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Tiwari A, Gonzalez A. Biological alterations affecting risk of adult psychopathology following childhood trauma: A review of sex differences. Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 66:69-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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A comparison of automated segmentation and manual tracing in estimating hippocampal volume in ischemic stroke and healthy control participants. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 21:101581. [PMID: 30606656 PMCID: PMC6411582 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Manual quantification of the hippocampal atrophy state and rate is time consuming and prone to poor reproducibility, even when performed by neuroanatomical experts. The automation of hippocampal segmentation has been investigated in normal aging, epilepsy, and in Alzheimer's disease. Our first goal was to compare manual and automated hippocampal segmentation in ischemic stroke and to, secondly, study the impact of stroke lesion presence on hippocampal volume estimation. We used eight automated methods to segment T1-weighted MR images from 105 ischemic stroke patients and 39 age-matched controls sampled from the Cognition And Neocortical Volume After Stroke (CANVAS) study. The methods were: AdaBoost, Atlas-based Hippocampal Segmentation (ABHS) from the IDeALab, Computational Anatomy Toolbox (CAT) using 3 atlas variants (Hammers, LPBA40 and Neuromorphometics), FIRST, FreeSurfer v5.3, and FreeSurfer v6.0-Subfields. A number of these methods were employed to re-segment the T1 images for the stroke group after the stroke lesions were masked (i.e., removed). The automated methods were assessed on eight measures: process yield (i.e. segmentation success rate), correlation (Pearson's R and Shrout's ICC), concordance (Lin's RC and Kandall's W), slope 'a' of best-fit line from correlation plots, percentage of outliers from Bland-Altman plots, and significance of control-stroke difference. We eliminated the redundant measures after analysing between-measure correlations using Spearman's rank correlation. We ranked the automated methods based on the sum of the remaining non-redundant measures where each measure ranged between 0 and 1. Subfields attained an overall score of 96.3%, followed by AdaBoost (95.0%) and FIRST (94.7%). CAT using the LPBA40 atlas inflated hippocampal volumes the most, while the Hammers atlas returned the smallest volumes overall. FIRST (p = 0.014), FreeSurfer v5.3 (p = 0.007), manual tracing (p = 0.049), and CAT using the Neuromorphometics atlas (p = 0.017) all showed a significantly reduced hippocampal volume mean for the stroke group compared to control at three months. Moreover, masking of the stroke lesions prior to segmentation resulted in hippocampal volumes which agreed less with manual tracing. These findings recommend an automated segmentation without lesion masking as a more reliable procedure for the estimation of hippocampal volume in ischemic stroke.
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Sub-Chronic Stress Exacerbates the Pro-Thrombotic Phenotype in BDNF Val/Met Mice: Gene-Environment Interaction in the Modulation of Arterial Thrombosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103235. [PMID: 30347685 PMCID: PMC6214083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism has been associated with increased susceptibility to develop mood disorders and recently it has been also linked with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Interestingly, stressful conditions unveil the anxious/depressive-like behavioral phenotype in heterozygous BDNFVal66Met (BDNFVal/Met) mice, suggesting an important relationship in terms of gene-environment interaction (GxE). However, the interplay between stress and BDNFVal/Met in relation to CVD is completely unknown. Here, we showed that BDNFVal/Met mice display a greater propensity to arterial thrombosis than wild type BDNFVal/Val mice after 7 days of restraint stress (RS). RS markedly increased the number of leukocytes and platelets, and induced hyper-responsive platelets as showed by increased circulating platelet/leukocyte aggregates and enhanced expression of P-selectin and GPIIbIIIa in heterozygous mutant mice. In addition, stressed BDNFVal/Met mice had a greater number of large and reticulated platelets but comparable number and maturation profile of bone marrow megakaryocytes compared to BDNFVal/Val mice. Interestingly, RS led to a significant reduction of BDNF expression accompanied by an increased activity of tissue factor in the aorta of both BDNFVal/Val and BDNFVal/Met mice. In conclusion, we provide evidence that sub-chronic stress unveils prothrombotic phenotype in heterozygous BDNF Val66Met mice affecting both the number and functionality of blood circulating cells, and the expression of key thrombotic molecules in aorta. Human studies will be crucial to understand whether this GxE interaction need to be taken into account in risk stratification of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients.
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Li Y, Shen M, Stockton ME, Zhao X. Hippocampal deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 165:106945. [PMID: 30321651 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders result from impaired development or maturation of the central nervous system. Both genetic and environmental factors can contribute to the pathogenesis of these disorders; however, the exact causes are frequently complex and unclear. Individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders may have deficits with diverse manifestations, including challenges with sensory function, motor function, learning, memory, executive function, emotion, anxiety, and social ability. Although these functions are mediated by multiple brain regions, many of them are dependent on the hippocampus. Extensive research supports important roles of the mammalian hippocampus in learning and cognition. In addition, with its high levels of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity and lifelong neurogenesis, the hippocampus is sensitive to experience and exposure and susceptible to disease and injury. In this review, we first summarize hippocampal deficits seen in several human neurodevelopmental disorders, and then discuss hippocampal impairment including hippocampus-dependent behavioral deficits found in animal models of these neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Minjie Shen
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Michael E Stockton
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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55
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Bensassi I, Lopez-Castroman J, Maller JJ, Meslin C, Wyart M, Ritchie K, Courtet P, Artero S, Calati R. Smaller hippocampal volume in current but not in past depression in comparison to healthy controls: Minor evidence from an older adults sample. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 102:159-167. [PMID: 29665490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structural neuroimaging studies revealed a consistent pattern of volumetric reductions in both hippocampus (HC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of individuals with major depressive episode(s) (MDE). This study investigated HC and ACC volume differences in currently depressed individuals (n = 150), individuals with a past lifetime MDE history (n = 79) and healthy controls (n = 287). METHODS Non-demented individuals were recruited from a cohort of community-dwelling older adults (ESPRIT study). T1-weighted magnetic resonance images and FreeSurfer Software (automated method) were used. Concerning HC, a manual method of measurement dividing HC into head, body, and tail was also used. General Linear Model was applied adjusting for covariates. RESULTS Current depression was associated with lower left posterior HC volume, using manual measurement, in comparison to healthy status. However, when we slightly changed sub-group inclusion criteria, results did not survive to correction for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS The finding of lower left posterior HC volume in currently depressed individuals but not in those with a past MDE compared to healthy controls could be related to brain neuroplasticity. Additionally, our results may suggest manual measures to be more sensitive than automated methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaïl Bensassi
- INSERM, University of Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France; Department of Adult Psychiatry, CHRU Nimes, Nimes, France
| | - Jorge Lopez-Castroman
- INSERM, University of Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France; Department of Adult Psychiatry, CHRU Nimes, Nimes, France
| | - Jerome J Maller
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred & Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; General Electric Healthcare, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chantal Meslin
- Centre for Mental Health Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Marilyn Wyart
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, CHRU Nimes, Nimes, France
| | - Karen Ritchie
- INSERM, University of Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Courtet
- INSERM, University of Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; FondaMental Foundation, Créteil, France
| | - Sylvaine Artero
- INSERM, University of Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France
| | - Raffaella Calati
- INSERM, University of Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France; FondaMental Foundation, Créteil, France.
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56
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Kim DJ, Davis EP, Sandman CA, Sporns O, O'Donnell BF, Buss C, Hetrick WP. Prenatal Maternal Cortisol Has Sex-Specific Associations with Child Brain Network Properties. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5230-5241. [PMID: 27664961 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated maternal cortisol concentrations have the potential to alter fetal development in a sex-specific manner. Female brains are known to show adaptive behavioral and anatomical flexibility in response to early-life exposure to cortisol, but it is not known how these sex-specific effects manifest at the whole-brain structural networks. A prospective longitudinal study of 49 mother child dyads was conducted with serial assessments of maternal cortisol levels from 15 to 37 gestational weeks. We modeled the structural network of typically developing children (aged 6-9 years) and examined its global connectome properties, rich-club organization, and modular architecture. Network segregation was susceptible only for girls to variations in exposure to maternal cortisol during pregnancy. Girls generated more connections than boys to maintain topologically capable and efficient neural circuits, and this increase in neural cost was associated with higher levels of internalizing problems. Maternal cortisol concentrations at 31 gestational weeks gestation were most strongly associated with altered neural connectivity in girls, suggesting a sensitive period for the maternal cortisol-offspring brain associations. Our data suggest that girls exhibit an adaptive response by increasing the neural network connectivity necessary for maintaining homeostasis and efficient brain function across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Elysia Poggi Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Curt A Sandman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Olaf Sporns
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.,Indiana University Network Science Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Claudia Buss
- Institut für Medizinische Psychologie, Charité Centrum für Human-und Gesundheitswissenschaften, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin 10117, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Zwueste DM, Zwicker LA. What Is Your Diagnosis? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 252:1207-1210. [PMID: 29701520 DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.10.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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58
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Sandman CA, Curran MM, Davis EP, Glynn LM, Head K, Baram TZ. Cortical Thinning and Neuropsychiatric Outcomes in Children Exposed to Prenatal Adversity: A Role for Placental CRH? Am J Psychiatry 2018; 175:471-479. [PMID: 29495899 PMCID: PMC5930042 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16121433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors sought to assess associations among early-life exposure to adversity, the development and maturation of neurons and brain circuits, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Specifically, they examined whether fetal exposure to placental corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), a molecule conveying maternal signals to the fetus, predicts brain growth and neuropsychiatric outcomes in school-age children. METHOD In a large, well-characterized prospective cohort, concentrations of placental CRH (pCRH) in maternal plasma were determined during five intervals during gestation. When the children reached school age, their brain structures were examined using MRI, and emotional and cognitive tests assessing internalizing and externalizing behaviors and attention were administered (N=97, 49 of them girls). RESULTS Levels of pCRH during gestation predicted structural and functional brain outcomes in children. Specifically, fetal exposure to elevated pCRH levels was associated with thinning of selective cortical regions and with commensurate cognitive and emotional deficits. The relations among fetal exposure to pCRH, cortical thinning, and childhood function were sex specific. CONCLUSIONS In view of the established effects of CRH on maturation and arborization of cortical neurons, and the major contribution of dendrites to cortical volume, these findings position pCRH as an important mediator of the consequences of early-life adversity on neuropsychiatric outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt A Sandman
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pediatrics, and Neurology, University of California, Irvine; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; and the Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, Calif
| | - Megan M Curran
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pediatrics, and Neurology, University of California, Irvine; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; and the Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, Calif
| | - Elysia Poggi Davis
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pediatrics, and Neurology, University of California, Irvine; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; and the Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, Calif
| | - Laura M Glynn
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pediatrics, and Neurology, University of California, Irvine; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; and the Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, Calif
| | - Kevin Head
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pediatrics, and Neurology, University of California, Irvine; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; and the Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, Calif
| | - Tallie Z Baram
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pediatrics, and Neurology, University of California, Irvine; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; and the Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, Calif
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59
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Lawrence E, Vegvari C, Ower A, Hadjichrysanthou C, De Wolf F, Anderson RM. A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies Which Measure Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:1359-1379. [PMID: 28759968 PMCID: PMC5611893 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease, with no effective treatment or cure. A gold standard therapy would be treatment to slow or halt disease progression; however, knowledge of causation in the early stages of AD is very limited. In order to determine effective endpoints for possible therapies, a number of quantitative surrogate markers of disease progression have been suggested, including biochemical and imaging biomarkers. The dynamics of these various surrogate markers over time, particularly in relation to disease development, are, however, not well characterized. We reviewed the literature for studies that measured cerebrospinal fluid or plasma amyloid-β and tau, or took magnetic resonance image or fluorodeoxyglucose/Pittsburgh compound B-positron electron tomography scans, in longitudinal cohort studies. We summarized the properties of the major cohort studies in various countries, commonly used diagnosis methods and study designs. We have concluded that additional studies with repeat measures over time in a representative population cohort are needed to address the gap in knowledge of AD progression. Based on our analysis, we suggest directions in which research could move in order to advance our understanding of this complex disease, including repeat biomarker measurements, standardization and increased sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Lawrence
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Carolin Vegvari
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alison Ower
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Frank De Wolf
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Janssen Prevention Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roy M Anderson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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60
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Al-Amin M, Zinchenko A, Geyer T. Hippocampal subfield volume changes in subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Brain Res 2018; 1685:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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61
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Perinatal stress and human hippocampal volume: Findings from typically developing young adults. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4696. [PMID: 29549289 PMCID: PMC5856850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of prenatal and early postnatal stress on hippocampal volume in young adulthood. In sharp contrast to numerous results in animal models, our data from a neuroimaging follow-up (n = 131) of a community-based birth cohort from the Czech Republic (European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood) showed that in typically developing young adults, hippocampal volume was not associated with birth weight, stressful life events during the prenatal or early postnatal period, or dysregulated mood and wellbeing in the mother during the early postnatal period. Interestingly, mother’s anxiety/co-dependence during the first weeks after birth did show long-lasting effects on the hippocampal volume in young adult offspring irrespective of sex. Further analyses revealed that these effects were subfield-specific; present in CA1, CA2/3, CA4, GC-DG, subiculum, molecular layer, and HATA, hippocampal subfields identified by translational research as most stress- and glucocorticoid-sensitive, but not in the remaining subfields. Our findings provide evidence that the type of early stress is critical when studying its effects on the human brain.
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62
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Delgado-González JC, Florensa-Vila J, Mansilla-Legorburo F, Insausti R, Artacho-Pérula E. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Anatomical Correlation of Human Temporal Lobe Landmarks, in 3D Euclidean Space: A Study of Control and Alzheimer's Disease Subjects. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 57:461-473. [PMID: 28269774 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The medial temporal lobe (MTL), and in particular the hippocampal formation, is essential in the processing and consolidation of declarative memory. The 3D environment of the anatomical structures contained in the MTL is an important issue. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to explore the spatial relationship of the anatomical structures of the MTL and changes in aging and/or Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS MTL anatomical landmarks are identified and registered to create a 3D network. The brain network is quantitatively described as a plane, rostrocaudally-oriented, and presenting Euclidean/real distances. Correspondence between 1.5T RM, 3T RM, and histological sections were assessed to determine the most important recognizable changes in AD, based on statistical significance. RESULTS In both 1.5T and 3T RM images and histology, inter-rater reliability was high. Sex and hemisphere had no influence on network pattern. Minor changes were found in relation to aging. Distances from the temporal pole to the dentate gyrus showed the most significant differences when comparing control and AD groups. The best discriminative distance between control and AD cases was found in the temporal pole/dentate gyrus rostrocaudal length in histological sections. Moreover, more distances between landmarks were required to obtain 100% discrimination between control (divided into <65 years or >65 years) and AD cases. DISCUSSION Changes in the distance between MTL anatomical landmarks can successfully be detected by using measurements of 3D network patterns in control and AD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Carlos Delgado-González
- Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory and C.R.I.B., School of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - José Florensa-Vila
- Radiodiagnostic Service, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (HNP), Toledo, Spain
| | - Francisco Mansilla-Legorburo
- Radiology Service, Magnetic Resonance Unit, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete (CHUA), Albacete, Spain
| | - Ricardo Insausti
- Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory and C.R.I.B., School of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Emilio Artacho-Pérula
- Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory and C.R.I.B., School of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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63
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Schmidt MF, Storrs JM, Freeman KB, Jack CR, Turner ST, Griswold ME, Mosley TH. A comparison of manual tracing and FreeSurfer for estimating hippocampal volume over the adult lifespan. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:2500-2513. [PMID: 29468773 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
MRI has become an indispensable tool for brain volumetric studies, with the hippocampus an important region of interest. Automation of the MRI segmentation process has helped advance the field by facilitating the volumetric analysis of larger cohorts and more studies. FreeSurfer has emerged as the de facto standard tool for these analyses, but studies validating its output are all based on older versions. To characterize FreeSurfer's validity, we compare several versions of FreeSurfer software with traditional hand-tracing. Using MRI images of 262 males and 402 females aged 38 to 84, we directly compare estimates of hippocampal volume from multiple versions of FreeSurfer, its hippocampal subfield routines, and our manual tracing protocol. We then use those estimates to assess asymmetry and atrophy, comparing performance of different estimators with each other and with brain atrophy measures. FreeSurfer consistently reports larger volumes than manual tracing. This difference is smaller in larger hippocampi or older people, with these biases weaker in version 6.0.0 than prior versions. All methods tested agree qualitatively on rightward asymmetry and increasing atrophy in older people. FreeSurfer saves time and money, and approximates the same atrophy measures as manual tracing, but it introduces biases that could require statistical adjustments in some studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike F Schmidt
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Judd M Storrs
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Kevin B Freeman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | | | - Stephen T Turner
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael E Griswold
- Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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64
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Desmidt T, Andersson F, Brizard B, Cottier JP, Patat F, Gissot V, Belzung C, El-Hage W, Camus V. Cerebral blood flow velocity positively correlates with brain volumes in long-term remitted depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 81:243-249. [PMID: 28939189 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms involved in brain changes observed in major depression have been poorly investigated in clinical populations. Changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) have been found in depressed patients and constitute a potential mechanism by which brain volume varies in depression. We have tested the association of cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) as assessed with Transcranial Doppler (TCD) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) as assessed with Arterial Spin Labeling Magnetic Resonance Imaging (ASL-MRI) with Total Brain Volume (TBV) and the volume of seven subcortical regions, in currently depressed and long-term remitted patients. In addition, we have evaluated other potential confounders for the association depression/brain volume, including dimensional symptoms of depression, cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and antidepressants. METHODS Seventy-five individuals were recruited, divided in 3 equal groups (currently depressed, remitted individuals and healthy controls) and were submitted to clinical assessment, MRI and Transcranial Doppler. RESULTS CBFV was positively correlated with TBV, Hippocampus and Thalamus volume, but only in remitted patients, who tend to have larger brains compared to both currently depressed and controls. CVRF were negatively associated with brain volumes in the 3 groups and antidepressant use was associated with larger Thalamus. We found no association between brain volumes and CBF as assessed with ASL-MRI, anhedonia, anxiety or psychomotor retardation. DISCUSSION Greater CBFV may be a physiological mechanism by which brain is enlarged in remitted patients. Future studies should consider CBFV, CVRF and antidepressants as possible confounders for the association depression/brain volumes, especially in remitted patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Desmidt
- CHRU de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM U930 Imagerie et Cerveau, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Frédéric Andersson
- INSERM U930 Imagerie et Cerveau, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Bruno Brizard
- INSERM U930 Imagerie et Cerveau, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Cottier
- CHRU de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM U930 Imagerie et Cerveau, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Frédéric Patat
- INSERM U930 Imagerie et Cerveau, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM CIC 1415, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Valérie Gissot
- INSERM CIC 1415, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Catherine Belzung
- INSERM U930 Imagerie et Cerveau, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Wissam El-Hage
- CHRU de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM U930 Imagerie et Cerveau, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM CIC 1415, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Vincent Camus
- CHRU de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM U930 Imagerie et Cerveau, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
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Teicher MH, Anderson CM, Ohashi K, Khan A, McGreenery CE, Bolger EA, Rohan ML, Vitaliano GD. Differential effects of childhood neglect and abuse during sensitive exposure periods on male and female hippocampus. Neuroimage 2017; 169:443-452. [PMID: 29288867 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a highly stress susceptible structure and hippocampal abnormalities have been reported in a host of psychiatric disorders including major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The hippocampus appears to be particularly susceptible to early life stress with a graded reduction in volume based on number of types (multiplicity) or severity of maltreatment. We assessed whether the most important predictors of adult hippocampal volume were multiplicity, severity or duration of exposure or timing of maltreatment during developmental sensitive periods. 3T MRIs were collected on 336 unmedicated, right-handed subjects (132M/204F, 18-25 years). Exposure to broad categories of abuse and neglect during each year of childhood were assessed using the Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure scale and evaluated using artificial intelligence and predictive analytics. Male hippocampal volume was predicted by neglect, but not abuse, up through 7 years of age. Female hippocampal volume was predicted by abuse, but not neglect, at 10, 11, 15 and 16 years. Exposure at peak age had greater predictive importance than multiplicity, severity or duration. There were also marked gender differences in subfields and portions (head, body or tail) affected by exposure. History and symptoms of major depression, PTSD or anxiety disorders were not predictive of hippocampal volume once maltreatment was accounted for. Neglect appears to foster inadequate hippocampal development in males while abuse appears to produce a stress-related deficit in females. Studies assessing hippocampal volume in psychiatric disorders need to control for the gender-specific effects of abuse and neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Teicher
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont MA 02478, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, United States.
| | - Carl M Anderson
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont MA 02478, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, United States; Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United States
| | - Kyoko Ohashi
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont MA 02478, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Alaptagin Khan
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont MA 02478, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Cynthia E McGreenery
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont MA 02478, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Bolger
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont MA 02478, United States
| | - Michael L Rohan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, United States; Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United States
| | - Gordana D Vitaliano
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont MA 02478, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, United States; Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United States
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66
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Liu YC, Meguro K, Nakamura K, Akanuma K, Nakatsuka M, Seki T, Nakaaki S, Mimura M, Kawakami N. Depression and Dementia in Old-Old Population: History of Depression May Be Associated with Dementia Onset. The Tome Project. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:335. [PMID: 29089886 PMCID: PMC5650996 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In this study, we investigated the relationship among a history of depression, depressive states, and dementia in a community-based old-old cohort. Methods: From 2012 to 2013, we recruited 200 subjects residing in Tome, Japan. Ultimately, 181 subjects were enrolled in our study and completed the whole study protocol. We used the World Mental Health-Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0 to evaluate whether subjects had a history of depression or other affective disorders. Simultaneously, 3.0 Tesla brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed for each subject. Results: Of 181 subjects, 66 were normal (clinical dementia rating [CDR] = 0), 88 had MCI (CDR = 0.5), and 27 had dementia (CDR = 1 or above). Nine of the 181 subjects (4.9%) had a history of depressive episodes. CDR was significantly higher in subjects with a history of depression (0.9 vs. 0.4, p = 0.046) than in those without it. Seventy-two of the 181 subjects (39.7%) exhibited depressive symptoms. Subjects with depression exhibited lower Mini–Mental State Examination scores (21.6 vs. 23.3, p = 0.008), higher CDR scores (0.6 vs. 0.3, p = 0.004), and more atrophy of the medial temporal lobe (4.4 vs. 3.7, p = 0.036). Conclusion: A history of depression should be considered a risk factor for all-cause dementia. In the old-old population, depression is associated with a higher prevalence of dementia, lower cognitive performance, and a smaller hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chien Liu
- Division of Geriatric Behavioral Neurology, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center (CYRIC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Neurological Center of Cardinal Tien Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Fu Jen University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kenichi Meguro
- Division of Geriatric Behavioral Neurology, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center (CYRIC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kei Nakamura
- Division of Geriatric Behavioral Neurology, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center (CYRIC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kyoko Akanuma
- Division of Geriatric Behavioral Neurology, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center (CYRIC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakatsuka
- Division of Geriatric Behavioral Neurology, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center (CYRIC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Seki
- Division of Geriatric Behavioral Neurology, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center (CYRIC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shutaro Nakaaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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de Flores R, Mutlu J, Bejanin A, Gonneaud J, Landeau B, Tomadesso C, Mézenge F, de La Sayette V, Eustache F, Chételat G. Intrinsic connectivity of hippocampal subfields in normal elderly and mild cognitive impairment patients. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:4922-4932. [PMID: 28653793 PMCID: PMC6866942 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal connectivity has been widely described but connectivity specificities of hippocampal subfields and their changes in early AD are poorly known. The aim of this study was to highlight hippocampal subfield networks in healthy elderly (HE) and their changes in amnestic patients with mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Thirty-six HE and 27 aMCI patients underwent resting-state functional MRI scans. Specific intrinsic connectivity of bilateral CA1, SUB (subiculum), and CA2/3/4/DG was identified in HE (using seeds derived from manually delineation on high-resolution scans) and compared between HE and aMCI. Compared to the other subfields, CA1 was more strongly connected to the amygdala and occipital regions, CA2/3/4/DG to the left anterior cingulate cortex, temporal, and occipital regions, and SUB to the angular, precuneus, putamen, posterior cingulate, and frontal regions. aMCI patients showed reduced connectivity within the SUB network (with frontal and posterior cingulate regions). Our study highlighted for the first time three specific and distinct hippocampal subfield functional networks in HE, and their alterations in aMCI. These findings are important to understand AD specificities in both cognitive deficits and lesion topography, given the role of functional connectivity in these processes. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4922-4932, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin de Flores
- INSERMCaenU1077France
- Université de Caen Normandie, UMR‐S1077CaenFrance
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, UMR‐S1077CaenFrance
- CHU de CaenCaenU1077France
| | - Justine Mutlu
- INSERMCaenU1077France
- Université de Caen Normandie, UMR‐S1077CaenFrance
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, UMR‐S1077CaenFrance
- CHU de CaenCaenU1077France
| | - Alexandre Bejanin
- INSERMCaenU1077France
- Université de Caen Normandie, UMR‐S1077CaenFrance
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, UMR‐S1077CaenFrance
- CHU de CaenCaenU1077France
| | - Julie Gonneaud
- INSERMCaenU1077France
- Université de Caen Normandie, UMR‐S1077CaenFrance
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, UMR‐S1077CaenFrance
- CHU de CaenCaenU1077France
| | - Brigitte Landeau
- INSERMCaenU1077France
- Université de Caen Normandie, UMR‐S1077CaenFrance
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, UMR‐S1077CaenFrance
- CHU de CaenCaenU1077France
| | - Clémence Tomadesso
- INSERMCaenU1077France
- Université de Caen Normandie, UMR‐S1077CaenFrance
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, UMR‐S1077CaenFrance
- CHU de CaenCaenU1077France
| | - Florence Mézenge
- INSERMCaenU1077France
- Université de Caen Normandie, UMR‐S1077CaenFrance
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, UMR‐S1077CaenFrance
- CHU de CaenCaenU1077France
| | - Vincent de La Sayette
- INSERMCaenU1077France
- Université de Caen Normandie, UMR‐S1077CaenFrance
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, UMR‐S1077CaenFrance
- CHU de Caen, Service de NeurologieCaenFrance
| | - Francis Eustache
- INSERMCaenU1077France
- Université de Caen Normandie, UMR‐S1077CaenFrance
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, UMR‐S1077CaenFrance
- CHU de CaenCaenU1077France
| | - Gaël Chételat
- INSERMCaenU1077France
- Université de Caen Normandie, UMR‐S1077CaenFrance
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, UMR‐S1077CaenFrance
- CHU de CaenCaenU1077France
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Mohammadi A, Hesami E, Kargar M, Shams J. Detecting allocentric and egocentric navigation deficits in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder using virtual reality. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2017; 28:398-415. [DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2017.1369888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mohammadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Hesami
- Department of Speech Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Kargar
- Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamal Shams
- Behavioral Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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69
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Birkel L. Decreased use of spatial pattern separation in contemporary lifestyles may contribute to hippocampal atrophy and diminish mental health. Med Hypotheses 2017; 107:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Grothe MJ, Scheef L, Bäuml J, Meng C, Daamen M, Baumann N, Zimmer C, Teipel S, Bartmann P, Boecker H, Wolke D, Wohlschläger A, Sorg C. Reduced Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Integrity Links Neonatal Complications and Adult Cognitive Deficits After Premature Birth. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:119-126. [PMID: 28129944 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prematurely born individuals have an increased risk for long-term neurocognitive impairments. In animal models, development of the cholinergic basal forebrain (cBF) is selectively vulnerable to adverse effects of perinatal stressors, and impaired cBF integrity results in lasting cognitive deficits. We hypothesized that cBF integrity is impaired in prematurely born individuals and mediates adult cognitive impairments associated with prematurity. METHODS We used magnetic resonance imaging-based volumetric assessments of a cytoarchitectonically defined cBF region of interest to determine differences in cBF integrity between 99 adults who were born very preterm and/or with very low birth weight and 106 term-born control subjects from the same birth cohort. Magnetic resonance imaging-derived cBF volumes were studied in relation to neonatal clinical complications after delivery and intelligence measures (IQ) in adulthood. RESULTS In adults who were born very preterm and/or with very low birth weight, cBF volumes were significantly reduced compared with term-born adults (-4.5% [F1,202 = 11.82, p = .001]). Lower cBF volume in adults who were born very preterm and/or with very low birth weight was specifically associated with both neonatal complications (rpart,92 = -.35, p < .001) and adult IQ (rpart,88 = .33, p = .001) even after controlling for global gray matter and white matter volume. In a path analytic model, cBF volume significantly mediated the association between neonatal complications and adult cognitive deficits. CONCLUSIONS We provide first-time evidence in humans that cBF integrity is impaired after premature birth and links neonatal complications with long-term cognitive outcome. Data suggest that cholinergic system abnormalities may play a relevant role for long-term neurocognitive impairments associated with premature delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lukas Scheef
- Functional Neuroimaging Group, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn
| | - Josef Bäuml
- Department of Neuroradiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Technische Universität München-Neuroimaging Center of Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Chun Meng
- Department of Neuroradiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Technische Universität München-Neuroimaging Center of Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcel Daamen
- Functional Neuroimaging Group, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn
| | - Nicole Baumann
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Claus Zimmer
- Department of Neuroradiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Teipel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Bartmann
- Department of Radiology, and Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn
| | - Henning Boecker
- Functional Neuroimaging Group, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn
| | - Dieter Wolke
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Afra Wohlschläger
- Technische Universität München-Neuroimaging Center of Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Sorg
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Ryo Y, Takeuchi M, Ueda N, Ohi K, Kihara H, Shimada T, Uehara T, Kawasaki Y. Olfactory function in neuropsychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Res 2017; 252:175-179. [PMID: 28282535 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical studies have identified olfactory dysfunction in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. Although these studies showed differences in olfactory function between healthy individuals and neuropsychiatric patients, no studies have compared the differences in olfactory function among neuropsychiatric disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate olfactory function among various neuropsychiatric disorders. Three-hundred and eighteen outpatients diagnosed according to the ICD-10 code participated in the study. Olfactory function was assessed using the Open Essence test. The differences in olfactory function among disorders were compared by analyses of (co-)variance. As expected, olfactory function was significantly affected by the age and marginally affected by the gender. We investigated the differences in olfactory function among patients with different neuropsychiatric disorders (F0-F9). Olfactory function significantly differed among the diagnostic groups. Post hoc analysis showed that patients with F0 had decreased olfactory function compared to patients from the other diagnostic groups. In particular, patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) had significantly poorer olfactory function compared to patients with other neuropsychiatric disorders. There were no differences among the other groups. These findings suggest that patients with AD had poorer olfactory function compared not only to healthy subjects but also to patients with several other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ryo
- School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mina Takeuchi
- School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Naoko Ueda
- School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Kihara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Shimada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kawasaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
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Khan MZ, He L. Neuro-psychopharmacological perspective of Orphan receptors of Rhodopsin (class A) family of G protein-coupled receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1181-1207. [PMID: 28289782 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the central nervous system (CNS), G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most fruitful targets for neuropsychopharmacological drug development. Rhodopsin (class A) is the most studied class of GPCR and includes orphan receptors for which the endogenous ligand is not known or is unclear. Characterization of orphan GPCRs has proven to be challenging, and the production pace of GPCR-based drugs has been incredibly slow. OBJECTIVE Determination of the functions of these receptors may provide unexpected insight into physiological and neuropathological processes. Advances in various methods and techniques to investigate orphan receptors including in situ hybridization and knockdown/knockout (KD/KO) showed extensive expression of these receptors in the mammalian brain and unmasked their physiological and neuropathological roles. Due to these rapid progress and development, orphan GPCRs are rising as a new and promising class of drug targets for neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSION This review presents a neuropsychopharmacological perspective of 26 orphan receptors of rhodopsin (class A) family, namely GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, GPR17, GPR26, GPR35, GPR39, GPR48, GPR49, GPR50, GPR52, GPR55, GPR61, GPR62, GPR63, GPR68, GPR75, GPR78, GPR83, GPR84, GPR85, GPR88, GPR153, GPR162, GPR171, and TAAR6. We discussed the expression of these receptors in mammalian brain and their physiological roles. Furthermore, we have briefly highlighted their roles in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, neuroinflammation, inflammatory pain, bipolar and schizophrenic disorders, epilepsy, anxiety, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahid Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China.
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China
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Berardino BG, Fesser EA, Cánepa ET. Perinatal protein malnutrition alters expression of miRNA biogenesis genes Xpo5 and Ago2 in mice brain. Neurosci Lett 2017; 647:38-44. [PMID: 28300636 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to its widespread incidence, maternal malnutrition remains one of the major non-genetic factors affecting the development of newborn's brain. While all nutrients have certain influence on brain maturation, proteins appear to be the most critical for the development of neurological functions. An increasing number of studies point out that the effects of early-life nutritional inadequacy has long lasting effects on the brain and lead to permanent deficits in learning and behavior. Epigenetic mechanisms provide a potential link between the nutrition status during critical periods and changes in gene expression that may lead to disease phenotypes. Among those epigenetic mechanisms microRNAs (miRNAs) emerge as promising molecules for the link between nutrition and gene expression due to their relevance in many central nervous system functions. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the impact of perinatal protein malnutrition on the development of male and female mice offspring and to analyze the expression of the genes involved in the miRNA biogenesis pathway in different mouse brain structures. We demonstrated that early nutritional stress such as exposition to a protein-deficient diet during gestation and lactation reduced the hippocampal weight, delayed offspring's development and deregulated the expression of Xpo5 and Ago2 genes in hippocampus and hypothalamus of weanling mice. Moreover, an overall increase in mature miRNAs was consistent with the induction of Xpo5 mRNA. Altered miRNA biogenesis could modify the availability and functionality of miRNA becoming a causal factor of the adverse effects of protein malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno G Berardino
- Laboratorio de Neuroepigenética, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estefanía A Fesser
- Laboratorio de Neuroepigenética, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo T Cánepa
- Laboratorio de Neuroepigenética, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Moog NK, Entringer S, Heim C, Wadhwa PD, Kathmann N, Buss C. Influence of maternal thyroid hormones during gestation on fetal brain development. Neuroscience 2017; 342:68-100. [PMID: 26434624 PMCID: PMC4819012 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) play an obligatory role in many fundamental processes underlying brain development and maturation. The developing embryo/fetus is dependent on maternal supply of TH. The fetal thyroid gland does not commence TH synthesis until mid gestation, and the adverse consequences of severe maternal TH deficiency on offspring neurodevelopment are well established. Recent evidence suggests that even more moderate forms of maternal thyroid dysfunction, particularly during early gestation, may have a long-lasting influence on child cognitive development and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover, these observed alterations appear to be largely irreversible after birth. It is, therefore, important to gain a better understanding of the role of maternal thyroid dysfunction on offspring neurodevelopment in terms of the nature, magnitude, time-specificity, and context-specificity of its effects. With respect to the issue of context specificity, it is possible that maternal stress and stress-related biological processes during pregnancy may modulate maternal thyroid function. The possibility of an interaction between the thyroid and stress systems in the context of fetal brain development has, however, not been addressed to date. We begin this review with a brief overview of TH biology during pregnancy and a summary of the literature on its effect on the developing brain. Next, we consider and discuss whether and how processes related to maternal stress and stress biology may interact with and modify the effects of maternal thyroid function on offspring brain development. We synthesize several research areas and identify important knowledge gaps that may warrant further study. The scientific and public health relevance of this review relates to achieving a better understanding of the timing, mechanisms and contexts of thyroid programing of brain development, with implications for early identification of risk, primary prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Moog
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Luisenstrasse 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Entringer
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Luisenstrasse 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany; University of California, Irvine, Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, 333 The City Drive West, Suite 1200, Orange, CA 92868, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 505 South Main Street, Suite 525, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - C Heim
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Luisenstrasse 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, College of Health and Human Development, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - P D Wadhwa
- University of California, Irvine, Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, 333 The City Drive West, Suite 1200, Orange, CA 92868, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 505 South Main Street, Suite 525, Orange, CA 92868, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 3117 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, 837 Health Sciences Drive, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 3117 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, 837 Health Sciences Drive, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 3117 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, 837 Health Sciences Drive, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - N Kathmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 18, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Buss
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Luisenstrasse 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany; University of California, Irvine, Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, 333 The City Drive West, Suite 1200, Orange, CA 92868, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 505 South Main Street, Suite 525, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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Ota M, Sato N, Hidese S, Teraishi T, Maikusa N, Matsuda H, Hattori K, Kunugi H. Structural differences in hippocampal subfields among schizophrenia patients, major depressive disorder patients, and healthy subjects. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2017; 259:54-59. [PMID: 27987389 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Many MRI studies have reported a volume reduction of the hippocampus in psychiatric diseases. However, disease-related volume differences in hippocampus subfields remain unclear. Here we compared the volumes of hippocampus subfields in patients with schizophrenia, patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), and healthy subjects as controls. T2-weighted images were acquired in 20 patients with schizophrenia, 36 with MDD, and 35 healthy volunteers by 3-Tesla MRI. Hippocampal subfields were segmented using an automatic algorithm, Automatic Segmentation of Hippocampal Subfields (ASHS). Schizophrenia patients exhibited significant volume reductions in the cornu ammonis (CA)1 compared to the controls, and in the dentate gyrus compared to the controls and MDD patients without medication, whereas there was no significant difference between the MDD patients and controls. There was a nominal negative correlation between the perirhinal cortex volume and depression severity in the MDD patients without medication, whereas there were negative correlations between CA2 volume and both negative symptoms and the duration of illness in the schizophrenia patients. We identified differing volume reductions in hippocampal subfields and varying correlations between disease severity and subfield volumes depending on diagnosis, suggesting that volume differences in hippocampus subfields may provide important information regarding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Ota
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.
| | - Noriko Sato
- Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Hidese
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiya Teraishi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Norihide Maikusa
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hattori
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
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76
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Enduring, Sexually Dimorphic Impact of In Utero Exposure to Elevated Levels of Glucocorticoids on Midbrain Dopaminergic Populations. Brain Sci 2016; 7:brainsci7010005. [PMID: 28042822 PMCID: PMC5297294 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) released from the fetal/maternal glands during late gestation are required for normal development of mammalian organs and tissues. Accordingly, synthetic glucocorticoids have proven to be invaluable in perinatal medicine where they are widely used to accelerate fetal lung maturation when there is risk of pre-term birth and to promote infant survival. However, clinical and pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that inappropriate exposure of the developing brain to elevated levels of GCs, either as a result of clinical over-use or after stress-induced activation of the fetal/maternal adrenal cortex, is linked with significant effects on brain structure, neurological function and behaviour in later life. In order to understand the underlying neural processes, particular interest has focused on the midbrain dopaminergic systems, which are critical regulators of normal adaptive behaviours, cognitive and sensorimotor functions. Specifically, using a rodent model of GC exposure in late gestation (approximating human brain development at late second/early third trimester), we demonstrated enduring effects on the shape and volume of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) (origins of the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways) on the topographical organisation and size of the dopaminergic neuronal populations and astrocytes within these nuclei and on target innervation density and neurochemical markers of dopaminergic transmission (receptors, transporters, basal and amphetamine-stimulated dopamine release at striatal and prefrontal cortical sites) that impact on the adult brain. The effects of antenatal GC treatment (AGT) were both profound and sexually-dimorphic, not only in terms of quantitative change but also qualitatively, with several parameters affected in the opposite direction in males and females. Although such substantial neurobiological changes might presage marked behavioural effects, in utero GC exposure had only a modest or no effect, depending on sex, on a range of conditioned and unconditioned behaviours known to depend on midbrain dopaminergic transmission. Collectively, these findings suggest that apparent behavioural normality in certain tests, but not others, arises from AGT-induced adaptations or compensatory mechanisms within the midbrain dopaminergic systems, which preserve some, but not all functions. Furthermore, the capacities for molecular adaptations to early environmental challenge are different, even opponent, in males and females, which may account for their differential resilience or failure to perform adequately in behavioural tests. Behavioural "normality" is thus achieved by the midbrain dopaminergic network operating outside its normal limits (in a state of allostasis), rendering it at greater risk to malfunction when challenged in later life. Sex-specific neurobiological programming of midbrain dopaminergic systems may, therefore, have psychopathological relevance for the sex bias commonly found in brain disorders associated with these systems, and which have a neurodevelopmental component, including schizophrenia, ADHD (attention/deficit hyperactivity disorders), autism, depression and substance abuse.
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77
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Poletti S, Locatelli C, Falini A, Colombo C, Benedetti F. Adverse childhood experiences associate to reduced glutamate levels in the hippocampus of patients affected by mood disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 71:117-22. [PMID: 27449360 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) can possibly permanently alter the stress response system, affect the glutamatergic system and influence hippocampal volume in mood disorders. The aim of the study is to investigate the association between glutamate levels in the hippocampus, measured through single proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), and ACE in patients affected by mood disorders and healthy controls. Higher levels of early stress associate to reduced levels of Glx/Cr in the hippocampus in depressed patients but not in healthy controls. Exposure to stress during early life could lead to a hypofunctionality of the glutamatergic system in the hippocampus of depressed patients. Abnormalities of glutamatergic signaling could then possibly underpin the structural and functional abnormalities observed in patients affected by mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Poletti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; C.E.R.M.A.C. (Centro di Eccellenza Risonanza Magnetica ad Alto Campo), University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy..
| | - Clara Locatelli
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Falini
- C.E.R.M.A.C. (Centro di Eccellenza Risonanza Magnetica ad Alto Campo), University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.; Department of Neuroradiology, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Colombo
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; C.E.R.M.A.C. (Centro di Eccellenza Risonanza Magnetica ad Alto Campo), University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
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78
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Yun S, Reynolds RP, Masiulis I, Eisch AJ. Re-evaluating the link between neuropsychiatric disorders and dysregulated adult neurogenesis. Nat Med 2016; 22:1239-1247. [PMID: 27783068 PMCID: PMC5791154 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
People diagnosed with neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, addiction or schizophrenia often have dysregulated memory, mood, pattern separation and/or reward processing. These symptoms are indicative of a disrupted function of the dentate gyrus (DG) subregion of the brain, and they improve with treatment and remission. The dysfunction of the DG is accompanied by structural maladaptations, including dysregulation of adult-generated neurons. An increasing number of studies using modern inducible approaches to manipulate new neurons show that the behavioral symptoms in animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders can be produced or exacerbated by the inhibition of DG neurogenesis. Thus, here we posit that the connection between neuropsychiatric disorders and dysregulated DG neurogenesis is beyond correlation or epiphenomenon, and that the regulation of adult-generated DG neurogenesis merits continued and focused attention in the ongoing effort to develop novel treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghee Yun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan P Reynolds
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Irene Masiulis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Amelia J Eisch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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79
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Teicher MH, Samson JA, Anderson CM, Ohashi K. The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:652-66. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 785] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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80
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Kang E, Wen Z, Song H, Christian KM, Ming GL. Adult Neurogenesis and Psychiatric Disorders. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a019026. [PMID: 26801682 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a019026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders continue to be among the most challenging disorders to diagnose and treat because there is no single genetic or anatomical locus that is causative for the disease. Current treatments are often blunt tools used to ameliorate the most severe symptoms, at the risk of disrupting functional neural systems. There is a critical need to develop new therapeutic strategies that can target circumscribed functional or anatomical domains of pathology. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis may be one such domain. Here, we review the evidence suggesting that adult hippocampal neurogenesis plays a role in emotional regulation and forms of learning and memory that include temporal and spatial memory encoding and context discrimination, and that its dysregulation is associated with psychiatric disorders, such as affective disorders, schizophrenia, and drug addiction. Further, adult neurogenesis has proven to be an effective model to investigate basic processes of neuronal development and converging evidence suggests that aberrant neural development may be an etiological factor, even in late-onset diseases. Constitutive neurogenesis in the hippocampus of the mature brain reflects large-scale plasticity unique to this region and could be a potential hub for modulation of a subset of cognitive and affective behaviors that are affected by multiple psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunchai Kang
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Hongjun Song
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Kimberly M Christian
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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81
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Schmaal L, Veltman DJ, van Erp TGM, Sämann PG, Frodl T, Jahanshad N, Loehrer E, Tiemeier H, Hofman A, Niessen WJ, Vernooij MW, Ikram MA, Wittfeld K, Grabe HJ, Block A, Hegenscheid K, Völzke H, Hoehn D, Czisch M, Lagopoulos J, Hatton SN, Hickie IB, Goya-Maldonado R, Krämer B, Gruber O, Couvy-Duchesne B, Rentería ME, Strike LT, Mills NT, de Zubicaray GI, McMahon KL, Medland SE, Martin NG, Gillespie NA, Wright MJ, Hall GB, MacQueen GM, Frey EM, Carballedo A, van Velzen LS, van Tol MJ, van der Wee NJ, Veer IM, Walter H, Schnell K, Schramm E, Normann C, Schoepf D, Konrad C, Zurowski B, Nickson T, McIntosh AM, Papmeyer M, Whalley HC, Sussmann JE, Godlewska BR, Cowen PJ, Fischer FH, Rose M, Penninx BWJH, Thompson PM, Hibar DP. Subcortical brain alterations in major depressive disorder: findings from the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder working group. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:806-12. [PMID: 26122586 PMCID: PMC4879183 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 696] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pattern of structural brain alterations associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) remains unresolved. This is in part due to small sample sizes of neuroimaging studies resulting in limited statistical power, disease heterogeneity and the complex interactions between clinical characteristics and brain morphology. To address this, we meta-analyzed three-dimensional brain magnetic resonance imaging data from 1728 MDD patients and 7199 controls from 15 research samples worldwide, to identify subcortical brain volumes that robustly discriminate MDD patients from healthy controls. Relative to controls, patients had significantly lower hippocampal volumes (Cohen's d=-0.14, % difference=-1.24). This effect was driven by patients with recurrent MDD (Cohen's d=-0.17, % difference=-1.44), and we detected no differences between first episode patients and controls. Age of onset ⩽21 was associated with a smaller hippocampus (Cohen's d=-0.20, % difference=-1.85) and a trend toward smaller amygdala (Cohen's d=-0.11, % difference=-1.23) and larger lateral ventricles (Cohen's d=0.12, % difference=5.11). Symptom severity at study inclusion was not associated with any regional brain volumes. Sample characteristics such as mean age, proportion of antidepressant users and proportion of remitted patients, and methodological characteristics did not significantly moderate alterations in brain volumes in MDD. Samples with a higher proportion of antipsychotic medication users showed larger caudate volumes in MDD patients compared with controls. This currently largest worldwide effort to identify subcortical brain alterations showed robust smaller hippocampal volumes in MDD patients, moderated by age of onset and first episode versus recurrent episode status.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Schmaal
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 74077, Amsterdam 1070 BB, The Netherlands. E-mail:
| | - D J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T G M van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - P G Sämann
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - T Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany,Department of Psychiatry, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - N Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - E Loehrer
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W J Niessen
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Imaging Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M W Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Departments of Radiology and Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M A Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Departments of Radiology and Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Wittfeld
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | - H J Grabe
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Germany,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany,Helios Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany
| | - A Block
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - K Hegenscheid
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - H Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - D Hoehn
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - M Czisch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - J Lagopoulos
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - S N Hatton
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - I B Hickie
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - R Goya-Maldonado
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - B Krämer
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - O Gruber
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - B Couvy-Duchesne
- NeuroImaging Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Center for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M E Rentería
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - L T Strike
- NeuroImaging Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Center for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - N T Mills
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - G I de Zubicaray
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - K L McMahon
- Center for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - S E Medland
- Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - N G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - N A Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - M J Wright
- NeuroImaging Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - G B Hall
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - G M MacQueen
- Department of Psychiatry, Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - E M Frey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - A Carballedo
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L S van Velzen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M J van Tol
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, NeuroImaging Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - N J van der Wee
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - I M Veer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - H Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Schnell
- Department of General Psychiatry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E Schramm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - C Normann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - D Schoepf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - C Konrad
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - B Zurowski
- Center for Integrative Psychiatry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - T Nickson
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Papmeyer
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - H C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J E Sussmann
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - B R Godlewska
- University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - P J Cowen
- University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - F H Fischer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany,Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemology and Health Economics, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Rose
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany,Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - B W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - D P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
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82
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Fried EI, Kievit RA. The volumes of subcortical regions in depressed and healthy individuals are strikingly similar: a reinterpretation of the results by Schmaal et al. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:724-5. [PMID: 26666203 PMCID: PMC5341761 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiko I. Fried
- University of Leuven, Faculty of Psychology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rogier A. Kievit
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
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83
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Maternal mental well-being during pregnancy and glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter methylation in the neonate. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 28:1421-1430. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMaternal mental health during pregnancy has been linked to health outcomes in progeny. Mounting evidence implicates fetal “programming” in this process, possibly via epigenetic disruption. Maternal mental health has been associated with glucocorticoid receptor methylation (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 [NR3C1]) in the neonate; however, most studies have been small (n < 100) and have failed to control for multiple testing in the statistical analysis. The Barwon Infant Study is a population-derived birth cohort with antenatal recruitment. Maternal depression and anxiety were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and psychological distress using the Perceived Stress Scale. NR3C1 cord blood methylation levels were determined using Sequenom MassArray for 481 participants. Maternal psychological distress and anxiety were associated with a small increase in neonate NR3C1 methylation at specific CpG sites, thus replicating some previous findings. However, associations were only nominally significant and did not remain after correction for the number of CpG sites and exposures investigated. As the largest study to explore the relationship between maternal well-being and offspring NR3C1 cord blood methylation, our results highlight the need for caution when interpreting previous findings in this area. Future studies must ensure they are adequately powered to detect the likely small effect sizes while controlling for multiple testing.
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84
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Teicher MH, Samson JA. Annual Research Review: Enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016; 57:241-66. [PMID: 26831814 PMCID: PMC4760853 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 637] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment is the most important preventable cause of psychopathology accounting for about 45% of the population attributable risk for childhood onset psychiatric disorders. A key breakthrough has been the discovery that maltreatment alters trajectories of brain development. METHODS This review aims to synthesize neuroimaging findings in children who experienced caregiver neglect as well as from studies in children, adolescents and adults who experienced physical, sexual and emotional abuse. In doing so, we provide preliminary answers to questions regarding the importance of type and timing of exposure, gender differences, reversibility and the relationship between brain changes and psychopathology. We also discuss whether these changes represent adaptive modifications or stress-induced damage. RESULTS Parental verbal abuse, witnessing domestic violence and sexual abuse appear to specifically target brain regions (auditory, visual and somatosensory cortex) and pathways that process and convey the aversive experience. Maltreatment is associated with reliable morphological alterations in anterior cingulate, dorsal lateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex, corpus callosum and adult hippocampus, and with enhanced amygdala response to emotional faces and diminished striatal response to anticipated rewards. Evidence is emerging that these regions and interconnecting pathways have sensitive exposure periods when they are most vulnerable. CONCLUSIONS Early deprivation and later abuse may have opposite effects on amygdala volume. Structural and functional abnormalities initially attributed to psychiatric illness may be a more direct consequence of abuse. Childhood maltreatment exerts a prepotent influence on brain development and has been an unrecognized confound in almost all psychiatric neuroimaging studies. These brain changes may be best understood as adaptive responses to facilitate survival and reproduction in the face of adversity. Their relationship to psychopathology is complex as they are discernible in both susceptible and resilient individuals with maltreatment histories. Mechanisms fostering resilience will need to be a primary focus of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H. Teicher
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Jacqueline A. Samson
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
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85
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van Uden IWM, Tuladhar AM, van der Holst HM, van Leijsen EMC, van Norden AGW, de Laat KF, Rutten-Jacobs LCA, Norris DG, Claassen JAHR, van Dijk EJ, Kessels RPC, de Leeuw FE. Diffusion tensor imaging of the hippocampus predicts the risk of dementia; the RUN DMC study. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:327-37. [PMID: 26468058 PMCID: PMC6867248 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral small vessel disease is one of the most important risk factors for dementia, and has been related to hippocampal atrophy, which is among the first observed changes on conventional MRI in patients with dementia. However, these volumetric changes might be preceded by loss of microstructural integrity of the hippocampus for which conventional MRI is not sensitive enough. Therefore, we investigated the relation between the hippocampal diffusion parameters and the risk of incident dementia, using diffusion tensor imaging, independent of hippocampal volume. METHODS The RUNDMC study is a prospective study among 503 elderly with small vessel disease, without dementia, with 5 years follow-up in 2012 (99.6% response-rate). Cox regression analysis was performed to calculate hazard ratios for dementia, of fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity within the hippocampus, adjusted for demographics, hippocampal volume, and white matter. This was repeated in participants without evident hippocampal volume loss, because in these participants the visible damage might not yet have already started, whereas damage might have started on a microstructural level. RESULTS 43 participants developed dementia (8.6%), resulting in a 5.5-year cumulative risk of 11.1% (95%CI 7.7-14.6). Higher mean diffusivity was associated with an increased 5-year risk of dementia. In the subgroup of participants with the upper half hippocampal volume, higher hippocampal mean diffusivity, more than doubled the 5-year risk of dementia. CONCLUSION This is the first prospective study showing a relation between a higher baseline hippocampal mean diffusivity and the risk of incident dementia in elderly with small vessel disease at 5-year follow-up, independent of hippocampal volume and white matter volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- I W M van Uden
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, The Netherlands
| | - A M Tuladhar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, The Netherlands
| | - H M van der Holst
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, The Netherlands
| | - E M C van Leijsen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, The Netherlands
| | - A G W van Norden
- Department of Neurology, Amphia Ziekenhuis Breda, The Netherlands
| | - K F de Laat
- Department of Neurology, HagaZiekenhuis Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - L C A Rutten-Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - D G Norris
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45141, Germany
| | - J A H R Claassen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Geriatrics, The Netherlands
| | - E J van Dijk
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, The Netherlands
| | - R P C Kessels
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Geriatrics, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Medical Psychology, The Netherlands
| | - F-E de Leeuw
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, The Netherlands
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86
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Solanki RK, Kumar A, Satija Y, Gupta S, Singh P. An Indian experience of neurocognitive endophenotypic markers in unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients. Indian J Psychiatry 2016; 58:20-6. [PMID: 26985100 PMCID: PMC4776576 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5545.174356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Multiple vulnerability genes interact with environmental factors to develop a range of phenotypes in the schizophrenia spectrum. Endophenotypes can help characterize the impact of risk genes by providing genetically relevant traits that are more complaisant than the behavioral symptoms that classify mental illness. AIMS We aimed to investigate the neurocognitive endophenotypic markers for schizophrenia in Indian population. SETTINGS AND DESIGN In a cross-sectional study, we assessed neurocognitive functioning in 40 unaffected first-degree relatives (FDR) of schizophrenia patients with an equal number of healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS FDR schizophrenia group was compared with the control group on measures of short-term memory, verbal working memory, auditory verbal memory on indices of immediate recall and recognition, visuospatial working memory, visual attention, and executive functions. RESULTS The study found that FDR schizophrenia scored poorly on all tested measures of neurocognition except visual attention. On calculating composite score, we found that composite neurocognitive score better discriminated the FDR schizophrenia from the control group. CONCLUSIONS Neurocognitive measures of short-term memory, verbal working memory, auditory verbal memory, visuospatial working memory, and executive functions significantly differentiate FDR of patients with schizophrenia from controls and can be considered as endophenotypic markers of schizophrenia in non-Caucasian population. The exactitude of this approach can be increased by calculating a composite neurocognitive score which combines various neurocognitive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kumar Solanki
- Department of Psychiatry, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Yogesh Satija
- Department of Psychiatry, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Suresh Gupta
- Department of Psychiatry, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Paramjeet Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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87
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Generation of functional hippocampal neurons from self-organizing human embryonic stem cell-derived dorsomedial telencephalic tissue. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8896. [PMID: 26573335 PMCID: PMC4660208 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing dorsomedial telencephalon includes the medial pallium, which goes on to form the hippocampus. Generating a reliable source of human hippocampal tissue is an important step for cell-based research into hippocampus-related diseases. Here we show the generation of functional hippocampal granule- and pyramidal-like neurons from self-organizing dorsomedial telencephalic tissue using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). First, we develop a hESC culture method that utilizes bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Wnt signalling to induce choroid plexus, the most dorsomedial portion of the telencephalon. Then, we find that titrating BMP and Wnt exposure allowed the self-organization of medial pallium tissues. Following long-term dissociation culture, these dorsomedial telencephalic tissues give rise to Zbtb20+/Prox1+ granule neurons and Zbtb20+/KA1+ pyramidal neurons, both of which were electrically functional with network formation. Thus, we have developed an in vitro model that recapitulates human hippocampus development, allowing the generation of functional hippocampal granule- and pyramidal-like neurons. In vitro differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has enabled the generation of neuroectodermal tissues. Here, Sakaguchi et al. use a modified neocortical induction method to generate functional hippocampal granule and pyramidal-like neurons, as well as dorsomedial telencephalic tissues from hPSCs.
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88
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de Flores R, La Joie R, Chételat G. Structural imaging of hippocampal subfields in healthy aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience 2015; 309:29-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Schaapsmeerders P, Tuladhar AM, Maaijwee NAM, Rutten-Jacobs LCA, Arntz RM, Schoonderwaldt HC, Dorresteijn LDA, van Dijk EJ, Kessels RPC, de Leeuw FE. Lower Ipsilateral Hippocampal Integrity after Ischemic Stroke in Young Adults: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139772. [PMID: 26462115 PMCID: PMC4603678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Memory impairment after stroke is poorly understood as stroke rarely occurs in the hippocampus. Previous studies have observed smaller ipsilateral hippocampal volumes after stroke compared with controls. Possibly, these findings on macroscopic level are not the first occurrence of structural damage and are preceded by microscopic changes that may already be associated with a worse memory function. We therefore examined the relationship between hippocampal integrity, volume, and memory performance long after first-ever ischemic stroke in young adults. Methods We included all consecutive first-ever ischemic stroke patients, without hippocampal strokes or recurrent stroke/TIA, aged 18–50 years, admitted to our academic hospital between 1980 and 2010. One hundred and forty-six patients underwent T1 MPRAGE, DTI scanning and completed the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and were compared with 84 stroke-free controls. After manual correction of hippocampal automatic segmentation, we calculated mean hippocampal fractional anisotropy (FA) and diffusivity (MD). Results On average 10 years after ischemic stroke, lesion volume was associated with lower ipsilateral hippocampal integrity (p<0.05), independent of hippocampal volume. In patients with a normal ipsilateral hippocampal volume (volume is less than or equal to 1.5 SD below the mean volume of controls) significant differences in ipsilateral hippocampal MD were observed (p<0.0001). However, patients with a normal hippocampal volume and high hippocampal MD did not show a worse memory performance compared with patients with a normal volume and low hippocampal MD (p>0.05). Conclusions Patients with average ipsilateral hippocampal volume could already have lower ipsilateral hippocampal integrity, although at present with no attendant worse memory performance compared with patients with high hippocampal integrity. Longitudinal studies are needed to investigate whether a low hippocampal integrity after stroke might lead to exacerbated memory decline with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Schaapsmeerders
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anil M. Tuladhar
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Noortje A. M. Maaijwee
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Renate M. Arntz
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hennie C. Schoonderwaldt
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ewoud J. van Dijk
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Roy P. C. Kessels
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience and Centre for Cognition, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud university medical centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank-Erik de Leeuw
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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90
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Brisch R, Bernstein HG, Dobrowolny H, Krzyżanowska M, Jankowski Z, Bogerts B, Gos T. Volumetric analysis of the diagonal band of Broca in patients with schizophrenia and affective disorders: A post-mortem study. Clin Anat 2015; 29:466-72. [PMID: 26457806 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The human diagonal band of Broca is connected to other parts of the limbic system, such as the hippocampus, that are involved in the pathology of schizophrenia. This study aimed to characterize the volume and anterior-to-posterior distance of the human diagonal band of Broca (vertical limb) from post-mortem brains obtained from three groups: healthy control subjects (N = 17), patients with schizophrenia (N = 26), and patients with affective disorders (N = 12). There were no significant differences in the volume or anterior-to-posterior distance in the patients with schizophrenia or affective disorders compared with the healthy control subjects. To date, this is the first post-mortem investigation measuring the volume and the anterior-to-posterior distance of the diagonal band of Broca (vertical limb) in patients with schizophrenia or affective disorders compared with healthy control subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Brisch
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Ul. Dębowa 23, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hans-Gert Bernstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Dobrowolny
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marta Krzyżanowska
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Ul. Dębowa 23, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Jankowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Ul. Dębowa 23, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bernhard Bogerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tomasz Gos
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Ul. Dębowa 23, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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91
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Cognitive and Brain Profiles Associated with Current Neuroimaging Biomarkers of Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26203136 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0150-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging biomarkers, namely hippocampal volume loss, temporoparietal hypometabolism, and neocortical β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition, are included in the recent research criteria for preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, how to use these biomarkers is still being debated, especially regarding their sequence. Our aim was to characterize the cognitive and brain profiles of elders classified as positive or negative for each biomarker to further our understanding of their use in the preclinical diagnosis of AD. Fifty-four cognitively normal individuals (age = 65.8 ± 8.3 years) underwent neuropsychological tests (structural MRI, FDG-PET, and Florbetapir-PET) and were dichotomized into positive or negative independently for each neuroimaging biomarker. Demographic, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging data were compared between positive and negative subgroups. The MRI-positive subgroup had lower executive performances and mixed patterns of lower volume and metabolism in AD-characteristic regions and in the prefrontal cortex. The FDG-positive subgroup showed only hypometabolism, predominantly in AD-sensitive areas extending to the whole neocortex, compared with the FDG-negative subgroup. The amyloid-positive subgroup was older and included more APOE ε4 carriers compared with the amyloid-negative subgroup. When considering MRI and/or FDG biomarkers together (i.e., the neurodegeneration-positive), there was a trend for an inverse relationship with Aβ deposition such that those with neurodegeneration tended to show less Aβ deposition and the reverse was true as well. Our findings suggest that: (1) MRI and FDG biomarkers provide complementary rather than redundant information and (2) relatively young cognitively normal elders tend to have either neurodegeneration or Aβ deposition, but not both, suggesting additive rather than sequential/causative links between AD neuroimaging biomarkers at this age. Significance statement: Neuroimaging biomarkers are included in the recent research criteria for preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, how to use these biomarkers is still being debated, especially regarding their sequence. Our findings suggest that MRI and FDG-PET biomarkers should be used in combination, offering an additive contribution instead of reflecting the same process of neurodegeneration. Moreover, the present study also challenges the hierarchical use of the neuroimaging biomarkers in preclinical AD because it suggests that the neurodegeneration observed in this population is not due to β-amyloid deposition. Rather, our results suggest that β-amyloid- and tau-related pathological processes may interact but not necessarily appear in a systematic sequence.
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92
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Shah JL, Tandon N, Howard ER, Mermon D, Miewald JM, Montrose DM, Keshavan MS. Pituitary volume and clinical trajectory in young relatives at risk for schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2015; 45:2813-2824. [PMID: 26149540 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171500077x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress and vulnerability likely interact to play a major role in psychosis. While much has been written about the neural diathesis-stress model in psychosis and its clinical risk states, little is known about HPA axis biomarkers in non-help-seeking individuals at familial high risk (FHR). We sought to prospectively measure pituitary volume (PV) in adolescents and young adults at FHR for schizophrenia and to follow their emerging sub-clinical psychotic symptoms and clinical trajectories. METHOD Forty healthy controls and 38 relatives of patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were identified in Pittsburgh, USA. PV was derived from baseline 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging. Chapman's schizotypy scales were acquired at baseline, and structured clinical interviews for DSM-IV-TR Axis I diagnoses were attempted annually for up to 3 years. RESULTS Seven individuals converted to psychosis. PV did not differ between FHR and control groups overall. Within the FHR group, PV was positively correlated with Chapman's positive schizotypy (Magical Ideation and Perceptual Aberration) scores, and there was a significant group × PV interaction with schizotypy. PV was significantly higher in FHR subjects carrying any baseline Axis I diagnosis (p = 0.004), and higher still in individuals who went on to convert to psychosis (p = 0.0007). CONCLUSIONS Increased PV is a correlate of early positive schizotypy, and may predict trait vulnerability to subsequent psychosis in FHR relatives. These preliminary findings support a model of stress-vulnerability and HPA axis activation in the early phases of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Shah
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,Boston,MA,USA
| | - N Tandon
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,Boston,MA,USA
| | - E R Howard
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,Boston,MA,USA
| | - D Mermon
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Pittsburgh,PA,USA
| | - J M Miewald
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Pittsburgh,PA,USA
| | - D M Montrose
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Pittsburgh,PA,USA
| | - M S Keshavan
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,Boston,MA,USA
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93
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Liu W, Yu H, Jiang B, Pan B, Yu S, Li H, Zheng L. The predictive value of baseline NAA/Cr for treatment response of first-episode schizophrenia: A ¹H MRS study. Neurosci Lett 2015; 600:199-205. [PMID: 26099422 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study focused on the predictive value of baseline metabolite ratios in bilateral hippocampus of first-episode schizophrenia by using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS). (1)H MRS data were acquired from 23 hallucination and 17 non-hallucination first-episode schizophrenia patients compared with 17 healthy participants. Clinical characteristics of patients were rated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) before and after 3-month treatment. The schizophrenia patients showed lower NAA/Cr ratio than healthy participants respectively (p=0.024; p=0.001), and non-hallucination patients had even lower NAA/Cr ratio than hallucination patients (p=0.033). After 3-month treatment, hallucination patients had greater improvement in negative symptoms than non-hallucination patients (p=0.018). The reduction of PANSS total score and negative factor score was positively correlated with the left NAA/Cr in both group patients (p<0.05). Given that the bilateral hippocampal baseline NAA/Cr had predictive value for the whole treatment response, and the left hippocampal NAA/Cr can predict the prognosis of negative symptoms during acute phase medication in first-episode schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hualiang Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biao Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huichun Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leilei Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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McArthur S, Pienaar IS, Siddiqi SM, Gillies GE. Sex-specific disruption of murine midbrain astrocytic and dopaminergic developmental trajectories following antenatal GC treatment. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:2459-75. [PMID: 25944572 PMCID: PMC4884206 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian midbrain dopaminergic systems arising in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) are critical for coping behaviours and are implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders where early life challenges comprise significant risk factors. Here, we aimed to advance our hypothesis that glucocorticoids (GCs), recognised key players in neurobiological programming, target development within these systems, with a novel focus on the astrocytic population. Mice received antenatal GC treatment (AGT) by including the synthetic GC, dexamethasone, in the mothers' drinking water on gestational days 16-19; controls received normal drinking water. Analyses of regional shapes and volumes of the adult SNc and VTA demonstrated that AGT induced long-term, dose-dependent, structural changes that were accompanied by profound effects on astrocytes (doubling/tripling of numbers and/or density). Additionally, AGT induced long-term changes in the population size and distribution of SNc/VTA dopaminergic neurons, confirming and extending our previous observations made in rats. Furthermore, glial/neuronal structural remodelling was sexually dimorphic and depended on the AGT dose and sub-region of the SNc/VTA. Investigations within the neonatal brain revealed that these long-term organisational effects of AGT depend, at least in part, on targeting perinatal processes that determine astrocyte density and programmed cell death in dopaminergic neurons. Collectively, our characterisation of enduring, AGT-induced, sex-specific cytoarchitectural disturbances suggests novel mechanistic links for the strong association between early environmental challenge (inappropriate exposure to excess GCs) and vulnerability to developing aberrant behaviours in later life, with translational implications for dopamine-associated disorders (such as schizophrenia, ADHD, autism, depression), which typically show a sex bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon McArthur
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Ilse S Pienaar
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.,Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sindhu M Siddiqi
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Glenda E Gillies
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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Harrisberger F, Smieskova R, Schmidt A, Lenz C, Walter A, Wittfeld K, Grabe HJ, Lang UE, Fusar-Poli P, Borgwardt S. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and hippocampal volume in neuropsychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:107-18. [PMID: 25956254 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin involved in neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system, especially in the hippocampus, and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several neuropsychiatric disorders. Its Val66Met polymorphism (refSNP Cluster Report: rs6265) is a functionally relevant single nucleotide polymorphism affecting the secretion of BDNF and is implicated in differences in hippocampal volumes. METHODS This is a systematic meta-analytical review of findings from imaging genetic studies on the impact of the rs6265 SNP on hippocampal volumes in neuropsychiatric patients with major depressive disorder, anxiety, bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. RESULTS The overall sample size of 18 independent clinical cohorts comprised 1695 patients. Our results indicated no significant association of left (Hedge's g=0.08, p=0.12), right (g=0.07, p=0.22) or bilateral (g=0.07, p=0.16) hippocampal volumes with BDNF rs6265 in neuropsychiatric patients. There was no evidence for a publication bias or any demographic, clinical, or methodological moderating effects. Both Val/Val homozygotes (g=0.32, p=0.004) and Met-carriers (g=0.20, p=0.004) from the patient sample had significantly smaller hippocampal volumes than the healthy control sample with the same allele. The magnitude of these effects did not differ between the two genotypes. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis suggests that there is no association between this BDNF polymorphism and hippocampal volumes. For each BDNF genotype, the hippocampal volumes were significantly lower in neuropsychiatric patients than in healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Harrisberger
- University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - R Smieskova
- University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Schmidt
- University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Lenz
- University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Walter
- University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - K Wittfeld
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | - H J Grabe
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Helios Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany
| | - U E Lang
- University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - P Fusar-Poli
- King's College London, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park 16, SE58AF London, UK; OASIS Prodromal Team SLaM NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S Borgwardt
- University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), 4031 Basel, Switzerland; King's College London, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park 16, SE58AF London, UK.
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96
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Oltedal L, Kessler U, Ersland L, Grüner R, Andreassen OA, Haavik J, Hoff PI, Hammar Å, Dale AM, Hugdahl K, Oedegaard KJ. Effects of ECT in treatment of depression: study protocol for a prospective neuroradiological study of acute and longitudinal effects on brain structure and function. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15:94. [PMID: 25927716 PMCID: PMC4422607 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depression can be a serious and debilitating condition. For some patients in a treatment resistant depressive episode, electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) is the only treatment that is effective. Although ECT has shown efficacy in randomized controlled trials, the treatment is still controversial and stigmatized. This can in part be attributed to our lack of knowledge of the mechanisms of action. Some reports also suggest potential harmful effects of ECT treatment and memory related side effects have been documented. METHODS/DESIGN The present study will apply state of the art radiology through advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to investigate structural and functional brain effects of ECT. As a multi-disciplinary collaboration, imaging findings will be correlated to psychiatric response parameters, neuropsychological functioning as well as neurochemical and genetic biomarkers that can elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The aim is to document both treatment effects and potential harmful effects of ECT. SAMPLE n = 40 patients in a major depressive episode (bipolar and major depressive disorder). Two control groups with n = 15 in each group: age and gender matched healthy volunteers not receiving ECT and patients undergoing electrical cardioversion (ECV) for atrial fibrillation (AF). Observation time: six months. DISCUSSION The study will contribute to our understanding of the pathophysiology of major depression as well as mechanisms of action for the most effective treatment for the disorder; ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Oltedal
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ute Kessler
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Lars Ersland
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Renate Grüner
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jan Haavik
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Per Ivar Hoff
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Åsa Hammar
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Anders M Dale
- Departments of Neurosciences, Radiology and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. .,Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Kenneth Hugdahl
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. .,Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ketil J Oedegaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. .,K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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97
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Hermelink K, Voigt V, Kaste J, Neufeld F, Wuerstlein R, Buhner M, Munzel K, Rjosk-Dendorfer D, Grandl S, Braun M, von Koch FE, Hartl K, Hasmuller S, Bauerfeind I, Debus G, Herschbach P, Harbeck N. Elucidating Pretreatment Cognitive Impairment in Breast Cancer Patients: The Impact of Cancer-related Post-traumatic Stress. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107:djv099. [DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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98
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Volume of hippocampal substructures in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 2015; 231:218-26. [PMID: 25624067 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) may be associated with smaller hippocampi in comparison to hippocampal size in controls. However, specific pathology in hippocampal substructures (i.e., head, body and tail) has not been sufficiently investigated. To address hippocampal structure in greater detail, we studied 39 psychiatric inpatients and outpatients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of BPD and 39 healthy controls. The hippocampus and its substructures were segmented manually on magnetic resonance imaging scans. The volumes of hippocampal substructures (and total hippocampal volume) did not differ between BPD patients and controls. Exploratory analysis suggests that patients with a lifetime history of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may have a significantly smaller hippocampus - affecting both the hippocampal head and body - in comparison to BPD patients without comorbid PTSD (difference in total hippocampal volume: -10.5%, 95%CI -2.6 to -18.5, significant). Also, patients fulfilling seven or more DSM-IV BPD criteria showed a hippocampal volume reduction, limited to the hippocampal head (difference in volume of the hippocampal head: -16.5%, 95%CI -6.1 to -26.8, significant). Disease heterogeneity in respect to, for example, symptom severity and psychiatric comorbidities may limit direct comparability between studies; the results presented here may reflect hippocampal volumes in patients who are "less" affected or they may simply be a chance finding. However, there is also the possibility that global effects of BPD on the hippocampus may have previously been overestimated.
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99
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Fraser MA, Shaw ME, Cherbuin N. A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal hippocampal atrophy in healthy human ageing. Neuroimage 2015; 112:364-374. [PMID: 25800208 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This review aimed to produce hippocampal atrophy rate estimates from healthy ageing studies as well as control samples from observational studies across the adult lifespan which can be used as benchmarks to evaluate abnormal changes in pathological conditions. METHODS The review followed PRISMA guidelines. PUBMED (to February 2014) was searched for longitudinal MRI studies reporting hippocampal atrophy or volume change in cognitively healthy individuals. Titles were screened and non-English, duplicate or irrelevant entries were excluded. Remaining record abstracts were reviewed to identify studies for full text retrieval. Full text was retrieved and screened against inclusion/exclusion criteria. Bibliographies and previous reviews were examined to identify additional studies. Data were summarised using meta-analysis and age, segmentation technique and study type were tested as potential moderators using meta-regression. It was hypothesised that population studies would produce higher atrophy rates than clinical observational studies. RESULTS The systematic search identified 4410 entries and 119 studies were retrieved with 58 failing selection or quality criteria, 30 were excluded as multiple reports and 3 studies were unsuitable for meta-analysis. The remaining 28 studies were included in the meta-analysis, n=3422, 44.65% male, 11,735 person-years of follow-up, mean age was 24.50 to 83 years. Mean total hippocampal atrophy for the entire sample was 0.85% per year (95% CI 0.63, 1.07). Age based atrophy rates were 0.38% per year (CI 0.14, 0.62) for studies with mean age <55 years (n=413), 0.98% (CI 0.27, 1.70) for 55 to <70 years (n=426), and 1.12% (CI 0.86, 1.38) for ≥70 years (n=2583). Meta-regression indicated age was associated with increased atrophy rates of 0.0263% (CI 0.0146, 0.0379) per year and automated segmentation approaches were associated with a reduced atrophy rate of -0.466% (CI -0.841, -0.090). Population studies were not associated with a significant effect on atrophy. Analyses of 11 studies separately measuring left and right hippocampal atrophy (n=1142) provided little evidence of laterality effects. While no study separately reported atrophy by gender, a number tested for gender effects and 2 studies reported higher atrophy in males. CONCLUSIONS Hippocampal atrophy rates increase with age with the largest increases occurring from midlife onwards. Manual segmentation approaches result in higher measured atrophy rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Fraser
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Florey, Building 54, Mills Road, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Marnie E Shaw
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Florey, Building 54, Mills Road, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Nicolas Cherbuin
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Florey, Building 54, Mills Road, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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100
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Much ado about much: stress, dynamic biomarkers and HPA axis dysregulation along the trajectory to psychosis. Schizophr Res 2015; 162:253-60. [PMID: 25620122 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the context of a stress-vulnerability framework, hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is thought contribute to the risk, onset and course of psychotic illness. However, recent reports regarding static and dynamic features of the HPA axis suggest a more complex set of phenomena at play in the early phases of psychosis. METHODS We review literature regarding structural and functional aspects of the HPA axis in subjects at risk for or experiencing the first episode of psychosis, including evidence favoring as well as that which contradicts a model of HPA axis hyperactivation. RESULTS Static measures of diurnal cortisol and hippocampal/pituitary volumes suggest that the HPA axis is in a hyperactivated state in early phases of psychosis. In contrast, the dynamic cortisol response to encountered or anticipated stress is blunted in the same populations. These incongruent findings need to be better understood. CONCLUSIONS We consider potential explanations for the seemingly contradictory elevation and blunting of HPA biomarkers in the early course of psychosis. Finally, we propose and explore implications of a conceptual model of tonic HPA hyperactivation and phasic HPA blunting that integrates and reconciles these data.
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