51
|
Quan J, Meng S, Guo E, Zhang S, Zhao Z, Yang X. De novo sequencing and comparative transcriptome analysis of adventitious root development induced by exogenous indole-3-butyric acid in cuttings of tetraploid black locust. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:179. [PMID: 28209181 PMCID: PMC5314683 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) is applied to the cuttings of various plant species to induce formation of adventitious roots (ARs) in commercial settings. Tetraploid black locust is an attractive ornamental tree that is drought resistant, sand tolerant, can prevent sand erosion and has various commercial uses. To further elucidate the mechanisms of AR formation, we used Illumina sequencing to analyze transcriptome dynamics and differential gene expression at four developmental stages in control (CK) and IBA-treated groups. Results The short reads were assembled into 127,038 unitranscripts and 101,209 unigenes, with average lengths of 986 and 852 bp. In total, 10,181 and 14,924 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the CK and IBA-treated groups, respectively. Comparison of the four consecutive developmental stages showed that 282 and 260 DEGs were shared between IBA-treated and CK, suggesting that IBA treatment increased the number of DEGs. We observed 1,721 up-regulated and 849 down-regulated genes in CI vs. II, 849 up-regulated and 836 down-regulated genes in CC vs. IC, 881 up-regulated and 631 down-regulated genes in CRP vs. IRP, and 5,626 up-regulated and 4,932 down-regulated genes in CAR vs. IAR, of which 25 up-regulated DEGs were common to four pairs, and these DEGs were significantly up-regulated at AR. These results suggest that substantial changes in gene expression are associated with adventitious rooting. GO functional category analysis indicated that IBA significantly up- or down-regulated processes associated with regulation of transcription, transcription of DNA dependent, integral to membrane and ATP binding during the development process. KEGG pathway enrichment indicated that glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, cysteine and methionine metabolism, photosynthesis, nucleotide sugar metabolism, and lysosome were the pathways most highly regulated by IBA. We identified a number of differentially regulated unigenes, including 12 methionine-related genes and 12 ethylene-related genes, associated with the KEGG pathway cysteine and methionine metabolism. The GO enrichment, pathway mapping, and gene expression profile analyses revealed molecular traits for root induction and initiation. Conclusion Our study presents a global view of the transcriptomic profiles of tetraploid black locust cuttings in response to IBA treatment and provides new insights into the fundamental mechanisms associated with auxin-induced adventitious rooting. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3554-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jine Quan
- The Environment and Ecology Key Laboratory of of Education Ministry in West China, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Department of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Seng Meng
- The Environment and Ecology Key Laboratory of of Education Ministry in West China, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Erhui Guo
- Department of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- The Environment and Ecology Key Laboratory of of Education Ministry in West China, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- The Environment and Ecology Key Laboratory of of Education Ministry in West China, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Xitian Yang
- The Environment and Ecology Key Laboratory of of Education Ministry in West China, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China. .,Department of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Park HL, Bhoo SH, Kwon M, Lee SW, Cho MH. Biochemical and Expression Analyses of the Rice Cinnamoyl-CoA Reductase Gene Family. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2099. [PMID: 29312373 PMCID: PMC5732984 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) is the first committed enzyme in the monolignol pathway for lignin biosynthesis and catalyzes the conversion of hydroxycinnamoyl-CoAs into hydroxycinnamaldehydes. In the rice genome, 33 genes are annotated as CCR and CCR-like genes, collectively called OsCCRs. To elucidate the functions of OsCCRs, their phylogenetic relationships, expression patterns at the transcription levels and biochemical characteristics were thoroughly analyzed. Of the 33 OsCCRs, 24 of them encoded polypeptides of lengths similar to those of previously identified plant CCRs. The other nine OsCCRs had much shorter peptide lengths. Phylogenetic tree and sequence similarities suggested OsCCR4, 5, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21 as likely candidates for functional CCRs in rice. To elucidate biochemical functions, OsCCR1, 5, 17, 19, 20, 21, and 26 were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and the resulting recombinant OsCCRs were purified to apparent homogeneity. Activity assays of the recombinant OsCCRs with hydroxycinnamoyl-CoAs revealed that OsCCR17, 19, 20, and 21 were biochemically active CCRs, in which the NAD(P)-binding and NADP-specificity motifs as well as the CCR signature motif were fully conserved. The kinetic parameters of enzyme reactions revealed that feruloyl-CoA, a precursor for the guaiacyl (G)-unit of lignin, is the most preferred substrate of OsCCR20 and 21. This result is consistent with a high content (about 70%) of G-units in rice lignins. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that OsCCR19 and 20 were grouped with other plant CCRs involved in developmental lignification, whereas OsCCR17 and 21 were closely related to stress-responsible CCRs identified from other plant species. In agreement with the phylogenetic analysis, expression analysis demonstrated that OsCCR20 was constitutively expressed throughout the developmental stages of rice, showing particularly high expression levels in actively lignifying tissues, such as roots and stems. These results suggest that OsCCR20 is primarily involved in developmental deposition of lignins in secondary cell walls. As expected, the expressions of OsCCR17 and 21 were induced in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, such as Magnaporthe grisea and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) infections, UV-irradiation and high salinity, suggesting that these genes play a role in defense-related processes in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Lin Park
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Seong Hee Bhoo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Mi Kwon
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sang-Won Lee
| | - Man-Ho Cho
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
- Man-Ho Cho
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Nanda S, Mohanty JN, Mishra R, Joshi RK. Metabolic Engineering of Phenylpropanoids in Plants. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28669-3_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
54
|
Ramos CS, Linnert HV, de Moraes MM, do Amaral JH, Yamaguchi LF, Kato MJ. Configuration and stability of naturally occurring all-cis-tetrahydrofuran lignans from Piper solmsianum. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09262h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
First occurrence of all-cishexamethoxy-tetrahydrofuran lignans1aand1b, which are 6.5 kcal mol−1less stable than the all-transisomer grandisin (2a).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clécio S. Ramos
- Department of Chemistry
- Rural Federal University of Pernambuco
- 52.171-030 Recife
- Brazil
| | | | | | - João H. do Amaral
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of São Paulo
- 05508-000 São Paulo
- Brazil
| | | | - Massuo J. Kato
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of São Paulo
- 05508-000 São Paulo
- Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Naseem A, Tabasum S, Zia KM, Zuber M, Ali M, Noreen A. Lignin-derivatives based polymers, blends and composites: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:296-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
56
|
Chezem WR, Clay NK. Regulation of plant secondary metabolism and associated specialized cell development by MYBs and bHLHs. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 131:26-43. [PMID: 27569707 PMCID: PMC5048601 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are unrivaled in the natural world in both the number and complexity of secondary metabolites they produce, and the ubiquitous phenylpropanoids and the lineage-specific glucosinolates represent two such large and chemically diverse groups. Advances in genome-enabled biochemistry and metabolomic technologies have greatly increased the understanding of their metabolic networks in diverse plant species. There also has been some progress in elucidating the gene regulatory networks that are key to their synthesis, accumulation and function. This review highlights what is currently known about the gene regulatory networks and the stable sub-networks of transcription factors at their cores that regulate the production of these plant secondary metabolites and the differentiation of specialized cell types that are equally important to their defensive function. Remarkably, some of these core components are evolutionarily conserved between secondary metabolism and specialized cell development and across distantly related plant species. These findings suggest that the more ancient gene regulatory networks for the differentiation of fundamental cell types may have been recruited and remodeled for the generation of the vast majority of plant secondary metabolites and their specialized tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William R Chezem
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Nicole K Clay
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Knudsen KEB, Lærke HN, Ingerslev AK, Hedemann MS, Nielsen TS, Theil PK. Carbohydrates in pig nutrition – Recent advances. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
58
|
Kilgore MB, Augustin MM, May GD, Crow JA, Kutchan TM. CYP96T1 of Narcissus sp. aff. pseudonarcissus Catalyzes Formation of the Para-Para' C-C Phenol Couple in the Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:225. [PMID: 26941773 PMCID: PMC4766306 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The Amaryllidaceae alkaloids are a family of amino acid derived alkaloids with many biological activities; examples include haemanthamine, haemanthidine, galanthamine, lycorine, and maritidine. Central to the biosynthesis of the majority of these alkaloids is a C-C phenol-coupling reaction that can have para-para', para-ortho', or ortho-para' regiospecificity. Through comparative transcriptomics of Narcissus sp. aff. pseudonarcissus, Galanthus sp., and Galanthus elwesii we have identified a para-para' C-C phenol coupling cytochrome P450, CYP96T1, capable of forming the products (10bR,4aS)-noroxomaritidine and (10bS,4aR)-noroxomaritidine from 4'-O-methylnorbelladine. CYP96T1 was also shown to catalyzed formation of the para-ortho' phenol coupled product, N-demethylnarwedine, as less than 1% of the total product. CYP96T1 co-expresses with the previously characterized norbelladine 4'-O-methyltransferase. The discovery of CYP96T1 is of special interest because it catalyzes the first major branch in Amaryllidaceae alkaloid biosynthesis. CYP96T1 is also the first phenol-coupling enzyme characterized from a monocot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John A. Crow
- National Center for Genome ResourcesSanta Fe, NM, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Li SW, Shi RF, Leng Y, Zhou Y. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the gene expression profile that specifically responds to IBA during adventitious rooting in mung bean seedlings. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:43. [PMID: 26755210 PMCID: PMC4709940 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auxin plays a critical role in inducing adventitious rooting in many plants. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) is the most widely employed auxin for adventitious rooting. However, the molecular mechanisms by which auxin regulate the process of adventitious rooting are less well known. RESULTS The RNA-Seq data analysis indicated that IBA treatment greatly increased the amount of clean reads and the amount of expressed unigenes by 24.29 % and 27.42 % and by 4.3 % and 5.04 % at two time points, respectively, and significantly increased the numbers of unigenes numbered with RPKM = 10-100 and RPKM = 500-1000 by 13.04 % and 3.12 % and by 24.66 % and 108.2 % at two time points, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis indicated that the enrichment of down-regulated GOs was 2.87-fold higher than that of up-regulated GOs at stage 1, suggesting that IBA significantly down-regulated gene expression at 6 h. The GO functional category indicated that IBA significantly up- or down-regulated processes associated with auxin signaling, ribosome assembly and protein synthesis, photosynthesis, oxidoreductase activity and extracellular region, secondary cell wall biogenesis, and the cell wall during the development process. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment indicated that ribosome biogenesis, plant hormone signal transduction, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, photosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis, ribosome, cutin, flavonoid biosynthesis, and phenylalanine metabolism were the pathways most highly regulated by IBA. A total of 6369 differentially expressed (2-fold change > 2) unigenes (DEGs) with 3693 (58 %) that were up-regulated and 2676 (42 %) down-regulated, 5433 unigenes with 2208 (40.6 %) that were up-regulated and 3225 (59.4 %) down-regulated, and 7664 unigenes with 3187 (41.6 %) that were up-regulated and 4477 (58.4 %) down-regulated were detected at stage 1, stage 2, and between stage 1 and stage 2, respectively, suggesting that IBA treatment increased the number of DEGs. A total of 143 DEGs specifically involved in plant hormone signaling and 345 transcription factor (TF) genes were also regulated by IBA. qRT-PCR validation of the 36 genes with known functions indicated a strong correlation with the RNA-Seq data. CONCLUSIONS The changes in GO functional categories, KEGG pathways, and global DEG profiling during adventitious rooting induced by IBA were analyzed. These results provide valuable information about the molecular traits of IBA regulation of adventitious rooting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Weng Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 88 West Anning Road, Lanzhou, 730070, P. R. China.
| | - Rui-Fang Shi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 88 West Anning Road, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China.
| | - Yan Leng
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 88 West Anning Road, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China.
| | - Yuan Zhou
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 88 West Anning Road, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Abstract
We combine thermo-chemical processes with oxidative catalysis to convert lignin to aliphatic carboxylic acids mainly C4 acids. Acid selectivity changed with catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samira Lotfi
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Montréal H3C 3A7 (Canada)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Shinya T, Iwata E, Nakahama K, Fukuda Y, Hayashi K, Nanto K, Rosa AC, Kawaoka A. Transcriptional Profiles of Hybrid Eucalyptus Genotypes with Contrasting Lignin Content Reveal That Monolignol Biosynthesis-related Genes Regulate Wood Composition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:443. [PMID: 27148283 PMCID: PMC4829581 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Eucalyptus species constitutes the most widely planted hardwood trees in temperate and subtropical regions. In this study, we compared the transcript levels of genes involved in lignocellulose formation such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin biosynthesis in two selected 3-year old hybrid Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis) genotypes (AM063 and AM380) that have different lignin content. AM063 and AM380 had 20.2 and 35.5% of Klason lignin content and 59.0 and 48.2%, α-cellulose contents, respectively. We investigated the correlation between wood properties and transcript levels of wood formation-related genes using RNA-seq with total RNAs extracted from developing xylem tissues at a breast height. Transcript levels of cell wall construction genes such as cellulose synthase (CesA) and sucrose synthase (SUSY) were almost the same in both genotypes. However, AM063 exhibited higher transcript levels of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and xyloglucan endotransglucoxylase than those in AM380. Most monolignol biosynthesis-related isozyme genes showed higher transcript levels in AM380. These results indicate monolignol biosynthesis-related genes may regulate wood composition in Eucalyptus. Flavonoids contents were also observed at much higher levels in AM380 as a result of the elevated transcript levels of common phenylpropanoid pathway genes, phenylalanine ammonium lyase, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL). Secondary plant cell wall formation is regulated by many transcription factors. We analyzed genes encoding NAC, WRKY, AP2/ERF, and KNOX transcription factors and found higher transcript levels of these genes in AM380. We also observed increased transcription of some MYB and LIM domain transcription factors in AM380 compared to AM063. All these results show that genes related to monolignol biosynthesis may regulate the wood composition and help maintain the ratio of cellulose and lignin contents in Eucalyptus plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomotaka Shinya
- Agri-Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd.Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Iwata
- Agri-Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd.Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Nakahama
- Agri-Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd.Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yujiroh Fukuda
- Agri-Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd.Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Hayashi
- Forest Research Division, Amapa Frorestal e Celulose S.A.Santana, Brazil
| | - Kazuya Nanto
- Agri-Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd.Tokyo, Japan
| | - Antonio C. Rosa
- Forest Research Division, Amapa Frorestal e Celulose S.A.Santana, Brazil
| | - Akiyoshi Kawaoka
- Agri-Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd.Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Akiyoshi Kawaoka,
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Cao Y, Han Y, Meng D, Li D, Jin Q, Lin Y, Cai Y. Structural, Evolutionary, and Functional Analysis of the Class III Peroxidase Gene Family in Chinese Pear ( Pyrus bretschneideri). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1874. [PMID: 28018406 PMCID: PMC5145892 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Peroxidases (PRXs) are widely existed in various organisms and could be divided into different types according to their structures and functions. Specifically, the Class III Peroxidase, a plant-specific multi-gene family, involves in many physiological processes, such as the metabolism of auxin, the extension and thickening of cell wall, as well as the formation of lignin. By searching the pear genome database, 94 non-redundant PRXs from Pyrus bretschneideri (PbPRXs) were identified. Subsequently, analysis of phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, conserved motifs, and microsynteny was performed. These PbPRXs were unevenly distributed among 17 chromosomes of pear. In addition, 26 segmental duplication events but only one tandem duplication were occurred in these PbPRXs, implying segmental duplication was the main contributor to the expansion of the PbPRX family. By the Ka/Ks analysis, 26 out of 27 duplicated PbPRXs has experienced purifying selection. Twenty motifs were identified in PbPRXs based on the MEME analysis, 11 of which were enriched in pear. A total of 41 expressed genes were identified from ESTs of pear fruit. According to qRT-PCR, the expression trends of five PbPRXs in subgroup C were consistent with the change of lignin content during pear fruit development. So we inferred that the five PbPRXs were candidate genes involved in the lignin synthesis pathway. These results provided useful information for further researches of PRX genes in pear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University Hefei, China
| | - Yahui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University Hefei, China
| | - Dandan Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University Hefei, China
| | - Dahui Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University Hefei, China
| | - Qing Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University Hefei, China
| | - Yi Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University Hefei, China
| | - Yongping Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Generation of Triple-Transgenic Forsythia Cell Cultures as a Platform for the Efficient, Stable, and Sustainable Production of Lignans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144519. [PMID: 26641084 PMCID: PMC4671638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sesamin is a furofuran lignan biosynthesized from the precursor lignan pinoresinol specifically in sesame seeds. This lignan is shown to exhibit anti-hypertensive activity, protect the liver from damages by ethanol and lipid oxidation, and reduce lung tumor growth. Despite rapidly elevating demand, plant sources of lignans are frequently limited because of the high cost of locating and collecting plants. Indeed, the acquisition of sesamin exclusively depends on the conventional extraction of particular Sesamum seeds. In this study, we have created the efficient, stable and sustainable sesamin production system using triple-transgenic Forsythia koreana cell suspension cultures, U18i-CPi-Fk. These transgenic cell cultures were generated by stably introducing an RNAi sequence against the pinoresinol-glucosylating enzyme, UGT71A18, into existing CPi-Fk cells, which had been created by introducing Sesamum indicum sesamin synthase (CYP81Q1) and an RNA interference (RNAi) sequence against pinoresinol/lariciresinol reductase (PLR) into F. koreanna cells. Compared to its transgenic prototype, U18i-CPi-Fk displayed 5-fold higher production of pinoresinol aglycone and 1.4-fold higher production of sesamin, respectively, while the wildtype cannot produce sesamin due to a lack of any intrinsic sesamin synthase. Moreover, red LED irradiation of U18i-CPi-Fk specifically resulted in 3.0-fold greater production in both pinoresinol aglycone and sesamin than production of these lignans under the dark condition, whereas pinoresinol production was decreased in the wildtype under red LED. Moreover, we developed a procedure for sodium alginate-based long-term storage of U18i-CPi-Fk in liquid nitrogen. Production of sesamin in U18i-CPi-Fk re-thawed after six-month cryopreservation was equivalent to that of non-cryopreserved U18i-CPi-Fk. These data warrant on-demand production of sesamin anytime and anywhere. Collectively, the present study provides evidence that U18i-CP-Fk is an unprecedented platform for efficient, stable, and sustainable production of sesamin, and shows that a transgenic and specific light-regulated Forsythia cell-based metabolic engineering is a promising strategy for the acquisition of rare and beneficial lignans.
Collapse
|
64
|
Lee E, Bang J, Kwon J, Yu CM. Enantioselective Synthesis of a Furan Lignan (+)-Sylvone. J Org Chem 2015; 80:10359-63. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Jiyun Bang
- Department
of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Jisook Kwon
- Department
of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Chan-Mo Yu
- Department
of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Xu RX, Zhao Y, Gao S, Zhang YY, Li DD, Lou HX, Cheng AX. Functional characterization of a plastidal cation-dependent O-methyltransferase from the liverwort Plagiochasma appendiculatum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 118:33-41. [PMID: 26277769 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferases (CCoAOMTs), known to be involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism and lignin synthesis, have been characterized from several higher plant species, which also harbor CCoAOMT-like enzymes responsible for methylation of a variety of flavonoids, anthocyanins, coumarins and phenylpropanoids. Here, a gene encoding a CCoAOMT (PaOMT1) was isolated from a sequenced cDNA library of the liverwort species Plagiochasma appendiculatum, a species belonging to the Family Aytoniaceae. The full-length cDNA sequence of PaOMT1 contains 909 bp, and is predicted to encode a protein with 302 amino acids. The gene products were 40-50% identical to CCoAOMT sequences of other plants. Experiments based on recombinant PaOMT1 showed that the enzyme was able to methylate phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and coumarins, with a preference for the flavonoid quercetin (19). Although the substrate selectivity and biochemical feature of PaOMT1 is similar to CCoAOMT-like enzymes, the sequence alignment results indicated PaOMT1 is closer to true CCoAOMT enzymes. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that PaOMT1 is intermediate between true CCoAOMTs and CCoAOMT-like enzymes. The transient expression of a PaOMT1-GFP fusion in tobacco demonstrated that PaOMT1 is directed to the plastids. PaOMT1 may represent an ancestral form of higher plant true CCoAOMT and CCoAOMT-like enzymes. This is the first time an O-methyltransferase was characterized in liverworts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yu-Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Dan-Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ai-Xia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Li W, Song F, You J. Oxidant‐Controlled Catalytic Transformations of Phenols with Unexpected Cleavage of Aromatic Rings. Chemistry 2015; 21:13913-8. [PMID: 26286529 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064 (P. R. China)
| | - Feijie Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064 (P. R. China)
| | - Jingsong You
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064 (P. R. China)
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Zielinski Goldberg M, Burke LA, Samokhvalov A. Selective Activation of C=C Bond in Sustainable Phenolic Compounds from Lignin via Photooxidation: Experiment and Density Functional Theory Calculations. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:1332-9. [PMID: 26268649 DOI: 10.1111/php.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass can be converted to high-value phenolic compounds, such as food additives, antioxidants, fragrances and fine chemicals. We investigated photochemical and heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of two isomeric phenolic compounds from lignin, isoeugenol and eugenol, in several nonprotic solvents, for the first time by experiment and the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Photooxidation was conducted under ambient conditions using air, near-UV light and commercial P25 TiO2 photocatalyst, and the products were determined by TLC, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS. Photochemical and photocatalytic oxidation of isoeugenol proceeds via the mild oxidative "dimerization" to produce the lignan dehydrodiisoeugenol (DHDIE), while photooxidation of eugenol does not proceed. The DFT calculations suggest a radical stepwise mechanism for the oxidative "dimerization" of isoeugenol to DHDIE as was calculated for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke A Burke
- Chemistry Department, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ
| | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Behr M, Legay S, Hausman JF, Guerriero G. Analysis of Cell Wall-Related Genes in Organs of Medicago sativa L. under Different Abiotic Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:16104-24. [PMID: 26193255 PMCID: PMC4519941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160716104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic constraints are a source of concern in agriculture, because they can have a strong impact on plant growth and development, thereby affecting crop yield. The response of plants to abiotic constraints varies depending on the type of stress, on the species and on the organs. Although many studies have addressed different aspects of the plant response to abiotic stresses, only a handful has focused on the role of the cell wall. A targeted approach has been used here to study the expression of cell wall-related genes in different organs of alfalfa plants subjected for four days to three different abiotic stress treatments, namely salt, cold and heat stress. Genes involved in different steps of cell wall formation (cellulose biosynthesis, monolignol biosynthesis and polymerization) have been analyzed in different organs of Medicago sativa L. Prior to this analysis, an in silico classification of dirigent/dirigent-like proteins and class III peroxidases has been performed in Medicago truncatula and M. sativa. The final goal of this study is to infer and compare the expression patterns of cell wall-related genes in response to different abiotic stressors in the organs of an important legume crop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Behr
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale, Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy, Université catholique de Louvain, 5 (bte 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Sylvain Legay
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Li SW, Shi RF, Leng Y. De Novo Characterization of the Mung Bean Transcriptome and Transcriptomic Analysis of Adventitious Rooting in Seedlings Using RNA-Seq. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132969. [PMID: 26177103 PMCID: PMC4503682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adventitious rooting is the most important mechanism underlying vegetative propagation and an important strategy for plant propagation under environmental stress. The present study was conducted to obtain transcriptomic data and examine gene expression using RNA-Seq and bioinformatics analysis, thereby providing a foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling adventitious rooting. Three cDNA libraries constructed from mRNA samples from mung bean hypocotyls during adventitious rooting were sequenced. These three samples generated a total of 73 million, 60 million, and 59 million 100-bp reads, respectively. These reads were assembled into 78,697 unigenes with an average length of 832 bp, totaling 65 Mb. The unigenes were aligned against six public protein databases, and 29,029 unigenes (36.77%) were annotated using BLASTx. Among them, 28,225 (35.75%) and 28,119 (35.62%) unigenes had homologs in the TrEMBL and NCBI non-redundant (Nr) databases, respectively. Of these unigenes, 21,140 were assigned to gene ontology classes, and a total of 11,990 unigenes were classified into 25 KOG functional categories. A total of 7,357 unigenes were annotated to 4,524 KOs, and 4,651 unigenes were mapped onto 342 KEGG pathways using BLAST comparison against the KEGG database. A total of 11,717 unigenes were differentially expressed (fold change>2) during the root induction stage, with 8,772 unigenes down-regulated and 2,945 unigenes up-regulated. A total of 12,737 unigenes were differentially expressed during the root initiation stage, with 9,303 unigenes down-regulated and 3,434 unigenes up-regulated. A total of 5,334 unigenes were differentially expressed between the root induction and initiation stage, with 2,167 unigenes down-regulated and 3,167 unigenes up-regulated. qRT-PCR validation of the 39 genes with known functions indicated a strong correlation (92.3%) with the RNA-Seq data. The GO enrichment, pathway mapping, and gene expression profiles reveal molecular traits for root induction and initiation. This study provides a platform for functional genomic research with this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Weng Li
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 88 West Anning Road, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Fang Shi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 88 West Anning Road, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China
| | - Yan Leng
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 88 West Anning Road, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Carocha V, Soler M, Hefer C, Cassan-Wang H, Fevereiro P, Myburg AA, Paiva JAP, Grima-Pettenati J. Genome-wide analysis of the lignin toolbox of Eucalyptus grandis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:1297-313. [PMID: 25684249 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, a major component of secondary cell walls, hinders the optimal processing of wood for industrial uses. The recent availability of the Eucalyptus grandis genome sequence allows comprehensive analysis of the genes encoding the 11 protein families specific to the lignin branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway and identification of those mainly involved in xylem developmental lignification. We performed genome-wide identification of putative members of the lignin gene families, followed by comparative phylogenetic studies focusing on bona fide clades inferred from genes functionally characterized in other species. RNA-seq and microfluid real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) expression data were used to investigate the developmental and environmental responsive expression patterns of the genes. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that 38 E. grandis genes are located in bona fide lignification clades. Four multigene families (shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HCT), p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H), caffeate/5-hydroxyferulate O-methyltransferase (COMT) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)) are expanded by tandem gene duplication compared with other plant species. Seventeen of the 38 genes exhibited strong, preferential expression in highly lignified tissues, probably representing the E. grandis core lignification toolbox. The identification of major genes involved in lignin biosynthesis in E. grandis, the most widely planted hardwood crop world-wide, provides the foundation for the development of biotechnology approaches to develop tree varieties with enhanced processing qualities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Carocha
- LRSV, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UPS, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3, BP 42617 Auzeville, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Química Biológica (ITQB), Biotecnologia de Células Vegetais, Av. da República, 2781-157, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação Científica e Tropical (IICT/MNE), Palácio Burnay, Rua da Junqueira, 30, 1349-007, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marçal Soler
- LRSV, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UPS, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3, BP 42617 Auzeville, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Charles Hefer
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Hua Cassan-Wang
- LRSV, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UPS, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3, BP 42617 Auzeville, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Pedro Fevereiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Química Biológica (ITQB), Biotecnologia de Células Vegetais, Av. da República, 2781-157, Oeiras, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL), Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexander A Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
- Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Jorge A P Paiva
- Instituto de Investigação Científica e Tropical (IICT/MNE), Palácio Burnay, Rua da Junqueira, 30, 1349-007, Lisboa, Portugal
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jacqueline Grima-Pettenati
- LRSV, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UPS, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3, BP 42617 Auzeville, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Zhang X, Gou M, Guo C, Yang H, Liu CJ. Down-regulation of Kelch domain-containing F-box protein in Arabidopsis enhances the production of (poly)phenols and tolerance to ultraviolet radiation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:337-50. [PMID: 25502410 PMCID: PMC4326750 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.249136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in plants engenders myriad phenolics with diverse biological functions. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is the first committed enzyme in the pathway, directing primary metabolic flux into a phenylpropanoid branch. Previously, we demonstrated that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Kelch domain-containing F-box proteins, AtKFB01, AtKFB20, and AtKFB50, function as the negative regulators controlling phenylpropanoid biosynthesis via mediating PAL's ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Here, we reveal that Arabidopsis KFB39, a close homolog of AtKFB50, also interacts physically with PAL isozymes and modulates PAL stability and activity. Disturbing the expression of KFB39 reciprocally affects the accumulation/deposition of a set of phenylpropanoid end products, suggesting that KFB39 is an additional posttranslational regulator responsible for the turnover of PAL and negatively controlling phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, we discover that exposure of Arabidopsis to ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation suppresses the expression of all four KFB genes while inducing the transcription of PAL isogenes; these data suggest that Arabidopsis consolidates both transcriptional and posttranslational regulation mechanisms to maximize its responses to UV light stress. Simultaneous down-regulation of all four identified KFBs significantly enhances the production of (poly)phenols and the plant's tolerance to UV irradiation. This study offers a biotechnological approach for engineering the production of useful phenolic chemicals and for increasing a plant's resistance to environmental stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Zhang
- Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (X.Z., M.G., H.Y., C.-J.L.);College of Art and Science, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, People's Republic of China (C.G.); andBiochemistry and Cell Biology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11972 (H.Y.)
| | - Mingyue Gou
- Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (X.Z., M.G., H.Y., C.-J.L.);College of Art and Science, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, People's Republic of China (C.G.); andBiochemistry and Cell Biology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11972 (H.Y.)
| | - Chunrong Guo
- Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (X.Z., M.G., H.Y., C.-J.L.);College of Art and Science, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, People's Republic of China (C.G.); andBiochemistry and Cell Biology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11972 (H.Y.)
| | - Huijun Yang
- Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (X.Z., M.G., H.Y., C.-J.L.);College of Art and Science, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, People's Republic of China (C.G.); andBiochemistry and Cell Biology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11972 (H.Y.)
| | - Chang-Jun Liu
- Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (X.Z., M.G., H.Y., C.-J.L.);College of Art and Science, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, People's Republic of China (C.G.); andBiochemistry and Cell Biology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11972 (H.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Kim KW, Smith CA, Daily MD, Cort JR, Davin LB, Lewis NG. Trimeric structure of (+)-pinoresinol-forming dirigent protein at 1.95 Å resolution with three isolated active sites. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:1308-18. [PMID: 25411250 PMCID: PMC4340379 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.611780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Control over phenoxy radical-radical coupling reactions in vivo in vascular plants was enigmatic until our discovery of dirigent proteins (DPs, from the Latin dirigere, to guide or align). The first three-dimensional structure of a DP ((+)-pinoresinol-forming DP, 1.95 Å resolution, rhombohedral space group H32)) is reported herein. It has a tightly packed trimeric structure with an eight-stranded β-barrel topology for each DP monomer. Each putative substrate binding and orientation coupling site is located on the trimer surface but too far apart for intermolecular coupling between sites. It is proposed that each site enables stereoselective coupling (using either two coniferyl alcohol radicals or a radical and a monolignol). Interestingly, there are six differentially conserved residues in DPs affording either the (+)- or (-)-antipodes in the vicinity of the putative binding site and region known to control stereoselectivity. DPs are involved in lignan biosynthesis, whereas dirigent domains/sites have been implicated in lignin deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kye-Won Kim
- From the Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - Clyde A Smith
- the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Menlo Park, California 94025, and
| | - Michael D Daily
- the Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354
| | - John R Cort
- the Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354
| | - Laurence B Davin
- From the Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - Norman G Lewis
- From the Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340,
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Li H, Zhang Q, Gao P, Wang L. Preparation and characterization of graft copolymer from dealkaline lignin and styrene. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation; Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Qinsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation; Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication; Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Lailai Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation; Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Albertson AKF, Lumb JP. A bio-inspired total synthesis of tetrahydrofuran lignans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:2204-8. [PMID: 25582827 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lignan natural products comprise a broad spectrum of biologically active secondary metabolites. Their structural diversity belies a common biosynthesis, which involves regio- and chemoselective oxidative coupling of propenyl phenols. Attempts to replicate this oxidative coupling have revealed significant challenges for controlling selectivity, and these challenges have thus far prevented the development of a unified biomimetic route to compounds of the lignan family. A practical solution is presented that hinges on oxidative ring opening of a diarylcyclobutane to intercept a putative biosynthetic intermediate. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated by the first total synthesis of tanegool in 4 steps starting from ferulic acid, as well as a concise synthesis of the prototypical furanolignan pinoresinol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna K F Albertson
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8 (Canada)
| | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Albertson AKF, Lumb JP. A Bio-Inspired Total Synthesis of Tetrahydrofuran Lignans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
76
|
Zeng Y, Zhao S, Wei H, Tucker MP, Himmel ME, Mosier NS, Meilan R, Ding SY. In situ micro-spectroscopic investigation of lignin in poplar cell walls pretreated by maleic acid. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:126. [PMID: 26312066 PMCID: PMC4549890 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In higher plant cells, lignin provides necessary physical support for plant growth and resistance to attack by microorganisms. For the same reason, lignin is considered to be a major impediment to the process of deconstructing biomass to simple sugars by hydrolytic enzymes. The in situ variation of lignin in plant cell walls is important for better understanding of the roles lignin play in biomass recalcitrance. RESULTS A micro-spectroscopic approach combining stimulated Raman scattering microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy was employed to probe the physiochemical structure of lignin in poplar tracheid cell walls. Two forms of lignins were identified: loosely packed lignin, which had a long (4 ns) fluorescence lifetime and existed primarily in the secondary wall layers; and dense lignin, which had a short (0.5-1 ns) fluorescence lifetime and was present in all wall layers, including the cell corners, compound middle lamellae, and secondary wall. At low maleic acid concentration (0.025 and 0.05 M) pretreatment conditions, some of the dense lignin was modified to become more loosely packed. High acid concentration removed both dense and loosely packed lignins. These modified lignins reformed to make lignin-carbohydrate complex droplets containing either dense or loosely packed lignin (mostly from secondary walls) and were commonly observed on the cell wall surface. CONCLUSIONS We have identified dense and loosely packed lignins in plant cell walls. During maleic acid pretreatment, both dense lignin droplets and loosely packed lignin droplets were formed. Maleic acid pretreatment more effectively removes loosely packed lignin in secondary walls which increases enzyme accessibility for digestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yining Zeng
- />Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Shuai Zhao
- />Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Hui Wei
- />Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Melvin P. Tucker
- />National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Michael E. Himmel
- />Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Nathan S. Mosier
- />Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Richard Meilan
- />Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Shi-You Ding
- />Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
- />Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Banoub J, Delmas GH, Joly N, Mackenzie G, Cachet N, Benjelloun-Mlayah B, Delmas M. A critique on the structural analysis of lignins and application of novel tandem mass spectrometric strategies to determine lignin sequencing. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:5-48. [PMID: 25601673 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This review is devoted to the application of MS using soft ionization methods with a special emphasis on electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure photoionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization MS and tandem MS (MS/MS) for the elucidation of the chemical structure of native and modified lignins. We describe and critically evaluate how these soft ionization methods have contributed to the present-day knowledge of the structure of lignins. Herein, we will introduce new nomenclature concerning the chemical state of lignins, namely, virgin released lignins (VRLs) and processed modified lignins (PML). VRLs are obtained by liberation of lignins through degradation of vegetable matter by either chemical hydrolysis and/or enzymatic hydrolysis. PMLs are produced by subjecting the VRL to a series of further chemical transformations and purifications that are likely to alter their original chemical structures. We are proposing that native lignin polymers, present in the lignocellulosic biomass, are not made of macromolecules linked to cellulose fibres as has been frequently reported. Instead, we propose that the lignins are composed of vast series of linear related oligomers, having different lengths that are covalently linked in a criss-cross pattern to cellulose and hemicellulose fibres forming the network of vegetal matter. Consequently, structural elucidation of VRLs, which presumably have not been purified and processed by any other type of additional chemical treatment and purification, may reflect the structure of the native lignin. In this review, we present an introduction to a MS/MS top-down concept of lignin sequencing and how this technique may be used to address the challenge of characterizing the structure of VRLs. Finally, we offer the case that although lignins have been reported to have very high or high molecular weights, they might not exist on the basis that such polymers have never been identified by the mild ionizing techniques used in modern MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Banoub
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, A1C 5X1, Canada; Science Branch, Special Projects, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St John's, NL, A1C 5X1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Li H, Pang Z, Gao P, Wang L. Fe(iii)-catalyzed grafting copolymerization of lignin with styrene and methyl methacrylate through AGET ATRP using triphenyl phosphine as a ligand. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09237j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel, effective and environment friendly Fe(iii)-catalyzed AGET ATRP has been presented to carry out the grafting copolymerization of lignin with styrene and methyl methacrylate for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Zengbo Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Ping Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Lailai Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Liu CJ, Cai Y, Zhang X, Gou M, Yang H. Tailoring lignin biosynthesis for efficient and sustainable biofuel production. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:1154-62. [PMID: 25209835 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Increased global interest in a bio-based economy has reinvigorated the research on the cell wall structure and composition in plants. In particular, the study of plant lignification has become a central focus, with respect to its intractability and negative impact on the utilization of the cell wall biomass for producing biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Striking progress has been achieved in the last few years both on our fundamental understanding of lignin biosynthesis, deposition and assembly, and on the interplay of lignin synthesis with the plant growth and development. With the knowledge gleaned from basic studies, researchers are now able to invent and develop elegant biotechnological strategies to sophisticatedly manipulate the quantity and structure of lignin and thus to create economically viable bioenergy feedstocks. These concerted efforts open an avenue for the commercial production of cost-competitive biofuel to meet our energy needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jun Liu
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven Nation Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Pedersen M, Dalsgaard S, Knudsen KB, Yu S, Lærke H. Compositional profile and variation of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles from various origins with focus on non-starch polysaccharides. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
81
|
Vanzo E, Ghirardo A, Merl-Pham J, Lindermayr C, Heller W, Hauck SM, Durner J, Schnitzler JP. S-nitroso-proteome in poplar leaves in response to acute ozone stress. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106886. [PMID: 25192423 PMCID: PMC4156402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-nitrosylation, the covalent binding of nitric oxide (NO) to protein cysteine residues, is one of the main mechanisms of NO signaling in plant and animal cells. Using a combination of the biotin switch assay and label-free LC-MS/MS analysis, we revealed the S-nitroso-proteome of the woody model plant Populus x canescens. Under normal conditions, constitutively S-nitrosylated proteins in poplar leaves and calli comprise all aspects of primary and secondary metabolism. Acute ozone fumigation was applied to elicit ROS-mediated changes of the S-nitroso-proteome. This treatment changed the total nitrite and nitrosothiol contents of poplar leaves and affected the homeostasis of 32 S-nitrosylated proteins. Multivariate data analysis revealed that ozone exposure negatively affected the S-nitrosylation status of leaf proteins: 23 proteins were de-nitrosylated and 9 proteins had increased S-nitrosylation content compared to the control. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 2 (log2[ozone/control] = −3.6) and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (−3.4), key enzymes catalyzing important steps in the phenylpropanoid and subsequent lignin biosynthetic pathways, respectively, were de-nitrosylated upon ozone stress. Measuring the in vivo and in vitro phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity indicated that the increase of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in response to acute ozone is partly regulated by de-nitrosylation, which might favor a higher metabolic flux through the phenylpropanoid pathway within minutes after ozone exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Vanzo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Merl-Pham
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Lindermayr
- Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Werner Heller
- Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie M. Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Durner
- Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Niculaes C, Morreel K, Kim H, Lu F, McKee LS, Ivens B, Haustraete J, Vanholme B, Rycke RD, Hertzberg M, Fromm J, Bulone V, Polle A, Ralph J, Boerjan W. Phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductase prevents accumulation of compounds formed under oxidative conditions in poplar xylem. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3775-91. [PMID: 25238751 PMCID: PMC4213149 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.125260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductase (PCBER) is one of the most abundant proteins in poplar (Populus spp) xylem, but its biological role has remained obscure. In this work, metabolite profiling of transgenic poplar trees downregulated in PCBER revealed both the in vivo substrate and product of PCBER. Based on mass spectrometry and NMR data, the substrate was identified as a hexosylated 8-5-coupling product between sinapyl alcohol and guaiacylglycerol, and the product was identified as its benzyl-reduced form. This activity was confirmed in vitro using a purified recombinant PCBER expressed in Escherichia coli. Assays performed on 20 synthetic substrate analogs revealed the enzyme specificity. In addition, the xylem of PCBER-downregulated trees accumulated over 2000-fold higher levels of cysteine adducts of monolignol dimers. These compounds could be generated in vitro by simple oxidative coupling assays involving monolignols and cysteine. Altogether, our data suggest that the function of PCBER is to reduce phenylpropanoid dimers in planta to form antioxidants that protect the plant against oxidative damage. In addition to describing the catalytic activity of one of the most abundant enzymes in wood, we provide experimental evidence for the antioxidant role of a phenylpropanoid coupling product in planta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu Niculaes
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB Institute, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Morreel
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB Institute, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and the U.S. Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726
| | - Fachuang Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and the U.S. Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726
| | - Lauren S McKee
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bart Ivens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB Institute, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jurgen Haustraete
- Protein Service Facility, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB Institute, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB Institute, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Jorg Fromm
- Zentrum für Holzwirtschaft, Universität Hamburg, D-21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and the U.S. Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB Institute, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Tamura M, Tsuji Y, Kusunose T, Okazawa A, Kamimura N, Mori T, Nakabayashi R, Hishiyama S, Fukuhara Y, Hara H, Sato-Izawa K, Muranaka T, Saito K, Katayama Y, Fukuda M, Masai E, Kajita S. Successful expression of a novel bacterial gene for pinoresinol reductase and its effect on lignan biosynthesis in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8165-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5934-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
84
|
Knudsen KEB. Fiber and nonstarch polysaccharide content and variation in common crops used in broiler diets. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2380-93. [PMID: 25012855 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2014-03902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current paper reviews content and variation in fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) of common crops used in broiler diets. The cereal grain is a complex structure, and its cell walls (CW) differ in their composition and hence properties. Arabinoxylan (AX), mixed linkage (1→3; 1→4)-β-glucan (β-glucan), cellulose, and the noncarbohydrate component lignin are the predominant polymers in cereals. They occur in different proportions depending on the species and tissue type. Rye, triticale, wheat, corn, and sorghum are all rich in AX, whereas barley and oats contain a high level of β-glucan. The AX from rye, wheat, and triticale and β-glucan from barley and oats are to a large extent soluble, whereas the solubility of AX found in corn and sorghum is lower than the other cereals. The ratio of arabinose to xylose gives a crude indication of the AX structure, which varies between the endosperm, the aleurone and the outer grain layers as well as between the same tissues from different grains. Varietal differences in AX structure of the endosperm are also identified. From the analysis of the released oligomers after hydrolysis with a specific (1→3,1→4)-β-d-glucan hydrolase, it is found that the ratio of trisaccharides (degree of polymerization 3) and tetrasaccharides (degree of polymerization 4) varies depending on the source, being higher in barley than in oats but lower than in wheat. The molecular weight of β-glucan is higher than that of AX, and both polymers contribute to the viscosity of the extract. However, because AX molecules are more resistant to degradation than β-glucan, the use of AX rich grains in broiler diets is usually more problematic than those containing high concentrations of β-glucan. The cereal coproducts (brans and hulls) are concentrated sources of cellulose, lignin, and insoluble AX, but β-glucan can also be present mainly in rye and wheat brans. The CW composition of seeds and grains of protein crops and feedstuffs are different from that of cereals. The main CW polymers are pectic substances (homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan type I and II, xylogalacturonan, and arabinogalactans type I and II), xyloglucans, and cellulose, but there are significant differences in the composition of the parenchymatous (cotyledon) tissues and that of the hulls. In the hulls, cellulose is the predominant polysaccharide, followed by acidic xylans and pectic substances. The implications of the heterogeneous CW for the action of exogenous enzymes are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Knud Erik Bach Knudsen
- Aarhus University, Department of Animal Science, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Esguerra KVN, Fall Y, Petitjean L, Lumb JP. Controlling the Catalytic Aerobic Oxidation of Phenols. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:7662-8. [PMID: 24784319 DOI: 10.1021/ja501789x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Virgel N. Esguerra
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Yacoub Fall
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Laurène Petitjean
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Jean-Philip Lumb
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Lligadas G, Tüzün A, Ronda JC, Galià M, Cádiz V. Polybenzoxazines: new players in the bio-based polymer arena. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00914b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This mini-review focuses on the recent efforts to replace petro-based feedstocks with polybenzoxazine precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Lligadas
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili
- 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Alev Tüzün
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili
- 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Juan C. Ronda
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili
- 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Marina Galià
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili
- 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Virginia Cádiz
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili
- 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Correll MJ, Pyle TP, Millar KDL, Sun Y, Yao J, Edelmann RE, Kiss JZ. Transcriptome analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings grown in space: implications for gravity-responsive genes. PLANTA 2013; 238:519-33. [PMID: 23771594 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1909-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptome of seedlings was analyzed from experiments performed on the International Space Station to study the interacting effects of light and gravity on plant tropisms (project named TROPI-2; Kiss et al. 2012). Seeds of Arabidopsis were germinated in space, and seedlings were then grown in the European Modular Cultivation System for 4 days at ~1g followed by exposure to a range of gravitational accelerations (from microgravity to 1g) and two light treatments (blue light with or without a 1 h pretreatment with red). At the end of the experiments, the cassettes containing the seedlings were frozen in the minus eighty laboratory freezer and returned to Earth on space shuttle mission STS-131. The RNA was extracted from whole seedlings and used for the transcriptome analyses. A comparison of 1g spaceflight samples with 1g ground controls identified 230 genes that were differentially regulated at least twofold, emphasizing the need for "in situ" tissue fixation on a 1g centrifuge as an important control for spaceflight experiments. A further comparison of all spaceflight samples with ground controls identified approximately 280 genes that were differentially regulated at least twofold. Of these genes, several were involved in regulating cell polarity (i.e., auxin, calcium, lipid metabolism), cell-wall development, oxygen status, and cell defense or stress. However, when the transcriptome of the all g-treated spaceflight samples was compared with microgravity samples, only ~130 genes were identified as being differently regulated (P ≤ 0.01). Of this subset, only 27 genes were at least twofold differently regulated between microgravity and 1g space samples and included putative/pseudo/undefined genes (14), transposable elements (5), an expansin (ATEXP24; At1g21240), a cell-wall kinase (WAK3; At1g21240), a laccase-like flavonoid oxidase (TT10; At5g48100), among others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Correll
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Gao J, Sun L, Yang X, Liu JX. Transcriptomic analysis of cadmium stress response in the heavy metal hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64643. [PMID: 23755133 PMCID: PMC3670878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sedum alfredii Hance hyperaccumulating ecotype (HE) has the ability to hyperaccumulate cadmium (Cd), as well as zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) in above-ground tissues. Although many physiological studies have been conducted with these plants, the molecular mechanisms underlying their hyper-tolerance to heavy metals are largely unknown. Here we report on the generation of 9.4 gigabases of adaptor-trimmed raw sequences and the assembly of 57,162 transcript contigs in S. alfredii Hance (HE) shoots by the combination of Roche 454 and Illumina/Solexa deep sequencing technologies. We also have functionally annotated the transcriptome and analyzed the transcriptome changes upon Cd hyperaccumulation in S. alfredii Hance (HE) shoots. There are 110 contigs and 123 contigs that were up-regulated (Fold Change ≧2.0) and down-regulated (Fold Change ≦0.5) by chronic Cd treatment in S. alfredii Hance (HE) at q-value cutoff of 0.005, respectively. Quantitative RT-PCR was employed to compare gene expression patterns between S. alfredii Hance (HE) and non-hyperaccumulating ecotype (NHE). Our results demonstrated that several genes involved in cell wall modification, metal translocation and remobilization were more induced or constitutively expressed at higher levels in HE shoots than that in NHE shoots in response to Cd exposure. Together, our study provides large-scale expressed sequence information and genome-wide transcriptome profiling of Cd responses in S. alfredii Hance (HE) shoots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoe Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JXL); (XY)
| | - Jian-Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JXL); (XY)
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Kiyoto S, Yoshinaga A, Tanaka N, Wada M, Kamitakahara H, Takabe K. Immunolocalization of 8-5' and 8-8' linked structures of lignin in cell walls of Chamaecyparis obtusa using monoclonal antibodies. PLANTA 2013; 237:705-15. [PMID: 23108661 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1784-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mouse monoclonal antibodies were generated against dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol- or pinoresinol-p-aminohippuric acid (pAHA)-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate as probes that specifically react with 8-5' or 8-8' linked structure of lignin in plant cell walls. Hybridoma clones were selected that produced antibodies that positively reacted with dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol- or pinoresinol-pAHA-BSA and negatively reacted with pAHA-BSA and guaiacylglycerol-beta-guaiacyl ether-pAHA-BSA conjugates containing 8-O-4' linkage. Eight clones were established for each antigen and one of each clone that positively reacted with wood sections was selected. The specificity of these antibodies was examined by competitive ELISA tests using various lignin dimers with different linkages. The anti-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol antibody reacted specifically with dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol and did not react with other model compounds containing 8-O-4', 8-8', or 5-5' linkages. The anti-pinoresinol antibody reacted specifically with pinoresinol and syringaresinol and did not react with the other model compounds containing 8-O-4', 8-5', or 5-5' linkages. The antibodies also did not react with dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol acetate or pinoresinol acetate, indicating that the presence of free phenolic or aliphatic hydroxyl group was an important factor in their reactivity. In sections of Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa), labeling by the anti-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol antibody was found in the secondary walls of phloem fibers and in the compound middle lamellae, and secondary walls of tracheids. Weak labeling by the anti-pinoresinol antibody was found in secondary walls of phloem fibers and secondary walls and compound middle lamellae of developed tracheids. These labelings show the localization of 8-5' and 8-8' linked structure of lignin in the cell walls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kiyoto
- Laboratory of Tree Cell Biology, Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Wils CR, Brandt W, Manke K, Vogt T. A single amino acid determines position specificity of anArabidopsis thalianaCCoAOMT-likeO-methyltransferase. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:683-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
91
|
Laser microdissection and genetic manipulation technologies to probe lignin heterogeneity and configuration in plant cell walls. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 908:229-50. [PMID: 22843403 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-956-3_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Single and multiple T-DNA knockouts of genes encoding arogenate dehydratases (ADTs) in Arabidopsis were obtained in homozygous form. These were analyzed for potential differences in lignin contents and compositions, as well as for distinct phenotypes over growth and development. Of these different lines, distinct reductions in lignin contents were obtained, with those having different G:S ratios depending upon the combination of ADT genes being knocked out. Results from pyrolysis GC/MS analyses indicated that differential carbon flux occurred into the vascular bundles (vb) and interfascicular fibers (if). These results provide additional new insight into factors controlling lignin heterogeneity and configuration.
Collapse
|
92
|
Optimized expression of the dirigent protein AtDIR6 in Pichia pastoris and impact of glycosylation on protein structure and function. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012. [PMID: 23188459 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phenoxy radical coupling reactions are involved in the biosynthesis of lignans in planta. Interestingly, the reaction can be guided by dirigent proteins, which mediate the stereoselective formation of either (+) or (-)-pinoresinol from coniferyl alcohol. So far, the mechanism is poorly understood, and for detailed mechanistic studies, a heterologous expression platform which allows the cost-effective, fast, and robust expression in high yields is needed. We established a reliable, high-yield fed-batch fermentation process with Pichia pastoris resulting in 47 mg L⁻¹ of the dirigent protein AtDIR6, which represents a more than 250-fold increase compared to previous studies. Biochemical characterization of AtDIR6 produced with P. pastoris showed an overall agreement in protein structure, N-glycosylation sites, and dirigent activity compared to AtDIR6 produced by plant cell cultures of Solanum peruvianum. CD spectroscopy verified the β-barrel structure proposed by earlier studies and bioconversion experiments revealed similar activities to plant-derived protein, validating P. pastoris as a suitable expression system for dirigent proteins. Compared to the complex glycan structures of most plant cells, proteins produced with P. pastoris have the advantage that they can be enzymatically deglycosylated under non-denaturating conditions. With this study, we demonstrate that the glycan structures of AtDIR6 are essential for structure, solubility, and function of the protein as deglycosylation induced conformational changes leading to the complete loss in dirigent activity and subsequent protein aggregation.
Collapse
|
93
|
Corea ORA, Bedgar DL, Davin LB, Lewis NG. The arogenate dehydratase gene family: towards understanding differential regulation of carbon flux through phenylalanine into primary versus secondary metabolic pathways. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 82:22-37. [PMID: 22818526 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phe is formed from arogenate in planta through the action of arogenate dehydratase (ADT), and there are six ADT isoenzymes in the "model" vascular plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. This raised the possibility that specific ADTs may be differentially regulated so as to control Phe biosynthesis for protein synthesis vs its much more massive deployment for phenylpropanoid metabolism. In our previous reverse genetics study using 25 single/multiple ADT knockout (KO) lines, a subset of these knockouts was differentially reduced in their lignin contents. In the current investigation, it was hypothesized that Phe pool sizes might correlate well with reduction in lignin contents in the affected KO lines. The free amino acid contents of these KO lines were thus comprehensively analyzed in stem, leaf and root tissues, over a growth/developmental time course from 3 to 8 weeks until senescence. The data obtained were then compared to, and contrasted with, the differential extent of lignin deposition occurring in the various lines. Relative changes in pool sizes were also analyzed by performing a pairwise confirmatory factor analysis for Phe:Tyr, Phe:Trp and Tyr:Trp, following determination of the deviation from the mean for Phe, Tyr and Trp in each plant line. It was found that the Phe pool sizes measured were differentially reduced only in lignin-deficient lines, and in tissues and at time points where lignin biosynthesis was constitutively highly active (in wild type lines) under the growth conditions employed. In contrast, this trend was not evident across all ADT KO lines, possibly due to maintenance of Phe pools by non-targeted isoenzymes, or by feedback mechanisms known to be in place.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R A Corea
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Kim KW, Moinuddin SGA, Atwell KM, Costa MA, Davin LB, Lewis NG. Opposite stereoselectivities of dirigent proteins in Arabidopsis and schizandra species. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:33957-72. [PMID: 22854967 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.387423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
How stereoselective monolignol-derived phenoxy radical-radical coupling reactions are differentially biochemically orchestrated in planta, whereby for example they afford (+)- and (-)-pinoresinols, respectively, is both a fascinating mechanistic and evolutionary question. In earlier work, biochemical control of (+)-pinoresinol formation had been established to be engendered by a (+)-pinoresinol-forming dirigent protein in Forsythia intermedia, whereas the presence of a (-)-pinoresinol-forming dirigent protein was indirectly deduced based on the enantiospecificity of downstream pinoresinol reductases (AtPrRs) in Arabidopsis thaliana root tissue. In this study of 16 putative dirigent protein homologs in Arabidopsis, AtDIR6, AtDIR10, and AtDIR13 were established to be root-specific using a β-glucuronidase reporter gene strategy. Of these three, in vitro analyses established that only recombinant AtDIR6 was a (-)-pinoresinol-forming dirigent protein, whose physiological role was further confirmed using overexpression and RNAi strategies in vivo. Interestingly, its closest homolog, AtDIR5, was also established to be a (-)-pinoresinol-forming dirigent protein based on in vitro biochemical analyses. Both of these were compared in terms of properties with a (+)-pinoresinol-forming dirigent protein from Schizandra chinensis. In this context, sequence analyses, site-directed mutagenesis, and region swapping resulted in identification of putative substrate binding sites/regions and candidate residues controlling distinct stereoselectivities of coupling modes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kye-Won Kim
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Edwards JE, Brown PN, Talent N, Dickinson TA, Shipley PR. A review of the chemistry of the genus Crataegus. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 79:5-26. [PMID: 22608128 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1800s, natural health products that contain hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) have been used in North America for the treatment of heart problems such as hypertension, angina, arrhythmia, and congestive heart failure. Traditionally, Native American tribes used hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) to treat gastrointestinal ailments and heart problems, and consumed the fruit as food. Hawthorn also has a long history of use in Europe and China for food, and in traditional medicine. Investigations of Crataegus spp. typically focus on the identification and quantification of flavonoids and anthocyanins, which have been shown to have pharmacological activity. The main flavonoids found in Crataegus spp. are hyperoside, vitexin, and additional glycosylated derivatives of these compounds. Reviewed herein are the botany, ethnobotany, and traditional use of hawthorn while focusing on the phytochemicals that have been reported in Crataegus species, and the variation in the described chemistry between individual species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Edwards
- Chemistry, University of British Columbia Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Fellenberg C, van Ohlen M, Handrick V, Vogt T. The role of CCoAOMT1 and COMT1 in Arabidopsis anthers. PLANTA 2012; 236:51-61. [PMID: 22258746 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis caffeoyl coenzyme A dependent O-methyltransferase 1 (CCoAOMT1) and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase 1 (COMT1) display a similar substrate profile although with distinct substrate preferences and are considered the key methyltransferases (OMTs) in the biosynthesis of lignin monomers, coniferyl and sinapoylalcohol. Whereas CCoAOMT1 displays a strong preference for caffeoyl coenzyme A, COMT1 preferentially methylates 5-hydroxyferuloyl CoA derivatives and also performs methylation of flavonols with vicinal aromatic dihydroxy groups, such as quercetin. Based on different knockout lines, phenolic profiling, and immunohistochemistry, we present evidence that both enzymes fulfil distinct, yet different tasks in Arabidopsis anthers. CCoAOMT1 besides its role in vascular tissues can be localized to the tapetum of young stamens, contributing to the biosynthesis of spermidine phenylpropanoid conjugates. COMT1, although present in the same organ, is not localized in the tapetum, but in two directly adjacent cells layers, the endothecium and the epidermal layer of stamens. In vivo localization and phenolic profiling of comt1 plants provide evidence that COMT1 neither contributes to the accumulation of spermidine phenylpropanoid conjugates nor to the flavonol glycoside pattern of pollen grains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christin Fellenberg
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
|
98
|
Fornalé S, Capellades M, Encina A, Wang K, Irar S, Lapierre C, Ruel K, Joseleau JP, Berenguer J, Puigdomènech P, Rigau J, Caparrós-Ruiz D. Altered lignin biosynthesis improves cellulosic bioethanol production in transgenic maize plants down-regulated for cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:817-30. [PMID: 22147756 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is a key enzyme involved in the last step of monolignol biosynthesis. The effect of CAD down-regulation on lignin production was investigated through a transgenic approach in maize. Transgenic CAD-RNAi plants show a different degree of enzymatic reduction depending on the analyzed tissue and show alterations in cell wall composition. Cell walls of CAD-RNAi stems contain a lignin polymer with a slight reduction in the S-to-G ratio without affecting the total lignin content. In addition, these cell walls accumulate higher levels of cellulose and arabinoxylans. In contrast, cell walls of CAD-RNAi midribs present a reduction in the total lignin content and of cell wall polysaccharides. In vitro degradability assays showed that, although to a different extent, the changes induced by the repression of CAD activity produced midribs and stems more degradable than wild-type plants. CAD-RNAi plants grown in the field presented a wild-type phenotype and produced higher amounts of dry biomass. Cellulosic bioethanol assays revealed that CAD-RNAi biomass produced higher levels of ethanol compared to wild-type, making CAD a good target to improve both the nutritional and energetic values of maize lignocellulosic biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fornalé
- Laboratori de Genetica Molecular Vegetal, Centre de Recerca en AgriGenomica (CRAG), Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Alejandro S, Lee Y, Tohge T, Sudre D, Osorio S, Park J, Bovet L, Lee Y, Geldner N, Fernie A, Martinoia E. AtABCG29 Is a Monolignol Transporter Involved in Lignin Biosynthesis. Curr Biol 2012; 22:1207-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
100
|
Merali Z, Mayer MJ, Parker ML, Michael AJ, Smith AC, Waldron KW. Expression of a bacterial, phenylpropanoid-metabolizing enzyme in tobacco reveals essential roles of phenolic precursors in normal leaf development and growth. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 145:260-74. [PMID: 22276599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum cv XHFD 8) were genetically modified to express a bacterial 4-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA hydratase/lyase (HCHL) enzyme which is active with intermediates of the phenylpropanoid pathway. We have previously shown that HCHL expression in tobacco stem resulted in various pleiotropic effects, indicative of a reduction in the carbon flux through the phenylpropanoid pathway, accompanied by an abnormal phenotype. Here, we report that in addition to the reduction in lignin and phenolic biosynthesis, HCHL expression also resulted in several gross morphological changes in poorly lignified tissue, such as abnormal mesophyll and palisade. The effect of HCHL expression was also noted in lignin-free single cells, with suspension cultures displaying an altered shape and different growth patterns. Poorly/non-lignified cell walls also exhibited a greater ease of alkaline extractability of simple phenolics and increased levels of incorporation of vanillin and vanillic acid. However, HCHL expression had no significant effect on the cell wall carbohydrate chemistry of these tissues. Evidence from this study suggests that changes in the transgenic lines result from a reduction in phenolic intermediates which have an essential role in maintaining structural integrity of low-lignin or lignin-deprived cell walls. These results emphasize the importance of the intermediates and products of phenylpropanoid pathway in modulating aspects of normal growth and development of tobacco. Analysis of these transgenic plants also shows the plasticity of the lignification process and reveals the potential to bioengineer plants with reduced phenolics (without deleterious effects) which could enhance the bioconversion of lignocellulose for industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zara Merali
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|