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Molecular and cellular effects of food contaminants and secondary plant components and their plausible interactions at the intestinal level. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:813-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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52
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Thurnham DI. An overview of interactions between micronutrients and of micronutrients with drugs, genes and immune mechanisms. Nutr Res Rev 2007; 17:211-40. [DOI: 10.1079/nrr200486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe objective of the present review is to examine critically the consequences of interactions that micronutrients undergo with nutrients and non-nutrients (mainly prescribed medicines) in diets and lifestyle factors (smoking, tea and alcohol consumption). In addition, the review describes recent work on interactions between nutrients and genes, the influence of gene polymorphisms on micronutrients, the impact of immune responses on micronutrients and specific interactions of antioxidant micronutrients in disease processes to minimise potential pro-oxidant damage.
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53
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Qiu A, Glover CN, Hogstrand C. Regulation of branchial zinc uptake by 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) in rainbow trout and associated changes in expression of ZIP1 and ECaC. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2007; 84:142-52. [PMID: 17651823 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is a vital micronutrient to all organisms, but is also a toxicant to aquatic species. It is therefore of importance to determine the mechanisms by which zinc uptake is modulated. In the present study, we investigated the regulatory effects of the vitamin D metabolite, 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3), on branchial zinc influx in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Our results showed that branchial zinc uptake in rainbow trout was stimulated 7 days after a single intraperitoneal injection of 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) (0.01 microg/g fish). To understand the molecular components of zinc uptake regulation by 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3), a ZIP zinc transporter (OmSLC39A1) and a partial vitamin D receptor (OmVDR) were molecularly cloned from rainbow trout gill, and the transcriptional expression of OmSLC39A1, epithelial calcium channel (OmECaC) and OmVDR genes in the gill was subsequently analyzed in response to 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3). OmECaC, OmSLC39A1 and OmVDR were all upregulated following treatment with 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3), but the effect was observed at different time points. OmECaC expression was significantly increased by 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) on Days 3 and 5 after the injection, and expression of OmVDR was stimulated on Day 5. There was also an increased abundance of OmSLC39A1 mRNA on Day 7 following the injection with 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3), but given the late response the effect of 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) on this gene might be indirect. The results from the present study provide strong evidence that administration of 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) results in enhanced zinc uptake across rainbow trout gill and that this effect is associated with an increased expression of transporters that mediate zinc uptake. The implications of our findings, in terms of aquatic toxicology, are that vitamin D status influences zinc accumulation in gill and body of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andong Qiu
- King's College London, Nutritional Sciences Division, Department of Biochemistry, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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Sánchez-Abella L, Fernández S, Verstuyf A, Verlinden L, Ferrero M, Gotor V. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 6-s-cis locked 1,2,25-trihydroxyprevitamin D3 analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4193-202. [PMID: 17412598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of several diastereomers of 2-hydroxy substituted 1alpha,25-dihydroxyprevitamin D3 derivatives was accomplished utilizing a practical route to the A-ring synthon. The biological activity of the analogues was evaluated in vitro. All the synthesized derivatives demonstrated low affinity for the vitamin D receptor and vitamin D-binding protein compared with 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the natural hormone. 1alpha,2beta,25-trihydroxy-19-nor-pre-D3 was the most potent of the analogues in inhibiting proliferation of MCF-7 cells but requires higher EC50 concentrations than 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sánchez-Abella
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo (Asturias), Spain
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55
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Schröder B, Breves G. Mechanisms and regulation of calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract in pigs and ruminants: comparative aspects with special emphasis on hypocalcemia in dairy cows. Anim Health Res Rev 2007; 7:31-41. [PMID: 17389052 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252307001144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adequate blood calcium (Ca) concentrations are a prerequisite to maintain several physiological functions of mammals such as pig and ruminants. Thus, blood Ca levels have to be regulated within very close limits. This is basically ensured through the coordinated effects of the calcitropic hormones parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3). If plasma Ca decreases, one main effect of subsequently secreted PTH is the stimulation of renal reabsorption of Ca from the glomerular filtrate to reduce urinary Ca loss. Another important action of PTH is the induction of the renal enzyme 1[@@@]\rmalpha [@@@]-hydroxylase, which is responsible for the production of calcitriol. In most monogastric species, so far investigated, one of the most important effects of calcitriol is to stimulate active absorption of Ca from the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the upper small intestines, via a vitamin D-receptor-mediated genomic action. Whether this concept can be transferred without any constrictions to ruminants is still under discussion. Marked interspecies differences have to be recognized with respect to ruminant or non-ruminant animals, particularly with respect to individual segments along the gastrointestinal axis and with respect to vitamin D sensitivity of Ca transport mechanisms. This review will elucidate some of the current concepts related to the mechanisms and sites of Ca absorption in pigs and ruminants with special emphasis on dairy cows where Ca homeostasis is occasionally compromised at the time of parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schröder
- Department of Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
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57
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Becker S, Cordes T, Diesing D, Diedrich K, Friedrich M. Expression of 25 hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase in human endometrial tissue. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:771-5. [PMID: 17236759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
1,25(OH)(2)D(3) (calcitriol) has been shown to play an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation and immune responsiveness. The enzyme responsible for calcitriol synthesis 25 hydroxyvitamin D(3)-1alpha-hydroxylase (1alpha-OHase) has been reported in many human tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of 1alpha-OHase in gynaecological tissues. Using a highly specific nested touchdown PCR we examined the expression of 1alpha-OHase in normal and malignant endometrial tissue and in human endometrial Ishikawa cells. In addition, we analyzed the protein expression of 1alpha-OHase by Western blot. The expression of 1alpha-OHase in normal and malignant endometrial tissue and Ishikawa cells was detected and splice variants of the enzyme in Ishikawa cells were identified. These data suggest an alternative splicing of 1alpha-OHase in malignant endometrial tissue and cells. We postulate that the expression of 1alpha-OHase gene variants may contribute to the antiproliferative effects of calcitriol. In conclusion, the modulation of the 1alpha-OHase opens up a new target for vitamin D(3) related therapies in endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Becker
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.
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58
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Gombart AF, O'Kelly J, Saito T, Koeffler HP. Regulation of the CAMP gene by 1,25(OH)2D3 in various tissues. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:552-7. [PMID: 17368184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The induction of antimicrobial peptides such as the human cathelicidin, CAMP/hCAP18, by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) provides a very exciting therapeutic approach in boosting immunity against infectious diseases. To explore the range of cell types and expand the number of cell models for studying the regulation of CAMP gene expression by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), we treated cell lines from various tissue types and determined CAMP gene expression. Also, we tested additional compounds together with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) to look for possible cooperative activation of the gene. We identified 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated induction of the CAMP gene in B-cell lymphomas, prostate and endometrial cancer lines and found cooperative activation with the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate. The data suggest that regulation of CAMP by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) is potentially important in a wide range of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian F Gombart
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Burns & Allen Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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59
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Westermann J, Schneider M, Platzek J, Petrov O. Practical Synthesis of a Heterocyclic Immunosuppressive Vitamin D Analogue. Org Process Res Dev 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/op060130d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Westermann
- Schering AG Berlin, Chemical Process Development, Muellerstrasse 178, D-13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Schneider
- Schering AG Berlin, Chemical Process Development, Muellerstrasse 178, D-13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Platzek
- Schering AG Berlin, Chemical Process Development, Muellerstrasse 178, D-13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Orlin Petrov
- Schering AG Berlin, Chemical Process Development, Muellerstrasse 178, D-13342 Berlin, Germany
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60
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Alagbala AA, Johnson CS, Trump DL, Posner GH, Foster BA. Antitumor effects of two less-calcemic vitamin D analogs (Paricalcitol and QW-1624F2-2) in squamous cell carcinoma cells. Oncology 2007; 70:483-92. [PMID: 17237623 DOI: 10.1159/000098813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The active metabolite of vitamin D(3) (1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), calcitriol) has potent antitumor activities in vitro and in vivo in multiple cancers. Concerns about induction of hypercalcemia by calcitriol and the desire for more potent agents have prompted development of less-calcemic vitamin D analogs. These studies demonstrate that two vitamin D analogs, 19-nor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(2) (paricalcitol) and 1alpha-hydroxymethyl-16-ene-24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-bis-homovitamin D(3) (QW-1624F(2)-2, QW), have anticancer effects in the calcitriol-responsive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell line. Paricalcitol (GI50 = 0.7 nM) and QW (GI50 = 0.001 nM) inhibited SCC cell growth; however, QW was more potent. Paricalcitol (10 nM) and QW (10 nM) induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and inhibited DNA synthesis by approximately 95%. The vitamin D analogs modulated cell cycle regulators, including decreasing mRNA and protein levels of p21(Waf1/Cip1) (p21) and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdk2), and increasing p27(Kip1) (p27) protein expression. Vitamin D analogs induced apoptosis, caspase-3 cleavage and increased expression of pro-apoptotic MEKK-1. Phosphorylation of Akt, MEK and ERK1/2 that promote cell growth and survival were inhibited by vitamin D analogs. The anticancer effects of paricalcitol and QW are comparable to the effect of calcitriol. These less-calcemic vitamin D analogs are as effective as calcitriol in vitro and are promising for prevention and treatment of cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebusola A Alagbala
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, N.Y., USA
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61
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Oves D, Fernández S, Verlinden L, Bouillon R, Verstuyf A, Ferrero M, Gotor V. Novel A-ring homodimeric C-3-carbamate analogues of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:7512-9. [PMID: 16879968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new class of vitamin D3 analogues in which two units of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 are linked at the C-3 position by a dicarbamate functionality of variable length is described. The analogues demonstrated no affinity for the vitamin D receptor and possessed no antiproliferative or transactivating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Oves
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006-Oviedo (Asturias), Spain
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62
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Liu P, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan B, Krutzik S, Ochoa M, Schauber J, Wu K, Meinken C, Kamen D, Wagner M, Bals R, Steinmeyer A, Zugel U, Gallo R, Eisenberg D, Hewison M, Hollis B, Adams J, Bloom B, Modlin R. Vitamin D3–Triggered Antimicrobial Response—Another Pleiotropic Effect beyond Mineral and Bone Metabolism. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006. [DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006091030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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63
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Ikezoe T, Bandobashi K, Yang Y, Takeuchi S, Sekiguchi N, Sakai S, Koeffler HP, Taguchi H. HIV-1 protease inhibitor ritonavir potentiates the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to induce growth arrest and differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells via down-regulation of CYP24. Leuk Res 2006; 30:1005-11. [PMID: 16457885 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2005.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 protease inhibitor, ritonavir (RTV) is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome p450 (CYPs) enzymes. This study explored the effects of RTV on CYP24 which converts 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)] to its inactive form 1,24,25,(OH)(3). Real-time RT-PCR showed that exposure of HL-60 cells to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) induced expression of CYP24, and pre-incubation of these cells with RTV decreased this transcripts, resulting in increased intracellular levels of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and potentiation of the ability of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) to induce growth arrest and differentiation of these cells. Taken together, inhibition of CYP24 might open a new paradigm for therapy using Vitamin D compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ikezoe
- Department of Hematology and Respiratory Disease, KMS, Kochi University, Okohcho, Kochi 783-8505, Japan.
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64
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Diaw L, Roth M, Schwinn DA, d'Alelio ME, Green LJ, Tangrea JA. Characteristics of a human prostate stromal cell line related to its use in a stromal-epithelial coculture model for the study of cancer chemoprevention. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2006; 41:142-8. [PMID: 16153146 DOI: 10.1290/0412079.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An immortalized human prostate stromal cell line (PS30) was previously established using recombinant retrovirus encoding human papillomavirus 16 gene products. In this study, we further characterize this stromal cell line for its potential use in a stromal-epithelial coculture model for prostate cancer prevention. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunocytochemistry, we examined expression of androgen receptor (AR), vitamin D receptor (VDR), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and insulin-like growth factors (IGF) families and their receptors, metalloproteinases (MMP) MMP-2 and MMP-9, as well as the cells' ability to respond to the synthetic androgen R1881. The PS30 stromal cells do not express PSA, confirming their stromal origin. They are positive for both AR messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein; however, they do not respond to growth stimulation by the synthetic androgen R1881. The PS30 cells express mRNA for VDR, TGF-betas, IGFs and their receptors, as well as the MMPs. Moreover, they produce significant amounts of TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, IGFBP-3, and MMP-2 proteins. Our observations confirm the use of PS30 for the study of stromal-epithelial interactions in the modulation of prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Diaw
- SAIC-Frederick Inc., National Cancer Institute/Advanced Technology Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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65
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Oves D, Fernández S, Ferrero M, Bouillon R, Verstuyf A, Gotor V. Versatile synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,3-diamino-substituted 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:928-37. [PMID: 16213141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2005] [Revised: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A concise route to 1alpha,3beta-diamino-25-hydroxy-3-deoxyvitamin D(3) (5) and 1beta,3alpha-diamino-25-hydroxy-3-deoxyvitamin D(3) (6) has been developed starting from (R)- or (S)-carvone for the construction of the modified A-ring fragments. The conversion of the hydroxyl group to amine function with complete inversion of the configuration was efficiently accomplished by Mitsunobu reaction using phthalimide as nucleophile or activation of the hydroxyl group as mesylate followed by reaction with NaN(3). Diamino 5 and 6 as well as monoamino 3, 4, 30, and 31 vitamin D(3) derivatives have shown poor binding to VDR compared with 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). The most active compound in the inhibition of MCF-7 cell proliferation and HL 60 cell differentiation was 1alpha-amino analogue 3. Also, very low in vivo calcemic effects of derivatives 3 and 4 were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Oves
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
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66
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Noubir S, Lee JS, Reiner NE. Pleiotropic Effects of Phosphatidylinositol 3‐Kinase in Monocyte Cell Regulation. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 81:51-95. [PMID: 16891169 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(06)81002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanaâ Noubir
- Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), University of British Columbia, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Vancouver, Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 3J5
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67
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Lou YR, Miettinen S, Kagechika H, Gronemeyer H, Tuohimaa P. Retinoic acid via RARalpha inhibits the expression of 24-hydroxylase in human prostate stromal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 338:1973-81. [PMID: 16289102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.10.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Accepted: 10/29/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
25-Hydroxyvitamin D(3)-24-hydroxylase (24-hydroxylase) is an important inactivating enzyme and its expression is induced by 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) and 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha,25-(OH)2D3) through action of heterodimers of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR). RXRs also act as heterodimer partners for retinoic acid receptors (RARs), mediating the action of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). Prostate stroma plays a crucial role in prostate cancer development and benign prostatic hyperplasia. We demonstrate here that ATRA markedly reduced the expression of 24-hydroxylase mRNA induced by 25OHD3 and 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 in human prostatic stromal cells P29SN and P32S but not in epithelial cells PrEC or cancer cells LNCaP. By using transfection and RAR-selective ligands, we found that the inhibitory effect of ATRA on 24-hydroxylase expression in stromal cells was mediated by RARalpha but not by RARbeta. Moreover, the ATRA-induced expression of RARbeta was also mediated by RARalpha. The combined treatment of 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 and RARalpha agonist Am80 at 10 nM exhibited strong growth-inhibitory effect whereas either alone had no effect. Our data suggest that ATRA suppresses 24-hydroxylase expression through RARalpha-dependent signaling pathway and can enhance vitamin D action in suppression of cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ru Lou
- Department of Anatomy Medical School, FIN-33014 University of Tampere, Finland.
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68
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Abstract
The biologically active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)(2)D3,] possess in vitro multiple anti-cancer activities including growth arrest, induction of apoptosis and differentiation of a variety of different types of malignant cells. However, its use as a therapeutic agent is hindered by its calcemic effects. Analogs of 1,25(OH)(2)D3 have enhanced anti-tumor activity, with reduced calcemic effects. However, limited clinical studies using vitamin D compounds have not yet achieved major clinical success. Nevertheless, pre-clinical studies suggest that the combination of either 1,25(OH)(2)D3 or its analogs with other agents can have additive or synergistic anti-cancer activities, suggesting future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang T Luong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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69
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Diesel B, Radermacher J, Bureik M, Bernhardt R, Seifert M, Reichrath J, Fischer U, Meese E. Vitamin D3 Metabolism in Human Glioblastoma Multiforme: Functionality of CYP27B1 Splice Variants, Metabolism of Calcidiol, and Effect of Calcitriol. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:5370-80. [PMID: 16061850 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A better understanding of the vitamin D(3) metabolism is required to evaluate its potential therapeutic value for cancers. Here, we set out to contribute to the understanding of vitamin D(3) metabolism in glioblastoma multiforme. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We did nested touchdown reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) to identify CYP27B1 splice variants and real-time RT-PCR to quantify the expression of CYP27B1. A cell line was treated with calcitriol to determine the effect on the expression of CYP27B1, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)-24-hydroxylase (CYP24), and vitamin D(3) receptor (VDR). We generated three antibodies for the specific detection of CYP27B1 and splice variants. High-performance TLC was done to determine the endogenous CYP27B1 activity and the functionality of CYP27B1 splice variants. Using WST-1 assay, we determined the effect of vitamin D(3) metabolites on proliferation. RESULTS We report a total of 16 splice variants of CYP27B1 in glioblastoma multiforme and a different expression of CYP27B1 and variants between glioblastoma multiforme and normal tissues. We found preliminary evidence for enzymatic activity of endogenous CYP27B1 in glioblastoma multiforme cell cultures but not for the functionality of the splice variants. By adding calcitriol, we found a proliferative effect for some cell lines depending on the dose of calcitriol. The administration of calcitriol led to an elevated expression of CYP27B1 and CYP24 but left the expression of the VDR unaltered. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that glioblastoma multiforme cell lines metabolize calcidiol. In addition, we show various effects mediated by calcitriol. We found a special vitamin D(3) metabolism and mode of action in glioblastoma multiforme that has to be taken into account in future vitamin D(3)-related therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Diesel
- Institut für Humangenetik, Theoretische Medizin, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Shixian Q, Dai Y, Kakuda Y, Shi J, Mittal G, Yeung D, Jiang Y. Synergistic Anti-Oxidative Effects of Lycopene with Other Bioactive Compounds. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/fri-200061612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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71
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Richy F, Deroisy R, Lecart MP, Hanssens L, Mawet A, Reginster JY. D-hormone analog alfacalcidol: an update on its role in post-menopausal osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis management. Aging Clin Exp Res 2005; 17:133-42. [PMID: 15977462 DOI: 10.1007/bf03324586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alfacalcidol (1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3) is a non-endogenous analog of vitamin D which can bypass the renal and intestinal regulatory mechanisms that control the production of calcitriol (1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3, the active form of vitamin D, D-Hormone). Alfacalcidol may be metabolized into calcitriol with a limited risk of hypercalcemia. Alfacalcidol and calcitriol have been evaluated in animal and human studies assessing their effects on bone mineral density and fracture rates. More recently, they have been shown to produce beneficial effects in muscle, immune system, and autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. This paper discusses the therapeutic efficacy of alfacalcidol in reports in which it has been proposed as an interesting alternative to vitamin D or calcitriol. Some recent findings about general metabolism and regulation of vitamin D and its analogs are discussed. The biological and clinical effects of alfacalcidol in post-menopausal osteoporosis are reviewed, followed by critical appraisal of its efficacy in preventing bone loss and falls in the elderly. The last two sections discuss the role of D analogs in regulating the immune system, with particular regard to rheumatoid arthritis. The main results of this review show that alfacalcidol may have a wider range of therapeutic applicability, beyond simply restricting it to patients in hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis with high serum levels of intact PTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Richy
- Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, Belgium.
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72
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White SL, Belov L, Barber N, Hodgkin PD, Christopherson RI. Immunophenotypic changes induced on human HL60 leukaemia cells by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate. Leuk Res 2005; 29:1141-51. [PMID: 16111532 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2005.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) induces HL60 cells to acquire a monocyte-like phenotype, while cells treated with 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) resemble macrophages. Using a microarray of 82 CD antibodies, 24 cluster of differentiation (CD) antigens were detected on HL60 cells. 1,25D3 induced the following antigens in decreasing order of the change: CD14, CD11c, CD11b, CD54, CD86, CD38 and CD66c, with repression of CD117, CD71, CD95, CD45 and CD64. TPA induced the following antigens in decreasing order of the change: CD11c, CD9, CD11b, CD54, CD38, CD45RO and CD66c, with repression of CD4, CD117, CD95, CD71 and CD64. The results presented provide a basis for monitoring differentiation therapy of myeloid leukaemias in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L White
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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73
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Ting HJ, Bao BY, Hsu CL, Lee YF. Androgen-receptor coregulators mediate the suppressive effect of androgen signals on vitamin D receptor activity. Endocrine 2005; 26:1-9. [PMID: 15805579 DOI: 10.1385/endo:26:1:001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Revised: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of androgen receptors (AR) in PC-3 cell, and treatment of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in LNCaP cells lead to the suppression of VDR transactivation. Competition for shared coregulators between AR and VDR is one possible mechanism to explain the suppressive effect of androgen-AR signals on VDR activity. Among the AR coregulators we tested, ARA54, ARA70, supervillin, and gelsolin were found to enhance VDR transactivation. Further characterization of the interaction between ARA54 or ARA70 and VDR demonstrated a direct interaction between VDR and ARA70, but no association between ARA54 and VDR. The LXXLL motif of ARA70 is essential for interaction with VDR and partially responsible for its function as a coactivator of VDR. The suppression of VDR transactivation by AR signal was restored by overexpression of ARA70, but not ARA54. Together, ARA70 and ARA54 modulate VDR transactivation, and the competition for ARA70 mediates the suppressive effect of androgen-AR on VDR transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Ju Ting
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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74
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Yasunami Y, Hara H, Iwamura T, Kataoka T, Adachi T. C-jun N-terminal kinase modulates 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced cytochrome P450 3A4 gene expression. Drug Metab Dispos 2005; 32:685-8. [PMID: 15205382 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.32.7.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) is known to induce the expression of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) in human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cells. Recently, it was demonstrated that the vitamin D receptor (VDR) regulates 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-induced CYP3A4 gene expression through the xenobiotic-responsive element and the vitamin D-responsive element located on the 5'-flanking region of the CYP3A4 gene. On the other hand, we previously reported that protein kinases such as protein kinase C and tyrosine kinases contribute to the induction of CYP3A4 mRNA by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). In the present study, we examined the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-induced CYP3A4 gene expression using MAPK inhibitors. Curcumin, a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway inhibitor, and anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole-6(2H)-one (SP600125), a JNK inhibitor, suppressed the induction of CYP3A4 mRNA by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), but not 2'-amino-3'-methoxyflavone (PD098059), a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway inhibitor, or 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)1H-imidazole (SB203580), a p38 inhibitor. In addition, we demonstrated that SP600125 dose-dependently inhibited the CYP3A4 promoter activity induced by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) using the reporter plasmid of the CYP3A4 promoter. However, SP600125 did not affect 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-induced transactivation of the DR3 via VDR. These results indicate that JNK, but not ERK or p38, is required for the optimal activation of the CYP3A4 gene induced by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Yasunami
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 5-6-1 Mitahora-higashi, Gifu 502-8585, Japan
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Gotor-Fernández V, Fernández S, Ferrero M, Gotor V, Bouillon R, Verstuyf A. Chemoenzymatic synthesis and biological evaluation of C-3 carbamate analogues of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:5443-51. [PMID: 15388171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of new analogues of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 containing a carbamate function at the A-ring fragment has been described using the cross-coupling approach. The carbamate group was selectively introduced at the C-3 position by regioselective enzymatic alkoxycarbonylation of A-ring enyne 3 and subsequent treatment with ammonia, amines, amino alcohols, and amino acids. Biological studies to evaluate the potency of all five of these carbamate analogues were performed and demonstrated very low binding affinity for the vitamin D receptor compared with 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Moreover, all the carbamate analogues were less active than 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in inhibiting cell proliferation or stimulating cell differentiation. Of all the five analogues, the 3-O-carbamoyl-1alpha,25-(OH)2-D3 analogue 10a was the most potent one in vitro. However, all investigated carbamate analogues demonstrated lower calcemic effects in vivo than the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Gotor-Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, 33071 Oviedo, Spain
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76
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Banerjee P, Chatterjee M. Antiproliferative role of vitamin D and its analogs--a brief overview. Mol Cell Biochem 2004; 253:247-54. [PMID: 14619976 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026072118217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The active metabolite of vitamin D, 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]--a seco-steroid hormone is a pivotal regulator of cellular proliferation and differentiation those are independent of its classical function of calcium homeostasis and bone mineralization. The existence of the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) has been found in numerous tissues in different organs, which are the so-called 'non-classical' targets of this seco-steroid hormone. Vitamin D has been documented as a potent antiproliferative agent in different tissues and cells. Epidemiological studies reveal a negative correlation between physiological level of vitamin and cancer risk. Studies using animal models clearly demonstrate protective role of vitamin D in different cancer types by the reduction in tumor progression and by monitoring biochemical parameters. Experiments with cultured human and animal cancer cell lines show similar antiproliferative role of vitamin D manifested by up or down regulations of crucial genes leading to inhibition of cellular growth. Hypercalcemia hinders broad-spectrum therapeutic uses of vitamin D in cancer chemotherapy. Application of vitamin D analogs having similar chemical structures or other compounds having vitamin D like actions but lacking calcemic adverse effects are getting significant attention towards rational therapeutics to treat cancer. The current review focuses on the application of vitamin D and its analogs in different forms of cancer and on the molecular mechanism involved in vitamin D mediated inhibition in cellular proliferation, cell cycle, induction of apoptosis and tumor suppression, which may eventually evolve as a meaningful cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Banerjee
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India
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77
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Hara H, Yasunami Y, Adachi T. Loss of CYP3A7 gene induction by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is caused by less binding of VDR to the proximal ER6 in CYP3A7 gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 321:909-15. [PMID: 15358113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 3A4 and 3A7 (CYP3A4 and CYP3A7, respectively) are predominant forms in the human adult and fetal liver, respectively. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) is known to be a potent inducer of CYP3A4 in human colon carcinoma Caco-2 via vitamin D receptor (VDR). However, whether CYP3A7 is inducible by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) has not yet been elucidated. In the present study, we examined the effect of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) on CYP3A7 gene expression in Caco-2 cells, which express CYP3A4 and CYP3A7 mRNAs. 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) hardly induced the expression of CYP3A7 mRNA in contrast to the marked induction of CYP3A4 mRNA. Reporter assay using 5'-franking region CYP3A4 and CYP3A7 genes also revealed that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) activates CYP3A4 promoter, but not CYP3A7 promoter, which has two mutations in the proximal ER6 site compared with CYP3A4 promoter. In addition, we found that the binding of VDR to the proximal ER6 in CYP3A7 gene was markedly less than that to the proximal ER6 in CYP3A4 gene using gel shift assay. Taken together, the decrease of VDR binding to the proximal ER6 caused by the mutation results in the loss of CYP3A7 gene activation by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Hara
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 5-6-1 Mitahora-higashi, Gifu 502-8585, Japan.
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78
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Diesel B, Seifert M, Radermacher J, Fischer U, Tilgen W, Reichrath J, Meese E. Towards a complete picture of splice variants of the gene for 25-hydroxyvitamin D31alpha-hydroxylase in brain and skin cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 89-90:527-32. [PMID: 15225832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported amplification of the gene encoding the P450 Cytochrome 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3)1alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) in 25% of human malignant glioma. Additionally, we reported the first alternative splice variants of CYP27B1. Here, we developed and employed a highly specific approach that combined nested and touchdown PCR to clone full length CYP27B1. In addition, we identified several new splice variants in human melanoma, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), cervix carcinoma and kidney cell lines. All of the examined cell lines showed a similar expression pattern of the CYP27B1 variants. The new splice variants that were termed Hyd-V5, -V6, -V7, and -V8 were cloned and sequenced. All but one of the new variants showed an insertion of intron 1 leading to a premature termination signal and to truncated proteins without ferredoxin and haem-binding site of the P450 protein. There was no influence of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) on the expression pattern of the splice variants in melanoma cell line SkMel28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Diesel
- Institut für Humangenetik, Theoretische Medizin, Bldg. 60, Universität des Saarlandes, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
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79
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Collins JE, Heward JM, Nithiyananthan R, Nejentsev S, Todd JA, Franklyn JA, Gough SCL. Lack of association of the vitamin D receptor gene with Graves' disease in UK Caucasians. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2004; 60:618-24. [PMID: 15104566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vitamin D modulates the immune system by suppressing the proliferation of activated T cells, with its actions being directed through the vitamin D receptor (VDR). A number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified in the VDR gene, of which several have been associated with autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes and Graves' disease (GD) in Japanese females. The aim of this study was to test for association of polymorphisms of the VDR gene in the genetic susceptibility to GD in UK Caucasians. DESIGN Target DNA for five previously published SNPs, four novel SNPs and one microsatellite marker was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Subsequent genotyping was performed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) or microsatellite genotyping analysis, according to the type of VDR polymorphism. PATIENTS We obtained DNA from a case-control dataset consisting of 768 patients with GD and 864 control subjects. All patients and control subjects were Caucasians born in the UK, and all gave informed, written consent. MEASUREMENTS Frequencies of the alleles and genotypes of the ten VDR gene polymorphisms were compared between patients and control subjects using the chi2 test. Odds ratios were calculated using Woolf's method with Haldane's modification for small numbers and D prime (D') was calculated to assess the level of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between the ten polymorphisms. RESULTS No differences in allele or genotype frequencies were observed between GD cases and control subjects for any of the nine SNPs studied. The S allele of the PolyA microsatellite marker was slightly more frequent in GD cases when compared with control subjects (chi2= 4.364, P = 0.04). Strongest LD between markers was observed towards the 3' end of the VDR gene but there was no evidence of association with disease. CONCLUSION This is the largest and most comprehensive study of the VDR gene in GD to date and these data suggest that these polymorphisms of the VDR gene do not contribute to GD susceptibility in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Collins
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Institute of Biomedical Research, Birmingham, UK
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80
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Nijenhuis T, Hoenderop JGJ, van der Kemp AWCM, Bindels RJM. Localization and regulation of the epithelial Ca2+ channel TRPV6 in the kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 14:2731-40. [PMID: 14569082 DOI: 10.1097/01.asn.0000094081.78893.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of epithelial Ca(2+) channels consists of two highly homologues members, TRPV5 and TRPV6, which constitute the apical Ca(2+) entry mechanism in active Ca(2+) (re)absorption in kidney and small intestine. In kidney, TRPV5 expression has been extensively studied, whereas TRPV6 localization and regulation has been largely confined to the small intestine. The present study investigated the renal distribution of TRPV6 and regulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)). In mouse kidney, TRPV6 was detected by immunohistochemistry at the apical domain of the distal convoluted tubules (DCT2), connecting tubules (CNT), and cortical and medullary collecting ducts (CD). Furthermore, several putative vitamin D-responsive elements were detected upstream of the mouse TRPV6 start codon, and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) treatment significantly increased renal TRPV6 mRNA and protein expression. In DCT2 and CNT, TRPV6 co-localizes with the other known Ca(2+) transport proteins, including TRPV5 and calbindin-D(28K). Together, these data suggest a role for TRPV6 in 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-stimulated Ca(2+) reabsorption in these segments. Interestingly, distribution of TRPV6 extended to the CD, where it localized to the apical domain of principal and intercalated cells, which are not generally implicated in active Ca(2+) reabsorption. In addition, TRPV6 mRNA levels were quantified in a large set of tissues, and in the order of decreasing expression level were detected: prostate > stomach, brain > lung > duodenum, kidney, bone, cecum, heart > colon > skeletal muscle > pancreas. Therefore, additional physiologic functions for TRPV6 are feasible. In conclusion, TRPV6 is expressed along the apical domain of DCT2, CNT, and CD, where TRPV6 expression is positively regulated by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Nijenhuis
- Department of Physiology, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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81
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Natsume Y, Ishizuka T, Yamamoto Y, Miura A, Kajita K, Ishizawa M, Kawai Y, Huang Y, Morita H, Uno Y, Yasuda K. Dominant negative protein kinase Cbeta improves 1alpha, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3-induced insulin resistance. Endocr Res 2003; 29:457-64. [PMID: 14682474 DOI: 10.1081/erc-120026951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
1alpha,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25D3) activates conventional PKC and may subsequently lead to insulin resistance. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that pretreatment with 10 nM-10 microM 1,25D3 dose-responsively suppressed insulin-induced glucose. To assess PKC(beta)-mediated inhibition of insulin-induced glucose uptake in rat adipocytes, we preincubated with Go6976 and LY379196, conventional PKC inhibitors, and found they abolished the 1,25D3-mediated inhibitory effect on insulin-induced 2-deoxyglucose (DOG) uptake. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of 1,25D3 on insulin-induced DOG uptake was abrogated in adipocytes overexpressed with dominant negative PKC(beta), but not in those overexpressed with wild type PKC(beta). These results suggest that 1,25D3 reduces insulin-induced glucose uptake via activation of PKC(beta) in rat adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Natsume
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, Tsukasamachi, Gifu, Japan
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82
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Miettinen S, Ahonen MH, Lou YR, Manninen T, Tuohimaa P, Syvälä H, Ylikomi T. Role of 24-hydroxylase in vitamin D3growth response of OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2003; 108:367-73. [PMID: 14648702 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D and its analogues are potent regulators of cell growth and differentiation both in vivo and in vitro. We studied the effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [25(OH)D(3)], 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)] and vitamin D analogue, EB 1089, on the growth of a human ovarian cancer cell line, OVCAR-3. We also studied the expression of vitamin D metabolising enzymes 24-hydroxylase (24OHase) and 1alpha-hydroxylase (1alphaOHase). Our results showed that high concentrations (10 and 100 nM) of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) inhibited a cell proliferation, whereas low concentration (0.1 nM) stimulated growth of the OVCAR-3 cells. In the concentration range of 10-500 nM a prohormone, 25(OH)D(3), stimulated growth. An amount of 1 nM EB 1089 and 100 nM 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) inhibited growth with an equal magnitude. The expression of 24OHase was strongly induced by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and EB 1089 in OVCAR-3 cells, and analysis of vitamin D metabolites showed the functionality of 24OHase. An inhibition of 24OHase activity with a novel 24OHase inhibitor enhanced growth-inhibiting effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and suppressed the growth stimulation of 100 nM 25(OH)D(3). We also report the expression of a vitamin D activating enzyme, 1alphaOHase, in 7 ovarian cancer cell lines. The production of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in OVCAR-3 cells was low, possibly due to an extensive activity of 24OHase or a low 1alphaOHase activity. These results suggest that in ovarian cancer cells vitamin D metabolizing enzymes might play a key role in modulating the growth response to vitamin D. The possible mitogenic effects of vitamin D should be considered when evaluating treatment of ovarian cancer with vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Miettinen
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
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83
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Roy D, Calaf G, Hei TK. Role of Vitamin D receptor gene in radiation-induced neoplastic transformation of human breast epithelial cell. Steroids 2003; 68:621-7. [PMID: 12957667 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(03)00091-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
1 Alpha,25-(OH)(2)-Vitamin D(3), the physiologically active metabolite of Vitamin D is known for its pro-differentiating and antiproliferative activity on various cancer cell lines. It exerts its growth-regulatory effects through binding to the Vitamin D recepter (VDR), a member of the steroid/thyroid/retinoic acid receptor family, which functions as a ligand-dependent transcription factor. There is accumulating evidence that Vitamin D may be an important determinant of both the occurrence and progression of breast cancer. Since radiation is an important etiological factor for breast cancer progression, it is important to study the role of VDR gene in radiation-induced breast carcinogenesis. This study is focused on a human breast tumor model developed by irradiating the spontaneously immortalized MCF-10F cell line with graded doses of high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation followed by treatment with estrogen. Study of VDR gene by restriction digestion with ApaI, BsmI and TaqI detected no polymorphism but direct sequencing analyses identified few single-base mutations within intron 8 and exon 9 of the gene. Over-expression of the VDR gene was noticed in irradiated and tumorigenic cell lines compared with control. Likewise, immunohistochemical data indicated a significant increase in VDR intensity in irradiated and tumorigenic cell lines. Considering all these evidence, it is likely that VDR can be used as a prognostic marker of tumor progression in radiation- and estrogen-induced breast carcinogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Breast Neoplasms/etiology
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/chemistry
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/radiation effects
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Epithelial Cells/chemistry
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Estrogens/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Mutation, Missense
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Prognosis
- Receptors, Calcitriol/analysis
- Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Roy
- Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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84
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Marchionatti AM, Díaz de Barboza GE, Centeno VA, Alisio AE, Tolosa de Talamoni NG. Effects of a single dose of menadione on the intestinal calcium absorption and associated variables. J Nutr Biochem 2003; 14:466-72. [PMID: 12948877 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(03)00078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a single large dose of menadione on intestinal calcium absorption and associated variables was investigated in chicks fed a normal diet. The data show that 2.5 micro mol of menadione/kg of b.w. causes inhibition of calcium transfer from lumen-to-blood within 30 min. This effect seems to be related to oxidative stress provoked by menadione as judged by glutathione depletion and an increment in the total carbonyl group content produced at the same time. Two enzymes presumably involved in calcium transcellular movement, such as alkaline phosphatase, located in the brush border membrane, and Ca(2+)- pump ATPase, which sits in the basolateral membrane, were also inhibited. The enzyme inhibition could be due to alterations caused by the appearance of free hydroxyl groups, which are triggered by glutathione depletion. Addition of glutathione monoester to the duodenal loop caused reversion of the menadione effect on both intestinal calcium absorption and alkaline phosphatase activity. In conclusion, menadione shifts the balance of oxidative and reductive processes in the enterocyte towards oxidation causing deleterious effects on intestinal Ca(2+) absorption and associated variables, which could be prevented by administration of oral glutathione monoester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Marchionatti
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo Fosfocálcico y Vitamina D "Dr. F. Cañas" Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, C.C. 35, Suc. 16, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
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85
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Abstract
The common autoimmune endocrinopathies result from an interaction between environmental factors and genetic predisposition. Several chromosomal gene regions have been shown to contribute to more than one disease, supporting the clinical observation that the autoimmune endocrine diseases cluster within individuals and families. Genetic studies have implicated the major histocompatability complex (MHC)-human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genes on chromosome 6p21, although this chromosomal region does not explain all of the genetic contribution to the various disorders. Non-MHC-HLA genes, including disease-specific loci, are beginning to be identified and the publication of the draft sequence of the human genome will undoubtedly expediate future discoveries. Combined with the establishment of large cohorts of subjects with disease and the development of technology capable of performing high-throughput genotyping, genetic studies are likely to impact on the future treatment and prevention of the common autoimmune endocrine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen F Tait
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston and Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, UK
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86
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Abstract
CYP3A4, the predominant cytochrome P450 (CYP) expressed in human liver, contributes to the metabolism of approximately half the drugs in use today. In general, human-derived cell lines fail to express CYPs. It was previously shown that CYP3A4 mRNA and CYP3A immunoreactive protein are induced by 1alpha,25-dyhydroxyvitamin D(3) (1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3)) in the human colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2. The aim of the present study was to examine whether 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) regulates CYP3A4 gene expression in HepG2 cells, a human hepatocarcinoma cell line. Treatment with 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) resulted in an induction of CYP3A4 mRNA and CYP3A4 immunoreactive protein, 1.5-fold and 4.0-fold respectively, when compared to control cultures, in a time-dependent fashion. These observations are in agreement with previous reports suggesting a role of 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) on CYP3A4 transcription regulation, and demonstrate that this hormone, as in Caco-2 cells, increase CYP3A4 levels in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, HepG2 cell cultures treated with 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3), provides a useful model to study the function of CYP3A4 and its role in drug liver metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Elizondo
- Sección Externa de Toxicología, CINVESTAV-IPN, P.O. Box 14-740, México, D.F. 07000, Mexico.
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87
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Alagiakrishnan K, Juby A, Hanley D, Tymchak W, Sclater A. Role of vascular factors in osteoporosis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003; 58:362-6. [PMID: 12663699 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/58.4.m362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a silent epidemic in the world today. With the increase in the elderly population, there will be an increase in the prevalence of osteoporosis, and so the need for focused preventive strategies should become a public health priority. Prophylactic therapy and risk-factor reduction is important, as this is likely to be cost effective. There are scientific observations that point out that vascular dysfunction seen with aging may be related to the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Here we review this relationship from a different angle. We think aggressive control of vascular risk factors in addition to the known existing osteoporosis risk factors may help to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease.
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88
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Oves D, Ferrero M, Fernández S, Gotor V. Efficient synthesis of novel 1alpha-amino and 3beta-amino analogues of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin d(3). J Org Chem 2003; 68:1154-7. [PMID: 12558450 DOI: 10.1021/jo026474t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Convenient synthetic routes to 1alpha-amino-25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (3) and 3beta-amino-3-deoxy-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (4), novel analogues of vitamin D(3) bearing an amino group at the C-1 or C-3 position, have been developed starting from (S)-(+)-carvone. Construction of the A-ring fragments was accomplished by selective enzymatic hydrolysis of a diester intermediate and introduction of the amino group under Mitsunobu conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Oves
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, 33071-Oviedo, Spain
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89
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Maestro B, Dávila N, Carranza MC, Calle C. Identification of a Vitamin D response element in the human insulin receptor gene promoter. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 84:223-30. [PMID: 12711007 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(03)00032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to explore the possible presence and location of Vitamin D response elements (VDREs) in the human insulin receptor (hIR) gene promoter. To this end, the -1819 to -271 bp fragment of the hIR promoter (wild type promoter) and progressive 5' deletions of this promoter (up to -1473 and -876 bp) were linked to the luciferase pGL2-basic vector to construct the reported plasmids: phIR (-1819)-GL2, phIR(-1473)-GL2 and phIR(-876)-GL2, respectively. U-937 cells were transiently transfected with these plasmids, and then the cells were either untreated or treated for 24h with 10(-8) M 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D(3)). Luciferase determinations revealed that, while the activity of the wild promoter was increased 1.6-fold by the hormone, the activities of progressive 5' deletions of this promoter were enhanced 1.7-, and 1.6-fold, respectively. Thus, the region extending from -876 to -271bp of the hIR promoter, appears to contain VDREs, and to be sufficient for induction by 1,25D(3). In order to identify these potential VDREs, we performed a computer search of candidate sequences by homology with a consensus VDRE sequence. This search yielded a sequence located between -761 and -732 bp (5'CGTCGGGCCTGTGGGGCGCCTCCGGGGGTC3'), which includes an overlapping AP-2 like sequence, as a good candidate. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that the Vitamin D receptor (VDR) specifically recognized this sequence, since a VDR-DNA complex was able to compete with the unlabeled probe and was cleared by the specific anti-VDR antibody 9A7. These data represent the first identification of a VDRE in the hIR gene promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Maestro
- Deparment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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90
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Narvaez CJ, Byrne BM, Romu S, Valrance M, Welsh J. Induction of apoptosis by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in MCF-7 Vitamin D3-resistant variant can be sensitized by TPA. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 84:199-209. [PMID: 12711004 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(03)00029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D(3) compounds offer an alternative approach to anti-hormonal therapies for human breast cancer. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)) acts through the nuclear Vitamin D(3) receptor (VDR), a phosphoprotein and ligand-dependent transcription factor. Our lab has shown that 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) induces apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by disruption of mitochondrial function which is associated with Bax translocation to mitochondria, cytochrome c release, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). TPA, a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, does not induce cytochrome c release or Bax translocation, thus demonstrating that it has no effect on mitochondria and apoptosis on its own. However, when the MCF-7(D(3)Res) cells (a Vitamin D(3)-resistant variant) are treated with 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) in the presence of TPA, the cells displayed apoptotic morphology and redistribution of both cytochrome c and Bax. TPA pretreatment greatly enhances 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) stimulated 24-hydroxylase luciferase activity and VDR protein expression, although transactivation is lower in the MCF-7(D(3)Res) cells compared to the parental cell line. The observation that the phorbol ester TPA sensitizes the Vitamin D(3)-resistant variant to the effects of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) suggests an important role for phosphorylation in dictating sensitivity to Vitamin D(3)-mediated apoptosis. This study demonstrates that the effects of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) on mitochondrial disruption might be sensitized through activators of PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen J Narvaez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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91
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Suhara Y, Kittaka A, Ono K, Kurihara M, Fujishima T, Yoshida A, Takayama H. Design and efficient synthesis of new stable 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 analogues containing amide bond. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:3533-6. [PMID: 12443770 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00800-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of new 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) analogues 3a-c, which have an amide bond in the molecule instead of the diene, are described. The A-ring moiety was constructed by a (3S,5S)-3,5-dihydroxypiperidine derivative (9, 11, or 13) prepared from D-mannose, and a CD-ring carboxylic acid 16 was synthesized from Grundmann's ketone. Coupling those parts gave desired 3a-c in good yield. This strategy can be applied in combinatorial chemistry; therefore, those compounds would be applicable as useful tools in the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitomo Suhara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko, Kanagawa 199-0195, Japan
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92
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Johnson CS, Hershberger PA, Bernardi RJ, Mcguire TF, Trump DL. Vitamin D receptor: a potential target for intervention. Urology 2002; 60:123-30; discussion 130-1. [PMID: 12231068 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(02)01591-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic data suggest that low exposure to vitamin D or 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) increases the risk of prostate cancer. Calcitriol, a central factor in bone and mineral metabolism, is also a potent antiproliferative agent in a wide variety of malignant cell types. We have demonstrated that calcitriol has significant antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo in prostate and squamous cell carcinoma model systems. Calcitriol, in these models, induces a significant G0/G1 arrest and modulates p21(Waf1/Cip1) and p27(Kip1), the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Calcitriol induces poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase cleavage, increases bax/bcl-2 ratio, reduces levels of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases (P-MAPKs; also known as extracellular signal-related kinase [ERK] 1/2) and phosphorylated Akt, induces caspase-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) cleavage and upregulation of MEK kinase-1, all potential markers of the apoptotic pathway. We also have demonstrated that dexamethasone (dex) potentiates the antitumor effect of calcitriol through effects on the vitamin D receptor and decreases calcitriol-induced hypercalcemia. We initiated phase 1 and phase 2 trials of calcitriol, either alone or in combination with carboplatin, paclitaxel, or dex. Data from these studies indicate that high-dose calcitriol is feasible on an intermittent schedule, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) is unclear, and dex or paclitaxel appear to ameliorate hypercalcemia. Studies continue to define the MTD of calcitriol on this intermittent schedule, either alone or with other agents, and to evaluate the mechanisms of calcitriol effects in prostate cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace S Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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93
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Dwivedi PP, Hii CST, Ferrante A, Tan J, Der CJ, Omdahl JL, Morris HA, May BK. Role of MAP kinases in the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced transactivation of the rat cytochrome P450C24 (CYP24) promoter. Specific functions for ERK1/ERK2 and ERK5. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:29643-53. [PMID: 12048211 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m204561200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D) at the genomic and signal transduction levels to induce rat cytochrome P450C24 (CYP24) gene expression. A rat CYP24 promoter containing two vitamin D response elements and an Ets-1 binding site was used to characterize the mechanism of actions for the 1,25D secosteroid hormone. The Ets-1 binding site was determined to function cooperatively with the most proximal vitamin D response element in a hormone-dependent fashion. Evidence was obtained for distinct roles of ERK1/ERK2 and ERK5 in the 1,25D-inductive actions. Specifically, 1,25D stimulated the activities of ERK1/ERK2 and ERK5 in a Ras-dependent manner. Promoter induction was inhibited by mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitors (PD98059 and U0126) and a dominant-negative Ras mutant (Ras17N). Induction of CYP24 by 1,25D was also inhibited by overexpression of dominant-negative mutants of ERK1 and MEK5 (ERK1K71R and MEK5(A)). The p38 and JNK MAP kinases were not required for the action of 1,25D. 9-cis retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR alpha) interacted with ERK2 but not ERK5 in intact cells, whereas Ets-1 interacted preferentially with ERK5. Increased phosphorylation of RXR alpha and Ets-1 was detected in response to 1,25D. Activated ERK2 and ERK5 specifically phosphorylated RXR alpha and Ets-1, respectively. Mutagenesis of Ets-1 (T38A) reduced CYP24 promoter activity to levels observed with the dominant-negative MEK5(A) and inhibited ERK5-directed phosphorylation. Mutated RXR alpha (S260A) inhibited 1,25D-induced CYP24 promoter activity and abolished phosphorylation by activated ERK2. The 1,25D-inductive action through ERK5 involved Ets-1 phosphorylation at threonine 38, whereas hormone stimulation of ERK1/ERK2 required RXR alpha phosphorylation on serine 260. The ERK1/ERK2 and ERK5 modules provide a novel mechanism for linking the rapid signal transduction and slower transcription actions of 1,25D to induce CYP24 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem P Dwivedi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences (Biochemistry), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 5005
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94
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Hara H, Yasunami Y, Adachi T. Alteration of cellular phosphorylation state affects vitamin D receptor-mediated CYP3A4 mRNA induction in Caco-2 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 296:182-8. [PMID: 12147248 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Expression of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)(1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) in Caco-2 cells. However, since a typical vitamin D responsive element has not been found in the 5(')-flanking region of the CYP3A4 gene, the mechanism of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-induced CYP3A4 mRNA expression is poorly understood. In the present study, we demonstrated that vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a critical factor for the induction using the antisense oligonucleotide technique. In addition, we found that treatment of Caco-2 cells with the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, staurosporine and GF109203X, and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, but not with the protein kinase A inhibitor, H-89, suppressed CYP3A4 mRNA induction by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). The depletion of PKC by prolonged treatment with phorbol ester abolished the induction. On the other hand, protein kinase inhibitors used had no effects on the constitutive expression of VDR mRNA. Therefore, these observations suggest that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-induced CYP3A4 mRNA expression might be involved in phosphorylation events in addition to transcriptional regulation via VDR. However, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) did not rapidly activate PKC in the Caco-2 cells used, while the treatment with staurosporine and GF109203X, but not genistein, decreased basal PKC activity by approximately 30% of the controls. Taken together, these findings suggest that the change in the phosphorylation state via PKC and tyrosine kinase might, at least in part, modulate 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-induced CYP3A4 mRNA expression via VDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Hara
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 5-6-1 Mitahora-higashi, 502-8585, Gifu, Japan.
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95
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Takahashi K, Nakayama Y, Horiuchi H, Ohta T, Komoriya K, Ohmori H, Kamimura T. Human neutrophils express messenger RNA of vitamin D receptor and respond to 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2002; 24:335-47. [PMID: 12375732 DOI: 10.1081/iph-120014721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
1Alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) has been shown to modulate the production of various cytokines or the expression of certain differentiation markers in human T cells or monocytes. Its effects on neutrophils, however, are poorly understood. In this paper, we show several lines of evidence indicating that neutrophils express functional vitamin D receptors (VDR). Sort-purified neutrophils from human peripheral blood expressed VDR mRNA at a level comparable to that of monocytes. As reported to occur in monocytes, protein expression of CD14 on the cell surface of neutrophils was augmented when the cells were incubated with 1,25(OH)2D3. To investigate the physiological roles for VDR in neutrophils, we investigated possible modulating effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the expression of several genes in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated neutrophils by using differential display analysis. Of the genes we identified, trappin-2/elafin/SKALP, which was originally reported to be an inhibitor of elastase, was induced in neutrophils by lipopolysaccharide, but was suppressed significantly in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3. Under the same conditions, interleukin-1beta expression was also inhibited. These findings suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 has a potential to affect the inflammatory process by modulating the expression of neutrophil genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsushi Takahashi
- Pharmaceuticals Development Laboratories, Teijin Institute for Bio-Medical Research, Hino, Tokyo, Japan.
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96
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Prüfer K, Schröder C, Hegyi K, Barsony J. Degradation of RXRs influences sensitivity of rat osteosarcoma cells to the antiproliferative effects of calcitriol. Mol Endocrinol 2002; 16:961-76. [PMID: 11981032 DOI: 10.1210/mend.16.5.0821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several cell lines, including ROS17/2.8 rat osteosarcoma (ROS) cells, contain functional VDRs and RXRs but are resistant to the antiproliferative effects of calcitriol and retinoids. We explored the role of receptor degradation in this hormone resistance. Results of transactivation assays indicated that ROS cells contain insufficient amounts of RXR to activate a DR-1 reporter, and Western blot analyses of cell extracts showed that the degradation of RXR is accelerated and produces an aberrant 45-kDa RXR. We stably expressed functional fluorescent chimeras of VDR and RXR [green fluorescent protein (GFP)-VDR; yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-RXR] to evaluate degradation mechanisms and the impact of excess receptor expression on antiproliferative effects. Microscopy showed a diminished expression of YFP-RXR in ROS cells compared with the expression in CV-1 cells. Treatment with inhibitors of proteasomal degradation (lactacystin and MG132) selectively enhanced GFP-VDR and YFP-RXR expression and also increased the endogenous levels of VDR and RXR. Expression of GFP-VDR had no effect on the sensitivity of ROS cells to calcitriol. Increases of RXR levels by YFP-RXR expression, drug treatments, or the combination of the two, however, restored the growth-inhibitory effects of calcitriol and 9-cis-RA and restored p21 induction by calcitriol. These studies revealed that an accelerated and aberrant RXR degradation could cause resistance to the antiproliferative effects of calcitriol and retinoids in ROS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Prüfer
- Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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97
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O'Kelly J, Hisatake J, Hisatake Y, Bishop J, Norman A, Koeffler HP. Normal myelopoiesis but abnormal T lymphocyte responses in vitamin D receptor knockout mice. J Clin Invest 2002; 109:1091-9. [PMID: 11956247 PMCID: PMC150940 DOI: 10.1172/jci12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a transcription factor that mediates the actions of its ligand, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)], which can promote monocyte/macrophage differentiation and inhibit proliferation and cytokine production by activated T lymphocytes. In this study, VDR knockout (KO) mice were used to investigate the possible role of VDR in hematopoiesis. The relative number of red and white peripheral blood cells and the percentage of bone marrow macrophages did not differ between VDR KO and wild-type mice. 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, but not 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), induced differentiation of bone marrow-committed myeloid stem cells from VDR KO mice to monocytes/macrophages. Production of IL-18, a Th1-promoting cytokine, was reduced in macrophages from these mice. Antigen-stimulated spleen cells from VDR KO mice showed an impaired Th1 cell response and had decreased expression of STAT4, a Th1 cell transcription factor. These results demonstrate the absolute requirement of VDR for 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-induced monocyte/macrophage differentiation but show that monocyte/macrophage differentiation can occur in the absence of this receptor. The observed reduction in Th1 population in these mutant mice may be explained by a loss of macrophage IL-18 production or a suppression of STAT4 expression by activated splenocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James O'Kelly
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California-Los Angeles School of Medicine, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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98
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O’Kelly J, Hisatake J, Hisatake Y, Bishop J, Norman A, Koeffler HP. Normal myelopoiesis but abnormal T lymphocyte responses in vitamin D receptor knockout mice. J Clin Invest 2002. [DOI: 10.1172/jci0212392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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99
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Janssen HCJP, Samson MM, Verhaar HJJ. Vitamin D deficiency, muscle function, and falls in elderly people. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75:611-5. [PMID: 11916748 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/75.4.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An inadequate serum vitamin D status is commonly seen in elderly people as the result of various risk factors interacting in this population. Apart from the well-known effects on bone metabolism, this condition is also associated with muscle weakness, predominantly of the proximal muscle groups. Muscle weakness below a certain threshold affects functional ability and mobility, which puts an elderly person at increased risk of falling and fractures. Therefore, we wanted to determine the rationale behind vitamin D supplementation in elderly people to preserve and possibly improve muscle strength and subsequently functional ability. From experimental studies it was found that vitamin D metabolites directly influence muscle cell maturation and functioning through a vitamin D receptor. Vitamin D supplementation in vitamin D-deficient, elderly people improved muscle strength, walking distance, and functional ability and resulted in a reduction in falls and non-vertebral fractures. In healthy elderly people, muscle strength declined with age and was not prevented by vitamin D supplementation. In contrast,severe comorbidity might affect muscle strength in such a way that restoration of a good vitamin D status has a limited effect on functional ability. Additional research is needed to further clarify to what extent vitamin D supplementation can preserve muscle strength and prevent falls and fractures in elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hennie C J P Janssen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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100
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Huang Y, Ishizuka T, Miura A, Kajita K, Ishizawa M, Kimura M, Yamamoto Y, Kawai Y, Morita H, Uno Y, Yasuda K. Effect of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 and vitamin E on insulin-induced glucose uptake in rat adipocytes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002; 55:175-83. [PMID: 11850093 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8227(01)00324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E, an antioxidant, improves insulin sensitivity through the suppression of conventional PKC in vascular smooth muscle cells. It has been reported that vitamin E reduces platelet aggregation through the suppression of PKC alpha and beta (Diabetes 47 (1998) 1494). On the other hand, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25D3) activates conventional PKC and may subsequently cause insulin resistance. Against this background, we examined the effect of vitamin E and 1,25D3 on PKC beta and PKC zeta/lambda activities in vitro and 10 nM insulin-induced glucose uptake in rat adipocytes. In vitro PKC beta activity of adipocytes was slightly decreased by the addition of 1 microM vitamin E, but not PKC zeta/lambda activity. In contrast, a 10-1000 nM 1,25D3 dose responsively activated PKC beta activity of adipocytes (ED 50%, 10 nM), but not PKC zeta/lambda activity. Pretreatment with 1 microM vitamin E for 60 min did not improve the insulin-induced glucose uptake. On the other hand, pretreatment with a 10-1000 nM 1,25D3 dose responsively suppressed insulin-induced glucose uptake. Moreover, 1,25D3 increased membrane-associated PKC beta immunoreactivity for 60 min, but no additional increase in membrane-associated PKC beta immunoreactivity during treatment with insulin was observed. These results suggest that 1,25D3 reduces insulin-induced glucose uptake via activation of PKC beta, but not vitamin E in rat adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Huang
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, Tsukasamachi 40, Gifu 500-8705, Japan
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