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Yang X, Wang Q, Pang ZR, Pan MR, Zhang W. Flavonoid-enriched extract from Hippophae rhamnoides seed reduces high fat diet induced obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic triglyceride accumulation in C57BL/6 mice. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:1207-1214. [PMID: 28248545 PMCID: PMC6130443 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1278454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Flavonoid-enriched extract from Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Elaeagnaceae) seed (FSH) has shown beneficial effects in anti-hypertension and lowering cholesterol level. However, evidence for its efficacy in treating obesity is limited. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine if FSH can reduce body weight and regulate lipid metabolism disorder in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model, and to investigate potential molecular targets involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were fed with HFD for 8 weeks to induce obesity. The modeled mice were divided into four groups and treated with vehicle, rosiglitazone (2 mg/kg), low (100 mg/kg) and high (300 mg/kg) dose of FSH, respectively. Normal control was also used. The treatments were administered orally for 9 weeks. We measured the effect of FSH on regulating body weight, various liver and serum parameters, and molecular targets that are key to lipid metabolism. RESULTS FSH administration at 100 and 300 mg/kg significantly reduced body weight gain by 33.06 and 43.51%, respectively. Additionally, triglyceride concentration in serum and liver were decreased by 15.67 and 49.56%, individually, after FSH (300 mg/kg) treatment. Upon FSH (100 and 300 mg/kg) treatment, PPARα mRNA expression was upregulated in liver (1.24- and 1.42-fold) and in adipose tissue (1.66- and 1.72-fold). Furthermore, FSH downregulated PPARγ protein level both in liver and adipose tissue. Moreover, FSH inhibited macrophage infiltration into adipose tissues, and downregulated TNFα mRNA expression in adipose tissue (38.01-47.70%). CONCLUSION This effect was mediated via regulation of PPARγ and PPARα gene expression, and suppression of adipose tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Oncology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zeng-run Pang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Meng-ran Pan
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Abdel Monem SM. Probiotic Therapy in Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Zagazig University Hospitals. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol 2017; 7:101-106. [PMID: 29201787 PMCID: PMC5663789 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is probably the most common liver disorder in the world. A subgroup of NAFLD patients is characterized by injury to the hepatocytes and inflammation in addition to excessive fat (steatohepatitis), the latter condition is nominated nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This work aimed to evaluate the role of probiotics on the outcome of NASH in patients admitted to the Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University (inpatients and outpatients). Materials and methods: This study was performed on 30 patients (17 males and 13 females), with body mass index from 30 to 35 and average age of 44 years with bright fatty liver in ultrasonography and raised alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) and positive liver biopsy findings. The patients were divided into group I (case group) that included 15 patients who received probiotics and group II of 15 patients as control group who did not receive probiotics; the study was conducted between November 2014 and April 2016. Clinical assessment, laboratory evaluation, pelvic-abdominal ultrasound, and liver biopsy of all cases were carried out. Results: In this study, there was significant decrease in liver enzymes (ALT and AST) and no statistically significant other laboratory findings. Also there was relief for dyspepsia in some patients. Conclusion: Probiotics treatment is effective, safe, well-tolerated, inexpensive, appropriate for long-term use, and optimally, works at multiple levels to downregulate inflammatory mediators, and therefore, probiotics could be an option in the treatment of NASH. How to cite this article: Monem SMA. Probiotic Therapy in Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Zagazig University Hospitals. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2017;7(1):101-106.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh M Abdel Monem
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Saleh DO, Ahmed RF, Amin MM. Modulatory role of Co-enzyme Q10 on methionine and choline deficient diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in albino rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:243-249. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the hepato-protective and neuro-protective activity of Co-enzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in albino rats induced by methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) diet. Rats were fed an MCD diet for 8 weeks to induce non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. CoQ10 (10 mg/(kg·day)−1) was orally administered for 2 consecutive weeks. Twenty-four hours after the last dose of the drug, the behavioral test, namely the activity cage test, was performed and the activity counts were recorded. Serum alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, total/direct bilirubin, and albumin were valued to assess liver function. Moreover, hepatic cytokines interleukin-6 as well as its modulator nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells were determined. In addition, brain biomarkers, viz ammonia, nitric oxide, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), were measured as they are reliable indices to assess brain damage. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of brain proliferating cell nuclear antigen in brain and liver tissues were also evaluated. Results revealed that MCD-induced NASH showed impairment in the liver functions with an increase in the liver inflammatory markers. Moreover, NASH resulted in pronounced brain dysfunction as evidenced by hyper-locomotor activity, a decrease in the BDNF level, as well as an increase in the brain nitric oxide and ammonia contents. Oral treatment of MCD-diet−fed rats with CoQ10 for 14 days showed a marked improvement in all the assigned parameters. Finally, it can be concluded that CoQ10 has a hepatoprotective and neuroprotective role in MCD-diet−induced NASH in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia O. Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Rania F. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
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Pemafibrate, a novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulator, improves the pathogenesis in a rodent model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42477. [PMID: 28195199 PMCID: PMC5307366 DOI: 10.1038/srep42477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α-agonists (e.g., fibrates) against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in humans is not known. Pemafibrate is a novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α modulator that can maximize the beneficial effects and minimize the adverse effects of fibrates used currently. In a phase-2 study, pemafibrate was shown to improve liver dysfunction in patients with dyslipidaemia. In the present study, we first investigated the effect of pemafibrate on rodent models of NASH. Pemafibrate efficacy was assessed in a diet-induced rodent model of NASH compared with fenofibrate. Pemafibrate and fenofibrate improved obesity, dyslipidaemia, liver dysfunction, and the pathological condition of NASH. Pemafibrate improved insulin resistance and increased energy expenditure significantly. To investigate the effects of pemafibrate, we analysed the gene expressions and protein levels involved in lipid metabolism. We also analysed uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) expression. Pemafibrate stimulated lipid turnover and upregulated UCP3 expression in the liver. Levels of acyl-CoA oxidase 1 and UCP3 protein were increased by pemafibrate significantly. Pemafibrate can improve the pathogenesis of NASH by modulation of lipid turnover and energy metabolism in the liver. Pemafibrate is a promising therapeutic agent for NAFLD/NASH.
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Tokita Y, Maejima Y, Shimomura K, Takenoshita S, Ishiyama N, Akuzawa M, Shimomura Y, Nakajima K. Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Is a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes in Middle-aged Japanese Men and Women. Intern Med 2017; 56:763-771. [PMID: 28381741 PMCID: PMC5457918 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Emerging studies have focused on the association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to investigate whether NAFLD diagnosed by ultrasonography could predict the risk of future T2DM in a Japanese middle-aged health check population. Methods We conducted a 10-year observational study in a health checkup population of middle-aged Japanese men and women at Hidaka Hospital from 2004 to 2013. We excluded cases with an alcohol intake exceeding 20 g/day and those with impaired glucose tolerance. The remaining 1,544 men and 864 women were classified into fatty liver and non-fatty liver groups based on the findings of abdominal ultrasonography. Both groups were followed for the development of diabetes. A multiple regression analysis was performed for each variable to predict the risk of future diabetes. Results The median age of the participants was 46.0 years at the entry, and the follow-up period was 10 years. The incidence of diabetes in the fatty liver group was 12.5% (29/232) in men and 26.3% (10/38) in women, whereas the incidence of diabetes in the non-fatty liver group was 2.5% (34/1,312) in men and 1.8% (15/826) in women. The relative risk of diabetes associated with fatty liver was 4.8 [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.0-7.8, p<0.0001] in men and 14.5 (95% CI 7.0-30.1, p<0.0001) in women. Conclusion NAFLD was a significant predictor for future diabetes in a Japanese middle-aged health check population, especially in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Tokita
- Diabetes and Metabolic Disease Research Center, Hidaka Hospital, Japan
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Ozawa T, Maehara N, Kai T, Arai S, Miyazaki T. Dietary fructose-induced hepatocellular carcinoma development manifested in mice lacking apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM). Genes Cells 2016; 21:1320-1332. [PMID: 27813205 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of fructose, including the use of high-fructose corn syrup as a sweetener, has increased continuously in recent decades. Although the involvement of fructose in the development of metabolic diseases has been emphasized recently, whether fructose intake increases susceptibility to steatosis-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unclear. Here, we investigated this issue using mice lacking a circulating protein, apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM, encoded by cd5l). AIM does not induce carcinogenesis of hepatocytes, but provokes necrotic death specifically in AIM-bound cancer cells through complement cascade activation, thereby preventing HCC tumor development in wild-type mice. When subjected to a high-fructose diet (HFrD), AIM-deficient (AIM-/- ) mice showed liver steatosis and subsequent liver inflammation as well as fibrosis, but at much milder levels compared with mice fed a high-fat diet. However, AIM-/- mice were markedly susceptible to HCC tumor development, whereas no wild-type mice developed the disease. Systemic metabolic states, including obesity and insulin resistance, were similar in both types of mice after HFrD challenge, indicating no influence of AIM on HFrD-induced metabolic changes. Our results suggest that dietary fructose increases the risk for liver carcinogenesis and that individuals with low blood AIM levels may be susceptible to HCC under chronic fructose intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ozawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Natsumi Maehara
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kai
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoko Arai
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toru Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Max Planck-The University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Inflammology, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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Curcumin Lowers Serum Lipids and Uric Acid in Subjects With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2016; 68:223-9. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Imajo K, Kessoku T, Honda Y, Tomeno W, Ogawa Y, Mawatari H, Fujita K, Yoneda M, Taguri M, Hyogo H, Sumida Y, Ono M, Eguchi Y, Inoue T, Yamanaka T, Wada K, Saito S, Nakajima A. Magnetic Resonance Imaging More Accurately Classifies Steatosis and Fibrosis in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Than Transient Elastography. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:626-637.e7. [PMID: 26677985 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Noninvasive methods have been evaluated for the assessment of liver fibrosis and steatosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We compared the ability of transient elastography (TE) with the M-probe, and magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) to assess liver fibrosis. Findings from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based proton density fat fraction (PDFF) measurements were compared with those from TE-based controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) measurements to assess steatosis. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study of 142 patients with NAFLD (identified by liver biopsy; mean body mass index, 28.1 kg/m(2)) in Japan from July 2013 through April 2015. Our study also included 10 comparable subjects without NAFLD (controls). All study subjects were evaluated by TE (including CAP measurements), MRI using the MRE and PDFF techniques. RESULTS TE identified patients with fibrosis stage ≥2 with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve value of 0.82 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.74-0.89), whereas MRE identified these patients with an AUROC curve value of 0.91 (95% CI: 0.86-0.96; P = .001). TE-based CAP measurements identified patients with hepatic steatosis grade ≥2 with an AUROC curve value of 0.73 (95% CI: 0.64-0.81) and PDFF methods identified them with an AUROC curve value of 0.90 (95% CI: 0.82-0.97; P < .001). Measurement of serum keratin 18 fragments or alanine aminotransferase did not add value to TE or MRI for identifying nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. CONCLUSIONS MRE and PDFF methods have higher diagnostic performance in noninvasive detection of liver fibrosis and steatosis in patients with NAFLD than TE and CAP methods. MRI-based noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis and steatosis is a potential alternative to liver biopsy in clinical practice. UMIN Clinical Trials Registry No. UMIN000012757.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Imajo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takaomi Kessoku
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Wataru Tomeno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuji Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hironori Mawatari
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koji Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masato Yoneda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masataka Taguri
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hyogo
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshio Sumida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ono
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Eguchi
- Division of Hepatology, Saga Medical School, Liver Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Tomio Inoue
- Department of Radiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeharu Yamanaka
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koichiro Wada
- Department of Pharmacology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Satoru Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
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Sarna LK, Siow YL, O K. The CBS/CSE system: a potential therapeutic target in NAFLD? Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 93:1-11. [PMID: 25493326 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a broad spectrum liver disorder diagnosed in patients without a history of alcohol abuse. NAFLD is growing at alarming rates worldwide. Its pathogenesis is complex and incompletely understood. The cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) system regulates homocysteine and cysteine metabolism and contributes to endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) biosynthesis. This review summarizes our current understanding of the hepatic CBS/CSE system, and for the first time, positions this system as a potential therapeutic target in NAFLD. As will be discussed, the CBS/CSE system is highly expressed and active in the liver. Its dysregulation, presenting as alterations in circulating homocysteine and (or) H2S levels, has been reported in NAFLD patients and in NAFLD-associated co-morbidities such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Intricate links between the CBS/CSE system and a number of metabolic and stress related molecular mediators have also emerged. Various dysfunctions in the hepatic CBS/CSE system have been reported in animal models representative of each NAFLD spectrum. It is anticipated that a newfound appreciation for the hepatic CBS/CSE system will emerge that will improve our understanding of NAFLD pathogenesis, and give rise to new prospective targets for management of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsei K Sarna
- a Laboratory of Integrative Biology, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
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Liver Fat Content Is Associated with Elevated Serum Uric Acid in the Chinese Middle-Aged and Elderly Populations: Shanghai Changfeng Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140379. [PMID: 26473493 PMCID: PMC4608581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Although many studies have indicated a relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hyperuricemia, a few studies specifically examining the effects of the severity of liver fat content (LFC) on serum uric acid (SUA) and the presence of hyperuricemia because of the limitation of the examination methods for NAFLD. In this study, we investigate the relationship between the NAFLD and SUA levels in the Chinese population using standardized quantitative ultrasound. Methods A community-based study was conducted from May 2010 to December 2012. A total of 4,305 people aged 45 years and above without excessive drinking were enrolled. A standard interview and anthropometric and laboratory blood parameters were collected for each person. The standardized ultrasound hepatic/renal ratio and hepatic attenuation rate was used to quantify LFC. Results The prevalence of NAFLD and hyperuricemia was 33.1% and 17.1%, respectively. A total of 23.5% of the NAFLD subjects had hyperuricemia, and their SUA was higher than that of non-NAFLD subjects (327.2±76.8 vs 301.9±77.4 μmol/L, P<0.001). The LFC was positively correlated with SUA (r = 0.130, P<0.001) and an independent factor for SUA (standardized β = 0.054, P<0.001). The OR for the presence of hypreuricemia was 1.175 (95% CI 1.048–1.318; P<0.001) with a 1 SD increase in the log LFC. LFC greater than 10% was related to elevated SUA and an increased presence of hyperuricemia. Conclusions LFC accumulation was associated with an increase in the prevalence of hyperuricemia and elevated SUA in our community-based population. LFC greater than 10% is related to the risk for hyperuricemia.
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Atan D, Köseoğlu S, Özcan KM, İkincioğulları A, Topak AB, Özcan İ, Dere H. Evaluation of Liver Functions Based on Serum Aminotransferase Enzyme Levels in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 71:1679-1682. [PMID: 31763223 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-015-0914-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is associated with fatty liver disease. In the present study, relations between alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels and the severity of OSAS and polysomnography parameters were investigated. The study included 194 patients with OSAS and 114 control patients. The patients underwent an overnight polysomnography (PSG) in the Sleep Laboratory. ALT and AST levels were compared between the patients and the controls and between the subgroups of the patients. ALT and AST levels were also compared with the PSG parameters REM AHI, NREM AHI and minimum O2 saturation separately. The mean ALT was 28.95 in the patients and 17.85 in the controls (p < 0.001) with a statistically significant difference and the mean AST was 23.62 in the patients and 16.53 in the controls with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). The patients with OSAS had significantly higher ALT and AST levels. The higher the ALT and AST levels were, the more severe the disease was, though the differences between the subgroups of the patients were not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doğan Atan
- 1Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Samanpazarı, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Kürşat Murat Özcan
- 1Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Samanpazarı, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Ayşe Betül Topak
- 1Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Samanpazarı, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Özcan
- 3Kayseri Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Dere
- 1Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Samanpazarı, Ankara, Turkey
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Westerkamp AC, Pully VV, Karimian G, Bomfati F, Veldhuis ZJ, Wiersema-Buist J, Hendriks BHW, Lisman T, Porte RJ. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy accurately quantifies various degrees of liver steatosis in murine models of fatty liver disease. J Transl Med 2015; 13:309. [PMID: 26388419 PMCID: PMC4576404 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0671-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A real-time objective evaluation for the extent of liver
steatosis during liver transplantation is currently not available. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) rapidly and accurately assesses the extent of steatosis in human livers with mild steatosis. However, it is yet unknown whether DRS accurately quantifies moderate/severe steatosis and is able to distinguish between micro- and macrovesicular steatosis. Methods C57BL/6JolaHsd mice were fed wit a choline-deficient l-amino acid-defined diet (CD-AA) or a choline-sufficient l-amino acid-defined control diet (CS-AA) for 3, 8, and 20 weeks. In addition B6.V-Lepob/OlaHsd (ob/ob) mice and their lean controls were studied. A total of 104 DRS measurements were performed in liver tissue ex vivo. The degree of steatosis was quantified from the DRS data and compared with histopathological analysis. Results When assessed by histology, livers of mice fed with a CD-AA and CS-AA diet displayed macrovesicular steatosis (range 0–74 %), ob/ob mice revealed only microvesicular steatosis (range 75–80 %), and their lean controls showed no steatosis. The quantification of steatosis by DRS correlated well with pathology (correlation of 0.76 in CD-AA/CS-AA fed mice and a correlation of 0.75 in ob/ob mice). DRS spectra did not distinguish between micro- and macrovesicular steatosis. In samples from CD-AA/CS-AA fed mice, the DRS was able to distinguish between mild and moderate/severe steatosis with a sensitivity and specificity of 86 and 81 %, respectively. Conclusion DRS can quantify steatosis with good agreement to histopathological analysis. DRS may be useful for real-time objective evaluation of liver steatosis during liver transplantation, especially to differentiate between mild and moderate/severe steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrie C Westerkamp
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Vishnu V Pully
- In-Body Systems Department, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Golnar Karimian
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Fernanda Bomfati
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Zwanida J Veldhuis
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Janneke Wiersema-Buist
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Benno H W Hendriks
- In-Body Systems Department, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Ton Lisman
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert J Porte
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Han J, Yang N, Zhang F, Zhang C, Liang F, Xie W, Chen W. Rhizoma Anemarrhenae extract ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin resistance via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in diabetic rodents. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 172:368-376. [PMID: 26162543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rhizoma Anemarrhenae has been used in Asian countries for thousands of years to treat diabetes. Insulin resistance (IR) is the primary cause responsible for type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to to assess the hypoglycemic and insulin sensitizing properties of Rhizoma Anemarrhenae extract (TFA) in animal models of insulin resistance and/or diabetes and to delineate modes of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS In-vivo studies were performed on STZ-induced diabetic mice and KK-Ay mice, the former of which were given the extract alone or in combination with insulin for 7 days, and the latter of which were given the extract for 8 consecutive weeks. Fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels were measured. Pancreatic tissue sections were examined using transmission electron micrographs. Further, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamping study was conducted in BCG vaccine-induced insulin resistance rats, and glucose infusion rate was examined. Mechanisms of action were investigated in 3T3-L1 and Hela cells using Western blot analysis. RESULTS Our study showed that TFA enhanced the glucose-lowering effects of exogenous insulin administration in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Therapeutic administration of TFA significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, and serum insulin levels, and markedly increased the size and the number of insulin-producing beta cells in KK-Ay mice. Further, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamping study showed that glucose infusion rate was significantly improved in TFA-treated BCG vaccine-induced insulin resistance rats. Study of mechanism of action revealed that TFA increased phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream target, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) in 3T3-L1 cells. It activates AMPK in a LKB1-independent manner, providing a unified explanation for the beneficial effects of TFA. CONCLUSIONS This study that TFA mediates activation of AMPK and improves overall glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic rodents, highlights the potential utility of TFA for the management of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Na Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- New Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Fengying Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - WeiFen Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China.
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Liang J, Gong Y, Wang Y, Qiu Q, Zou C, Dou L, Liu X, Song H. Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase is associated with impaired fasting glucose in Chinese adults: the Cardiometabolic Risk in Chinese (CRC) study. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 70:1823-8. [PMID: 25030409 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recently, several studies found raised serum γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and traditional marker of liver damage was associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between GGT and impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and evaluate the modification effects of age, BMI, prehypertension, and lipids in a large sample of Chinese adults. The study samples are from a community-based health examination survey in China. The sample for our analysis included 7,309 participants. IFG was defined as FBG from 6.1 to 7.0 mmol/L. Serum GGT, lipids, blood pressure, and glucose were measured. The odds ratios (ORs, 95 % CI) of IFG across increasing quintiles of GGT were 1.00, 0.91 (0.49-1.72), 1.27 (0.68-2.38), 2.31 (1.29-4.15), and 2.42 (1.32-4.42) (P for trend < 0.0001), adjusting for age, sex, BMI, blood pressure, glucose, and lipids. We found significant interactions between age, BMI, and GGT on IFG risk. When the joint effects were examined, we found an additional effect of triglycerides (TG) and GGT levels on IFG. Our data indicate that serum GGT concentration was associated with the risk of IFG, and the association was modified by TG level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Institute of Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Institute of Diabetes, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, 199# South Jiefang Road, Xuzhou, 221009, Jiangsu, China,
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Bulusu S, Sharma M. What does serum γ-glutamyltransferase tell us as a cardiometabolic risk marker? Ann Clin Biochem 2015; 53:312-32. [PMID: 26139450 DOI: 10.1177/0004563215597010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
γ-glutamyltransferase plays a key role in the synthesis and metabolism of extracellular glutathione, a major antioxidant in several defence mechanisms in the body. γ-glutamyltransferase is affected by environmental and genetic factors, and is raised when there is depletion of glutathione. Hence, it is a marker of oxidative stress. There is robust evidence that γ-glutamyltransferase even when values are within the reference interval is associated with increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in both sexes, in normal subjects and subjects with coronary artery disease, in the middle-aged and the elderly after adjusting for confounding factors. γ-glutamyltransferase even within the reference interval is associated with future presentation of type 2 diabetes, and the longitudinal increase in γ-glutamyltransferase activity is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular mortality. γ-glutamyltransferase is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome. It has a prognostic value after a previous acute myocardial infarction and may be an indicator of adverse outcome in acute coronary syndromes and other chronic cardiac disorders. There is limited data about γ-glutamyltransferase and any association with peripheral arterial disease and also whether knowing γ-glutamyltransferase activity improves cardiovascular risk prediction beyond conventional risk factors. γ-glutamyltransferase is present in atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary and carotid arteries, and has a prooxidant role leading to the production of reactive oxygen species and atherosclerosis. Current reference intervals for γ-glutamyltransferase are inappropriate and need to be addressed. Some laboratories still use non- International Federation of Clinical Chemistry methods for estimation of γ-glutamyltransferase which are associated with lower results. Such laboratories should review their method and consider changing to the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Bulusu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Homerton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Manisha Sharma
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Homerton Hospital, London, UK
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Pilar Valdecantos M, Prieto-Hontoria PL, Pardo V, Módol T, Santamaría B, Weber M, Herrero L, Serra D, Muntané J, Cuadrado A, Moreno-Aliaga MJ, Alfredo Martínez J, Valverde ÁM. Essential role of Nrf2 in the protective effect of lipoic acid against lipoapoptosis in hepatocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 84:263-278. [PMID: 25841776 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Excess of saturated free fatty acids, such as palmitic acid (PA), in hepatocytes has been implicated in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. α-Lipoic acid (LA) is an antioxidant that protects against oxidative stress conditions. We have investigated the effects of LA in the early activation of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, lipid accumulation, and Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defenses in hepatocytes treated with PA or in rats fed a high-fat diet. In primary human hepatocytes, a lipotoxic concentration of PA triggered endoplasmic reticulum stress, induced the apoptotic transcription factor CHOP, and increased the percentage of apoptotic cells. Cotreatment with LA prevented these effects. Similar results were found in mouse hepatocytes in which LA attenuated PA-mediated activation of caspase 3 and reduced lipid accumulation by decreasing PA uptake and increasing fatty acid oxidation and lipophagy, thereby preventing lipoapoptosis. Moreover, LA augmented the proliferation capacity of hepatocytes after PA challenge. Antioxidant effects of LA ameliorated reactive oxygen species production and endoplasmic reticulum stress and protected against mitochondrial apoptosis in hepatocytes treated with PA. Cotreatment with PA and LA induced an early nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and activated antioxidant enzymes, whereas reduction of Nrf2 by siRNA abolished the benefit of LA on PA-induced lipoapoptosis. Importantly, posttreatment with LA reversed the established damage induced by PA in hepatocytes, as well as preventing obesity-induced oxidative stress and lipoapoptosis in rat liver. In conclusion, our work has revealed that in hepatocytes, Nrf2 is an essential early player in the rescue of oxidative stress by LA leading to protection against PA-mediated lipoapoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Valdecantos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Virginia Pardo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Módol
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Santamaría
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Minéia Weber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolors Serra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Muntané
- Departamento de Cirugía General y Digestiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío-Virgen Macarena/IBiS/CSIC/University of Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Moreno-Aliaga
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Wu SJ, Zhu GQ, Ye BZ, Kong FQ, Zheng ZX, Zou H, Shi KQ, Lin L, Braddock M, Huang WJ, Chen YP, Zheng MH. Association between sex-specific serum uric acid and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Chinese adults: a large population-based study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e802. [PMID: 25929934 PMCID: PMC4603030 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the association between sex-specific serum uric acid (sUA) levels and NAFLD in a large population-based study.A total of 60,455 subjects from 2 separate medical centers were included. Sex-specific sUA quartiles (Q1-Q4) were defined: ≤330, 331-380, 381-435, and ≥436 μmol/L for male; ≤230, 231-270, 271-310, and ≥311 μmol/L for female. The odds ratios (ORs), hazard ratios (HRs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for NAFLD were calculated across each quartile of sUA, using the Q1 as reference.After adjusting for known confounding variables in this study, the ORs for NAFLD in the cross-sectional population were 1.211 (95% CI 1.109-1.322), 1.519 (95% CI 1.395-1.654), 1.903 (95% CI 1.748-2.072) for Q2, Q3, and Q4, respectively. In the longitudinal population, compared with the reference group, those in Q2, Q3, and Q4 had HRs of 1.127 (95% CI 0.956-1.330), 1.380 (95% CI 1.157-1.644), 1.589 (95% CI 1.310-1.927) for NAFLD, respectively. Analysis for the sex-specific subgroup showed the adjusted ORs for Q4 versus Q1 were 2.898 (95% CI 2.36-3.588) in female and 1.887 (95% CI 1.718-2.072) in male in the cross-sectional population. In the longitudinal population, the HRs for the Q4 were 2.355 (95% CI 1.702-3.259) in female and 1.249 (95% CI 0.975-1.601) in male, compared with Q1.We report that a sex-specific sUA level is independently associated with NAFLD. The association between sUA and NAFLD was significantly greater in females than in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Jie Wu
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Heart Center (S-JW, B-ZY, F-QK, Z-XZ, LL, W-JH); Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (G-QZ, K-QS, Y-PC, M-HZ); School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou (G-QZ); Department of Internal Medicine, Xinyu People's Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Xinyu (HZ); Institute of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China (K-QS, Y-PC, M-HZ); and Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Loughborough, United Kingdom (MB)
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Wu SJ, Zou H, Zhu GQ, Wang LR, Zhang Q, Shi KQ, Han JB, Huang WJ, Braddock M, Chen YP, Zheng MH. Increased levels of systolic blood pressure within the normal range are associated with significantly elevated risks of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e842. [PMID: 25984671 PMCID: PMC4602585 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A positive association between hypertension or high-normal blood pressure (BP) and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is well-known; however, no data have been generated exploring the risk of NAFLD within the normal range of BP. We aimed to assess the association between normal systolic blood pressure (SBP) and risk of NAFLD.A total of 27,769 subjects from 2 separate medical centers were included. Subjects were divided into 4 groups (G1 to G4) by SBP levels: G1: 90-99 mmHg, G2: 100-109 mmHg, G3: 110-119 mmHg, and G4: 120-129 mmHg. The prevalence, hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for NAFLD were calculated across each group, using the G1 as reference.Higher SBP was observed in subjects with NAFLD than those without NAFLD. The prevalence of NAFLD in a cross-sectional population from G1 to G4 was 6.1%, 13.6%, 19.6%, and 25.8%, respectively. The HRs for NAFLD in the longitudinal population were 2.17 (95% CI 1.60-2.93), 3.87 (95% CI 2.89-5.16), 5.81 (95% CI 4.32-7.81) for G2, G3, and G4, respectively. After adjusting for known confounding variables, HRs of G2 to G4 were 1.44 (95% CI 1.06-1.96), 1.94 (95% CI 1.44-2.61), 2.38 (95% CI 1.75-3.23), respectively.This is the first study to demonstrate that increased levels of SBP within the normal range are associated with significantly elevated risks of NAFLD, independent of other confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Jie Wu
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Heart Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou (SJW, QZ, JBH, WJH); Department of Internal Medicine, Xinyu People's Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Xinyu (HZ); Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou (GQZ, LRW, KQS, YPC, MHZ); School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou (GQZ, LRW); Institute of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China (KQS, YPC, MHZ); Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, United Kingdom (MB)
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Effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a comparative study. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2015; 12:127-31. [PMID: 26077701 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in the United States; 85%-95% of the morbidly obese population have NAFLD and 33% have nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. There is a lack of comparative data assessing various bariatric procedures and their effect on NAFLD. OBJECTIVES To assess and compare the effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) on NAFLD. SETTING Academic Center, United States METHODS All bariatric cases performed at the authors' institution (an academic center in the United States) between 2005 and 2012 that had both intraoperative and postoperative liver biopsies were included. NAFLD Activity Score (NAS) and fibrosis stages were used to evaluate improvement in liver histology. RESULTS Fourteen RYGB and 9 SG patients with liver biopsies were identified. 57% and 73% in each group were female, respectively. P = .2. RYGB patients were older (56.2 ± 8.6 versus 46.3 ± 11.7; P<.05), and had lower initial body mass index (BMI) and higher NAS (51.0 ± 13.0 kg/m(2) versus 72.7 ± 21.0 kg/m(2); P<.05) and (4.4 ± 1.7 versus 2.6 ± 1.6; P<.05), respectively. Prevalence of co-morbidities was comparable between groups. After a mean follow-up of 1.5 years, weight loss percentage was 32% ± 11.8% and 25% ± 6.8% after RYGB and SG, respectively (P value not significant). Percentage of excess weight loss was higher in RYGB patients (69.8% ± 27% versus 37.2% ± 12.3%; P<.05). NAS after RYGB significantly improved in all morphologic characteristics, whereas only steatosis and total NAS improved after SG. Fibrosis state improved in both groups but to a greater degree after RYGB (2.5 ± 1.3 versus .3 ± .6; P< .05). CONCLUSIONS There were no significant differences in NAS score decrease after RYGB and SG procedures, although the baseline characteristics of the groups differ. This exploratory data supports the idea of conducting a randomized trial to determine the differential effects of SG and RYGB on NAFLD.
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Flaxseed oil containing flaxseed oil ester of plant sterol attenuates high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis in apolipoprotein-E knockout mice. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Gandhi CR, Chaillet JR, Nalesnik MA, Kumar S, Dangi A, Demetris AJ, Ferrell R, Wu T, Divanovic S, Stankeiwicz T, Shaffer B, Stolz DB, Harvey SAK, Wang J, Starzl TE. Liver-specific deletion of augmenter of liver regeneration accelerates development of steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:379-391.e4. [PMID: 25448926 PMCID: PMC4802363 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR, encoded by GFER) is a widely distributed pleiotropic protein originally identified as a hepatic growth factor. However, little is known about its roles in hepatic physiology and pathology. We created mice with liver-specific deletion of ALR to study its function. METHODS We developed mice with liver-specific deletion of ALR (ALR-L-KO) using the albumin-Cre/LoxP system. Liver tissues were collected from ALR-L-KO mice and ALR(floxed/floxed) mice (controls) and analyzed by histology, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and techniques to measure fibrosis and lipids. Liver tissues from patients with and without advanced liver disease were determined by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS Two weeks after birth, livers of ALR-L-KO mice contained low levels of ALR and adenosine triphosphate (ATP); they had reduced mitochondrial respiratory function and increased oxidative stress, compared with livers from control mice, and had excessive steatosis, and hepatocyte apoptosis. Levels of carbamyl-palmitoyl transferase 1a and ATP synthase subunit ATP5G1 were reduced in livers of ALR-L-KO mice, indicating defects in mitochondrial fatty acid transport and ATP synthesis. Electron microscopy showed mitochondrial swelling with abnormalities in shapes and numbers of cristae. From weeks 2-4 after birth, levels of steatosis and apoptosis decreased in ALR-L-KO mice, and numbers of ALR-expressing cells increased, along with ATP levels. However, at weeks 4-8 after birth, livers became inflamed, with hepatocellular necrosis, ductular proliferation, and fibrosis; hepatocellular carcinoma developed by 1 year after birth in nearly 60% of the mice. Hepatic levels of ALR were also low in ob/ob mice and alcohol-fed mice with liver steatosis, compared with controls. Levels of ALR were lower in liver tissues from patients with advanced alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis than in control liver tissues. CONCLUSIONS We developed mice with liver-specific deletion of ALR, and showed that it is required for mitochondrial function and lipid homeostasis in the liver. ALR-L-KO mice provide a useful model for investigating the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrashekhar R Gandhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - J Richard Chaillet
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael A Nalesnik
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Anil Dangi
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - A Jake Demetris
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert Ferrell
- School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Traci Stankeiwicz
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Benjamin Shaffer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Thomas E Starzl
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Koeck ES, Iordanskaia T, Sevilla S, Ferrante SC, Hubal MJ, Freishtat RJ, Nadler EP. Adipocyte exosomes induce transforming growth factor beta pathway dysregulation in hepatocytes: a novel paradigm for obesity-related liver disease. J Surg Res 2014; 192:268-75. [PMID: 25086727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been attributed to increased systemic inflammation and insulin resistance mediated by visceral adipose tissue (VAT), although the exact mechanisms are undefined. Exosomes are membrane-derived vesicles containing messenger RNA, microRNA, and proteins, which have been implicated in cancer, neurodegenerative, and autoimmune diseases, which we postulated may be involved in obesity-related diseases. We isolated exosomes from VAT, characterized their content, and identified their potential targets. Targets included the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) pathway, which has been linked to NAFLD. We hypothesized that adipocyte exosomes would integrate into HepG2 and hepatic stellate cell lines and cause dysregulation of the TGF-β pathway. METHODS Exosomes from VAT from obese and lean patients were isolated and fluorescently labeled, then applied to cultured hepatic cell lines. After incubation, culture slides were imaged to detect exosome uptake. In separate experiments, exosomes were applied to cultured cells and incubated 48-h. Gene expression of TGF-β pathway mediators was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction, and compared with cells, which were not exposed to exosomes. RESULTS Fluorescent-labeled exosomes integrated into both cell types and deposited in a perinuclear distribution. Exosome exposure caused increased tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and integrin ανβ-5 expression and decreased matrix metalloproteinase-7 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in to HepG2 cells and increased expression of TIMP-1, TIMP-4, Smad-3, integrins ανβ-5 and ανβ-8, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in hepatic stellate cells. CONCLUSIONS Exosomes from VAT integrate into liver cells and induce dysregulation of TGF-β pathway members in vitro and offers an intriguing possibility for the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Koeck
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Tatiana Iordanskaia
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Samantha Sevilla
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Sarah C Ferrante
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Monica J Hubal
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Robert J Freishtat
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Evan P Nadler
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC.
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Yamazaki T, Mori M, Arai S, Tateishi R, Abe M, Ban M, Nishijima A, Maeda M, Asano T, Kai T, Izumino K, Takahashi J, Aoyama K, Harada S, Takebayashi T, Gunji T, Ohnishi S, Seto S, Yoshida Y, Hiasa Y, Koike K, Yamamura KI, Inoue KI, Miyazaki T. Circulating AIM as an indicator of liver damage and hepatocellular carcinoma in humans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109123. [PMID: 25302503 PMCID: PMC4193837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the fifth most common cancer type and the third highest cause of cancer death worldwide, develops in different types of liver injuries, and is mostly associated with cirrhosis. However, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease often causes HCC with less fibrosis, and the number of patients with this disease is rapidly increasing. The high mortality rate and the pathological complexity of liver diseases and HCC require blood biomarkers that accurately reflect the state of liver damage and presence of HCC. Methods and Findings Here we demonstrate that a circulating protein, apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM) may meet this requirement. A large-scale analysis of healthy individuals across a wide age range revealed a mean blood AIM of 4.99±1.8 µg/ml in men and 6.06±2.1 µg/ml in women. AIM levels were significantly augmented in the younger generation (20s–40s), particularly in women. Interestingly, AIM levels were markedly higher in patients with advanced liver damage, regardless of disease type, and correlated significantly with multiple parameters representing liver function. In mice, AIM levels increased in response to carbon tetrachloride, confirming that the high AIM observed in humans is the result of liver damage. In addition, carbon tetrachloride caused comparable states of liver damage in AIM-deficient and wild-type mice, indicating no influence of AIM levels on liver injury progression. Intriguingly, certain combinations of AIM indexes normalized to liver marker score significantly distinguished HCC patients from non-HCC patients and thus could be applicable for HCC diagnosis. Conclusion AIM potently reveals both liver damage and HCC. Thus, our results may provide the basis for novel diagnostic strategies for this widespread and fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Mori
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Arai
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tateishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Abe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mihoko Ban
- Shunkaikai, Inoue Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akemi Nishijima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Maeda
- Shunkaikai, Inoue Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takeharu Asano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, Saitama Medical Center, Omiya, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kai
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Kayo Aoyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sei Harada
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Takebayashi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Gunji
- Center for Preventive Medicine, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Ohnishi
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yukio Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, Saitama Medical Center, Omiya, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hiasa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Yamamura
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Toru Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Max Planck-The University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Inflammology, Tokyo, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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74
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Maehara N, Arai S, Mori M, Iwamura Y, Kurokawa J, Kai T, Kusunoki S, Taniguchi K, Ikeda K, Ohara O, Yamamura KI, Miyazaki T. Circulating AIM prevents hepatocellular carcinoma through complement activation. Cell Rep 2014; 9:61-74. [PMID: 25284781 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a widespread fatal disease and the third most common cause of cancer deaths. Here, we show the potent anti-HCC effect of the circulating protein AIM. As in adipocytes, AIM is incorporated into normal hepatocytes, where it interferes with lipid storage. In contrast, AIM accumulates on the HCC cell surface and activates the complement cascade via inactivating multiple regulators of complement activation. This response provokes necrotic cell death specifically in AIM-bound HCC cells. Accordingly, AIM(-/-) mice were highly susceptible to steatosis-associated HCC development, whereas no AIM(+/+) mouse developed the disease despite comparable liver inflammation and fibrosis in response to a long-term high-fat diet. Administration of AIM prevented tumor development in AIM(-/-) mice, and HCC induction by diethylnitrosamine was more prominent in AIM(-/-) than wild-type mice. These findings could be the basis for novel AIM-based therapeutic strategies for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Maehara
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoko Arai
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mayumi Mori
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Iwamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jun Kurokawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kai
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kusunoki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kaori Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamamura
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Toru Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Max Planck-The University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Inflammology, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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75
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Human mesenchymal stem cells towards non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in an immunodeficient mouse model. Exp Cell Res 2014; 326:230-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
The greatest challenge facing liver transplantation today is the shortage of donor livers. Demand far exceeds supply, and this deficit has driven expansion of what is considered an acceptable organ. The evolving standard has not come without costs, however, as each new frontier of expanded donor quality (i.e., advancing donor age, donation after cardiac death, and split liver) may have traded wait-list for post-transplant morbidity and mortality. This article delineates the nature and severity of risk associated with specific deceased donor liver characteristics and recommends strategies to maximally mitigate these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Feng
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of California, 505 Parnassus Avenue, UCSF Box 0780, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Jennifer C Lai
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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77
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Chheda TK, Shivakumar P, Sadasivan SK, Chanderasekharan H, Moolemath Y, Oommen AM, Madanahalli JR, Marikunte VV. Fast food diet with CCl4 micro-dose induced hepatic-fibrosis--a novel animal model. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14:89. [PMID: 24884574 PMCID: PMC4036109 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-14-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined as a spectrum of conditions ranging from hepatocellular steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis, progressing to cirrhosis, which occur in the absence of excessive alcohol use. Several animal models capture aspects of NAFLD but are limited either in their representation of the disease stages or use for development of therapeutics due to the extended periods of time required to develop full histological features. METHODS Here, we report the development of a novel rat model for NAFLD that addresses some of these limitations. We used a fast food diet (FFD) and a CCl4 micro dose (0.5 ml/kg B.wt) for 8 weeks in Wistar rats. Serological analyses, gene expression profiling and liver histology studies were conducted to investigate the development of steatosis, steatohepatitis and fibrosis in the FFD-CCl4 model when compared to the individual effects of a FFD or a micro dose of CCl4 in rats. RESULTS The serum biochemical profile of the FFD-CCl4 model showed an increase in liver injury and fibrosis. This was also accompanied by a significant increase in liver triglycerides (TG), inflammation and oxidative stress. Importantly, we observed extensive fibrosis confirmed by: i) increased gene expression of fibrosis markers and, ii) moderate to severe collagen deposition seen as perisinusoidal and bridging fibrosis using H&E, Trichome and Sirius Red staining. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we find that the FFD-CCl4 rat model developed NAFLD histological features including, steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis in 8 weeks showing promise as a model that can be used to develop NAFLD therapeutics and liver anti-fibrotics.
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78
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Stabilization and augmentation of circulating AIM in mice by synthesized IgM-Fc. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97037. [PMID: 24804991 PMCID: PMC4013091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to rapid and drastic changes in lifestyle and eating habits in modern society, obesity and obesity-associated diseases are among the most important public health problems. Hence, the development of therapeutic approaches to regulate obesity is strongly desired. In view of previous work showing that apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM) blocks lipid storage in adipocytes, thereby preventing obesity caused by a high-fat diet, we here explored a strategy to augment circulating AIM levels. We synthesized the Fc portion of the soluble human immunoglobulin (Ig)M heavy chain and found that it formed a pentamer containing IgJ as natural IgM does, and effectively associated with AIM in vitro. When we injected the synthesized Fc intravenously into mice lacking circulating IgM, it associated with endogenous mouse AIM, protecting AIM from renal excretion and preserving the circulating AIM levels. As the synthesized Fc lacked the antigen-recognizing variable region, it provoked no undesired immune response. In addition, a challenge with the Fc-human AIM complex in wild-type mice, which exhibited normal levels of circulating IgM and AIM, successfully maintained the levels of the human AIM in mouse blood. We also observed that the human AIM was effectively incorporated into adipocytes in visceral fat tissue, suggesting its functionality against obesity. Thus, our findings reveal potent strategies to safely increase AIM levels, which could form the basis for developing novel therapies for obesity.
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79
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Microbiota and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 36:115-32. [PMID: 24337650 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent rise in obesity-related diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its strong association with microbiota, has elicited interest in the underlying mechanisms of these pathologies. Experimental models have highlighted several mechanisms connecting microbiota to the development of liver dysfunction in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) such as increased energy harvesting from the diet, small intestine bacterial overgrowth, modulation of the intestinal barrier by glucagon-like peptide-2 secretions, activation of innate immunity through the lipopolysaccharide-CD14 axis caused by obesity-induced leptin, periodontitis, and sterile inflammation. The manipulation of microbiota through probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, and periodontitis treatment yields encouraging results for the treatment of obesity, diabetes, and NASH, but data in humans is scarce.
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80
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Imajo K, Yoneda M, Kessoku T, Ogawa Y, Maeda S, Sumida Y, Hyogo H, Eguchi Y, Wada K, Nakajima A. Rodent models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:21833-57. [PMID: 24192824 PMCID: PMC3856038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141121833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), has been limited by the availability of suitable models for this disease. A number of rodent models have been described in which the relevant liver pathology develops in an appropriate metabolic context. These models are promising tools for researchers investigating one of the key issues of NASH: not so much why steatosis occurs, but what causes the transition from simple steatosis to the inflammatory, progressive fibrosing condition of steatohepatitis. The different rodent models can be classified into two large groups. The first includes models in which the disease is acquired after dietary or pharmacological manipulation, and the second, genetically modified models in which liver disease develops spontaneously. To date, no single rodent model has encompassed the full spectrum of human disease progression, but individual models can imitate particular characteristics of human disease. Therefore, it is important that researchers choose the appropriate rodent models. The purpose of the present review is to discuss the metabolic abnormalities present in the currently available rodent models of NAFLD, summarizing the strengths and weaknesses of the established models and the key findings that have furthered our understanding of the disease's pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Imajo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; E-Mails: (K.I.); (M.Y.); (T.K.); (Y.O.); (S.M.)
| | - Masato Yoneda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; E-Mails: (K.I.); (M.Y.); (T.K.); (Y.O.); (S.M.)
| | - Takaomi Kessoku
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; E-Mails: (K.I.); (M.Y.); (T.K.); (Y.O.); (S.M.)
| | - Yuji Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; E-Mails: (K.I.); (M.Y.); (T.K.); (Y.O.); (S.M.)
| | - Shin Maeda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; E-Mails: (K.I.); (M.Y.); (T.K.); (Y.O.); (S.M.)
| | - Yoshio Sumida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Hideyuki Hyogo
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Yuichiro Eguchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Koichiro Wada
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; E-Mails: (K.I.); (M.Y.); (T.K.); (Y.O.); (S.M.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-45-787-2640; Fax: +81-45-784-3546
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81
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Alzahrani B, Iseli TJ, Hebbard LW. Non-viral causes of liver cancer: does obesity led inflammation play a role? Cancer Lett 2013; 345:223-9. [PMID: 24007864 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the third most common cause of cancer mortality. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for around 90% of primary liver cancers. Chronic infection with hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses are two of most common causes of liver cancer. However, there are non-viral factors that are associated with liver cancer development. Numerous population studies have revealed strong links between obesity and the development of liver cancer. Obesity can alter hepatic pathology, metabolism and promote inflammation, leading to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the progression to the more severe form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH is characterised by prominent steatosis and inflammation, and can lead to HCC. Here, we discuss the role of obesity in inflammation and the principal signalling mechanisms involved in HCC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badr Alzahrani
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Darcy Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Tristan J Iseli
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Darcy Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Lionel W Hebbard
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Darcy Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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Mouralidarane A, Soeda J, Visconti-Pugmire C, Samuelsson AM, Pombo J, Maragkoudaki X, Butt A, Saraswati R, Novelli M, Fusai G, Poston L, Taylor PD, Oben JA. Maternal obesity programs offspring nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by innate immune dysfunction in mice. Hepatology 2013; 58:128-38. [PMID: 23315950 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The global prevalence of obesity-induced liver disease (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NAFLD) is rising. Suggested causes include a role for in utero influences of maternal obesity compounded by the availability of energy-dense foods throughout postnatal life. Using a physiologically relevant model, we investigated the role of the innate immune system in liver injury induced by maternal obesity followed by a postnatal obesogenic diet. Female C57BL/6J mice were fed a standard or obesogenic diet before and throughout pregnancy and during lactation. Female offspring were weaned onto a standard or obesogenic diet at 3 weeks postpartum. Biochemical and histological indicators of dysmetabolism, NAFLD and fibrosis, analysis of profibrotic pathways, liver innate immune cells, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated at 3, 6, and 12 months. Female offspring exposed to a postweaning obesogenic diet (OffCon-OD) demonstrated evidence of liver injury, which was exacerbated by previous exposure to maternal obesity (OffOb-OD), as demonstrated by raised alanine aminotransferase, hepatic triglycerides, and hepatic expression of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, transforming growth factor beta, alpha smooth muscle actin, and collagen (P < 0.01). Histological evidence of hepatosteatosis and a more-robust NAFLD phenotype with hepatic fibrosis was observed at 12 months in OffOb-OD. A role for the innate immune system was indicated by increased Kupffer cell numbers with impaired phagocytic function and raised ROS synthesis (P < 0.01), together with reduced natural killer T cells and raised interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18. CONCLUSION Maternal obesity in the context of a postnatal hypercalorific obesogenic diet aggressively programs offspring NAFLD associated with innate immune dysfunction, resulting in a comprehensive phenotype that accurately reflects the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Mouralidarane
- University College London, Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, Center for Fatty Liver and Repair-Regeneration Research, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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83
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Ogawa Y, Imajo K, Yoneda M, Kessoku T, Tomeno W, Shinohara Y, Kato S, Mawatari H, Nozaki Y, Fujita K, Kirikoshi H, Maeda S, Saito S, Wada K, Nakajima A. Soluble CD14 levels reflect liver inflammation in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65211. [PMID: 23762319 PMCID: PMC3676404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Liver inflammation is a risk factor for the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the diagnosis of liver inflammation is very difficult and invasive liver biopsy is still the only method to reliably detect liver inflammation. We previously reported that overexpression of CD14 in Kupffer cells may trigger the progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) via liver inflammation following hyper-reactivity to low-dose lipopolysaccharide. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between soluble type of CD14 (sCD14) and histological features in patients with NAFLD. METHODS Our cohort consisted of 113 patients with liver biopsy-confirmed NAFLD and 21 age-matched healthy controls. Serum sCD14 levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Serum sCD14 levels were significantly associated with diagnosis of NASH and the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) to distinguish between not NASH and NASH was 0.802. Moreover, serum sCD14 levels were significantly associated with the disease activity based on NAFLD activity score and hepatic CD14 mRNA expression, which is correlated with membrane CD14 (mCD14) expression, in patients with NAFLD. In multiple regression analysis, the serum sCD14 levels were independently associated with liver inflammation. The AUROC to distinguish between mild and severe liver inflammation in patients with NAFLD was 0.752. CONCLUSIONS We found that serum sCD14 levels increased significantly with increasing liver inflammation grade in patients with NAFLD, reflecting increased hepatic CD14 expression. Serum sCD14 is a promising tool to predict the worsening of liver inflammation, and may offer a potential biomarker for evaluation of therapeutic effects in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kento Imajo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masato Yoneda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takaomi Kessoku
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Wataru Tomeno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Shinohara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shingo Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hironori Mawatari
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nozaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koji Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kirikoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shin Maeda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoru Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koichiro Wada
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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84
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Brunt EM. Surgical assessment of significant steatosis in donor livers: the beginning of the end for frozen-section analysis? Liver Transpl 2013; 19:360-1. [PMID: 23447099 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Brunt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis; MO
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85
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Hano H, Takasaki S, Kobayashi H, Koyama T, Lu T, Nagatsuma K. In the non-cirrhotic stage of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, angioarchitecture of portal veins and lobular architecture are maintained. Virchows Arch 2013; 462:533-40. [PMID: 23536281 PMCID: PMC3644192 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-013-1402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The morphogenesis of lobular restructuring to liver cirrhosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is yet to be clearly understood. Therefore, we observed tissue samples from three biopsies and one autopsy with NASH in the non-cirrhotic stage three-dimensionally to elucidate the evolution of fibrosis and the changes of angioarchitecture. Histologic reconstructions revealed that pericellular fibrosis developed around the central vein in the early stage and gradually progressed to arch-shaped band-like fibrosis connecting the central veins in the neighboring lobules. In contrast, the basic angioarchitecture of the portal vein in the portal tracts tended to be preserved in the non-cirrhotic stage, although the portal vein architecture was slightly altered as the portal tract underwent gradual fibrous expansion. In addition, a striking development of arteries originating from the portal tract was found in the fibrotic area around the central and sublobular veins. In summary, while central–central bridging fibrosis and ectopic arterial development were conspicuous, the lobular architecture was maintained relatively well in the non-cirrhotic stage of NASH because of only mildly damaged angioarchitecture of the portal veins. The process of lobular restructuring in NASH is considered to be different from that in chronic viral hepatitis in the non-cirrhotic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hano
- Department of Pathology, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
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86
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Sirota JC, McFann K, Targher G, Johnson RJ, Chonchol M, Jalal DI. Elevated serum uric acid levels are associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease independently of metabolic syndrome features in the United States: Liver ultrasound data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Metabolism 2013; 62:392-9. [PMID: 23036645 PMCID: PMC3565047 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Experimental and observational studies suggest a role for uric acid in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We examined the association between serum uric acid levels and NAFLD in a large population-based study from the United States. MATERIALS/METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of 10,732 nondiabetic adults who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988-1994. Sex specific uric acid quartiles were defined: ≤5.2, 5.3-6.0, 6.1-6.9, and >6.9mg/dL for men and ≤3.7, 3.8-4.5, 4.6-5.3, and >5.3mg/dL for women. NAFLD presence and severity were defined by ultrasonographic detection of steatosis in the absence of other liver diseases. We modeled the probability that more severe NAFLD would be associated with the highest quartiles of uric acid. RESULTS Compared to the 1st quartile, the odds ratio for NAFLD was 1.79 (95% C.I. 1.49-2.15, p<0.001) and 3.14 (95% C.I. 2.63-3.75, p<0.001) for the 3rd and 4th quartiles, respectively. After adjusting for demographics, hypertension, waist circumference, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and aspartate aminotransferase, uric acid (4th quartile) was significantly associated with NAFLD (odds ratio 1.43; 95% C.I. 1.16-1.76, p<0.001). Positive parameter estimates suggest increasing uric acid is associated with greater severity of NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS Elevated uric acid level is independently associated with ultrasound-diagnosed NAFLD in a nationally representative sample of United States nondiabetic adults. Increasing uric acid is associated with increasing severity of NAFLD on ultrasonography. These findings warrant further studies on the role of uric acid in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C. Sirota
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kim McFann
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Giovanni Targher
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona,Verona, Italy
| | - Richard J. Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michel Chonchol
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Diana I. Jalal
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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87
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Williams KH, Shackel NA, Gorrell MD, McLennan SV, Twigg SM. Diabetes and nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease: a pathogenic duo. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:84-129. [PMID: 23238855 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent data increasingly support a complex interplay between the metabolic condition diabetes mellitus and the pathologically defined nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD predicts the development of type 2 diabetes and vice versa, and each condition may serve as a progression factor for the other. Although the association of diabetes and NAFLD is likely to be partly the result of a "common soil," it is also probable that diabetes interacts with NAFLD through specific pathogenic mechanisms. In particular, through interrelated metabolic pathways currently only partly understood, diabetes appears to accelerate the progression of NAFLD to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, defined by the presence of necroinflammation, with varying degrees of liver fibrosis. In the research setting, obstacles that have made the identification of clinically significant NAFLD, and particularly nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, difficult are being addressed with the use of new imaging techniques combined with risk algorithms derived from peripheral blood profiling. These techniques are likely to be used in the diabetes population in the near future. This review examines the pathogenic links between NAFLD and diabetes by exploring the epidemiological evidence in humans and also through newer animal models. Emerging technology to help screen noninvasively for differing pathological forms of NAFLD and the potential role of preventive and therapeutic approaches for NAFLD in the setting of diabetes are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Williams
- Sydney Medical School and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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88
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Murine Models of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Steatohepatitis. ISRN HEPATOLOGY 2012; 2013:237870. [PMID: 27335818 PMCID: PMC4890877 DOI: 10.1155/2013/237870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In 1980, Ludwig et al. first reported patients of steatohepatitis who lacked a history of excessive alcohol consumption but showed liver histology resembling alcoholic hepatitis and progression to cirrhosis of the liver accompanied by inflammation and fibrosis. The development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with obesity, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. However, the pathogenesis of NASH remains incomplete. A “multiple-hit” hypothesis for the pathogenesis of NASH based on an animal model has been proposed and remains a foundation for research in this field. We review the important dietary and genetic animal models and discuss the pathogenesis of NASH.
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89
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Chon CW, Kim BS, Cho YK, Sung KC, Bae JC, Kim TW, Won HS, Joo KJ. Effect of nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease on the development of type 2 diabetes in nonobese, nondiabetic korean men. Gut Liver 2012; 6:368-73. [PMID: 22844567 PMCID: PMC3404176 DOI: 10.5009/gnl.2012.6.3.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims We have a limited understanding of the effect of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) on the development of type 2 diabetes. Methods The study subjects included male who had received biennial medical check-ups between 2005 and 2009 and who had been diagnosed with fatty liver disease. The subjects with sustained NAFLD (FL, n=107) and sustained non-NAFLD (NFL, n=1,054) were followed to determine the development of type 2 diabetes. Results In the FL group, there were more subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), type 2 diabetes and high HOMA-IR than there were in the NFL group during the 5-year follow-up period (32.7 vs. 17.6%, 1.9 vs. 0.3%, 17.9 vs. 5.2% respectively, p<0.05). The FL group showed a higher risk than NFL group for abnormal glucose metabolism as determined using IFG (odds ratio [OR], 2.13; confidence interval [CI], 1.36 to 3.35), type 2 diabetes (OR, 7.63; 95% CI, 1.03 to 56.79) and high HOMA-IR (OR, 3.25; 95% CI, 1.79 to 5.91) and metabolic parameters such as body mass index (OR, 3.35; 95% CI, 1.87 to 6.02), triglyceride (OR, 3.05; 95% CI, 1.92 to 4.86) and fasting blood sugar (OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.39 to 3.41). Conclusions Sustained NAFLD appears to be associated with an increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes and deterioration of metabolic parameters in non-obese, non-diabetic Korean men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wook Chon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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90
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Imajo K, Fujita K, Yoneda M, Nozaki Y, Ogawa Y, Shinohara Y, Kato S, Mawatari H, Shibata W, Kitani H, Ikejima K, Kirikoshi H, Nakajima N, Saito S, Maeyama S, Watanabe S, Wada K, Nakajima A. Hyperresponsivity to low-dose endotoxin during progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is regulated by leptin-mediated signaling. Cell Metab 2012; 16:44-54. [PMID: 22768838 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although bacterial endotoxin, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), plays a key role in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), detailed mechanisms of this pathogenesis remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that upregulation of CD14 by leptin-mediated signaling is critical to hyperreactivity against endotoxin during NASH progression. Upregulation of CD14 in Kupffer cells and hyperreactivity against low-dose LPS were observed in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced steatosis mice, but not chow-fed-control mice. Hyperresponsivity against low-dose LPS led to accelerated NASH progression, including liver inflammation and fibrosis. Administering leptin in chow-fed mice caused increased hepatic expression of CD14 via STAT3 signaling, resulting in hyperreactivity against low-dose LPS without steatosis. In contrast, a marked decrease in hepatic CD14 expression was observed in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice, despite severe steatosis. Our results indicate that obesity-induced leptin plays a crucial role in NASH progression via enhanced responsivity to endotoxin, and we propose a mechanism of bacteria-mediated progression of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Imajo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Yokohama, Japan
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91
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Takahashi Y, Soejima Y, Fukusato T. Animal models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:2300-8. [PMID: 22654421 PMCID: PMC3353364 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i19.2300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition in which excess fat accumulates in the liver of a patient without a history of alcohol abuse. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a severe form of NAFLD, can progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is regarded as a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and incidence has been increasing worldwide in line with the increased prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hyperlipemia. Animal models of NAFLD/NASH give crucial information, not only in elucidating pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH but also in examining therapeutic effects of various agents. An ideal model of NAFLD/NASH should correctly reflect both hepatic histopathology and pathophysiology of human NAFLD/NASH. Animal models of NAFLD/NASH are divided into genetic, dietary, and combination models. In this paper, we review commonly used animal models of NAFLD/NASH referring to their advantages and disadvantages.
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92
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Canbakan B, Senturk H, Canbakan M, Toptas T, Tuncer M. Reliability of caspase activity as a biomarker of hepatic apoptosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Biomark Med 2012; 5:813-5. [PMID: 22103615 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.11.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A letter in response to: Yilmaz Y, Kurt R, Kalayci C. Apoptosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with normal aminotransferase values: zooming in on cytokeratin 18 fragments. Biomarkers Med. 4(5), 743–745 (2010).
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93
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Jiménez R, Hijona E, Emparanza J, Alústiza JM, Hijona L, Macarulla MT, Portillo MP, Herreros-Villanueva M, Beguiristain A, Arenas J, Bujanda L. Effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in hepatic steatosis. Chemotherapy 2012; 58:89-94. [PMID: 22377819 DOI: 10.1159/000336133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chemotherapy drugs often produce side effects in the liver. In recent years, there has been speculation about the ability to produce hepatic steatosis in patients treated with 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin. This prospective study examines whether these drugs can produce steatosis in patients with neoadjuvant treatment who were operated on for liver tumors. PURPOSE Our objective was to assess the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) on the development of hepatic steatosis in the healthy liver. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a prospective study based on 32 patients divided into two groups. The presence of steatosis was assessed using a histological score (Kleiner classification) and a biochemical method (Folch method) for patients from both groups. RESULTS A total of 14 patients (44%) had hepatic steatosis and half of these were in each group. The steatosis was moderate to severe (grades 2-3) in 4 patients (13%), 2 in each group. The mean levels of triglycerides in the liver were 33.38 and 29.94 mg/g in group I and group II, respectively, with the difference not being statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Almost half of the patients treated with NAC for liver neoplasia developed steatosis. Nevertheless, NAC does not seem to increase the risk of hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Jiménez
- Department of Surgery, Donostia Hospital, San Sebastián, Spain
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94
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Zheng T, Shu G, Yang Z, Mo S, Zhao Y, Mei Z. Antidiabetic effect of total saponins from Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. in type 2 diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:814-21. [PMID: 22212505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The seed of Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. (Entada phaseoloides) has been long used as an effective herb for the treatment of Diabetes mellitus by Dai people, one of the Chinese ethnic minorities. Saponin is an abundant type of secondary metabolic products in the seed of this plant. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of total saponins from Entada phaseoloides (TSEP) in experimental type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS T2DM rats were induced by high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin (STZ). Then different oral doses of TSEP (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) were administrated to T2DM rats for 21 days. For comparison, a standard antidiabetic drug, metformin (200 mg/kg), was used as a positive control drug. Then the relative biochemical analysis and histopathological examination were made to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of TSEP. RESULTS TSEP dramatically reduced fasted blood glucose and serum insulin levels and alleviates hyperglycemia associated oxidative stress in T2DM rats. Moreover, a significantly hypolipidemic effect and an improvement in tissue steatosis could be observed after TSEP administration. Further investigations revealed a possible anti-inflammation effect of TSEP by examining serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP). The effects of TSEP exhibited a dose-dependent manner and were comparable to metformin. CONCLUSION Our present study demonstrates both hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of TSEP in T2DM rats, which support its antidiabetic property. This work also implies a possibility that TSEP exerts its therapeutic effect through repressing chronic inflammation responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, PR China
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95
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Janevski M, Antonas KN, Sullivan-Gunn MJ, McGlynn MA, Lewandowski PA. The effect of cocoa supplementation on hepatic steatosis, reactive oxygen species and LFABP in a rat model of NASH. COMPARATIVE HEPATOLOGY 2011; 10:10. [PMID: 22081873 PMCID: PMC3227569 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5926-10-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Non alcoholic steatohepatitis is hypothesised to develop via a mechanism involving fat accumulation and oxidative stress. The current study aimed to investigate if an increase in oxidative stress was associated with changes in the expression of liver fatty acid binding protein in a rat model of non alcoholic steatohepatitis and whether cocoa supplementation attenuated those changes. Methods Female Sprague Dawley rats were fed a high fat control diet, a high fat methionine choline deficient diet, or one of four 12.5% cocoa supplementation regimes in combination with the high fat methionine choline deficient diet. Results Liver fatty acid binding protein mRNA and protein levels were reduced in the liver of animals with fatty liver disease when compared to controls. Increased hepatic fat content was accompanied by higher levels of oxidative stress in animals with fatty liver disease when compared to controls. An inverse association was found between the levels of hepatic liver fatty acid binding protein and the level of hepatic oxidative stress in fatty liver disease. Elevated NADPH oxidase protein levels were detected in the liver of animals with increased severity in inflammation and fibrosis. Cocoa supplementation was associated with partial attenuation of these pathological changes, although the severity of liver disease induced by the methionine choline deficient diet prevented complete reversal of any disease associated changes. Red blood cell glutathione was increased by cocoa supplementation, whereas liver glutathione was reduced by cocoa compared to methionine choline deficient diet fed animals. Conclusion These findings suggest a potential role for liver fatty acid binding protein and NADPH oxidase in the development of non alcoholic steatohepatitis. Furthermore, cocoa supplementation may have be of therapeutic benefit in less sever forms of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mile Janevski
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia.
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96
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Gornicka A, Morris-Stiff G, Thapaliya S, Papouchado BG, Berk M, Feldstein AE. Transcriptional profile of genes involved in oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in a dietary murine model of steatohepatitis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:437-45. [PMID: 21194384 PMCID: PMC3118609 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a core abnormality responsible for disease progression in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the relevant pathways that contribute to oxidative damage in vivo remain poorly understood. Here we explore the gene-expression patterns related to oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, and reactive oxygen metabolism in an established dietary murine model of NASH. C57BL/6 mice were placed on either a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) or a control (CTL) diet for 6 weeks. Hepatic oxidative damage and the development of NASH were monitored by biochemical and histologic indices. Analysis of 84 oxidative stress-related genes was performed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the livers of the two groups of mice. Mice on the MCD diet showed increased ALT, histologic features of NASH, and oxidative liver damage with increases in 4-hydroxynonenal and 3-nitrotyrosine. Of the genes analyzed, the GPx family were most significantly upregulated, whereas SCD1 was most significantly downregulated. Other genes that were significantly upregulated included Fmo2 and peroxiredoxins, whereas genes downregulated included Catalase and Serpinb1b. Our data demonstrate that oxidative stress-related genes are differentially expressed in the livers of mice with diet-induced NASH. These findings have important implications for NASH pathogenesis and the development of novel therapeutic strategies for patients with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gornicka
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Chen J, Du YJ. Advances in understanding the role of cyclooxygenase-2 in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:1321-1325. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i13.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes catalyze the rate limiting steps in prostaglandin synthesis and play an important role in inflammation, cell proliferation and apoptosis that are involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases. In recent years, great advances have been made in understanding the role of cyclooxygenase-2 in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. The use of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors provides a new avenue for clinical therapy of liver diseases. In this article, we will review recent advances in understanding the role of cyclooxygenase-2 in the pathogenesis of liver diseases.
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98
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Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ2 Pro12Ala variant is associated with body mass index in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients. Hepatol Int 2010; 5:575-80. [PMID: 21442055 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-010-9225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major cause of chronic liver disease globally and commonly associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome (MS). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is a transcription factor abundantly expressed in adipocytes and plays a key role in the regulation of adipocyte differentiation, lipid and glucose homeostasis. Pro12Ala variant has been earlier associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes and MS. AIM The present study aimed to determine the genotype frequencies of the Pro12Ala variant in NAFLD patients and any further association with other phenotype in the patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Ninety-eight NAFLD patients and 280 matched controls were genotyped for presence of the Pro12Ala variant. Genomic DNA was extracted and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism using Bst-UI was performed for the detection of C-G change at codon 12 position of PPAR γ2 gene. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared between patients and controls. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested by comparing expected/observed genotype frequencies by χ(2) test. RESULTS The frequencies of Pro/Ala genotype were comparable between NAFLD patients and controls. In the controls, 213 (75.7%) were homozygous for the wild-type (Pro/Pro) genotype and 67 (23.9%) were heterozygous (Pro/Ala). In NAFLD patients, genotypic distribution of wild type, heterozygous and homozygous were 63 (64.3%), 34 (34.7%) and 1 (1%), respectively. Heterozygous genotype was found to be significantly higher in the patients (P = 0.01). We also analyzed related phenotypic association of the patients with Pro12Ala genotype. We observed that the Pro12Ala (heterozygous) genotype was significantly higher in the patients who had body mass index >25 kg/m(2) (P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS Pro12Ala variation of the PPAR γ2 gene is associated with NAFLD and might play a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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Esteghamati A, Jamali A, Khalilzadeh O, Noshad S, Khalili M, Zandieh A, Morteza A, Nakhjavani M. Metabolic syndrome is linked to a mild elevation in liver aminotransferases in diabetic patients with undetectable non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by ultrasound. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2010; 2:65. [PMID: 21047423 PMCID: PMC2987914 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-2-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite ongoing findings on the relationship between elevated levels of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), this association in diabetic patients without a known cause for liver enzymes elevation other than diabetes, per se, remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to assess the relationship between circulating liver enzymes and MetS in a relatively large sample of patients with diabetes. METHODS A total of 670 diabetic patients, without known causes of hepatocellular injury, were enrolled. Patients with ultrasonographic signs of fatty liver disease were not included. Fasting blood samples were obtained and biochemical characteristics were measured. MetS was defined according to the international diabetes federation criteria. RESULTS Serum ALT and AST were significantly higher in patients with MetS (p < 0.001). High waist circumference and low HDL-cholesterol were significantly associated with elevated ALT (OR = 2.56 and 2.0, respectively) and AST (OR = 2.23 and 2.21, respectively). ALT and AST were significantly associated with MetS (OR = 2.17 and 2.31, respectively). These associations remained significant after multiple adjustments for age, sex, BMI, diabetes duration, HbA1c and medications. There was a significant (p < 0.01) positive association between the number of the MetS features and the level of ALT or AST. CONCLUSION In diabetic patients without ultrasonographic evidence of fatty liver, elevated aminotransferases are independently associated with MetS. Despite negative ultrasound results in diabetic patients with MetS, the serum level of liver aminotransferases may be elevated and should be more thoroughly monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Esteghamati
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arsia Jamali
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Khalilzadeh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Imaging Medical Center, Imam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Noshad
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khalili
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zandieh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Morteza
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manouchehr Nakhjavani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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100
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Feng SZ, Tian JL, Zhang Q, Wang H, Sun N, Zhang Y, Chen BY. An experimental research on chronic intermittent hypoxia leading to liver injury. Sleep Breath 2010; 15:493-502. [PMID: 20582634 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-010-0370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome and its chronic intermittent hypoxia component may cause multi-system-targeted injury. The latest finding shows that liver is one of the injured organs. The purpose of the study is to observe the dynamic process of the influence that chronic intermittent hypoxia plays on rat liver enzyme, hepatic histology, and ultrastructure based on lipid disorders. METHODS A total of 72 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups. The control group was fed with a regular chow diet, the high fat group with a high fat diet, and the high fat plus intermittent hypoxia group with a high fat diet with a 7-h/day intermittent hypoxia treatment. Changes were observed in rat liver enzyme, hepatic histology, and ultrastructure of the three groups on the third, sixth, and ninth weeks, respectively. The liver paraffin sections were detected with myeloperoxidase. RESULTS The liver function and structure of the control group were found to be normal; the liver enzyme level of the high fat group was significantly higher than that of the control group on the sixth and ninth weeks; and the liver enzyme level of the high fat plus intermittent hypoxia group was significantly higher than that of the control group and the high fat group on the third, sixth, and ninth weeks (all P < 0.01). Observed by a light microscope and a transmission electron microscope, the high fat group and the high fat plus intermittent hypoxia group were all characterized by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the high fat group was characterized by simple fatty liver on the third and sixth weeks and by steatohepatitis on the ninth week; the damage of the high fat plus intermittent hypoxia group was significantly more severe than that of the high fat group in all the monitoring points, characterized by steatohepatitis on the sixth week and by obvious liver fibrosis on the ninth week; the myeloperoxidase level of the high fat plus intermittent hypoxia group was significantly higher than that of the control group and the high fat group (all P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Under the conditions of high fat and intermittent hypoxia, the injury to the liver function, hepatic histology, and ultrastructure is more severe than that of the high fat group. The injury mainly was characterized by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and becomes more severe with increased exposure time. Oxidative stress may play an important role in the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-zhi Feng
- Department of Gerontology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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