioned Brain: An In Vitro Study on Migration Mechanisms of Human Nasal Olfactory Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:1478606. [PMID: 28698717 PMCID: PMC5494110 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1478606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies critically rely on selective cell migration toward pathological or injured areas. We previously demonstrated that human olfactory ectomesenchymal stem cells (OE-MSCs), derived from an adult olfactory lamina propria, migrate specifically toward an injured mouse hippocampus after transplantation in the cerebrospinal fluid and promote functional recoveries. However, the mechanisms controlling their recruitment and homing remain elusive. Using an in vitro model of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and secretome analysis, we observed that OE-MSCs produce numerous proteins allowing them to cross the endothelial wall. Then, pan-genomic DNA microarrays identified signaling molecules that lesioned mouse hippocampus overexpressed. Among the most upregulated cytokines, both recombinant SPP1/osteopontin and CCL2/MCP-1 stimulate OE-MSC migration whereas only CCL2 exerts a chemotactic effect. Additionally, OE-MSCs express SPP1 receptors but not the CCL2 cognate receptor, suggesting a CCR2-independent pathway through other CCR receptors. These results confirm that OE-MSCs can be attracted by chemotactic cytokines overexpressed in inflamed areas and demonstrate that CCL2 is an important factor that could promote OE-MSC engraftment, suggesting improvement for future clinical trials.
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Galindo LT, Mundim MTVV, Pinto AS, Chiarantin GMD, Almeida MES, Lamers ML, Horwitz AR, Santos MF, Porcionatto M. Chondroitin Sulfate Impairs Neural Stem Cell Migration Through ROCK Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3185-3195. [PMID: 28477140 PMCID: PMC5842503 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0565-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain injuries such as trauma and stroke lead to glial scar formation by reactive astrocytes which produce and secret axonal outgrowth inhibitors. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG) constitute a well-known class of extracellular matrix molecules produced at the glial scar and cause growth cone collapse. The CSPG glycosaminoglycan side chains composed of chondroitin sulfate (CS) are responsible for its inhibitory activity on neurite outgrowth and are dependent on RhoA activation. Here, we hypothesize that CSPG also impairs neural stem cell migration inhibiting their penetration into an injury site. We show that DCX+ neuroblasts do not penetrate a CSPG-rich injured area probably due to Nogo receptor activation and RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway as we demonstrate in vitro with neural stem cells cultured as neurospheres and pull-down for RhoA. Furthermore, CS-impaired cell migration in vitro induced the formation of large mature adhesions and altered cell protrusion dynamics. ROCK inhibition restored migration in vitro as well as decreased adhesion size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla T Galindo
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 3o andar, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Mayara T V V Mundim
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 3o andar, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Agnes S Pinto
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 3o andar, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Gabrielly M D Chiarantin
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 3o andar, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Maíra E S Almeida
- Physiopathology Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo L Lamers
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Alan R Horwitz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, 22903, USA
| | - Marinilce F Santos
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Marimelia Porcionatto
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 3o andar, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil.
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Hawkins KE, DeMars KM, Alexander JC, de Leon LG, Pacheco SC, Graves C, Yang C, McCrea AO, Frankowski JC, Garrett TJ, Febo M, Candelario-Jalil E. Targeting resolution of neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke with a lipoxin A 4 analog: Protective mechanisms and long-term effects on neurological recovery. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00688. [PMID: 28523230 PMCID: PMC5434193 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resolution of inflammation is an emerging new strategy to reduce damage following ischemic stroke. Lipoxin A4 (LXA 4) is an anti-inflammatory, pro-resolution lipid mediator that reduces neuroinflammation in stroke. Since LXA 4 is rapidly inactivated, potent analogs have been synthesized, including BML-111. We hypothesized that post-ischemic, intravenous treatment with BML-111 for 1 week would provide neuroprotection and reduce neurobehavioral deficits at 4 weeks after ischemic stroke in rats. Additionally, we investigated the potential protective mechanisms of BML-111 on the post-stroke molecular and cellular profile. METHODS A total of 133 male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 90 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and BML-111 administration was started at the time of reperfusion. Two methods of week-long BML-111 intravenous administration were tested: continuous infusion via ALZET ® osmotic pumps (1.25 and 3.75 μg μl-1 hr-1), or freshly prepared daily single injections (0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg). We report for the first time on the stability of BML-111 and characterized an optimal dose and a dosing schedule for the administration of BML-111. RESULTS One week of BML-111 intravenous injections did not reduce infarct size or improve behavioral deficits 4 weeks after ischemic stroke. However, post-ischemic treatment with BML-111 did elicit early protective effects as demonstrated by a significant reduction in infarct volume and improved sensorimotor function at 1 week after stroke. This protection was associated with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels, decreased M1 CD40+ macrophages, and increased alternatively activated, anti-inflammatory M2 microglia/macrophage cell populations in the post-ischemic brain. CONCLUSION These data suggest that targeting the endogenous LXA 4 pathway could be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke. More work is necessary to determine whether a different dosing regimen or more stable LXA 4 analogs could confer long-term protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly E Hawkins
- Department of Neuroscience McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Kelly M DeMars
- Department of Neuroscience McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Jon C Alexander
- Department of Anesthesiology University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Lauren G de Leon
- Department of Neuroscience McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Sean C Pacheco
- Department of Neuroscience McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Christina Graves
- Department of Oral Biology University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Changjun Yang
- Department of Neuroscience McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Austin O McCrea
- Department of Neuroscience McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Jan C Frankowski
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program University of California Irvine CA USA
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
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Kaneko N, Sawada M, Sawamoto K. Mechanisms of neuronal migration in the adult brain. J Neurochem 2017; 141:835-847. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kaneko
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology; Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medial Sciences; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - Masato Sawada
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology; Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medial Sciences; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology; Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medial Sciences; Nagoya Aichi Japan
- Division of Neural Development and Regeneration; National Institute for Physiological Sciences; Okazaki Aichi Japan
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67
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Transcriptomic analysis reveals differential activation of microglial genes after ischemic stroke in mice. Neuroscience 2017; 348:212-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Lopes RS, Cardoso MM, Sampaio AO, Barbosa MS, Souza CC, DA Silva MC, Ferreira EMN, Freire MAM, Lima RR, Gomes-Leal W. Indomethacin treatment reduces microglia activation and increases numbers of neuroblasts in the subventricular zone and ischaemic striatum after focal ischaemia. J Biosci 2017; 41:381-94. [PMID: 27581930 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-016-9621-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblasts from the subventricular zone (SVZ) migrate to striatum following stroke, but most of them die in the ischaemic milieu and this can be related to exacerbated microglial activation. Here, we explored the effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory indomethacin on microglial activation, neuronal preservation and neuroblast migration following experimental striatal stroke in adult rats. Animals were submitted to endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced focal striatal ischaemia and were treated with indomethacin or sterile saline (i.p.) for 7 days, being perfused after 8 or 14 days. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess neuronal loss (anti-NeuN), microglial activation (anti-Iba1, ED1) and migrating neuroblasts (anti-DCX) by counting NeuN, ED1 and DCX-positive cells in the ischaemic striatum or SVZ. Indomethacin treatment reduced microglia activation and the number of ED1+ cells in both 8 and 14 days post injury as compared with controls. There was an increase in the number of DCX+ cells in both SVZ and striatum at the same survival times. Moreover, there was a decrease in the number of NeuN+ cells in indomethacin-treated animals as compared with the control group at 8 days but not after 14 days post injury. Our results suggest that indomethacin treatment modulates microglia activation, contributing to increased neuroblast proliferation in the SVZ and migration to the ischaemic striatum following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana S Lopes
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para (UFPA), Belem, Brazil
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de la Rosa-Prieto C, Laterza C, Gonzalez-Ramos A, Wattananit S, Ge R, Lindvall O, Tornero D, Kokaia Z. Stroke alters behavior of human skin-derived neural progenitors after transplantation adjacent to neurogenic area in rat brain. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:59. [PMID: 28279192 PMCID: PMC5345149 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0513-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intracerebral transplantation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can ameliorate behavioral deficits in animal models of stroke. How the ischemic lesion affects the survival of the transplanted cells, their proliferation, migration, differentiation, and function is only partly understood. Methods Here we have assessed the influence of the stroke-induced injury on grafts of human skin iPSCs-derived long-term neuroepithelial-like stem cells using transplantation into the rostral migratory stream (RMS), adjacent to the neurogenic subventricular zone, in adult rats as a model system. Results We show that the occurrence of an ischemic lesion, induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion, in the striatum close to the transplant does not alter the survival, proliferation, or generation of neuroblasts or mature neurons or astrocytes from the grafted progenitors. In contrast, the migration and axonal projection patterns of the transplanted cells are markedly influenced. In the intact brain, the grafted cells send many fibers to the main olfactory bulb through the RMS and a few of them migrate in the same direction, reaching the first one third of this pathway. In the stroke-injured brain, on the other hand, the grafted cells only migrate toward the ischemic lesion and virtually no axonal outgrowth is observed in the RMS. Conclusions Our findings indicate that signals released from the stroke-injured area regulate the migration of and fiber outgrowth from grafted human skin-derived neural progenitors and overcome the influence on these cellular properties exerted by the neurogenic area/RMS in the intact brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos de la Rosa-Prieto
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Present address: Laboratory of Human Neuroanatomy, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02008, Albacete, Spain
| | - Cecilia Laterza
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ana Gonzalez-Ramos
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Somsak Wattananit
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ruimin Ge
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olle Lindvall
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Tornero
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
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Horgusluoglu E, Nudelman K, Nho K, Saykin AJ. Adult neurogenesis and neurodegenerative diseases: A systems biology perspective. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:93-112. [PMID: 26879907 PMCID: PMC4987273 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
New neurons are generated throughout adulthood in two regions of the brain, the olfactory bulb and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, and are incorporated into the hippocampal network circuitry; disruption of this process has been postulated to contribute to neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Known modulators of adult neurogenesis include signal transduction pathways, the vascular and immune systems, metabolic factors, and epigenetic regulation. Multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as neurotrophic factors, transcription factors, and cell cycle regulators control neural stem cell proliferation, maintenance in the adult neurogenic niche, and differentiation into mature neurons; these factors act in networks of signaling molecules that influence each other during construction and maintenance of neural circuits, and in turn contribute to learning and memory. The immune system and vascular system are necessary for neuronal formation and neural stem cell fate determination. Inflammatory cytokines regulate adult neurogenesis in response to immune system activation, whereas the vasculature regulates the neural stem cell niche. Vasculature, immune/support cell populations (microglia/astrocytes), adhesion molecules, growth factors, and the extracellular matrix also provide a homing environment for neural stem cells. Epigenetic changes during hippocampal neurogenesis also impact memory and learning. Some genetic variations in neurogenesis related genes may play important roles in the alteration of neural stem cells differentiation into new born neurons during adult neurogenesis, with important therapeutic implications. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of and interactions between these modulators of adult neurogenesis, as well as implications for neurodegenerative disease and current therapeutic research. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrin Horgusluoglu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kelly Nudelman
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Osman AM, Neumann S, Kuhn HG, Blomgren K. Caspase inhibition impaired the neural stem/progenitor cell response after cortical ischemia in mice. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2239-48. [PMID: 26734998 PMCID: PMC4823032 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical ischemia induces proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and provokes migration of these cells toward the injured area. Despite sustained migration of NSPCs for an extended period of time after injury, they do not appear to survive. Here, we hypothesized that the anti-apoptotic broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh would increase NSPC survival in the injured cortex. However, contrary to our expectations, caspase inhibition did not promote NSPC survival and cortical neurogenesis. On the contrary, it abolished ischemia-induced proliferation and decreased the number of migrating neuroblasts in the injured cortex. Moreover, caspase inhibition decreased the levels of the chemoattractant chemokine CCL2 (MCP-1) and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. We hence for the first time show that caspase inhibition abrogates the response of NSPCs to an ischemic injury, presumably by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory factors. Thus, caution is warranted if anti-apoptotic strategies are applied for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Osman
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Neumann
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - H Georg Kuhn
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Neurodegeneration and Glial Response after Acute Striatal Stroke: Histological Basis for Neuroprotective Studies. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3173564. [PMID: 28090244 PMCID: PMC5165163 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3173564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and neurological disability worldwide and striatal ischemic stroke is frequent in humans due to obstruction of middle cerebral artery. Several pathological events underlie damage progression and a comprehensive description of the pathological features following experimental stroke in both acute and chronic survival times is a necessary step for further functional studies. Here, we explored the patterns of microglial activation, astrocytosis, oligodendrocyte damage, myelin impairment, and Nogo-A immunoreactivity between 3 and 30 postlesion days (PLDs) after experimental striatal stroke in adult rats induced by microinjections of endothelin-1 (ET-1). The focal ischemia induced tissue loss concomitant with intense microglia activation between 3 and 14 PLDs (maximum at 7 PLDs), decreasing afterward. Astrocytosis was maximum around 7 PLDs. Oligodendrocyte damage and Nogo-A upregulation were higher at 3 PLDs. Myelin impairment was maximum between 7 and 14 PLDs. Nogo-A expression was higher in the first week in comparison to control. The results add important histopathological features of ET-1 induced stroke in subacute and chronic survival times. In addition, the establishment of the temporal evolution of these neuropathological events is an important step for future studies seeking suitable neuroprotective drugs targeting neuroinflammation and white matter damage.
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Bonaventura A, Liberale L, Vecchié A, Casula M, Carbone F, Dallegri F, Montecucco F. Update on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Treatments in Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:1967. [PMID: 27898011 PMCID: PMC5187767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17121967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
After an acute ischemic stroke (AIS), inflammatory processes are able to concomitantly induce both beneficial and detrimental effects. In this narrative review, we updated evidence on the inflammatory pathways and mediators that are investigated as promising therapeutic targets. We searched for papers on PubMed and MEDLINE up to August 2016. The terms searched alone or in combination were: ischemic stroke, inflammation, oxidative stress, ischemia reperfusion, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, autoimmunity. Inflammation in AIS is characterized by a storm of cytokines, chemokines, and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) released by several cells contributing to exacerbate the tissue injury both in the acute and reparative phases. Interestingly, many biomarkers have been studied, but none of these reflected the complexity of systemic immune response. Reperfusion therapies showed a good efficacy in the recovery after an AIS. New therapies appear promising both in pre-clinical and clinical studies, but still need more detailed studies to be translated in the ordinary clinical practice. In spite of clinical progresses, no beneficial long-term interventions targeting inflammation are currently available. Our knowledge about cells, biomarkers, and inflammatory markers is growing and is hoped to better evaluate the impact of new treatments, such as monoclonal antibodies and cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Bonaventura
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Luca Liberale
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Vecchié
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Matteo Casula
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Federico Carbone
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Franco Dallegri
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, 10 Largo Benzi, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, 10 Largo Benzi, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, 9 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
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Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Contribute to Spontaneous Long-Term Functional Recovery after Stroke in Mice. J Neurosci 2016; 36:4182-95. [PMID: 27076418 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4317-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Stroke is a leading cause of disability and currently lacks effective therapy enabling long-term functional recovery. Ischemic brain injury causes local inflammation, which involves both activated resident microglia and infiltrating immune cells, including monocytes. Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) exhibit a high degree of functional plasticity. Here, we determined the role of MDMs in long-term spontaneous functional recovery after middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Analyses by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry revealed that monocytes home to the stroke-injured hemisphere., and that infiltration peaks 3 d after stroke. At day 7, half of the infiltrating MDMs exhibited a bias toward a proinflammatory phenotype and the other half toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, but during the subsequent 2 weeks, MDMs with an anti-inflammatory phenotype dominated. Blocking monocyte recruitment using the anti-CCR2 antibody MC-21 during the first week after stroke abolished long-term behavioral recovery, as determined in corridor and staircase tests, and drastically decreased tissue expression of anti-inflammatory genes, including TGFβ, CD163, and Ym1. Our results show that spontaneously recruited monocytes to the injured brain early after the insult contribute to long-term functional recovery after stroke. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT For decades, any involvement of circulating immune cells in CNS repair was completely denied. Only over the past few years has involvement of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) in CNS repair received appreciation. We show here, for the first time, that MDMs recruited to the injured brain early after ischemic stroke contribute to long-term spontaneous functional recovery through inflammation-resolving activity. Our data raise the possibility that inadequate recruitment of MDMs to the brain after stroke underlies the incomplete functional recovery seen in patients and that boosting homing of MDMs with an anti-inflammatory bias to the injured brain tissue may be a new therapeutic approach to promote long-term improvement after stroke.
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Wesley UV, Hatcher JF, Ayvaci ER, Klemp A, Dempsey RJ. Regulation of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV in the Post-stroke Rat Brain and In Vitro Ischemia: Implications for Chemokine-Mediated Neural Progenitor Cell Migration and Angiogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4973-4985. [PMID: 27525674 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia evokes abnormal release of proteases in the brain microenvironment that spatiotemporally impact angio-neurogenesis. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), a cell surface and secreted protease, has been implicated in extracellular matrix remodeling by regulating cell adhesion, migration, and angiogenesis through modifying the functions of the major chemokine stromal-derived factor, SDF1. To elucidate the possible association of DPPIV in ischemic brain, we examined the expression of DPPIV in the post-stroke rat brain and under in vitro ischemia by oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD). We further investigated the effects of DPPIV on SDF1 mediated in vitro chemotactic and angiogenic functions. DPPIV protein and mRNA levels were significantly upregulated during repair phase in the ischemic cortex of the rat brain, specifically in neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells. In vitro exposure of Neuro-2a neuronal cells and rat brain endothelial cells to OGD resulted in upregulation of DPPIV. In vitro functional analysis showed that DPPIV decreases the SDF1-mediated angiogenic potential of rat brain endothelial cells and inhibits the migration of Neuro-2a and neural progenitor cells. Western blot analyses revealed decreased levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and AKT in the presence of DPPIV. DPPIV inhibitor restored the effects of SDF1. Proteome profile array screening further revealed that DPPIV decreases matrix metalloproteinase-9, a key downstream effector of ERK-AKT signaling pathways. Overall, delayed induction of DPPIV in response to ischemia/reperfusion suggests that DPPIV may play an important role in endogenous brain tissue remodeling and repair processes. This may be mediated through modulation of SDF1-mediated cell migration and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umadevi V Wesley
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Ave, Box 8660, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
| | - James F Hatcher
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Ave, Box 8660, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Emine R Ayvaci
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Ave, Box 8660, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Abby Klemp
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Ave, Box 8660, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Robert J Dempsey
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Ave, Box 8660, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
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Astrocyte Hypertrophy Contributes to Aberrant Neurogenesis after Traumatic Brain Injury. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:1347987. [PMID: 27274873 PMCID: PMC4870378 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1347987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a widespread epidemic with severe cognitive, affective, and behavioral consequences. TBIs typically result in a relatively rapid inflammatory and neuroinflammatory response. A major component of the neuroinflammatory response is astrocytes, a type of glial cell in the brain. Astrocytes are important in maintaining the integrity of neuronal functioning, and it is possible that astrocyte hypertrophy after TBIs might contribute to pathogenesis. The hippocampus is a unique brain region, because neurogenesis persists in adults. Accumulating evidence supports the functional importance of these newborn neurons and their associated astrocytes. Alterations to either of these cell types can influence neuronal functioning. To determine if hypertrophied astrocytes might negatively influence immature neurons in the dentate gyrus, astrocyte and newborn neurons were analyzed at 30 days following a TBI in mice. The results demonstrate a loss of radial glial-like processes extending through the granule cell layer after TBI, as well as ectopic growth and migration of immature dentate neurons. The results further show newborn neurons in close association with hypertrophied astrocytes, suggesting a role for the astrocytes in aberrant neurogenesis. Future studies are needed to determine the functional significance of these alterations to the astrocyte/immature neurons after TBI.
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77
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Xing C, Lo EH. Help-me signaling: Non-cell autonomous mechanisms of neuroprotection and neurorecovery. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 152:181-199. [PMID: 27079786 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Self-preservation is required for life. At the cellular level, this fundamental principle is expressed in the form of molecular mechanisms for preconditioning and tolerance. When the cell is threatened, internal cascades of survival signaling become triggered to protect against cell death and defend against future insults. Recently, however, emerging findings suggest that this principle of self-preservation may involve not only intracellular signals; the release of extracellular signals may provide a way to recruit adjacent cells into an amplified protective program. In the central nervous system where multiple cell types co-exist, this mechanism would allow threatened neurons to "ask for help" from glial and vascular compartments. In this review, we describe this new concept of help-me signaling, wherein damaged or diseased neurons release signals that may shift glial and vascular cells into potentially beneficial phenotypes, and help remodel the neurovascular unit. Understanding and dissecting these non-cell autonomous mechanisms of self-preservation in the CNS may lead to novel opportunities for neuroprotection and neurorecovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Xing
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Eng H Lo
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Chu HX, Kim HA, Lee S, Broughton BR, Drummond GR, Sobey CG. Evidence of CCR2-independent transmigration of Ly6C hi monocytes into the brain after permanent cerebral ischemia in mice. Brain Res 2016; 1637:118-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Stroke not only causes initial cell death, but also a limited process of repair and recovery. As an overall biological process, stroke has been most often considered from the perspective of early phases of ischemia, how these inter-relate and lead to expansion of the infarct. However, just as the biology of later stages of stroke becomes better understood, the clinical realities of stroke indicate that it is now more a chronic disease than an acute killer. As an overall biological process, it is now more important to understand how early cell death leads to the later, limited recovery so as develop an integrative view of acute to chronic stroke. This progression from death to repair involves sequential stages of primary cell death, secondary injury events, reactive tissue progenitor responses, and formation of new neuronal circuits. This progression is radial: from the tissue that suffers the infarct secondary injury signals, including free radicals and inflammatory cytokines, radiate out from the stroke core to trigger later regenerative events. Injury and repair processes occur not just in the local stroke site, but are also triggered in the connected networks of neurons that had existed in the stroke center: damage signals are relayed throughout a brain network. From these relayed, distributed damage signals, reactive astrocytosis, inflammatory processes, and the formation of new connections occur in distant brain areas. In short, emerging data in stroke cell death studies and the development of the field of stroke neural repair now indicate a continuum in time and in space of progressive events that can be considered as the 3 Rs of stroke biology: radial, relayed, and regenerative.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thomas Carmichael
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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80
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TAKAGI Y. History of Neural Stem Cell Research and Its Clinical Application. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2016; 56:110-24. [PMID: 26888043 PMCID: PMC4791305 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2015-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
"Once development was ended…in the adult centers, the nerve paths are something fixed and immutable. Everything may die, nothing may be regenerated," wrote Santiago Ramón y Cajal, a Spanish neuroanatomist and Nobel Prize winner and the father of modern neuroscience. This statement was the central dogma in neuroscience for a long time. However, in the 1960s, neural stem cells (NSCs) were discovered. Since then, our knowledge about NSCs has continued to grow. This review focuses on our current knowledge about NSCs and their surrounding microenvironment. In addition, the clinical application of NSCs for the treatment of various central nervous system diseases is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi TAKAGI
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto
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81
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Marlier Q, Verteneuil S, Vandenbosch R, Malgrange B. Mechanisms and Functional Significance of Stroke-Induced Neurogenesis. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:458. [PMID: 26696816 PMCID: PMC4672088 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke affects one in every six people worldwide, and is the leading cause of adult disability. After stroke, some limited spontaneous recovery occurs, the mechanisms of which remain largely unknown. Multiple, parallel approaches are being investigated to develop neuroprotective, reparative and regenerative strategies for the treatment of stroke. For years, clinical studies have tried to use exogenous cell therapy as a means of brain repair, with varying success. Since the rediscovery of adult neurogenesis and the identification of adult neural stem cells in the late nineties, one promising field of investigation is focused upon triggering and stimulating this self-repair system to replace the neurons lost following brain injury. For instance, it is has been demonstrated that the adult brain has the capacity to produce large numbers of new neurons in response to stroke. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated overview of stroke-induced adult neurogenesis, from a cellular and molecular perspective, to its impact on brain repair and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Marlier
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, C.H.U. Sart Tilman Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Renaud Vandenbosch
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, C.H.U. Sart Tilman Liege, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Malgrange
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, C.H.U. Sart Tilman Liege, Belgium
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82
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Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Neurogenesis following Stroke Affecting the Adult Brain. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:7/11/a019034. [PMID: 26525150 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a019034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A bulk of experimental evidence supports the idea that the stroke-damaged adult brain makes an attempt to repair itself by producing new neurons also in areas where neurogenesis does not normally occur (e.g., the striatum and cerebral cortex). Knowledge about mechanisms regulating the different steps of neurogenesis after stroke is rapidly increasing but still incomplete. The functional consequences of stroke-induced neurogenesis and the level of integration of the new neurons into existing neural circuitries are poorly understood. To have a substantial impact on the recovery after stroke, this potential mechanism for self-repair needs to be enhanced, primarily by increasing the survival and differentiation of the generated neuroblasts. Moreover, for efficient repair, optimization of neurogenesis most likely needs to be combined with promotion of other endogenous neuroregenerative responses (e.g., protection and sprouting of remaining mature neurons, transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells [NSPC]-derived neurons and glia cells, and modulation of inflammation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindvall
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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83
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Chapman KZ, Ge R, Monni E, Tatarishvili J, Ahlenius H, Arvidsson A, Ekdahl CT, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Inflammation without neuronal death triggers striatal neurogenesis comparable to stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 83:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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84
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Ruan L, Wang B, ZhuGe Q, Jin K. Coupling of neurogenesis and angiogenesis after ischemic stroke. Brain Res 2015; 1623:166-73. [PMID: 25736182 PMCID: PMC4552615 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and severe long-term disability worldwide. Development of effective treatment or new therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke patients is therefore crucial. Ischemic stroke promotes neurogenesis by several growth factors including FGF-2, IGF-1, BDNF, VEGF and chemokines including SDF-1, MCP-1. Stroke-induced angiogenesis is similarly regulated by many factors most notably, eNOS and CSE, VEGF/VEGFR2, and Ang-1/Tie2. Important findings in the last decade have revealed that neurogenesis is not the stand-alone consideration in the fight for full functional recovery from stroke. Angiogenesis has been also shown to be critical in improving post-stroke neurological functional recovery. More than that, recent evidence has shown a highly possible interplay or dependence between stroke-induced neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Moving forward, elucidating the underlying mechanisms of this coupling between stroke-induced neurogenesis and angiogenesis will be of great importance, which will provide the basis for neurorestorative therapy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Cell Interactions In Stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Ruan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Brian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; Institute of Aging and Alzheimer׳s Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Qichuan ZhuGe
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kunlin Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; Institute of Aging and Alzheimer׳s Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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85
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Ngalula KP, Cramer N, Schell MJ, Juliano SL. Transplanted Neural Progenitor Cells from Distinct Sources Migrate Differentially in an Organotypic Model of Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2015; 6:212. [PMID: 26500604 PMCID: PMC4595842 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain injury is a major cause of long-term disability. The possibility exists for exogenously derived neural progenitor cells to repair damage resulting from brain injury, although more information is needed to successfully implement this promising therapy. To test the ability of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) obtained from rats to repair damaged neocortex, we transplanted neural progenitor cell suspensions into normal and injured slice cultures of the neocortex acquired from rats on postnatal day 0–3. Donor cells from E16 embryos were obtained from either the neocortex, including the ventricular zone (VZ) for excitatory cells, ganglionic eminence (GE) for inhibitory cells or a mixed population of the two. Cells were injected into the ventricular/subventricular zone (VZ/SVZ) or directly into the wounded region. Transplanted cells migrated throughout the cortical plate with GE and mixed population donor cells predominately targeting the upper cortical layers, while neocortically derived NPCs from the VZ/SVZ migrated less extensively. In the injured neocortex, transplanted cells moved predominantly into the wounded area. NPCs derived from the GE tended to be immunoreactive for GABAergic markers while those derived from the neocortex were more strongly immunoreactive for other neuronal markers such as MAP2, TUJ1, or Milli-Mark. Cells transplanted in vitro acquired the electrophysiological characteristics of neurons, including action potential generation and reception of spontaneous synaptic activity. This suggests that transplanted cells differentiate into neurons capable of functionally integrating with the host tissue. Together, our data suggest that transplantation of neural progenitor cells holds great potential as an emerging therapeutic intervention for restoring function lost to brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapinga P Ngalula
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Nathan Cramer
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Michael J Schell
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Sharon L Juliano
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
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86
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James RE, Hillis J, Adorján I, Gration B, Mundim MV, Iqbal AJ, Majumdar MM, Yates RL, Richards MMH, Goings GE, DeLuca GC, Greaves DR, Miller SD, Szele FG. Loss of galectin-3 decreases the number of immune cells in the subventricular zone and restores proliferation in a viral model of multiple sclerosis. Glia 2015; 64:105-21. [PMID: 26337870 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) frequently starts near the lateral ventricles, which are lined by subventricular zone (SVZ) progenitor cells that can migrate to lesions and contribute to repair. Because MS-induced inflammation may decrease SVZ proliferation and thus limit repair, we studied the role of galectin-3 (Gal-3), a proinflammatory protein. Gal-3 expression was increased in periventricular regions of human MS in post-mortem brain samples and was also upregulated in periventricular regions in a murine MS model, Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection. Whereas TMEV increased SVZ chemokine (CCL2, CCL5, CCL, and CXCL10) expression in wild type (WT) mice, this was inhibited in Gal-3(-/-) mice. Though numerous CD45+ immune cells entered the SVZ of WT mice after TMEV infection, their numbers were significantly diminished in Gal-3(-/-) mice. TMEV also reduced neuroblast and proliferative SVZ cell numbers in WT mice but this was restored in Gal-3(-/-) mice and was correlated with increased numbers of doublecortin+ neuroblasts in the corpus callosum. In summary, our data showed that loss of Gal-3 blocked chemokine increases after TMEV, reduced immune cell migration into the SVZ, reestablished SVZ proliferation and increased the number of progenitors in the corpus callosum. These results suggest Gal-3 plays a central role in modulating the SVZ neurogenic niche's response to this model of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E James
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3HS, United Kingdom
| | - James Hillis
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3HS, United Kingdom
| | - István Adorján
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3HS, United Kingdom
| | - Betty Gration
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3HS, United Kingdom
| | - Mayara V Mundim
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3HS, United Kingdom
| | - Asif J Iqbal
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3HS, United Kingdom
| | - Moon-Moon Majumdar
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3HS, United Kingdom
| | - Richard L Yates
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3HS, United Kingdom
| | - Maureen M H Richards
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gwendolyn E Goings
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gabriele C DeLuca
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3HS, United Kingdom
| | - David R Greaves
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3HS, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Francis G Szele
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3HS, United Kingdom
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87
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George PM, Steinberg GK. Novel Stroke Therapeutics: Unraveling Stroke Pathophysiology and Its Impact on Clinical Treatments. Neuron 2015; 87:297-309. [PMID: 26182415 PMCID: PMC4911814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke remains a leading cause of death and disability in the world. Over the past few decades our understanding of the pathophysiology of stroke has increased, but greater insight is required to advance the field of stroke recovery. Clinical treatments have improved in the acute time window, but long-term therapeutics remain limited. Complex neural circuits damaged by ischemia make restoration of function after stroke difficult. New therapeutic approaches, including cell transplantation or stimulation, focus on reestablishing these circuits through multiple mechanisms to improve circuit plasticity and remodeling. Other research targets intact networks to compensate for damaged regions. This review highlights several important mechanisms of stroke injury and describes emerging therapies aimed at improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M George
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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88
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Chu HX, Broughton BR, Ah Kim H, Lee S, Drummond GR, Sobey CG. Evidence That Ly6C
hi
Monocytes Are Protective in Acute Ischemic Stroke by Promoting M2 Macrophage Polarization. Stroke 2015; 46:1929-37. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.009426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Ly6C
hi
monocytes are generally thought to exert a proinflammatory role in acute tissue injury, although their impact after injuries to the central nervous system is poorly defined. CC chemokine receptor 2 is expressed on Ly6C
hi
monocytes and plays an essential role in their extravasation and transmigration into the brain after cerebral ischemia. We used a selective CC chemokine receptor 2 antagonist, INCB3344, to assess the effect of Ly6C
hi
monocytes recruited into the brain early after ischemic stroke.
Methods—
Male C57Bl/6J mice underwent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 1 hour followed by 23 hours of reperfusion. Mice were administered either vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide/carboxymethylcellulose) or INCB3344 (10, 30 or 100 mg/kg IP) 1 hour before ischemia and at 2 and 6 hours after ischemia. At 24 hours, we assessed functional outcomes, infarct volume, and quantified the immune cells in blood and brain by flow cytometry or immunofluorescence. Gene expression of selected inflammatory markers was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
Results—
Ly6C
hi
monocytes were increased 3-fold in the blood and 10-fold in the brain after stroke, and these increases were selectively prevented by INCB3344 in a dose-dependent manner. Mice treated with INCB3344 exhibited markedly worse functional outcomes and larger infarct volumes, in association with reduced M2 polarization and increased peroxynitrite production in macrophages, compared with vehicle-treated mice.
Conclusions—
Our data suggest that Ly6C
hi
monocytes exert an acute protective effect after ischemic stroke to limit brain injury and functional deficit that involves promotion of M2 macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah X. Chu
- From the Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology (H.X.C., B.R.S.B., H.A.K., S.L., G.R.D., C.G.S.) and Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Surgery, Southern Clinical School (G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brad R.S. Broughton
- From the Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology (H.X.C., B.R.S.B., H.A.K., S.L., G.R.D., C.G.S.) and Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Surgery, Southern Clinical School (G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hyun Ah Kim
- From the Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology (H.X.C., B.R.S.B., H.A.K., S.L., G.R.D., C.G.S.) and Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Surgery, Southern Clinical School (G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seyoung Lee
- From the Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology (H.X.C., B.R.S.B., H.A.K., S.L., G.R.D., C.G.S.) and Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Surgery, Southern Clinical School (G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grant R. Drummond
- From the Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology (H.X.C., B.R.S.B., H.A.K., S.L., G.R.D., C.G.S.) and Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Surgery, Southern Clinical School (G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher G. Sobey
- From the Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology (H.X.C., B.R.S.B., H.A.K., S.L., G.R.D., C.G.S.) and Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Surgery, Southern Clinical School (G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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89
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Sullivan R, Duncan K, Dailey T, Kaneko Y, Tajiri N, Borlongan CV. A possible new focus for stroke treatment - migrating stem cells. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:949-58. [PMID: 25943632 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1043264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke is a leading cause of mortality in the US. More so, its infliction often leaves patients with lasting morbidity and deficits. Ischemic stroke comprises nearly 90% of incidents and the majority of medical treatment aims at reestablishing perfusion and preventing recurrence. AREAS COVERED Long-term options for neurorestoration are limited by the infancy of their innovative approach. Accumulating evidence suggests the therapeutic potential of stem cells in neurorestoration, however, proper stem cell migration remains a challenge in translating stem cell therapy from the laboratory to the clinic. In this paper, we propose the role that exogenous stem cell transplantation may serve in facilitating the migration of endogenous stem cells to the site of injury, an idea termed 'biobridge'. EXPERT OPINION Recent research in the field of traumatic brain injury has provided a foundational understanding that, through the use of exogenous stem cells, native tissue architecture may be manipulated by proteinases to allow better communication between the endogenous sites of neural stem cells and the regions of injury. There is still much to be learned about these mechanisms, though it is the devastating nature of stroke that necessitates continued research into the prospective therapeutic potential of this novel approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sullivan
- University of South Florida College of Medicine, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL , USA +1 813 974 3154 ; +1 813 974 3078 ;
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90
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Amantea D, Micieli G, Tassorelli C, Cuartero MI, Ballesteros I, Certo M, Moro MA, Lizasoain I, Bagetta G. Rational modulation of the innate immune system for neuroprotection in ischemic stroke. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:147. [PMID: 25972779 PMCID: PMC4413676 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a dualistic role in the evolution of ischemic brain damage and has also been implicated in ischemic tolerance produced by different conditioning stimuli. Early after ischemia, perivascular astrocytes release cytokines and activate metalloproteases (MMPs) that contribute to blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption and vasogenic oedema; whereas at later stages, they provide extracellular glutamate uptake, BBB regeneration and neurotrophic factors release. Similarly, early activation of microglia contributes to ischemic brain injury via the production of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-1, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and proteases. Nevertheless, microglia also contributes to the resolution of inflammation, by releasing IL-10 and tumor growth factor (TGF)-β, and to the late reparative processes by phagocytic activity and growth factors production. Indeed, after ischemia, microglia/macrophages differentiate toward several phenotypes: the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype is classically activated via toll-like receptors or interferon-γ, whereas M2 phenotypes are alternatively activated by regulatory mediators, such as ILs 4, 10, 13, or TGF-β. Thus, immune cells exert a dualistic role on the evolution of ischemic brain damage, since the classic phenotypes promote injury, whereas alternatively activated M2 macrophages or N2 neutrophils prompt tissue remodeling and repair. Moreover, a subdued activation of the immune system has been involved in ischemic tolerance, since different preconditioning stimuli act via modulation of inflammatory mediators, including toll-like receptors and cytokine signaling pathways. This further underscores that the immuno-modulatory approach for the treatment of ischemic stroke should be aimed at blocking the detrimental effects, while promoting the beneficial responses of the immune reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Amantea
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria Rende, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Tassorelli
- C. Mondino National Neurological Institute Pavia, Italy ; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - María I Cuartero
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Ballesteros
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Michelangelo Certo
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria Rende, Italy
| | - María A Moro
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria Rende, Italy ; Section of Neuropharmacology of Normal and Pathological Neuronal Plasticity, University Consortium for Adaptive Disorders and Head Pain, University of Calabria Rende, Italy
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91
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Bakhshetyan K, Saghatelyan A. Tracking Neuronal Migration in Adult Brain Slices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:3.28.1-3.28.13. [DOI: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0328s71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bakhshetyan
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Institut Universitaire en santé mentale de Québec Quebec City Canada
| | - Armen Saghatelyan
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Institut Universitaire en santé mentale de Québec Quebec City Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval Quebec City Canada
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92
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Hong YR, Lee H, Park MH, Lee JK, Lee JY, Suh HD, Jeong MS, Bae JS, Jin HK. CCL2 induces neural stem cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation in Niemann-Pick type C mice. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:693-9. [PMID: 25715651 PMCID: PMC4488406 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C disease (NP-C) is a rare and ultimately fatal lysosomal storage
disorder with variable neurologic symptoms. Loss of neuronal function and neuronal cell
death occur in the NP-C brain, similar to the findings for other neurodegenerative
diseases. Targeting of neuronal cells in the brain therefore represents a potential
clinical intervention strategy to reduce the rate of disease progression and improve the
quality of life. We previously reported that bone marrow stem cells show a neurogenic
effect through CCL2 (also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MCP-1) secretion in
the brains of NP-C mice. However, the direct effect of CCL2 on neurogenesis has not been
ascertained. Here, to define neurogenic effects of CCL2 in NP-C, we applied human
recombinant CCL2 to neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from NP-C mice. CCL2-treated NSCs
showed significantly increased capacity for self-renewal, proliferation and neuronal
differentiation. Similar results were observed in the subventricular zone of NP-C mice
after CCL2 treatment. Furthermore, infusion of CCL2 into the NP-C mouse brain resulted in
reduction of neuroinflammation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that CCL2 is a
potential new therapeutic agent for NP-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ri Hong
- Stem Cell Neuroplasticity Research Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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93
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Zhai F, Zhang X, Guan Y, Yang X, Li Y, Song G, Guan L. Expression profiles of microRNAs after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:917-23. [PMID: 25722676 PMCID: PMC4341287 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat models of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury were established by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Microarray analysis showed that 24 hours after cerebral ischemia, there were nine up-regulated and 27 down-regulated microRNA genes in cortical tissue. Bioinformatic analysis showed that bcl-2 was the target gene of microRNA-384-5p and microRNA-494, and caspase-3 was the target gene of microRNA-129, microRNA-320 and microRNA-326. Real-time PCR and western blot analyses showed that 24 hours after cerebral ischemia, bcl-2 mRNA and protein levels in brain tissue were significantly decreased, while caspase-3 mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased. This suggests that following cerebral ischemia, differentially expressed microRNA-384-5p, microRNA-494, microRNA-320, microRNA-129 and microRNA-326 can regulate bcl-2 and caspase-3 expression in brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguo Zhai
- Department of Pharmacology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiuping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yue Guan
- Department of Endocrinology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Gaochen Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lixin Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, Heilongjiang Province, China
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94
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Horie N, Hiu T, Nagata I. Stem cell transplantation enhances endogenous brain repair after experimental stroke. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2015; 55:107-12. [PMID: 25746304 PMCID: PMC4533406 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2014-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation for stroke treatment has been a promising therapy in small and large animal models, and many clinical trials are ongoing to establish this strategy in a clinical setting. However, the mechanism underlying functional recovery after stem cell transplantation has not been fully established and there is still a need to determine the ideal subset of stem cells for such therapy. We herein reviewed the recent evidences showing the underlying mechanism of functional recovery after cell transplantation, focusing on endogenous brain repair. First, angiogenesis/neovascularization is promoted by trophic factors including vascular endothelial growth factor secreted from stem cells, and stem cells migrated to the lesion along with the vessels. Second, axonal sprouting, dendritic branching, and synaptogenesis were enhanced altogether in the both ipsilateral and contralateral hemisphere remapping the pyramidal tract across the board. Finally, endogenous neurogenesis was also enhanced although little is known how much these neurogenesis contribute to the functional recovery. Taken together, it is clear that stem cell transplantation provides functional recovery via endogenous repair enhancement from multiple ways. This is important to maximize the effect of stem cell therapy after stroke, although it is still undetermined which repair mechanism is mostly contributed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Horie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University School of Medicine
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95
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Regulation of subventricular zone-derived cells migration in the adult brain. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 853:1-21. [PMID: 25895704 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16537-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ) is the largest source of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mammalian brain. Newly generated neuroblasts from the SVZ form cellular chains that migrate through the rostral migratory stream (RMS) into the olfactory bulb (OB), where they become mature neurons. Migration through the RMS is a highly regulated process of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, orchestrated to achieve direction and integration of neuroblasts into OB circuitry. These factors include internal cytoskeletal and volume regulators, extracellular matrix proteins, and chemoattractant and chemorepellent proteins. All these molecules direct the cells away from the SVZ, through the RMS, and into the OB guaranteeing their correct integration. Following brain injury, some neuroblasts escape the RMS and migrate into the lesion site to participate in regeneration, a phenomenon that is also observed with brain tumors. This review focuses on factors that regulate the migration of SVZ precursor cells in the healthy and pathologic brain. A better understanding of the factors that control the movement of newly generated cells may be crucial for improving the use of NSC-replacement therapy for specific neurological diseases.
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96
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The chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 824:209-19. [PMID: 25039002 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-07320-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Among all the chemokines known so far, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) is probably the best characterized. This is mainly due to the therapeutic potential attributed to its regulation. The suppression of CCL2 function may reduce the attraction of immune cells to the sites of inflammation and therefore slow down the progression of inflammation and the tissue damage that may be associated to it. While this has proven to be right in diverse conditions, it has also been described to have deleterious consequences such as a dual effect that is also frequently observed in other endogenous defense systems. This review discusses current knowledge about CCL2 involvement in different neurodegenerative diseases as well as its anti-inflammatory and neuro-protective actions.
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97
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Hermann DM, Peruzzotti-Jametti L, Schlechter J, Bernstock JD, Doeppner TR, Pluchino S. Neural precursor cells in the ischemic brain - integration, cellular crosstalk, and consequences for stroke recovery. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:291. [PMID: 25278840 PMCID: PMC4165213 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After an ischemic stroke, neural precursor cells (NPCs) proliferate within major germinal niches of the brain. Endogenous NPCs subsequently migrate toward the ischemic lesion where they promote tissue remodeling and neural repair. Unfortunately, this restorative process is generally insufficient and thus unable to support a full recovery of lost neurological functions. Supported by solid experimental and preclinical data, the transplantation of exogenous NPCs has emerged as a potential tool for stroke treatment. Transplanted NPCs are thought to act mainly via trophic and immune modulatory effects, thereby complementing the restorative responses initially executed by the endogenous NPC population. Recent studies have attempted to elucidate how the therapeutic properties of transplanted NPCs vary depending on the route of transplantation. Systemic NPC delivery leads to potent immune modulatory actions, which prevent secondary neuronal degeneration, reduces glial scar formation, diminishes oxidative stress and stabilizes blood–brain barrier integrity. On the contrary, local stem cell delivery allows for the accumulation of large numbers of transplanted NPCs in the brain, thus achieving high levels of locally available tissue trophic factors, which may better induce a strong endogenous NPC proliferative response. Herein we describe the diverse capabilities of exogenous (systemically vs. locally transplanted) NPCs in enhancing the endogenous neurogenic response after stroke, and how the route of transplantation may affect migration, survival, bystander effects and integration of the cellular graft. It is the authors’ claim that understanding these aspects will be of pivotal importance in discerning how transplanted NPCs exert their therapeutic effects in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Hermann
- Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Cognitive Health of the Elderly, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen Essen, Germany
| | - Luca Peruzzotti-Jametti
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Jana Schlechter
- Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Cognitive Health of the Elderly, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen Essen, Germany
| | - Joshua D Bernstock
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Cognitive Health of the Elderly, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen Essen, Germany
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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98
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Abstract
CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) plays important roles in extravasation and transmigration of monocytes under inflammatory conditions. CCR2 and its ligands have been extensively studied in a range of inflammatory diseases in the central nervous system (CNS), including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke. This brief review summarizes our current understanding of the physiologic and pathologic roles of CCR2, focusing on its involvement in CNS inflammatory diseases. There appears to be a rationale for exploring therapies involving CCR2 inhibition in multiple sclerosis and ischemic stroke, but there is also evidence for immunomodulatory and protective effects of CCR2 activity during CNS inflammation. The critical balance between protective and detrimental roles of CCR2-dependent recruitment of leukocytes must therefore be carefully examined to guide safe and effective development of any therapies involving CCR2 modulation.
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99
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Freitag CM, Miller RJ. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists modulate neuropathic pain: a link to chemokines? Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:238. [PMID: 25191225 PMCID: PMC4138931 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain presents a widespread and intractable medical problem. While numerous pharmaceuticals are used to treat chronic pain, drugs that are safe for extended use and highly effective at treating the most severe pain do not yet exist. Chronic pain resulting from nervous system injury (neuropathic pain) is common in conditions ranging from multiple sclerosis to HIV-1 infection to type II diabetes. Inflammation caused by neuropathy is believed to contribute to the generation and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Chemokines are key inflammatory mediators, several of which (MCP-1, RANTES, MIP-1α, fractalkine, SDF-1 among others) have been linked to chronic, neuropathic pain in both human conditions and animal models. The important roles chemokines play in inflammation and pain make them an attractive therapeutic target. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear receptors known for their roles in metabolism. Recent research has revealed that PPARs also play a role in inflammatory gene repression. PPAR agonists have wide-ranging effects including inhibition of chemokine expression and pain behavior reduction in animal models. Experimental evidence suggests a connection between the pain ameliorating effects of PPAR agonists and suppression of inflammatory gene expression, including chemokines. In early clinical research, one PPARα agonist, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), shows promise in relieving chronic pain. If this link can be better established, PPAR agonists may represent a new drug therapy for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Freitag
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Richard J. Miller Laboratory, Northwestern University Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Richard J. Miller Laboratory, Northwestern University Chicago, IL, USA
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100
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Yao Y, Tsirka SE. Mouse monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) functions as a monomer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 55:51-9. [PMID: 25130440 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) is an important chemoattractant for microglia. Rodent MCP1 carries a heavily glycosylated C-terminus, which has been predicted to increase local MCP1 concentration, promote MCP1 dimerization/oligomerization, and facilitate receptor engagement. Previous studies have shown that MCP1 mutant lacking the glycosylated C-terminus cannot dimerize/oligomerize, but has higher chemotactic potency than the wild-type (full-length) MCP1, suggesting that rodent MCP1 may function as a monomer. Although many groups support this hypothesis, there is no direct evidence on whether rodent MCP1 dimer is functional. In this paper, using forced recombinant dimeric MCP1 proteins we show that mouse MCP1 dimer is unable to activate Rac1, promote protrusion of lamellipodia, or induce microglial migration, although it can bind to CCR2 and mediate its internalization. These results support the idea that signaling events mediated by MCP1 require the presence of the monomeric form of this chemokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA.
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA
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