51
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Aida J, Fushimi M, Kusumoto T, Sugiyama H, Arimura N, Ikeda S, Sasaki M, Sogabe S, Aoyama K, Koike T. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Piperazinyl Pyrrolidin-2-ones as a Novel Series of Reversible Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9205-9217. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Aida
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Makoto Fushimi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Kusumoto
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sugiyama
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naoto Arimura
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ikeda
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masako Sasaki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sogabe
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Aoyama
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Koike
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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52
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Augustin SM, Lovinger DM. Functional Relevance of Endocannabinoid-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity in the Central Nervous System. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2146-2161. [PMID: 29400439 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling system plays a key role in short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity in brain regions involved in various neural functions ranging from action selection to appetite control. This review will explore the role of eCBs in shaping neural circuit function to regulate behaviors. In particular, we will discuss the behavioral consequences of eCB mediated long-term synaptic plasticity in different brain regions. This review brings together evidence from in vitro and ex vivo studies and points out the need for more in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana M. Augustin
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - David M. Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
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53
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Cisar JS, Weber OD, Clapper JR, Blankman JL, Henry CL, Simon GM, Alexander JP, Jones TK, Ezekowitz RAB, O’Neill GP, Grice CA. Identification of ABX-1431, a Selective Inhibitor of Monoacylglycerol Lipase and Clinical Candidate for Treatment of Neurological Disorders. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9062-9084. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin S. Cisar
- Abide Therapeutics, 10835 Road to the Cure, Suite 250, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Olivia D. Weber
- Abide Therapeutics, 10835 Road to the Cure, Suite 250, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jason R. Clapper
- Abide Therapeutics, 10835 Road to the Cure, Suite 250, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jacqueline L. Blankman
- Abide Therapeutics, 10835 Road to the Cure, Suite 250, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Cassandra L. Henry
- Abide Therapeutics, 10835 Road to the Cure, Suite 250, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Gabriel M. Simon
- Vividion Therapeutics, 3565 General Atomics Court, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jessica P. Alexander
- Abide Therapeutics, 10835 Road to the Cure, Suite 250, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Todd K. Jones
- Abide Therapeutics, 10835 Road to the Cure, Suite 250, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - R. Alan B. Ezekowitz
- Abide Therapeutics, 10835 Road to the Cure, Suite 250, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Gary P. O’Neill
- Abide Therapeutics, 10835 Road to the Cure, Suite 250, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Cheryl A. Grice
- Abide Therapeutics, 10835 Road to the Cure, Suite 250, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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54
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Sugaya Y, Kano M. Control of excessive neural circuit excitability and prevention of epileptic seizures by endocannabinoid signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2793-2811. [PMID: 29737364 PMCID: PMC11105219 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2834-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progress in research on endocannabinoid signaling has greatly advanced our understanding of how it controls neural circuit excitability in health and disease. In general, endocannabinoid signaling at excitatory synapses suppresses seizures by inhibiting glutamate release. In contrast, endocannabinoid signaling promotes seizures by inhibiting GABA release at inhibitory synapses. The physiological distribution of endocannabinoid signaling molecules becomes disrupted with the development of epileptic focus in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and in animal models of experimentally induced epilepsy. Augmentation of endocannabinoid signaling can promote the development of epileptic focus at initial stages. However, at later stages, increased endocannabinoid signaling delays it and suppresses spontaneous seizures. Thus, the regulation of endocannabinoid signaling at specific synapses that cause hyperexcitability during particular stages of disease development may be effective for treating epilepsy and epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sugaya
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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55
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Gil-Ordóñez A, Martín-Fontecha M, Ortega-Gutiérrez S, López-Rodríguez ML. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) as a promising therapeutic target. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:18-32. [PMID: 30059673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) has been characterized as the main enzyme responsible for the inactivation of the most abundant brain endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Besides this role, MAGL has progressively acquired a growing importance as an integrative metabolic hub that controls not only the in vivo levels of 2-AG but also of other monoacylglycerides and, indirectly, the levels of free fatty acids derived from their hydrolysis as well as other lipids with pro-inflammatory or pro-tumorigenic effects, coming from the further metabolism of fatty acids. All these functions have only started to be elucidated in the last years due to the progress made in the knowledge of the structure of MAGL and in the development of genetic and chemical tools. In this review we report the advances made in the field with a special focus on the last decade and how MAGL has become a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of several diseases that currently lack appropriate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gil-Ordóñez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Martín-Fontecha
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Ortega-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María L López-Rodríguez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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56
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Abstract
Hydrolytic enzymes are a large class of biological catalysts that play a vital role in a plethora of critical biochemical processes required to maintain human health. However, the expression and/or activity of these important enzymes can change in many different diseases and therefore represent exciting targets for the development of positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) radiotracers. This review focuses on recently reported radiolabeled substrates, reversible inhibitors, and irreversible inhibitors investigated as PET and SPECT tracers for imaging hydrolytic enzymes. By learning from the most successful examples of tracer development for hydrolytic enzymes, it appears that an early focus on careful enzyme kinetics and cell-based studies are key factors for identifying potentially useful new molecular imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Rempel
- 1 Department of Science, Augustana Faculty, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eric W Price
- 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Christopher P Phenix
- 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,3 Biomarker Discovery, Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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57
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Aschauer P, Zimmermann R, Breinbauer R, Pavkov-Keller T, Oberer M. The crystal structure of monoacylglycerol lipase from M. tuberculosis reveals the basis for specific inhibition. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8948. [PMID: 29895832 PMCID: PMC5997763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipases (MGLs) are enzymes that hydrolyze monoacylglycerol into a free fatty acid and glycerol. Fatty acids can be used for triacylglycerol synthesis, as energy source, as building blocks for energy storage, and as precursor for membrane phospholipids. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, fatty acids also serve as precursor for polyketide lipids like mycolic acids, major components of the cellular envelope associated to resistance for drug. We present the crystal structure of the MGL Rv0183 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtbMGL) in open conformation. The structure reveals remarkable similarities with MGL from humans (hMGL) in both, the cap region and the α/β core. Nevertheless, mtbMGL could not be inhibited with JZL-184, a known inhibitor of hMGL. Docking studies provide an explanation why the activity of mtbMGL was not affected by the inhibitor. Our findings suggest that specific inhibition of mtbMGL from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, one of the oldest recognized pathogens, is possible without influencing hMGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Aschauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Tea Pavkov-Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010, Graz, Austria. .,BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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58
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Zareie P, Sadegh M, Palizvan MR, Moradi-Chameh H. Anticonvulsive effects of endocannabinoids; an investigation to determine the role of regulatory components of endocannabinoid metabolism in the Pentylenetetrazol induced tonic- clonic seizures. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:939-948. [PMID: 29504066 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide are two major endocannabinoids produced, released and eliminated by metabolic pathways. Anticonvulsive effect of 2-AG and CB1 receptor is well-established. Herein, we designed to investigate the anticonvulsive influence of key components of the 2-AG and anandamide metabolism. Tonic-clonic seizures were induced by an injection of Pentylenetetrazol (80 mg/kg, i.p.) in adult male Wistar rats. Delay and duration for the seizure stages were considered for analysis. Monoacylglycerol lipase blocker (JJKK048; 1 mg/kg) or alpha/beta hydroxylase domain 6 blocker (WWL70; 5 mg/kg) were administrated alone or with 2-AG to evaluate the anticonvulsive potential of these enzymes. To determine the CB1 receptor involvement, its blocker (MJ15; 3 mg/kg) was administrated associated with JJKK048 or WWL70. To assess anandamide anticonvulsive effect, anandamide membrane transporter blocker (LY21813240; 2.5 mg/kg) was used alone or associated with MJ15. Also, fatty acid amide hydrolase blocker (URB597; 1 mg/kg; to prevent intracellular anandamide hydrolysis) were used alone or with AMG21629 (transient receptor potential vanilloid; TRPV1 antagonist; 3 mg/kg). All compounds were dissolved in DMSO and injected i.p., before the Pentylenetetrazol. Both JJKK048 and WWL70 revealed anticonvulsive effect. Anticonvulsive effect of JJKK048 but not WWL70 was CB1 receptor dependent. LY2183240 showed CB1 receptor dependent anticonvulsive effect. However, URB597 revealed a TRPV1 dependent proconvulsive effect. It seems extracellular accumulation of 2-AG or anandamide has anticonvulsive effect through the CB1 receptor, while intracellular anandamide accumulation is proconvulsive through TRPV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Zareie
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sadegh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Palizvan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Homeira Moradi-Chameh
- Division of Fundamental Neurobiology, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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59
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Baggelaar MP, Maccarrone M, van der Stelt M. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol: A signaling lipid with manifold actions in the brain. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 71:1-17. [PMID: 29751000 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is a signaling lipid in the central nervous system that is a key regulator of neurotransmitter release. 2-AG is an endocannabinoid that activates the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. It is involved in a wide array of (patho)physiological functions, such as emotion, cognition, energy balance, pain sensation and neuroinflammation. In this review, we describe the biosynthetic and metabolic pathways of 2-AG and how chemical and genetic perturbation of these pathways has led to insight in the biological role of this signaling lipid. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic benefits of modulating 2-AG levels in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Baggelaar
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; European Centre for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, via del Fosso del Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands..
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60
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Yamasaki T, Mori W, Zhang Y, Hatori A, Fujinaga M, Wakizaka H, Kurihara Y, Wang L, Nengaki N, Ohya T, Liang SH, Zhang MR. First demonstration of in vivo mapping for regional brain monoacylglycerol lipase using PET with [ 11C]SAR127303. Neuroimage 2018; 176:313-320. [PMID: 29738910 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a main regulator of the endocannabinoid system within the central nervous system (CNS). Recently, [11C]SAR127303 was developed as a promising radioligand for MAGL imaging. In this study, we aimed to quantify regional MAGL concentrations in the rat brain using positron emission tomography (PET) with [11C]SAR127303. An irreversible two-tissue compartment model (2-TCMi, k4 = 0) analysis was conducted to estimate quantitative parameters (k3, Ki2-TCMi, and λk3). These parameters were successfully obtained with high identifiability (<10 %COV) for the following regions ranked in order from highest to lowest: cingulate cortex > striatum > hippocampus > thalamus > cerebellum > hypothalamus ≈ pons. In vitro autoradiographs using [11C]SAR127303 showed a heterogeneous distribution of radioactivity, as seen in the PET images. The Ki2-TCMi and λk3 values correlated relatively highly with in vitro binding (r > 0.4, P < 0.005). The Ki2-TCMi values showed high correlation and low underestimation (<10%) compared with the slope of a Patlak plot analysis with linear regression (KiPatlak). In conclusion, we successfully estimated regional net uptake value of [11C]SAR127303 reflecting MAGL concentrations in rat brain regions for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoteru Yamasaki
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Wakana Mori
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yiding Zhang
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Akiko Hatori
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hidekatsu Wakizaka
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kurihara
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan; SHI Accelerator Service Co. Ltd, 1-17-6 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0032, Japan
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510630, China; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Nobuki Nengaki
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan; SHI Accelerator Service Co. Ltd, 1-17-6 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0032, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ohya
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
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61
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Enhanced endocannabinoid tone as a potential target of pharmacotherapy. Life Sci 2018; 204:20-45. [PMID: 29729263 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is up-regulated in numerous pathophysiological states such as inflammatory, neurodegenerative, gastrointestinal, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, pain, and cancer. It has been suggested that this phenomenon primarily serves an autoprotective role in inhibiting disease progression and/or diminishing signs and symptoms. Accordingly, enhancement of endogenous endocannabinoid tone by inhibition of endocannabinoid degradation represents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of many diseases. Importantly, this allows for the avoidance of unwanted psychotropic side effects that accompany exogenously administered cannabinoids. The effects of endocannabinoid metabolic pathway modulation are complex, as endocannabinoids can exert their actions directly or via numerous metabolites. The two main strategies for blocking endocannabinoid degradation are inhibition of endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes and inhibition of endocannabinoid cellular uptake. To date, the most investigated compounds are inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), an enzyme that degrades the endocannabinoid anandamide. However, application of FAAH inhibitors (and consequently other endocannabinoid degradation inhibitors) in medicine became questionable due to a lack of therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials and serious adverse effects evoked by one specific compound. In this paper, we discuss multiple pathways of endocannabinoid metabolism, changes in endocannabinoid levels across numerous human diseases and corresponding experimental models, pharmacological strategies for enhancing endocannabinoid tone and potential therapeutic applications including multi-target drugs with additional targets outside of the endocannabinoid system (cyclooxygenase-2, cholinesterase, TRPV1, and PGF2α-EA receptors), and currently used medicines or medicinal herbs that additionally enhance endocannabinoid levels. Ultimately, further clinical and preclinical studies are warranted to develop medicines for enhancing endocannabinoid tone.
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Bedse G, Bluett RJ, Patrick TA, Romness NK, Gaulden AD, Kingsley PJ, Plath N, Marnett LJ, Patel S. Therapeutic endocannabinoid augmentation for mood and anxiety disorders: comparative profiling of FAAH, MAGL and dual inhibitors. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:92. [PMID: 29695817 PMCID: PMC5917016 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated anxiolytic potential of pharmacological endocannabinoid (eCB) augmentation approaches in a variety of preclinical models. Pharmacological inhibition of endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes, such as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), elicit promising anxiolytic effects in rodent models with limited adverse behavioral effects, however, the efficacy of dual FAAH/MAGL inhibition has not been investigated. In the present study, we compared the effects of FAAH (PF-3845), MAGL (JZL184) and dual FAAH/MAGL (JZL195) inhibitors on (1) anxiety-like behaviors under non-stressed and stressed conditions, (2) locomotor activity and body temperature, (3) lipid levels in the brain and (4) cognitive functions. Behavioral analysis showed that PF-3845 or JZL184, but not JZL195, was able to prevent restraint stress-induced anxiety in the light-dark box assay when administered before stress exposure. Moreover, JZL195 treatment was not able to reverse foot shock-induced anxiety-like behavior in the elevated zero maze or light-dark box. JZL195, but not PF-3845 or JZL184, decreased body temperature and increased anxiety-like behavior in the open-field test. Overall, JZL195 did not show anxiolytic efficacy and the effects of JZL184 were more robust than that of PF-3845 in the models examined. These results showed that increasing either endogenous AEA or 2-AG separately produces anti-anxiety effects under stressful conditions but the same effects are not obtained from simultaneously increasing both AEA and 2-AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Bedse
- 0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Rebecca J. Bluett
- 0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Toni A. Patrick
- 0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Nicole K. Romness
- 0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Andrew D. Gaulden
- 0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Philip J. Kingsley
- 0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Niels Plath
- 0000 0004 0476 7612grid.424580.fH. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lawrence J. Marnett
- 0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Sachin Patel
- 0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA ,0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA
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Riegler-Berket L, Leitmeier A, Aschauer P, Dreveny I, Oberer M. Identification of lipases with activity towards monoacylglycerol by criterion of conserved cap architectures. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:679-687. [PMID: 29627382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipases (MGL) are a subclass of lipases that predominantly hydrolyze monoacylglycerol (MG) into glycerol and fatty acid. MGLs are ubiquitous enzymes across species and play a role in lipid metabolism, affecting energy homeostasis and signaling processes. Structurally, MGLs belong to the α/β hydrolase fold family with a cap covering the substrate binding pocket. Analysis of the known 3D structures of human, yeast and bacterial MGLs revealed striking similarity of the cap architecture. Since MGLs from different organisms share very low sequence similarity, it is difficult to identify MGLs based on the amino acid sequence alone. Here, we investigated whether the cap architecture could be a characteristic feature of this subclass of lipases with activity towards MG and whether it is possible to identify MGLs based on the cap shape. Through database searches, we identified the structures of five different candidate α/β hydrolase fold proteins with unknown or reported esterase activity. These proteins exhibit cap architecture similarities to known human, yeast and bacterial MGL structures. Out of these candidates we confirmed MGL activity for the protein LipS, which displayed the highest structural similarity to known MGLs. Two further enzymes, Avi_0199 and VC1974, displayed low level MGL activities. These findings corroborate our hypothesis that this conserved cap architecture can be used as criterion to identify lipases with activity towards MGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Riegler-Berket
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Leitmeier
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp Aschauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Austria
| | - Ingrid Dreveny
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Austria.
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Cheng R, Mori W, Ma L, Alhouayek M, Hatori A, Zhang Y, Ogasawara D, Yuan G, Chen Z, Zhang X, Shi H, Yamasaki T, Xie L, Kumata K, Fujinaga M, Nagai Y, Minamimoto T, Svensson M, Wang L, Du Y, Ondrechen MJ, Vasdev N, Cravatt BF, Fowler C, Zhang MR, Liang SH. In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of 11C-Labeled Azetidinecarboxylates for Imaging Monoacylglycerol Lipase by PET Imaging Studies. J Med Chem 2018; 61:2278-2291. [PMID: 29481079 PMCID: PMC5966020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is the principle enzyme for metabolizing endogenous cannabinoid ligand 2-arachidonoyglycerol (2-AG). Blockade of MAGL increases 2-AG levels, resulting in subsequent activation of the endocannabinoid system, and has emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy to treat drug addiction, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. Herein we report a new series of MAGL inhibitors, which were radiolabeled by site-specific labeling technologies, including 11C-carbonylation and spirocyclic iodonium ylide (SCIDY) radiofluorination. The lead compound [11C]10 (MAGL-0519) demonstrated high specific binding and selectivity in vitro and in vivo. We also observed unexpected washout kinetics with these irreversible radiotracers, in which in vivo evidence for turnover of the covalent residue was unveiled between MAGL and azetidine carboxylates. This work may lead to new directions for drug discovery and PET tracer development based on azetidine carboxylate inhibitor scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Cheng
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wakana Mori
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Longle Ma
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Akiko Hatori
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ogasawara
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, SR107 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Gengyang Yuan
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Hang Shi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Katsushi Kumata
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagai
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takafumi Minamimoto
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Mona Svensson
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lu Wang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yunfei Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mary Jo Ondrechen
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, SR107 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Christopher Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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McAllister LA, Butler CR, Mente S, O’Neil SV, Fonseca KR, Piro JR, Cianfrogna JA, Foley TL, Gilbert AM, Harris AR, Helal CJ, Johnson DS, Montgomery JI, Nason DM, Noell S, Pandit J, Rogers BN, Samad TA, Shaffer CL, da Silva RG, Uccello DP, Webb D, Brodney MA. Discovery of Trifluoromethyl Glycol Carbamates as Potent and Selective Covalent Monoacylglycerol Lipase (MAGL) Inhibitors for Treatment of Neuroinflammation. J Med Chem 2018; 61:3008-3026. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. McAllister
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher R. Butler
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Scot Mente
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Steven V. O’Neil
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kari R. Fonseca
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Justin R. Piro
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julie A. Cianfrogna
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Timothy L. Foley
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Adam M. Gilbert
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Anthony R. Harris
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher J. Helal
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Douglas S. Johnson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Justin I. Montgomery
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Deane M. Nason
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Stephen Noell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jayvardhan Pandit
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Bruce N. Rogers
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tarek A. Samad
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher L. Shaffer
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rafael G. da Silva
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel P. Uccello
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Damien Webb
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael A. Brodney
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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The selective reversible FAAH inhibitor, SSR411298, restores the development of maladaptive behaviors to acute and chronic stress in rodents. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2416. [PMID: 29403000 PMCID: PMC5799259 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20895-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing endogenous cannabinoid (eCB) signaling has been considered as a potential strategy for the treatment of stress-related conditions. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) represents the primary degradation enzyme of the eCB anandamide (AEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). This study describes a potent reversible FAAH inhibitor, SSR411298. The drug acts as a selective inhibitor of FAAH, which potently increases hippocampal levels of AEA, OEA and PEA in mice. Despite elevating eCB levels, SSR411298 did not mimic the interoceptive state or produce the behavioral side-effects (memory deficit and motor impairment) evoked by direct-acting cannabinoids. When SSR411298 was tested in models of anxiety, it only exerted clear anxiolytic-like effects under highly aversive conditions following exposure to a traumatic event, such as in the mouse defense test battery and social defeat procedure. Results from experiments in models of depression showed that SSR411298 produced robust antidepressant-like activity in the rat forced-swimming test and in the mouse chronic mild stress model, restoring notably the development of inadequate coping responses to chronic stress. This preclinical profile positions SSR411298 as a promising drug candidate to treat diseases such as post-traumatic stress disorder, which involves the development of maladaptive behaviors.
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67
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel tanshinone IIA derivatives for treating pain. Chin J Nat Med 2018; 16:113-124. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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68
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Granchi C, Rizzolio F, Caligiuri I, Macchia M, Martinelli A, Minutolo F, Tuccinardi T. Rational Development of MAGL Inhibitors. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1824:335-346. [PMID: 30039417 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8630-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hit identification and hit-to-lead optimization are key steps of the early drug discovery program. Starting from the X-ray crystal structure of the human monoacylglycerol lipase (hMAGL), we herein describe the computational and experimental procedures that we applied for identifying and optimizing a new active inhibitor of this target enzyme. A receptor-based virtual screening method is reported in details, together with enzymatic assays and a first round of hit optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Division of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, National Cancer Institute and Center for Molecular Biomedicine, IRCCS, Pordenone, Italy
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari Università di Venezia, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Isabella Caligiuri
- Division of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, National Cancer Institute and Center for Molecular Biomedicine, IRCCS, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Marco Macchia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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69
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Butler CR, Beck EM, Harris A, Huang Z, McAllister LA, am Ende CW, Fennell K, Foley TL, Fonseca K, Hawrylik SJ, Johnson DS, Knafels JD, Mente S, Noell GS, Pandit J, Phillips TB, Piro JR, Rogers BN, Samad TA, Wang J, Wan S, Brodney MA. Azetidine and Piperidine Carbamates as Efficient, Covalent Inhibitors of Monoacylglycerol Lipase. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9860-9873. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Butler
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Beck
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Anthony Harris
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Zhen Huang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Laura A. McAllister
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher W. am Ende
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kimberly Fennell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Timothy L. Foley
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kari Fonseca
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Steven J. Hawrylik
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Douglas S. Johnson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John D. Knafels
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Scot Mente
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - G. Stephen Noell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jayvardhan Pandit
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Tracy B. Phillips
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Justin R. Piro
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bruce N. Rogers
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Tarek A. Samad
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jane Wang
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Shuangyi Wan
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Michael A. Brodney
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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70
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Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Johnson AC. Stress-Induced Chronic Visceral Pain of Gastrointestinal Origin. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:86. [PMID: 29213232 PMCID: PMC5702626 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral pain is generally poorly localized and characterized by hypersensitivity to a stimulus such as organ distension. In concert with chronic visceral pain, there is a high comorbidity with stress-related psychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression. The mechanisms linking visceral pain with these overlapping comorbidities remain to be elucidated. Evidence suggests that long term stress facilitates pain perception and sensitizes pain pathways, leading to a feed-forward cycle promoting chronic visceral pain disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Early life stress (ELS) is a risk-factor for the development of IBS, however the mechanisms responsible for the persistent effects of ELS on visceral perception in adulthood remain incompletely understood. In rodent models, stress in adult animals induced by restraint and water avoidance has been employed to investigate the mechanisms of stress-induce pain. ELS models such as maternal separation, limited nesting, or odor-shock conditioning, which attempt to model early childhood experiences such as neglect, poverty, or an abusive caregiver, can produce chronic, sexually dimorphic increases in visceral sensitivity in adulthood. Chronic visceral pain is a classic example of gene × environment interaction which results from maladaptive changes in neuronal circuitry leading to neuroplasticity and aberrant neuronal activity-induced signaling. One potential mechanism underlying the persistent effects of stress on visceral sensitivity could be epigenetic modulation of gene expression. While there are relatively few studies examining epigenetically mediated mechanisms involved in visceral nociception, stress-induced visceral pain has been linked to alterations in DNA methylation and histone acetylation patterns within the brain, leading to increased expression of pro-nociceptive neurotransmitters. This review will discuss the potential neuronal pathways and mechanisms responsible for stress-induced exacerbation of chronic visceral pain. Additionally, we will review the importance of specific experimental models of adult stress and ELS in enhancing our understanding of the basic molecular mechanisms of pain processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverley Greenwood-Van Meerveld
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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Rosenberg EC, Patra PH, Whalley BJ. Therapeutic effects of cannabinoids in animal models of seizures, epilepsy, epileptogenesis, and epilepsy-related neuroprotection. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 70:319-327. [PMID: 28190698 PMCID: PMC5651410 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The isolation and identification of the discrete plant cannabinoids in marijuana revived interest in analyzing historical therapeutic claims made for cannabis in clinical case studies and anecdotes. In particular, sources as old as the 11th and 15th centuries claimed efficacy for crude marijuana extracts in the treatment of convulsive disorders, prompting a particularly active area of preclinical research into the therapeutic potential of plant cannabinoids in epilepsy. Since that time, a large body of literature has accumulated describing the effects of several of the >100 individual plant cannabinoids in preclinical models of seizures, epilepsy, epileptogenesis, and epilepsy-related neuroprotection. We surveyed the literature for relevant reports of such plant cannabinoid effects and critically reviewed their findings. We found that acute CB1R agonism in simple models of acute seizures in rodents typically produces anti-convulsant effects whereas CB1R antagonists exert converse effects in the same models. However, when the effects of such ligands are examined in more complex models of epilepsy, epileptogenesis and neuroprotection, a less simplistic narrative emerges. Here, the complex interactions between (i) brain regions involved in a given model, (ii) relative contributions of endocannabinoid signaling to modulation of synaptic transmission in such areas, (iii) multi-target effects, (iv) cannabinoid type 1 and type 2 receptor signaling interactions and, (v) timing, (vi) duration and (vii) localization of ligand administration suggest that there is both anti-epileptic therapeutic potential and a pro-epileptic risk in up- and down-regulation of endocannabinoid signaling in the central nervous system. Factors such receptor desensitization and specific pharmacology of ligands used (e.g. full vs partial agonists and neutral antagonists vs inverse agonists) also appear to play an important role in the effects reported. Furthermore, the effects of several plant cannabinoids, most notably cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabidavarin (CBDV), in models of seizures, epilepsy, epileptogenesis, and neuroprotection are less ambiguous, and consistent with reports of therapeutically beneficial effects of these compounds in clinical studies. However, continued paucity of firm information regarding the therapeutic molecular mechanism of CBD/CBDV highlights the continued need for research in this area in order to identify as yet under-exploited targets for drug development and raise our understanding of treatment-resistant epilepsies. The recent reporting of positive results for cannabidiol treatment in two Phase III clinical trials in treatment-resistant epilepsies provides pivotal evidence of clinical efficacy for one plant cannabinoid in epilepsy. Moreover, risks and/or benefits associated with the use of unlicensed Δ9-THC containing marijuana extracts in pediatric epilepsies remain poorly understood. Therefore, in light of these paradigm-changing clinical events, the present review's findings aim to drive future drug development for newly-identified targets and indications, identify important limitations of animal models in the investigation of plant cannabinoid effects in the epilepsies, and focuses future research in this area on specific, unanswered questions regarding the complexities of endocannabinoid signaling in epilepsy. This article is part of a Special Issue titled Cannabinoids and Epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan C. Rosenberg
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Pabitra H. Patra
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, Food & Nutritional Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Benjamin J. Whalley
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, Food & Nutritional Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP, UK,Corresponding author: (B.J. Whalley)
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CB 1 Cannabinoid Receptors Mediate Cognitive Deficits and Structural Plasticity Changes During Nicotine Withdrawal. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:625-634. [PMID: 27737762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco withdrawal is associated with deficits in cognitive function, including attention, working memory, and episodic memory. Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms involved in these effects is crucial because cognitive deficits during nicotine withdrawal may predict relapse in humans. METHODS We investigated in mice the role of CB1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs) in memory impairment and spine density changes induced by nicotine withdrawal precipitated by the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine. Drugs acting on the endocannabinoid system and genetically modified mice were used. RESULTS Memory impairment during nicotine withdrawal was blocked by the CB1R antagonist rimonabant or the genetic deletion of CB1R in forebrain gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) neurons (GABA-CB1R). An increase of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), but not anandamide, was observed during nicotine withdrawal. The selective inhibitor of 2-AG biosynthesis O7460 abolished cognitive deficits of nicotine abstinence, whereas the inhibitor of 2-AG enzymatic degradation JZL184 did not produce any effect in cognitive impairment. Moreover, memory impairment was prevented by the selective mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor temsirolimus and the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin. Mature dendritic spines on CA1 pyramidal hippocampal neurons decreased 4 days after the precipitation of nicotine withdrawal, when the cognitive deficits were still present. Indeed, a correlation between memory performance and mature spine density was found. Interestingly, these structural plasticity alterations were normalized in GABA-CB1R conditional knockout mice and after subchronic treatment with rimonabant. CONCLUSIONS These findings underline the interest of CB1R as a target to improve cognitive performance during early nicotine withdrawal. Cognitive deficits in early abstinence are associated with increased relapse risk.
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Khan FI, Lan D, Durrani R, Huan W, Zhao Z, Wang Y. The Lid Domain in Lipases: Structural and Functional Determinant of Enzymatic Properties. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2017; 5:16. [PMID: 28337436 PMCID: PMC5343024 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2017.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipases are important industrial enzymes. Most of the lipases operate at lipid–water interfaces enabled by a mobile lid domain located over the active site. Lid protects the active site and hence responsible for catalytic activity. In pure aqueous media, the lid is predominantly closed, whereas in the presence of a hydrophobic layer, it is partially opened. Hence, the lid controls the enzyme activity. In the present review, we have classified lipases into different groups based on the structure of lid domains. It has been observed that thermostable lipases contain larger lid domains with two or more helices, whereas mesophilic lipases tend to have smaller lids in the form of a loop or a helix. Recent developments in lipase engineering addressing the lid regions are critically reviewed here. After on, the dramatic changes in substrate selectivity, activity, and thermostability have been reported. Furthermore, improved computational models can now rationalize these observations by relating it to the mobility of the lid domain. In this contribution, we summarized and critically evaluated the most recent developments in experimental and computational research on lipase lids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faez Iqbal Khan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongming Lan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China
| | - Rabia Durrani
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China
| | - Weiqian Huan
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zexin Zhao
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China
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74
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Dócs K, Mészár Z, Gonda S, Kiss-Szikszai A, Holló K, Antal M, Hegyi Z. The Ratio of 2-AG to Its Isomer 1-AG as an Intrinsic Fine Tuning Mechanism of CB1 Receptor Activation. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:39. [PMID: 28265242 PMCID: PMC5316530 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are pleiotropic lipid messengers that play pro-homeostatic role in cellular physiology by strongly influencing intracellular Ca2+ concentration through the activation of cannabinoid receptors. One of the best-known endocannabinoid ‘2-AG’ is chemically unstable in aqueous solutions, thus its molecular rearrangement, resulting in the formation of 1-AG, may influence 2-AG-mediated signaling depending on the relative concentration and potency of the two isomers. To predict whether this molecular rearrangement may be relevant in physiological processes and in experiments with 2-AG, here we studied if isomerization of 2-AG has an impact on 2-AG-induced, CB1-mediated Ca2+ signaling in vitro. We found that the isomerization-dependent drop in effective 2-AG concentration caused only a weak diminution of Ca2+ signaling in CB1 transfected COS7 cells. We also found that 1-AG induces Ca2+ transients through the activation of CB1, but its working concentration is threefold higher than that of 2-AG. Decreasing the concentration of 2-AG in parallel to the prevention of 1-AG formation by rapid preparation of 2-AG solutions, caused a significant diminution of Ca2+ signals. However, various mixtures of the two isomers in a fix total concentration – mimicking the process of isomerization over time – attenuated the drop in 2-AG potency, resulting in a minor decrease in CB1 mediated Ca2+ transients. Our results indicate that release of 2-AG into aqueous medium is accompanied by its isomerization, resulting in a drop of 2-AG concentration and simultaneous formation of the similarly bioactive isomer 1-AG. Thus, the relative concentration of the two isomers with different potency and efficacy may influence CB1 activation and the consequent biological responses. In addition, our results suggest that 1-AG may play role in stabilizing the strength of cannabinoid signal in case of prolonged 2-AG dependent cannabinoid mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Dócs
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Mészár
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Gonda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Kiss-Szikszai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Holló
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklós Antal
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hegyi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
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75
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Grabner GF, Zimmermann R, Schicho R, Taschler U. Monoglyceride lipase as a drug target: At the crossroads of arachidonic acid metabolism and endocannabinoid signaling. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 175:35-46. [PMID: 28213089 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoglyerides (MGs) are short-lived, intermediary lipids deriving from the degradation of phospho- and neutral lipids, and monoglyceride lipase (MGL), also designated as monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), is the major enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of MGs into glycerol and fatty acids. This distinct function enables MGL to regulate a number of physiological and pathophysiological processes since both MGs and fatty acids can act as signaling lipids or precursors thereof. The most prominent MG species acting as signaling lipid is 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) which is the most abundant endogenous agonist of cannabinoid receptors in the body. Importantly, recent observations demonstrate that 2-AG represents a quantitatively important source for arachidonic acid, the precursor of prostaglandins and other inflammatory mediators. Accordingly, MGL-mediated 2-AG degradation affects lipid signaling by cannabinoid receptor-dependent and independent mechanisms. Recent genetic and pharmacological studies gave important insights into MGL's role in (patho-)physiological processes, and the enzyme is now considered as a promising drug target for a number of disorders including cancer, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes the basics of MG (2-AG) metabolism and provides an overview on the therapeutic potential of MGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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76
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Riccardi L, Arencibia JM, Bono L, Armirotti A, Girotto S, De Vivo M. Lid domain plasticity and lipid flexibility modulate enzyme specificity in human monoacylglycerol lipase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:441-451. [PMID: 28088576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a membrane-interacting enzyme that generates pro-inflammatory signaling molecules. For this reason, MAGL inhibition is a promising strategy to treat pain, cancer, and neuroinflammatory diseases. MAGL can hydrolyze monoacylglycerols bearing an acyl chain of different lengths and degrees of unsaturation, cleaving primarily the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Importantly, the enzymatic binding site of MAGL is confined by a 75-amino-acid-long, flexible cap domain, named 'lid domain', which is structurally similar to that found in several other lipases. However, it is unclear how lid domain plasticity affects catalysis in MAGL. By integrating extensive molecular dynamics simulations and free-energy calculations with mutagenesis and kinetic experiments, we here define a lid-domain-mediated mechanism for substrate selection and binding in MAGL catalysis. In particular, we clarify the key role of Phe159 and Ile179, two conserved residues within the lid domain, in regulating substrate specificity in MAGL. We conclude by proposing that other structurally related lipases may share this lid-domain-mediated mechanism for substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Riccardi
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Jose M Arencibia
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Luca Bono
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Stefania Girotto
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Marco De Vivo
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; IAS-5/INM-9 Computational Biomedicine Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
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77
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Granchi C, Rizzolio F, Palazzolo S, Carmignani S, Macchia M, Saccomanni G, Manera C, Martinelli A, Minutolo F, Tuccinardi T. Structural Optimization of 4-Chlorobenzoylpiperidine Derivatives for the Development of Potent, Reversible, and Selective Monoacylglycerol Lipase (MAGL) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10299-10314. [PMID: 27809504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitors are considered potential therapeutic agents for a variety of pathological conditions, including several types of cancer. Many MAGL inhibitors are reported in literature; however, most of them showed an irreversible mechanism of action, which caused important side effects. The use of reversible MAGL inhibitors has been only partially investigated so far, mainly because of the lack of compounds with good MAGL reversible inhibition properties. In this study, starting from the (4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl)(4-methoxyphenyl)methanone (CL6a) lead compound that showed a reversible mechanism of MAGL inhibition (Ki = 8.6 μM), we started its structural optimization and we developed a new potent and selective MAGL inhibitor (17b, Ki = 0.65 μM). Furthermore, modeling studies suggested that the binding interactions of this compound replace a structural water molecule reproducing its H-bonds in the MAGL binding site, thus identifying a new key anchoring point for the development of new MAGL inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Granchi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa , Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Division of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, National Cancer Institute and Center for Molecular Biomedicine, IRCCS , 33081 Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Stefano Palazzolo
- Division of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, National Cancer Institute and Center for Molecular Biomedicine, IRCCS , 33081 Aviano, Pordenone, Italy.,Graduate School in Nanotechnology, University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Carmignani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa , Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Macchia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa , Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Saccomanni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa , Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Clementina Manera
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa , Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Adriano Martinelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa , Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Minutolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa , Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa , Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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78
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Tuo W, Leleu-Chavain N, Spencer J, Sansook S, Millet R, Chavatte P. Therapeutic Potential of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase, Monoacylglycerol Lipase, and N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 60:4-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tuo
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Natascha Leleu-Chavain
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Supojjanee Sansook
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Régis Millet
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Chavatte
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
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79
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Ligresti A, De Petrocellis L, Di Marzo V. From Phytocannabinoids to Cannabinoid Receptors and Endocannabinoids: Pleiotropic Physiological and Pathological Roles Through Complex Pharmacology. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1593-659. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00002.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from having been used and misused for at least four millennia for, among others, recreational and medicinal purposes, the cannabis plant and its most peculiar chemical components, the plant cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids), have the merit to have led humanity to discover one of the most intriguing and pleiotropic endogenous signaling systems, the endocannabinoid system (ECS). This review article aims to describe and critically discuss, in the most comprehensive possible manner, the multifaceted aspects of 1) the pharmacology and potential impact on mammalian physiology of all major phytocannabinoids, and not only of the most famous one Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and 2) the adaptive pro-homeostatic physiological, or maladaptive pathological, roles of the ECS in mammalian cells, tissues, and organs. In doing so, we have respected the chronological order of the milestones of the millennial route from medicinal/recreational cannabis to the ECS and beyond, as it is now clear that some of the early steps in this long path, which were originally neglected, are becoming important again. The emerging picture is rather complex, but still supports the belief that more important discoveries on human physiology, and new therapies, might come in the future from new knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ligresti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Comprensorio Olivetti, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Luciano De Petrocellis
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Comprensorio Olivetti, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Comprensorio Olivetti, Pozzuoli, Italy
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80
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Karhson DS, Hardan AY, Parker KJ. Endocannabinoid signaling in social functioning: an RDoC perspective. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e905. [PMID: 27676446 PMCID: PMC5048207 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Core deficits in social functioning are associated with various neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, yet biomarker identification and the development of effective pharmacological interventions has been limited. Recent data suggest the intriguing possibility that endogenous cannabinoids, a class of lipid neuromodulators generally implicated in the regulation of neurotransmitter release, may contribute to species-typical social functioning. Systematic study of the endogenous cannabinoid signaling could, therefore, yield novel approaches to understand the neurobiological underpinnings of atypical social functioning. This article provides a critical review of the major components of the endogenous cannabinoid system (for example, primary receptors and effectors-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol) and the contributions of cannabinoid signaling to social functioning. Data are evaluated in the context of Research Domain Criteria constructs (for example, anxiety, chronic stress, reward learning, motivation, declarative and working memory, affiliation and attachment, and social communication) to enable interrogation of endogenous cannabinoid signaling in social functioning across diagnostic categories. The empirical evidence reviewed strongly supports the role for dysregulated cannabinoid signaling in the pathophysiology of social functioning deficits observed in brain disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder and bipolar disorder. Moreover, these findings indicate that the endogenous cannabinoid system holds exceptional promise as a biological marker of, and potential treatment target for, neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairments in social functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Karhson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - A Y Hardan
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - K J Parker
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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81
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Scalvini L, Vacondio F, Bassi M, Pala D, Lodola A, Rivara S, Jung KM, Piomelli D, Mor M. Free-energy studies reveal a possible mechanism for oxidation-dependent inhibition of MGL. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31046. [PMID: 27499063 PMCID: PMC4976315 DOI: 10.1038/srep31046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), a key actor in the hydrolytic deactivation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2AG), is tightly controlled by the cell’s redox state: oxidative signals such as hydrogen peroxide suppress MGL activity in a reversible manner through sulfenylation of the peroxidatic cysteines, C201 and C208. Here, using as a starting point the crystal structures of human MGL (hMGL), we present evidence from molecular dynamics and metadynamics simulations along with high-resolution mass spectrometry studies indicating that sulfenylation of C201 and C208 alters the conformational equilibrium of the membrane-associated lid domain of MGL to favour closed conformations of the enzyme that do not permit the entry of substrate into the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Scalvini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Vacondio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Bassi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Pala
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Kwang-Mook Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.,Unit of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, I-16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
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82
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Wang L, Mori W, Cheng R, Yui J, Hatori A, Ma L, Zhang Y, Rotstein BH, Fujinaga M, Shimoda Y, Yamasaki T, Xie L, Nagai Y, Minamimoto T, Higuchi M, Vasdev N, Zhang MR, Liang SH. Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of Sulfonamido-based [(11)C-Carbonyl]-Carbamates and Ureas for Imaging Monoacylglycerol Lipase. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:1145-59. [PMID: 27279908 PMCID: PMC4893642 DOI: 10.7150/thno.15257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a 33 kDa member of the serine hydrolase superfamily that preferentially degrades 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) to arachidonic acid in the endocannabinoid system. Inhibition of MAGL is not only of interest for probing the cannabinoid pathway but also as a therapeutic and diagnostic target for neuroinflammation. Limited attempts have been made to image MAGL in vivo and a suitable PET ligand for this target has yet to be identified and is urgently sought to guide small molecule drug development in this pathway. Herein we synthesized and evaluated the physiochemical properties of an array of eleven sulfonamido-based carbamates and ureas with a series of terminal aryl moieties, linkers and leaving groups. The most potent compounds were a novel MAGL inhibitor, N-((1-(1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-carbonyl)piperidin-4-yl) methyl)-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (TZPU; IC50 = 35.9 nM), and the known inhibitor 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl 4-(((4-chlorophenyl)sulfonamido) methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (SAR127303; IC50 = 39.3 nM), which were also shown to be selective for MAGL over fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and cannabinoid receptors (CB1 & CB2). Both of these compounds were radiolabeled with carbon-11 via [11C]COCl2, followed by comprehensive ex vivo biodistribution and in vivo PET imaging studies in normal rats to determine their brain permeability, specificity, clearance and metabolism. Whereas TZPU did not show adequate specificity to warrant further evaluation, [11C]SAR127303 was advanced for preliminary PET neuroimaging studies in nonhuman primate. The tracer showed good brain permeability (ca. 1 SUV) and heterogeneous regional brain distribution which is consistent with the distribution of MAGL.
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83
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Wang C, Placzek MS, Van de Bittner GC, Schroeder FA, Hooker JM. A Novel Radiotracer for Imaging Monoacylglycerol Lipase in the Brain Using Positron Emission Tomography. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:484-9. [PMID: 26694017 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a serine hydrolase that hydrolyzes monoacylglycerols to glycerol and fatty acid and plays an important role in neuroinflammation. MAGL inhibitors are a class of molecules with therapeutic potential for human diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), in areas such as pain and inflammation, immunological disorders, and neurological and psychiatric conditions. Development of a noninvasive imaging probe would elucidate the distribution and functional roles of MAGL in the brain and accelerate medical research and drug discovery in this domain. Herein, we describe the synthesis and pilot rodent imaging of a novel MAGL imaging agent, [(11)C]SAR127303. Our imaging results demonstrate the high specificity, good selectivity, and appropriate kinetics and distribution of [(11)C]SAR127303, validating its utility for imaging MAGL in the brain. Our findings support the translational potential for human CNS MAGL imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changning Wang
- Athinoula
A. Martinos
Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Michael S. Placzek
- Athinoula
A. Martinos
Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Department of
Psychiatry, McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical
School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, United States
| | - Genevieve C. Van de Bittner
- Athinoula
A. Martinos
Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Frederick A. Schroeder
- Athinoula
A. Martinos
Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Athinoula
A. Martinos
Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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84
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Doler C, Schweiger M, Zimmermann R, Breinbauer R. Chemical Genetic Approaches for the Investigation of Neutral Lipid Metabolism. Chembiochem 2016; 17:358-77. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Doler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 31/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 31/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
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85
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Korpi ER, den Hollander B, Farooq U, Vashchinkina E, Rajkumar R, Nutt DJ, Hyytiä P, Dawe GS. Mechanisms of Action and Persistent Neuroplasticity by Drugs of Abuse. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:872-1004. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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86
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Abstract
Monoglyceride lipase (MGL), the main enzyme responsible for the hydrolytic deactivation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG), is an intracellular serine hydrolase that plays critical roles in many physiological and pathological processes, such as pain, inflammation, neuroprotection and cancer. The crystal structures of MGL that are currently available provide valuable information about how this enzyme might function and interact with site-directed small-molecule inhibitors. On the other hand, its conformational equilibria and the contribution of regulatory cysteine residues present within the substrate-binding pocket or on protein surface remain open issues. Several classes of MGL inhibitors have been developed, from early reversible ones, such as URB602 and pristimerin, to carbamoylating agents that react with the catalytic serine, such as JZL184 and more recent O-hexafluoroisopropyl carbamates. Other inhibitors that modulate MGL activity by interacting with conserved regulatory cysteines act through mechanisms that deserve to be more thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Scalvini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Unit of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy.
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87
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Kishimoto Y, Cagniard B, Yamazaki M, Nakayama J, Sakimura K, Kirino Y, Kano M. Task-specific enhancement of hippocampus-dependent learning in mice deficient in monoacylglycerol lipase, the major hydrolyzing enzyme of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:134. [PMID: 26082696 PMCID: PMC4451424 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that the endocannabinoid system is important for the acquisition and/or extinction of learning and memory. However, it is unclear which endocannabinoid(s) play(s) a crucial role in these cognitive functions, especially memory extinction. To elucidate the physiological role of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), a major endocannabinoid, in behavioral and cognitive functions, we conducted a comprehensive behavioral test battery in knockout (KO) mice deficient in monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), the major hydrolyzing enzyme of 2-AG. We found age-dependent increases in spontaneous physical activity (SPA) in MGL KO mice. Next, we tested the MGL KO mice using 5 hippocampus-dependent learning paradigms (i.e., Morris water maze (MWM), contextual fear conditioning, novel object recognition test, trace eyeblink conditioning, and water-finding test). In the MWM, MGL KO mice showed normal acquisition of reference memory, but exhibited significantly faster extinction of the learned behavior. Moreover, they showed faster memory acquisition on the reversal-learning task of the MWM. In contrast, in the contextual fear conditioning, MGL KO mice tended to show slower memory extinction. In the novel object recognition and water-finding tests, MGL KO mice exhibited enhanced memory acquisition. Trace eyeblink conditioning was not altered in MGL KO mice throughout the acquisition and extinction phases. These results indicate that 2-AG signaling is important for hippocampus-dependent learning and memory, but its contribution is highly task-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Neurobiophysics, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University Sanuki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Barbara Cagniard
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maya Yamazaki
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University Niigata, Japan
| | - Junko Nakayama
- Laboratory of Neurobiophysics, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University Sanuki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University Niigata, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kirino
- Laboratory of Neurobiophysics, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University Sanuki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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The potential of inhibitors of endocannabinoid metabolism as anxiolytic and antidepressive drugs--A practical view. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:749-62. [PMID: 25791296 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system, comprising cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, their endogenous ligands anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglyerol, and their synthetic and metabolic enzymes, are involved in many biological processes in the body, ranging from appetite to bone turnover. Compounds inhibiting the breakdown of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol increase brain levels of these lipids and thus modulate endocannabinoid signalling. In the present review, the preclinical evidence that these enzymes are good targets for development of novel therapies for anxiety and depression are discussed from a practical, rather than mechanistic, point of view. It is concluded that the preclinical data are promising, albeit tempered by problems of tolerance as well as effects upon learning and memory for irreversible monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors, and limited by a focus upon male rodents alone. Clinical data so far has been restricted to safety studies with inhibitors of anandamide hydrolysis and a hitherto unpublished study on such a compound in elderly patients with major depressive disorders, but under the dose regimes used, they are well tolerated and show no signs of "cannabis-like" behaviours.
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Abstract
The antiepileptic potential of Cannabis sativa preparations has been historically recognized. Recent changes in legal restrictions and new well-documented cases reporting remarkably strong beneficial effects have triggered an upsurge in exploiting medical marijuana in patients with refractory epilepsy. Parallel research efforts in the last decade have uncovered the fundamental role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in controlling neuronal network excitability raising hopes for cannabinoid-based therapeutic approaches. However, emerging data show that patient responsiveness varies substantially, and that cannabis administration may sometimes even exacerbate seizures. Qualitative and quantitative chemical variability in cannabis products and personal differences in the etiology of seizures, or in the pathological reorganization of epileptic networks, can all contribute to divergent patient responses. Thus, the consensus view in the neurologist community is that drugs modifying the activity of the endocannabinoid system should first be tested in clinical trials to establish efficacy, safety, dosing, and proper indication in specific forms of epilepsies. To support translation from anecdote-based practice to evidence-based therapy, the present review first introduces current preclinical and clinical efforts for cannabinoid- or endocannabinoid-based epilepsy treatments. Next, recent advances in our knowledge of how endocannabinoid signaling limits abnormal network activity as a central component of the synaptic circuit-breaker system will be reviewed to provide a framework for the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of the beneficial and adverse effects. Finally, accumulating evidence demonstrating robust synapse-specific pathophysiological plasticity of endocannabinoid signaling in epileptic networks will be summarized to gain better understanding of how and when pharmacological interventions may have therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Katona
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.
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