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Wu X, Wang Y, Tang H. Quantitative Metabonomic Analysis Reveals the Germination-Associated Dynamic and Systemic Biochemical Changes for Mung-Bean ( Vigna radiata) Seeds. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:2457-2470. [PMID: 32393034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination is essential for plant survival, germplasm resource preservation, and worldwide food supplies, although the germination-associated seed biochemical variations are not fully understood. With the NMR-based metabonomics, we quantitatively analyzed the comprehensive metabolite composition (metabonome) of mung-bean (Vigna radiata) seeds at eight time points of germination covering all three phases. We found that mung-bean seed metabonomes were dominated by 63 metabolites including lipids, amino acids, oligo-/monosaccharides, cyclitols, cholines, organic acids, nucleotides/-sides, nicotinates, and the shikimate pathway-mediated secondary metabolites. During germination, metabolic changes included mainly the degradation of proteins and raffinose family oligosaccharides, glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, anaerobic respiration, biosynthesis of osmolytes and antioxidants together with the metabolisms of nucleotides/-sides, nicotinates, and amino acids. Oligosaccharide degradation was the primary energy source for germination, which coupled with the mobilization of starch and protein storages to produce sugars and amino acids for biomaterial and energy generations. Osmotic and redox regulations were prerequisites for seed germination together with mitochondrial reparations and generations to enable TCA cycle. During the postgermination growth stage (phase-3), the use of small molecules including amino acids and saccharides was switched to meet the growth demands of radicle cells. Small metabolites passed freely through seed testa leaking into the culture media during early germination but were reabsorbed by seed cells around the postgermination growth stage. Extra after-ripening accelerated these metabolic processes of seeds in phase-1, especially the biosynthesis of cyclitols, choline, and nicotinates, increasing the germination uniformity in terms of speed and percentage. Germination-resistant seeds were incapable of activating the germination-associated metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Metabonomics and Systems Biology Laboratory at Shanghai International Centre for Molecular Phenomics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Metabonomics and Systems Biology Laboratory at Shanghai International Centre for Molecular Phenomics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Huiru Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Metabonomics and Systems Biology Laboratory at Shanghai International Centre for Molecular Phenomics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
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Yu X, Han J, Li L, Zhang Q, Yang G, He G. Wheat PP2C-a10 regulates seed germination and drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:635-651. [PMID: 32065246 PMCID: PMC7165162 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A wheat protein phosphatase PP2C-a10, which interacted with TaDOG1L1 and TaDOG1L4, promoted seed germination and decreased drought tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis. Seed dormancy and germination are critical to plant fitness. DELAY OF GERMINATION 1 (DOG1) is a quantitative trait locus for dormancy in Arabidopsis thaliana. Some interactions between DOG1 and the type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) have been reported in Arabidopsis. However, the research on molecular functions and regulations of DOG1Ls and group A PP2Cs in wheat (Triticum aestivum. L), an important crop plant, is rare. In this study, the whole TaDOG1L family was identified. Expression analysis revealed that TaDOG1L2, TaDOG1L4 and TaDOG1L-N2 specially expressed in wheat grains, while others displayed distinct expression patterns. Yeast two-hybrid analysis of TaDOG1Ls and group A TaPP2Cs revealed interaction patterns differed from those in Arabidopsis, and TaDOG1L1 and TaDOG1L4 interacted with TaPP2C-a10. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that TaPP2C-a10 exhibited the highest transcript level in wheat grains. Further investigation showed that ectopic expression of TaPP2C-a10 in Arabidopsis promoted seed germination and decreased sensitivity to ABA during germination stage. Additionally, TaPP2C-a10 transgenic Arabidopsis exhibited decreased tolerance to drought stress. Finally, the phylogenetic analysis indicated that TaPP2C-a10 gene was conserved in angiosperm during evolutionary process. Overall, our results reveal the role of TaPP2C-a10 in seed germination and abiotic stress response, as well as the functional diversity of TaDOG1L family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Yu
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiapeng Han
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Li
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangxiao Yang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Guangyuan He
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Carrillo-Barral N, Rodríguez-Gacio MDC, Matilla AJ. Delay of Germination-1 (DOG1): A Key to Understanding Seed Dormancy. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040480. [PMID: 32283717 PMCID: PMC7238029 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
DELAY OF GERMINATION-1 (DOG1), is a master regulator of primary dormancy (PD) that acts in concert with ABA to delay germination. The ABA and DOG1 signaling pathways converge since DOG1 requires protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) to control PD. DOG1 enhances ABA signaling through its binding to PP2C ABA HYPERSENSITIVE GERMINATION (AHG1/AHG3). DOG1 suppresses the AHG1 action to enhance ABA sensitivity and impose PD. To carry out this suppression, the formation of DOG1-heme complex is essential. The binding of DOG1-AHG1 to DOG1-Heme is an independent processes but essential for DOG1 function. The quantity of active DOG1 in mature and viable seeds is correlated with the extent of PD. Thus, dog1 mutant seeds, which have scarce endogenous ABA and high gibberellin (GAs) content, exhibit a non-dormancy phenotype. Despite being studied extensively in recent years, little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying the transcriptional regulation of DOG1. However, it is well-known that the physiological function of DOG1 is tightly regulated by a complex array of transformations that include alternative splicing, alternative polyadenylation, histone modifications, and a cis-acting antisense non-coding transcript (asDOG1). The DOG1 becomes modified (i.e., inactivated) during seed after-ripening (AR), and its levels in viable seeds do not correlate with germination potential. Interestingly, it was recently found that the transcription factor (TF) bZIP67 binds to the DOG1 promoter. This is required to activate DOG1 expression leading to enhanced seed dormancy. On the other hand, seed development under low-temperature conditions triggers DOG1 expression by increasing the expression and abundance of bZIP67. Together, current data indicate that DOG1 function is not strictly limited to PD process, but that it is also required for other facets of seed maturation, in part by also interfering with the ethylene signaling components. Otherwise, since DOG1 also affects other processes such us flowering and drought tolerance, the approaches to understanding its mechanism of action and control are, at this time, still inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Carrillo-Barral
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus Zapateira, 15071-A Coruña, Spain;
| | - María del Carmen Rodríguez-Gacio
- Departamento de Biología Funcional (Área Fisiología Vegetal), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Angel Jesús Matilla
- Departamento de Biología Funcional (Área Fisiología Vegetal), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-981-563-100
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Buijs G, Vogelzang A, Nijveen H, Bentsink L. Dormancy cycling: translation-related transcripts are the main difference between dormant and non-dormant seeds in the field. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:327-339. [PMID: 31785171 PMCID: PMC7217185 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Primary seed dormancy is a mechanism that orchestrates the timing of seed germination in order to prevent out-of-season germination. Secondary dormancy can be induced in imbibed seeds when they encounter prolonged unfavourable conditions. Secondary dormancy is not induced during dry storage, and therefore the mechanisms underlying this process have remained largely unexplored. Here, a 2-year seed burial experiment in which dormancy cycling was studied at the physiological and transcriptional level is presented. For these analyses six different Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes were used: Landsberg erecta (Ler) and the dormancy associated DELAY OF GERMINATION (DOG) near-isogenic lines 1, 2, 3, 6 and 22 (NILDOG1, 2, 3, 6 and 22). The germination potential of seeds exhumed from the field showed that these seeds go through dormancy cycling and that the dynamics of this cycling is genotype dependent. RNA-seq analysis revealed large transcriptional changes during dormancy cycling, especially at the time points preceding shifts in dormancy status. Dormancy cycling is driven by soil temperature and the endosperm is important in the perception of the environment. Genes that are upregulated in the low- to non-dormant stages are enriched for genes involved in translation, indicating that the non-dormant seeds are prepared for rapid seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonda Buijs
- Wageningen Seed LaboratoryLaboratory of Plant PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Afke Vogelzang
- Wageningen Seed LaboratoryLaboratory of Plant PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Harm Nijveen
- Bioinformatics GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Leónie Bentsink
- Wageningen Seed LaboratoryLaboratory of Plant PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
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Genetic Dissection of Seed Dormancy using Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041344. [PMID: 32079255 PMCID: PMC7072991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Timing of germination determines whether a new plant life cycle can be initiated; therefore, appropriate dormancy and rapid germination under diverse environmental conditions are the most important features for a seed. However, the genetic architecture of seed dormancy and germination behavior remains largely elusive. In the present study, a linkage analysis for seed dormancy and germination behavior was conducted using a set of 146 chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs), of which each carries a single or a few chromosomal segments of Nipponbare (NIP) in the background of Zhenshan 97 (ZS97). A total of 36 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for six germination parameters were identified. Among them, qDOM3.1 was validated as a major QTL for seed dormancy in a segregation population derived from the qDOM3.1 near-isogenic line, and further delimited into a genomic region of 90 kb on chromosome 3. Based on genetic analysis and gene expression profiles, the candidate genes were restricted to eight genes, of which four were responsive to the addition of abscisic acid (ABA). Among them, LOC_Os03g01540 was involved in the ABA signaling pathway to regulate seed dormancy. The results will facilitate cloning the major QTLs and understanding the genetic architecture for seed dormancy and germination in rice and other crops.
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56
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Ostria-Gallardo E, Larama G, Berríos G, Fallard A, Gutiérrez-Moraga A, Ensminger I, Bravo LA. A comparative gene co-expression analysis using self-organizing maps on two congener filmy ferns identifies specific desiccation tolerance mechanisms associated to their microhabitat preference. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:56. [PMID: 32019526 PMCID: PMC7001327 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2182-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filmy-ferns (Hymenophyllaceae) are poikilohydric, homoiochlorophyllous desiccation-tolerant (DT) epiphytes. They can colonize lower and upper canopy environments of humid forest. Filmy-ferns desiccate rapidly (hours), contrasting with DT angiosperms (days/weeks). It has been proposed that desiccation tolerance in filmy-ferns would be associated mainly with constitutive features rather than induced responses during dehydration. However, we hypothesize that the inter-specific differences in vertical distribution would be associated with different dynamics of gene expression within the dehydration or rehydration phases. A comparative transcriptomic analysis with an artificial neural network was done on Hymenophyllum caudiculatum (restricted to lower canopy) and Hymenophyllum dentatum (reach upper canopy) during a desiccation/rehydration cycle. RESULTS Raw reads were assembled into 69,599 transcripts for H. dentatum and 34,726 transcripts for H. caudiculatum. Few transcripts showed significant changes in differential expression (DE). H. caudiculatum had ca. twice DE genes than H. dentatum and higher proportion of increased-and-decreased abundance of genes occurs during dehydration. In contrast, the abundance of genes in H. dentatum decreased significantly when transitioning from dehydration to rehydration. According to the artificial neural network results, H. caudiculatum enhanced osmotic responses and phenylpropanoid related pathways, whilst H. dentatum enhanced its defense system responses and protection against high light stress. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the desiccation tolerance responses of two filmy ferns and the relationship between the species-specific response and the microhabitats these ferns occupy in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Ostria-Gallardo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas CEAZA, La Serena, Chile.
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Giovanni Larama
- Centro de Excelencia de Modelación y Computación Científica, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Graciela Berríos
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Ana Fallard
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | | | - Ingo Ensminger
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - León A Bravo
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Cs. Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Cs. Agropecuarias y Forestales, Instituto de Agroindustria, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
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Cao H, Han Y, Li J, Ding M, Li Y, Li X, Chen F, Soppe WJ, Liu Y. Arabidopsis thaliana SEED DORMANCY 4-LIKE regulates dormancy and germination by mediating the gibberellin pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:919-933. [PMID: 31641755 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying seed dormancy and germination are not fully understood. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana SEED DORMANCY 4-LIKE (AtSdr4L) is a novel specific regulator of dormancy and germination. AtSdr4L encodes a protein with an unknown biochemical function that is localized in the nucleus and is expressed specifically in seeds. Loss of function of AtSdr4L results in increased seed dormancy. The germination of freshly harvested seeds of the Atsdr4l mutant is insensitive to gibberellin (GA). After-ripened mutant seeds are hypersensitive to the GA biosynthesis-inhibitor paclobutrazol but show unaltered sensitivity to abscisic acid. Several GA biosynthesis genes and GA-regulated cell wall remodeling genes are down-regulated in the mutant in both dormant and after-ripened seeds. These results suggest that the Atsdr4l mutation causes both decreased GA biosynthesis and reduced responses. In addition, a genetic analysis indicated that AtSdr4L is epistatic to DELAY OF GERMINATION1 (DOG1) for dormancy and acts upstream of RGA-LIKE 2 (RGL2) in the GA pathway. We propose that AtSdr4L regulates seed dormancy and germination by mediating both the DOG1 and GA pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shandong Provincial Center of Forest Tree Germplasm Resources, Jinan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wim Jj Soppe
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yongxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Functional variants of DOG1 control seed chilling responses and variation in seasonal life-history strategies in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:2526-2534. [PMID: 31964817 PMCID: PMC7007534 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912451117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The seasonal timing of seed germination is critical for plant fitness in different climates. To germinate at the right time of year, seeds respond to seasonal environmental cues, such as cold temperatures. We characterized genetic variation in seed dormancy responses to cold across the geographic range of a widespread annual plant. Induction of secondary seed dormancy during winter conditions (which restricts germination to autumn) was positively correlated with flowering time, constructing winter and spring seasonal life-history strategies. Variation in seed chilling responses was strongly associated with functional variants of a known dormancy gene. These variants showed evidence of ancient diversification associated with Pleistocene glacial cycles, and were associated with climate gradients across the species’ geographical range. The seasonal timing of seed germination determines a plant’s realized environmental niche, and is important for adaptation to climate. The timing of seasonal germination depends on patterns of seed dormancy release or induction by cold and interacts with flowering-time variation to construct different seasonal life histories. To characterize the genetic basis and climatic associations of natural variation in seed chilling responses and associated life-history syndromes, we selected 559 fully sequenced accessions of the model annual species Arabidopsis thaliana from across a wide climate range and scored each for seed germination across a range of 13 cold stratification treatments, as well as the timing of flowering and senescence. Germination strategies varied continuously along 2 major axes: 1) Overall germination fraction and 2) induction vs. release of dormancy by cold. Natural variation in seed responses to chilling was correlated with flowering time and senescence to create a range of seasonal life-history syndromes. Genome-wide association identified several loci associated with natural variation in seed chilling responses, including a known functional polymorphism in the self-binding domain of the candidate gene DOG1. A phylogeny of DOG1 haplotypes revealed ancient divergence of these functional variants associated with periods of Pleistocene climate change, and Gradient Forest analysis showed that allele turnover of candidate SNPs was significantly associated with climate gradients. These results provide evidence that A. thaliana’s germination niche and correlated life-history syndromes are shaped by past climate cycles, as well as local adaptation to contemporary climate.
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Dai X, Wang Y, Chen Y, Li H, Xu S, Yang T, Zhang X, Su X, Xia Z. Overexpression of NtDOG1L-T Improves Heat Stress Tolerance by Modulation of Antioxidant Capability and Defense-, Heat-, and ABA-Related Gene Expression in Tobacco. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:568489. [PMID: 33193495 PMCID: PMC7661468 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.568489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Drought and heat stresses are two major environmental stress factors that severely threaten crop growth and productivity. Plant delay of germination 1-like (DOG1L) family genes play important roles in various developmental processes and stress responses. In our previous study, a tobacco DOG1L gene (NtDOG1L-T) was found to regulate seedling growth and drought response. Unfortunately, the role of DOG1L genes in heat stress response is yet to be studied. Here, we present data supporting the role of DOG1L genes in heat stress and possible underlying molecular mechanisms. Transcript levels of NtDOG1L-T were rapidly induced by heat or abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Furthermore, NtDOG1L-T promoter activity was markedly activated by ABA or heat stress, as revealed by histochemical staining in transgenic tobacco seedlings. Overexpression of NtDOG1L-T in transgenic lines improved heat stress tolerance. The NtDOG1L-T-transgenic plants exhibited lower levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation but higher antioxidant enzyme activities in response to heat stress. Furthermore, transcript abundance of some defense-, heat-, and ABA-responsive marker genes was significantly upregulated, as shown by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (qPCR) in these transgenic plants. In conclusion, NtDOG1L-T positively regulates heat stress tolerance possibly by modulation of antioxidant capability and defense-, heat-, and ABA-related gene expression in tobacco. This study may provide valuable resource for the potential exploitation of DOG1Ls in genetic improvement of heat stress tolerance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Dai
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingfeng Wang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | | | - Shixiao Xu
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tiezhao Yang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoquan Zhang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoquan Zhang,
| | - Xinhong Su
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Sanmenxia Tobacco Company, Sanmenxia, China
- Xinhong Su,
| | - Zongliang Xia
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zongliang Xia,
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Nanda AK, El Habti A, Hocart CH, Masle J. ERECTA receptor-kinases play a key role in the appropriate timing of seed germination under changing salinity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6417-6435. [PMID: 31504732 PMCID: PMC6859730 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate timing of seed germination is crucial for the survival and propagation of plants, and for crop yield, especially in environments prone to salinity or drought. However, the exact mechanisms by which seeds perceive changes in soil conditions and integrate them to trigger germination remain elusive, especially once the seeds are non-dormant. In this study, we determined that the Arabidopsis ERECTA (ER), ERECTA-LIKE1 (ERL1), and ERECTA-LIKE2 (ERL2) leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like kinases regulate seed germination and its sensitivity to changes in salt and osmotic stress levels. Loss of ER alone, or in combination with ERL1 and/or ERL2, slows down the initiation of germination and its progression to completion, or arrests it altogether under saline conditions, until better conditions return. This function is maternally controlled via the tissues surrounding the embryo, with a primary role being played by the properties of the seed coat and its mucilage. These relate to both seed-coat expansion and subsequent differentiation and to salinity-dependent interactions between the mucilage, subtending seed coat layers and seed interior in the germinating seed. Salt-hypersensitive er105, er105 erl1.2, er105 erl2.1 and triple-mutant seeds also exhibit increased sensitivity to exogenous ABA during germination, and under salinity show an enhanced up-regulation of the germination repressors and inducers of dormancy ABA-insensitive-3, ABA-insensitive-5, DELLA-encoding RGL2, and Delay-Of-Germination-1. These findings reveal a novel role of the ERECTA receptor-kinases in the sensing of conditions at the seed surface and the integration of developmental, dormancy and stress signalling pathways in seeds. They also open novel avenues for the genetic improvement of plant adaptation to changing drought and salinity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit K Nanda
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Abdeljalil El Habti
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Charles H Hocart
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
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Nonogaki H. The Long-Standing Paradox of Seed Dormancy Unfolded? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:989-998. [PMID: 31327698 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There has been a long-standing question in seed research, why cyanide, a respiration inhibitor, breaks seed dormancy. While the alternative respiratory pathway and reactive oxygen species have been suggested to be part of the mechanism, the cell biological and mechanistic significance of this paradox remains unclear. The outcomes of recent research on mitochondrial RNA processing for the subunits of the electron transport chain complexes seem to offer a logical explanation. This opinion article attempts to integrate the accumulating evidence of mitochondrial involvement in ABA signaling with the frontier of seed research on DELAY OF GERMINATION1, a master regulator of dormancy, to present a coherent model for ABA signaling in seeds, which could also address the old paradox in seed research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nonogaki
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Zhang X, Wei X, Wang M, Zhu X, Zhao Y, Wei F, Xia Z. Overexpression of NtabDOG1L promotes plant growth and enhances drought tolerance in Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 287:110186. [PMID: 31481202 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Drought is one of the major environmental stresses limiting crop growth and production. It is very important to exploit and utilize drought-tolerance genes to improve crop drought-resistance. In this study, we identified two homoeologs of a Nicotiana tabacum (Ntab) DELAY OF GERMINATION (DOG) 1 like gene, named as NtabDOG1L-T and NtabDOG1L-S, respectively. The NtabDOG1L genes were preferentially expressed in roots and their expression levels were induced by polyethylene glycol, high salt, cold, and abscisic acid treatments. Subcellular localization results indicated that NtabDOG1L-T was localized in the nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane. Overexpression of NtabDOG1L-T in tobacco resulted in roots growth enhancement in transgenic plants. Furthermore, overexpression of NtabDOG1L-T enhanced drought stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco. The transgenic tobacco lines exhibited lower leaf water loss and electrolyte leakage, lower content of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and higher antioxidant enzymes activities after drought treatment when compared with wild type (WT) plants. In addition, the expression levels of several genes encoding key antioxidant enzymes and drought-related proteins were higher in the transgenic plants than in the WT plants under drought stress. Taken together, our results showed that NtabDOG1L functions as a novel regulator that improves plant growth and drought tolerance in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoquan Zhang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xing Wei
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Meiping Wang
- Library of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xianfeng Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Fengjie Wei
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Institute of Tobacco Science, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Zongliang Xia
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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63
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Vu LD, Xu X, Gevaert K, De Smet I. Developmental Plasticity at High Temperature. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:399-411. [PMID: 31363006 PMCID: PMC6776856 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms controlling the thermal response in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Dai Vu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xiangyu Xu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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64
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Mérai Z, Graeber K, Wilhelmsson P, Ullrich KK, Arshad W, Grosche C, Tarkowská D, Turečková V, Strnad M, Rensing SA, Leubner-Metzger G, Mittelsten Scheid O. Aethionema arabicum: a novel model plant to study the light control of seed germination. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3313-3328. [PMID: 30949700 PMCID: PMC6598081 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The timing of seed germination is crucial for seed plants and is coordinated by internal and external cues, reflecting adaptations to different habitats. Physiological and molecular studies with lettuce and Arabidopsis thaliana have documented a strict requirement for light to initiate germination and identified many receptors, signaling cascades, and hormonal control elements. In contrast, seed germination in several other plants is inhibited by light, but the molecular basis of this alternative response is unknown. We describe Aethionema arabicum (Brassicaceae) as a suitable model plant to investigate the mechanism of germination inhibition by light, as this species has accessions with natural variation between light-sensitive and light-neutral responses. Inhibition of germination occurs in red, blue, or far-red light and increases with light intensity and duration. Gibberellins and abscisic acid are involved in the control of germination, as in Arabidopsis, but transcriptome comparisons of light- and dark-exposed A. arabicum seeds revealed that, upon light exposure, the expression of genes for key regulators undergo converse changes, resulting in antipodal hormone regulation. These findings illustrate that similar modular components of a pathway in light-inhibited, light-neutral, and light-requiring germination among the Brassicaceae have been assembled in the course of evolution to produce divergent pathways, likely as adaptive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Mérai
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kai Graeber
- School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Per Wilhelmsson
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str., Marburg, Germany
| | - Kristian K Ullrich
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str., Marburg, Germany
| | - Waheed Arshad
- School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Christopher Grosche
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str., Marburg, Germany
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Turečková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan A Rensing
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str., Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Leubner-Metzger
- School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ortrun Mittelsten Scheid
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse, Vienna, Austria
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65
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Bryant FM, Hughes D, Hassani-Pak K, Eastmond PJ. Basic LEUCINE ZIPPER TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR67 Transactivates DELAY OF GERMINATION1 to Establish Primary Seed Dormancy in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:1276-1288. [PMID: 30962396 PMCID: PMC6588305 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Seed dormancy governs the timing of germination, one of the most important developmental transitions in a plant's life cycle. The DELAY OF GERMINATION1 (DOG1) gene is a key regulator of seed dormancy and a major quantitative trait locus in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). DOG1 expression is under tight developmental and environmental regulation, but the transcription factors involved are not known. Here we show that basic LEUCINE ZIPPER TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR67 (bZIP67) acts downstream of the central regulator of seed development, LEAFY COTYLEDON1, to transactivate DOG1 during maturation and help to establish primary dormancy. We show that bZIP67 overexpression enhances dormancy and that bZIP67 protein (but not transcript) abundance is increased in seeds matured in cool conditions, providing a mechanism to explain how temperature regulates DOG1 expression. We also show that natural allelic variation in the DOG1 promoter affects bZIP67-dependent transactivation, providing a mechanism to explain ecotypic differences in seed dormancy that are controlled by the DOG1 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Bryant
- Department of Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - David Hughes
- Department of Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Keywan Hassani-Pak
- Department of Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Eastmond
- Department of Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
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66
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Li W, Yong Y, Zhang Y, Lyu Y. Transcriptional Regulatory Network of GA Floral Induction Pathway in LA Hybrid Lily. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2694. [PMID: 31159293 PMCID: PMC6600569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The LA hybrid lily 'Aladdin' has both excellent traits of Longiflorum hybrids and Asiatic hybrids-such as big and vivid flower, strong stem, high self-propagation coefficient, and shorter low temperature time required to release bulb dormancy in contrast to Oriental hybrids. A genome-wide transcriptional analysis using transcriptome RNA-Seq was performed in order to explore whether there is a gibberellin floral induction pathway in the LA hybrid lily. Subsequently, gene co-expression network analysis was used to analyze the possible interactions of key candidate genes screened from transcriptome data. At the same time, a series of physiological, biochemical, and cultivation tests were carried out. RESULTS The content of five endogenous hormones changed sharply in the shoot apex during the treatment of 200 mg/L exogenous gibberellin and the ratio of ABA/GA3 dropped and stayed at a lower level after 4 hours' treatment from the higher levels initially, reaching a dynamic balance. In addition, the metabolism of carbohydrates in the bulbs increase during exogenous gibberellin treatment. A total of 124,041 unigenes were obtained by RNA-seq. With the transcriptome analysis, 48,927 unigenes and 48,725 unigenes respectively aligned to the NR database and the Uniprot database. 114,138 unigenes, 25,369 unigenes, and 19,704 unigenes respectively aligned to the COG, GO, and KEGG databases. 2148 differentially expression genes (DEGs) were selected with the indicators RPKM ≥ 0, FDR ≤ 0.05 and |log2(ratio)| ≥ 2. The number of the upregulated unigenes was significantly more than the number of the downregulated unigenes. Some MADS-box genes related to flowering transformation-such as AGL20, SOC1, and CO-were found to be upregulated. A large number of gibberellin biosynthesis related genes such as GA2ox, GA3ox, GA20ox, Cytochrome P450, CYP81, and gibberellin signal transduction genes such as DELLA, GASA, and GID1 were significantly differentially expressed. The plant hormones related genes such as NCED3 and sugar metabolism related genes such as α-amylase, sucrose synthase hexokinase, and so on were also found expressing differentially. In addition, stress resistance related genes such as LEA1, LEA2, LEA4, serine/threonine protein kinase, LRR receptor-like serine/threonine protein kinase, P34 kinase, histidine kinase 3 and epigenetic related genes in DNA methylation, histone methylation, acetylation, ubiquitination of ribose were also found. Particularly, a large number of transcription factors responsive to the exogenous gibberellin signal including WRKY40, WRKY33, WRKY27, WRKY21, WRKY7, MYB, AP2/EREBP, bHLH, NAC1, NAC2, and NAC11 were found to be specially expressing. 30 gene sequences were selected from a large number of differentially expressed candidate genes for qRT-PCR expression verification (0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 h) and compared with the transcriptome expression levels. CONCLUSIONS 200mg/L exogenous GA3 can successfully break the bulb's dormancy of the LA hybrid lily and significantly accelerated the flowering process, indicating that gibberellin floral induction pathway is present in the LA lily 'Aladdin'. With the GCNs analysis, two second messenger G protein-coupled receptor related genes that respond to gibberellin signals in the cell were discovered. The downstream transport proteins such as AMT, calcium transport ATPase, and plasma membrane ATPase were also discovered participating in GA signal transduction. Transcription factors including WRKY7, NAC2, NAC11, and CBF specially regulated phosphorylation and glycosylation during the ubiquitination degradation process of DELLA proteins. These transcription factors also activated in abscisic acid metabolism. A large number of transcription factors such as WRKY21, WRKY22, NAC1, AP2, EREB1, P450, and CYP81 that both regulate gibberellin signaling and low-temperature signals have also been found. Finally, the molecular mechanism of GA floral induction pathway in the LA hybrid lily 'Aladdin' was constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, China National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yubing Yong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, China National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, China National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yingmin Lyu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, China National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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67
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Li X, Chen T, Li Y, Wang Z, Cao H, Chen F, Li Y, Soppe WJJ, Li W, Liu Y. ETR1/RDO3 Regulates Seed Dormancy by Relieving the Inhibitory Effect of the ERF12-TPL Complex on DELAY OF GERMINATION1 Expression. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:832-847. [PMID: 30837295 PMCID: PMC6501604 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The control of seed dormancy by ethylene has been well studied, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we report the characterization of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant reduced dormancy 3 (rdo3) and the cloning of the underlying gene. We demonstrate that rdo3 is a loss-of-function mutant of the ethylene receptor ETHYLENE RESPONSE1 (ETR1). ETR1 controls seed dormancy partially through the DELAY OF GERMINATION1 (DOG1) pathway. Molecular and genetic analyses demonstrated that ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR12 (ERF12) is involved in the regulation of seed dormancy downstream of ETR1. ERF12 interacts with TOPLESS (TPL) and genetically requires TPL to function. ERF12 and TPL repress the expression of DOG1 by occupying its promoter. Thus, we identified the dormancy pathway ETR1-ERF12-TPL-DOG1 and provide mechanistic insights into the regulation of seed dormancy by linking the ethylene and DOG1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Tiantian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Hong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Fengying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yong Li
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wim J J Soppe
- Rijk Zwaan, De Lier 2678 ZG, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Wenlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Science and Technology Daily, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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68
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MacGregor DR, Zhang N, Iwasaki M, Chen M, Dave A, Lopez‐Molina L, Penfield S. ICE1 and ZOU determine the depth of primary seed dormancy in Arabidopsis independently of their role in endosperm development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:277-290. [PMID: 30570804 PMCID: PMC6900779 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Seed dormancy is a widespread and key adaptive trait that is essential for the establishment of soil seed banks and prevention of pre-harvest sprouting. Herein we demonstrate that the endosperm-expressed transcription factors ZHOUPI (ZOU) and INDUCER OF CBF EXPRESSION1 (ICE1) play a role in determining the depth of primary dormancy in Arabidopsis. We show that ice1 or zou increases seed dormancy and the double mutant has an additive phenotype. This increased dormancy is associated with increased ABA levels, and can be separated genetically from any role in endosperm maturation because loss of ABA biosynthesis or DELAY OF GERMINATION 1 reverses the dormancy phenotype without affecting the aberrant seed morphology. Consistent with these results, ice1 endosperms had an increased capacity for preventing embryo greening, a phenotype previously associated with an increase in endospermic ABA levels. Although ice1 changes the expression of many genes, including some in ABA biosynthesis, catabolism and/or signalling, only ABA INSENSITIVE 3 is significantly misregulated in ice1 mutants. We also demonstrate that ICE1 binds to and inhibits expression of ABA INSENSITIVE 3. Our data demonstrate that Arabidopsis ICE1 and ZOU determine the depth of primary dormancy during maturation independently of their effect on endosperm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana R. MacGregor
- Department of Crop GeneticsJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Present address:
Department of Biointeractions and Crop ProtectionRothamsted ResearchHarpenden, HertfordshireAL5 2JQUK
| | - Naichao Zhang
- Department of Crop GeneticsJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Mayumi Iwasaki
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3)University of Geneva30, Quai Ernest‐Ansermet CH‐1211Geneva4Switzerland
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Crop GeneticsJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Present address:
College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Anuja Dave
- Department of Crop GeneticsJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Luis Lopez‐Molina
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3)University of Geneva30, Quai Ernest‐Ansermet CH‐1211Geneva4Switzerland
| | - Steven Penfield
- Department of Crop GeneticsJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
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69
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Abstract
The propagation of most flowering plant species is determined by the success of seed germination, which is of both economic and ecologic importance. Mitochondria are the energy resource and crucial organelles for plant seed germination. Studying the underlying mechanism is important for us to understand the basic principles of plant development and improve crop yields. Here we identify HSP24.7 as a central activator for temperature-dependent seed germination. HSP24.7 modulates cytochrome C/C1 production in the mitochondrial electron transport chain and induces the generation of reactive oxygen species, which accelerates seed germination. Our work provides a comprehensive framework of how mitochondria regulate seed germination in response to the dynamics of environmental temperature. Seed germination is an energy demanding process that requires functional mitochondria upon imbibition. However, how mitochondria fine tune seed germination, especially in response to the dynamics of environmental temperature, remains largely unknown at the molecular level. Here, we report a mitochondrial matrix-localized heat shock protein GhHSP24.7, that regulates seed germination in a temperature-dependent manner. Suppression of GhHSP24.7 renders the seed insensitive to temperature changes and delays germination. We show that GhHSP24.7 competes with GhCCMH to bind to the maturation subunit protein GhCcmFc to form cytochrome C/C1 (CytC/C1) in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. GhHSP24.7 modulates CytC/C1 production to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which consequently accelerates endosperm rupture and promotes seed germination. Overexpression of GhHSP24.7’s homologous genes can accelerate seed germination in Arabidopsis and tomato, indicating its conserved function across plant species. Therefore, HSP24.7 is a critical factor that positively controls seed germination via temperature-dependent ROS generation.
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Boussardon C, Martin-Magniette ML, Godin B, Benamar A, Vittrant B, Citerne S, Mary-Huard T, Macherel D, Rajjou L, Budar F. Novel Cytonuclear Combinations Modify Arabidopsis thaliana Seed Physiology and Vigor. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:32. [PMID: 30804952 PMCID: PMC6370702 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Dormancy and germination vigor are complex traits of primary importance for adaptation and agriculture. Intraspecific variation in cytoplasmic genomes and cytonuclear interactions were previously reported to affect germination in Arabidopsis using novel cytonuclear combinations that disrupt co-adaptation between natural variants of nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes. However, specific aspects of dormancy and germination vigor were not thoroughly explored, nor the parental contributions to the genetic effects. Here, we specifically assessed dormancy, germination performance and longevity of seeds from Arabidopsis plants with natural and new genomic compositions. All three traits were modified by cytonuclear reshuffling. Both depth and release rate of dormancy could be modified by a changing of cytoplasm. Significant changes on dormancy and germination performance due to specific cytonuclear interacting combinations mainly occurred in opposite directions, consistent with the idea that a single physiological consequence of the new genetic combination affected both traits oppositely. However, this was not always the case. Interestingly, the ability of parental accessions to contribute to significant cytonuclear interactions modifying the germination phenotype was different depending on whether they provided the nuclear or cytoplasmic genetic compartment. The observed deleterious effects of novel cytonuclear combinations (in comparison with the nuclear parent) were consistent with a contribution of cytonuclear interactions to germination adaptive phenotypes. More surprisingly, we also observed favorable effects of novel cytonuclear combinations, suggesting suboptimal genetic combinations exist in natural populations for these traits. Reduced sensitivity to exogenous ABA and faster endogenous ABA decay during germination were observed in a novel cytonuclear combination that also exhibited enhanced longevity and better germination performance, compared to its natural nuclear parent. Taken together, our results strongly support that cytoplasmic genomes represent an additional resource of natural variation for breeding seed vigor traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Boussardon
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Marie-Laure Martin-Magniette
- UMR MIA-Paris, AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
| | - Béatrice Godin
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Abdelilah Benamar
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Université d’Angers, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1345, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Benjamin Vittrant
- UMR MIA-Paris, AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Tristan Mary-Huard
- UMR MIA-Paris, AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
- GQE – Le Moulon, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Macherel
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Université d’Angers, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1345, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Loïc Rajjou
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Françoise Budar
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
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Mao X, Zhang J, Liu W, Yan S, Liu Q, Fu H, Zhao J, Huang W, Dong J, Zhang S, Yang T, Yang W, Liu B, Wang F. The MKKK62-MKK3-MAPK7/14 module negatively regulates seed dormancy in rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 12:2. [PMID: 30671680 PMCID: PMC6342742 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-018-0260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seed dormancy directly affects the phenotype of pre-harvest sprouting, and ultimately affects the quality and yield of rice seeds. Although many genes controlling seed dormancy have been cloned from cereals, the regulatory mechanisms controlling this process are complex, and much remains unknown. The MAPK cascade is involved in many signal transduction pathways. Recently, MKK3 has been reported to be involved in the regulation of seed dormancy, but its mechanism of action is unclear. RESULTS We found that MKKK62-overexpressing rice lines (OE) lost seed dormancy. Further analyses showed that the abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity of OE lines was decreased. In yeast two-hybrid experiments, MKKK62 interacted with MKK3, and MKK3 interacted with MAPK7 and MAPK14. Knock-out experiments confirmed that MKK3, MAPK7, and MAPK14 were involved in the regulation of seed dormancy. The OE lines showed decreased transcript levels of OsMFT, a homolog of a gene that controls seed dormancy in wheat. The up-regulation of OsMFT in MKK3-knockout lines (OE/mkk3) and MAPK7/14-knockout lines (OE/mapk7/mapk14) indicated that the MKKK62-MKK3-MAPK7/MAPK14 system controlled seed dormancy by regulating the transcription of OsMFT. CONCLUSION Our results showed that MKKK62 negatively controls seed dormancy in rice, and that during the germination stage and the late stage of seed maturation, ABA sensitivity and OsMFT transcription are negatively controlled by MKKK62. Our results have clarified the entire MAPK cascade controlling seed dormancy in rice. Together, these results indicate that protein modification by phosphorylation plays a key role in controlling seed dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxue Mao
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rice Research Institute, Guangzhou, 510640 China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, SCAU, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Wuge Liu
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rice Research Institute, Guangzhou, 510640 China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Shijuan Yan
- Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Qing Liu
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rice Research Institute, Guangzhou, 510640 China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Hua Fu
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rice Research Institute, Guangzhou, 510640 China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Junliang Zhao
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rice Research Institute, Guangzhou, 510640 China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Jingfang Dong
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rice Research Institute, Guangzhou, 510640 China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Shaohong Zhang
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rice Research Institute, Guangzhou, 510640 China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Tifeng Yang
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rice Research Institute, Guangzhou, 510640 China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Wu Yang
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rice Research Institute, Guangzhou, 510640 China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Bin Liu
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rice Research Institute, Guangzhou, 510640 China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Feng Wang
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rice Research Institute, Guangzhou, 510640 China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640 China
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Tognacca RS, Servi L, Hernando CE, Saura-Sanchez M, Yanovsky MJ, Petrillo E, Botto JF. Alternative Splicing Regulation During Light-Induced Germination of Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1076. [PMID: 31552074 PMCID: PMC6746916 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Seed dormancy and germination are relevant processes for a successful seedling establishment in the field. Light is one of the most important environmental factors involved in the relief of dormancy to promote seed germination. In Arabidopsis thaliana seeds, phytochrome photoreceptors tightly regulate gene expression at different levels. The contribution of alternative splicing (AS) regulation in the photocontrol of seed germination is still unknown. The aim of this work is to study gene expression modulated by light during germination of A. thaliana seeds, with focus on AS changes. Hence, we evaluated transcriptome-wide changes in stratified seeds irradiated with a pulse of red (Rp) or far-red (FRp) by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Our results show that the Rp changes the expression of ∼20% of the transcriptome and modifies the AS pattern of 226 genes associated with mRNA processing, RNA splicing, and mRNA metabolic processes. We further confirmed these effects for some of the affected AS events. Interestingly, the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses show that the Rp modulates the AS of splicing-related factors (At-SR30, At-RS31a, At-RS31, and At-U2AF65A), a light-signaling component (At-PIF6), and a dormancy-related gene (At-DRM1). Furthermore, while the phytochrome B (phyB) is responsible for the AS pattern changes of At-U2AF65A and At-PIF6, the regulation of the other AS events is independent of this photoreceptor. We conclude that (i) Rp triggers AS changes in some splicing factors, light-signaling components, and dormancy/germination regulators; (ii) phyB modulates only some of these AS events; and (iii) AS events are regulated by R and FR light, but this regulation is not directly associated with the intensity of germination response. These data will help in boosting research in the splicing field and our understanding about the role of this mechanism during the photocontrol of seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Soledad Tognacca
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular and CONICET-UBA, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Servi
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular and CONICET-UBA, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Maite Saura-Sanchez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Ezequiel Petrillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular and CONICET-UBA, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Ezequiel Petrillo, ; Javier Francisco Botto,
| | - Javier Francisco Botto
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Ezequiel Petrillo, ; Javier Francisco Botto,
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73
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Gu D, Ji R, He C, Peng T, Zhang M, Duan J, Xiong C, Liu X. Arabidopsis Histone Methyltransferase SUVH5 Is a Positive Regulator of Light-Mediated Seed Germination. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:841. [PMID: 31316539 PMCID: PMC6610342 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant lifecycle starts from seed germination, which is regulated by various environmental cues and endogenous hormones. Light promotes seed germination mainly by phytochrome B (PHYB) during the initial phase of imbibition, which involves genome-wide light-responsive transcription changes. Recent studies indicated an involvement of multiple epigenetic factors in the control of seed germination. However, few studies have been reported about the role of a histone methyltransferase in light-mediated seed germination process. Here, we identified SUVH5, a histone H3 lysine 9 methyltransferase, as a positive regulator in light-mediated seed germination in Arabidopsis. Loss of function of SUVH5 leads to decreased PHYB-dependent seed germination. RNA-sequencing analysis displayed that SUVH5 regulates 24.6% of light-responsive transcriptome in imbibed seeds, which mainly related to hormonal signaling pathways and developmental processes. Furthermore, SUVH5 represses the transcription of ABA biosynthesis and signal transduction-related genes, as well as a family of DELAY OF GERMINATION (DOG) genes via dimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me2) in imbibed seeds. Taken together, our findings revealed that SUVH5 is a novel positive regulator of light-mediated seed germination in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dachuan Gu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Core Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rujun Ji
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Core Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunmei He
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Core Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Core Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Core Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Duan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Core Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changyun Xiong
- College of Tropical Crops, Yunnan Agricultural University, Pu’er, China
- *Correspondence: Changyun Xiong,
| | - Xuncheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Core Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Xuncheng Liu,
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74
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Kazachkova Y, Eshel G, Pantha P, Cheeseman JM, Dassanayake M, Barak S. Halophytism: What Have We Learnt From Arabidopsis thaliana Relative Model Systems? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:972-988. [PMID: 30237204 PMCID: PMC6236594 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Halophytes are able to thrive in salt concentrations that would kill 99% of other plant species, and identifying their salt-adaptive mechanisms has great potential for improving the tolerance of crop plants to salinized soils. Much research has focused on the physiological basis of halophyte salt tolerance, whereas the elucidation of molecular mechanisms has traditionally lagged behind due to the absence of a model halophyte system. However, over the last decade and a half, two Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) relatives, Eutrema salsugineum and Schrenkiella parvula, have been established as transformation-competent models with various genetic resources including high-quality genome assemblies. These models have facilitated powerful comparative analyses with salt-sensitive Arabidopsis to unravel the genetic adaptations that enable a halophytic lifestyle. The aim of this review is to explore what has been learned about halophytism using E. salsugineum and S. parvula We consider evidence from physiological and molecular studies suggesting that differences in salt tolerance between related halophytes and salt-sensitive plants are associated with alterations in the regulation of basic physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes. Furthermore, we discuss how salt tolerance mechanisms of the halophytic models are reflected at the level of their genomes, where evolutionary processes such as subfunctionalization and/or neofunctionalization have altered the expression and/or functions of genes to facilitate adaptation to saline conditions. Lastly, we summarize the many areas of research still to be addressed with E. salsugineum and S. parvula as well as obstacles hindering further progress in understanding halophytism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Kazachkova
- French Associates' Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Gil Eshel
- French Associates' Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Pramod Pantha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - John M Cheeseman
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Maheshi Dassanayake
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Simon Barak
- French Associates' Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
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75
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DNA demethylase ROS1 negatively regulates the imprinting of DOGL4 and seed dormancy in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9962-E9970. [PMID: 30266793 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812847115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is a form of epigenetic regulation resulting in differential gene expression that reflects the parent of origin. In plants, imprinted gene expression predominantly occurs in the seed endosperm. Maternal-specific DNA demethylation by the DNA demethylase DME frequently underlies genomic imprinting in endosperm. Whether other more ubiquitously expressed DNA demethylases regulate imprinting is unknown. Here, we found that the DNA demethylase ROS1 regulates the imprinting of DOGL4 DOGL4 is expressed from the maternal allele in endosperm and displays preferential methylation and suppression of the paternal allele. We found that ROS1 negatively regulates imprinting by demethylating the paternal allele, preventing its hypermethylation and complete silencing. Furthermore, we found that DOGL4 negatively affects seed dormancy and response to the phytohormone abscisic acid and that ROS1 controls these processes by regulating DOGL4 Our results reveal roles for ROS1 in mitigating imprinted gene expression and regulating seed dormancy.
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76
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Puglia G, Carta A, Bizzoca R, Toorop P, Spampinato G, Raccuia SA. Seed dormancy and control of germination in Sisymbrella dentata (L.) O.E. Schulz (Brassicaceae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:879-885. [PMID: 29905395 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination responsiveness to environmental cues is crucial for plant species living in changeable habitats and can vary among populations within the same species as a result of adaptation or modulation to local climates. Here, we investigate the germination response to environmental cues of Sisymbrella dentata (L.) O.E. Schulz, an annual endemic to Sicily living in Mediterranean Temporary Ponds (MTP), a vulnerable ecosystem. Germination of the only two known populations, Gurrida and Pantano, was assessed over a broad range of conditions to understand the role of temperatures, nitrate, hormones (abscisic acid - ABA and gibberellins - GA) and after-ripening in dormancy release in this species. Seed germination responsiveness varied between the two populations, with seeds from Gurrida germinating under a narrower range of conditions. Overall, this process in S. dentata consisted of testa and endosperm rupture as two sequential events, influenced by ABA and GA biosynthesis. Nitrate addition caused an earlier testa rupture, after-ripening broadened the thermal conditions that allow germination, and alternating temperatures significantly promoted germination of non-after-ripened seeds. Primary dormancy in S. dentata seeds likely allows this plant to form a persistent seed bank that is responsive to specific environmental cues characteristic of MTP habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Puglia
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (CNR-ISAFOM) U.O.S. Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - A Carta
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Bizzoca
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - P Toorop
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Richmond, UK
| | - G Spampinato
- Department of Agriculture, Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - S A Raccuia
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (CNR-ISAFOM) U.O.S. Catania, Catania, Italy
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77
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Shen W, Yao X, Ye T, Ma S, Liu X, Yin X, Wu Y. Arabidopsis Aspartic Protease ASPG1 Affects Seed Dormancy, Seed Longevity and Seed Germination. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1415-1431. [PMID: 29648652 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seed storage proteins (SSPs) provide free amino acids and energy for the process of seed germination. Although degradation of SSPs by the aspartic proteases isolated from seeds has been documented in vitro, there is still no genetic evidence for involvement of aspartic proteases in seed germination. Here we report that the aspartic protease ASPG1 (ASPARTIC PROTEASE IN GUARD CELL 1) plays an important role in the process of dormancy, viability and germination of Arabidopsis seeds. We show that aspg1-1 mutants have enhanced seed dormancy and reduced seed viability. A significant increase in expression of DELLA genes which act as repressors in the gibberellic acid signal transduction pathway were detected in aspg1-1 during seed germination. Seed germination of aspg1-1 mutants was more sensitive to treatment with paclobutrazol (PAC; a gibberellic acid biosynthesis inhibitor). In contrast, seed germination of ASPG1 overexpression (OE) transgenic lines showed resistant to PAC. The degradation of SSPs in germinating seeds was severely impaired in aspg1-1 mutants. Moreover, the development of aspg1-1 young seedlings was arrested when grown on the nutrient-free medium. Thus ASPG1 is important for seed dormancy, seed longevity and seed germination, and its function is associated with degradation of SSPs and regulation of gibberellic acid signaling in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tiantian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoming Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Guo G, Liu X, Sun F, Cao J, Huo N, Wuda B, Xin M, Hu Z, Du J, Xia R, Rossi V, Peng H, Ni Z, Sun Q, Yao Y. Wheat miR9678 Affects Seed Germination by Generating Phased siRNAs and Modulating Abscisic Acid/Gibberellin Signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:796-814. [PMID: 29567662 PMCID: PMC5969276 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination is important for grain yield and quality and rapid, near-simultaneous germination helps in cultivation; however, cultivars that germinate too readily can undergo preharvest sprouting (PHS), which causes substantial losses in areas that tend to get rain around harvest time. Moreover, our knowledge of mechanisms regulating seed germination in wheat (Triticum aestivum) remains limited. In this study, we analyzed function of a wheat-specific microRNA 9678 (miR9678), which is specifically expressed in the scutellum of developing and germinating seeds. Overexpression of miR9678 delayed germination and improved resistance to PHS in wheat through reducing bioactive gibberellin (GA) levels; miR9678 silencing enhanced germination rates. We provide evidence that miR9678 targets a long noncoding RNA (WSGAR) and triggers the generation of phased small interfering RNAs that play a role in the delay of seed germination. Finally, we found that abscisic acid (ABA) signaling proteins bind the promoter of miR9678 precursor and activate its expression, indicating that miR9678 affects germination by modulating the GA/ABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Xinye Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Fenglong Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Jie Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Na Huo
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Bala Wuda
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Mingming Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Zhaorong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Jinkun Du
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Rui Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Vincenzo Rossi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, I-24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Huiru Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Qixin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Yingyin Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
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79
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Steinbrecher T, Leubner-Metzger G. Tissue and cellular mechanics of seeds. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2018; 51:1-10. [PMID: 29571069 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Distinct plant seed/fruit structures evolved to support reproduction and dispersal in distinct environments. Appropriate biomechanical properties and interactions of the various seed compartments are indispensable to plant survival. Most seeds are dispersed in a dry state generated during seed development/maturation for which novel aspects of endosperm-embryo interaction were discovered. The various layers covering the embryo of a mature seed define the patterns of water uptake during germination. Their biomechanical weakening together with embryo cell expansion is mediated by cell wall remodelling to facilitate radicle protrusion. Recent work with different species has revealed mechanisms underpinning specific embryo growth zones. Abiotic and biotic factors were shown to release different types of seed and fruit coat-mediated constraints to water uptake and germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Steinbrecher
- School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK(1).
| | - Gerhard Leubner-Metzger
- School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK(1).
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80
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Midhat U, Ting MKY, Teresinski HJ, Snedden WA. The calmodulin-like protein, CML39, is involved in regulating seed development, germination, and fruit development in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:375-392. [PMID: 29372457 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0703-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We show that the calcium sensor, CML39, is important in various developmental processes from seeds to mature plants. This study bridges previous work on CML39 as a stress-induced gene and highlights the importance of calcium signalling in plant development. In addition to the evolutionarily-conserved Ca2+ sensor, calmodulin (CaM), plants possess a large family of CaM-related proteins (CMLs). Using a cml39 loss-of-function mutant, we investigated the roles of CML39 in Arabidopsis and discovered a range of phenotypes across developmental stages and in different tissues. In mature plants, loss of CML39 results in shorter siliques, reduced seed number per silique, and reduced number of ovules per pistil. We also observed changes in seed development, germination, and seed coat properties in cml39 mutants in comparison to wild-type plants. Using radicle emergence as a measure of germination, cml39 mutants showed more rapid germination than wild-type plants. In marked contrast to wild-type seeds, the germination of developing, immature cml39 seeds was not sensitive to cold-stratification. In addition, germination of cml39 seeds was less sensitive than wild-type to inhibition by ABA or by treatments that impaired gibberellic acid biosynthesis. Tetrazolium red staining indicated that the seed-coat permeability of cml39 seeds is greater than that of wild-type seeds. RNA sequencing analysis of cml39 seedlings suggests that changes in chromatin modification may underlie some of the phenotypes associated with cml39 mutants, consistent with previous reports that orthologs of CML39 participate in gene silencing. Aberrant ectopic expression of transcripts for seed storage proteins in 7-day old cml39 seedlings was observed, suggesting mis-regulation of early developmental programs. Collectively, our data support a model where CML39 serves as an important Ca2+ sensor during ovule and seed development, as well as during germination and seedling establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubaid Midhat
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Michael K Y Ting
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L3N6, Canada
| | | | - Wayne A Snedden
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L3N6, Canada.
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81
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Pearce SP, King JR, Steinbrecher T, Leubner-Metzger G, Everitt NM, Holdsworth MJ. Finite indentation of highly curved elastic shells. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2018; 474:20170482. [PMID: 29434505 PMCID: PMC5806015 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2017.0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimentally measuring the elastic properties of thin biological surfaces is non-trivial, particularly when they are curved. One technique that may be used is the indentation of a thin sheet of material by a rigid indenter, while measuring the applied force and displacement. This gives immediate information on the fracture strength of the material (from the force required to puncture), but it is also theoretically possible to determine the elastic properties by comparing the resulting force–displacement curves with a mathematical model. Existing mathematical studies generally assume that the elastic surface is initially flat, which is often not the case for biological membranes. We previously outlined a theory for the indentation of curved isotropic, incompressible, hyperelastic membranes (with no bending stiffness) which breaks down for highly curved surfaces, as the entire membrane becomes wrinkled. Here, we introduce the effect of bending stiffness, ensuring that energy is required to change the shell shape without stretching, and find that commonly neglected terms in the shell equilibrium equation must be included. The theory presented here allows for the estimation of shape- and size-independent elastic properties of highly curved surfaces via indentation experiments, and is particularly relevant for biological surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Pearce
- School of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J R King
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - T Steinbrecher
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, London, UK
| | - G Leubner-Metzger
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, London, UK
| | - N M Everitt
- Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - M J Holdsworth
- Division of Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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82
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Bai B, Novák O, Ljung K, Hanson J, Bentsink L. Combined transcriptome and translatome analyses reveal a role for tryptophan-dependent auxin biosynthesis in the control of DOG1-dependent seed dormancy. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1077-1085. [PMID: 29139127 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The importance of translational regulation during Arabidopsis seed germination has been shown previously. Here the role of transcriptional and translational regulation during seed imbibition of the very dormant DELAY OF GERMINATION 1 (DOG1) near-isogenic line was investigated. Polysome profiling was performed on dormant and after-ripened seeds imbibed for 6 and 24 h in water and in the transcription inhibitor cordycepin. Transcriptome and translatome changes were investigated. Ribosomal profiles of after-ripened seeds imbibed in cordycepin mimic those of dormant seeds. The polysome occupancy of mRNA species is not affected by germination inhibition, either as a result of seed dormancy or as a result of cordycepin treatment, indicating the importance of the regulation of transcript abundance. The expression of auxin metabolism genes is discriminative during the imbibition of after-ripened and dormant seeds, which is confirmed by altered concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid conjugates and precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Bai
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johannes Hanson
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Leónie Bentsink
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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83
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Tuan PA, Kumar R, Rehal PK, Toora PK, Ayele BT. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Abscisic Acid/Gibberellin Balance in the Control of Seed Dormancy and Germination in Cereals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:668. [PMID: 29875780 PMCID: PMC5974119 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Seed dormancy is an adaptive trait that does not allow the germination of an intact viable seed under favorable environmental conditions. Non-dormant seeds or seeds with low level of dormancy can germinate readily under optimal environmental conditions, and such a trait leads to preharvest sprouting, germination of seeds on the mother plant prior to harvest, which significantly reduces the yield and quality of cereal crops. High level of dormancy, on the other hand, may lead to non-uniform germination and seedling establishment. Therefore, intermediate dormancy is considered to be a desirable trait as it prevents the problems of sprouting and allows uniformity of postharvest germination of seeds. Induction, maintenance, and release of seed dormancy are complex physiological processes that are influenced by a wide range of endogenous and environmental factors. Plant hormones, mainly abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA), are the major endogenous factors that act antagonistically in the control of seed dormancy and germination; ABA positively regulates the induction and maintenance of dormancy, while GA enhances germination. Significant progress has been made in recent years in the elucidation of molecular mechanisms regulating ABA/GA balance and thereby dormancy and germination in cereal seeds, and this review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the topic.
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84
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Arana MV, Tognacca RS, Estravis-Barcalá M, Sánchez RA, Botto JF. Physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the integration of light and temperature cues in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:3113-3121. [PMID: 28941290 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The relief of dormancy and the promotion of seed germination are of extreme importance for a successful seedling establishment. Although alternating temperatures and light are signals promoting the relief of seed dormancy, the underlying mechanisms of their interaction in seeds are scarcely known. By exposing imbibed Arabidopsis thaliana dormant seeds to two-day temperature cycles previous of a red light pulse, we demonstrate that the germination mediated by phytochrome B requires the presence of functional PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 7 (PRR7) and TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1) alleles. In addition, daily cycles of alternating temperatures in darkness reduce the protein levels of DELAY OF GERMINATION 1 (DOG1), allowing the expression of TOC1 to induce seed germination. Our results suggest a functional role for some components of the circadian clock related with the action of DOG1 for the integration of alternating temperatures and light signals in the relief of seed dormancy. The synchronization of germination by the synergic action of light and temperature through the activity of circadian clock might have ecological and adaptive consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Verónica Arana
- INTA, EEA Bariloche y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Modesta Victoria 4450, Valle Verde, Bariloche, R8403DVZ, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Rocío Soledad Tognacca
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. San Martín 4453, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Estravis-Barcalá
- INTA, EEA Bariloche y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Modesta Victoria 4450, Valle Verde, Bariloche, R8403DVZ, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo Augusto Sánchez
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. San Martín 4453, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Javier Francisco Botto
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. San Martín 4453, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
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85
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Sperber K, Steinbrecher T, Graeber K, Scherer G, Clausing S, Wiegand N, Hourston JE, Kurre R, Leubner-Metzger G, Mummenhoff K. Fruit fracture biomechanics and the release of Lepidium didymum pericarp-imposed mechanical dormancy by fungi. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1868. [PMID: 29192192 PMCID: PMC5709442 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomechanical and ecophysiological properties of plant seed/fruit structures are fundamental to survival in distinct environments. Dispersal of fruits with hard pericarps (fruit coats) encasing seeds has evolved many times independently within taxa that have seed dispersal as their default strategy. The mechanisms by which the constraint of a hard pericarp determines germination timing in response to the environment are currently unknown. Here, we show that the hard pericarp of Lepidium didymum controls germination solely by a biomechanical mechanism. Mechanical dormancy is conferred by preventing full phase-II water uptake of the encased non-dormant seed. The lignified endocarp has biomechanically and morphologically distinct regions that serve as predetermined breaking zones. This pericarp-imposed mechanical dormancy is released by the activity of common fungi, which weaken these zones by degrading non-lignified pericarp cells. We propose that the hard pericarp with this biomechanical mechanism contributed to the global distribution of this species in distinct environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Sperber
- Department of Biology, Botany, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, D-49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Tina Steinbrecher
- School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Kai Graeber
- School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Gwydion Scherer
- Department of Biology, Botany, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, D-49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Simon Clausing
- Department of Biology, Botany, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, D-49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Nils Wiegand
- Department of Biology, Botany, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, D-49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - James E Hourston
- School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Rainer Kurre
- Department of Biology, Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, D-49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Gerhard Leubner-Metzger
- School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - Klaus Mummenhoff
- Department of Biology, Botany, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, D-49076, Osnabrück, Germany.
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86
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Née G, Kramer K, Nakabayashi K, Yuan B, Xiang Y, Miatton E, Finkemeier I, Soppe WJJ. DELAY OF GERMINATION1 requires PP2C phosphatases of the ABA signalling pathway to control seed dormancy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:72. [PMID: 28706187 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00113-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The time of seed germination is a major decision point in the life of plants determining future growth and development. This timing is controlled by seed dormancy, which prevents germination under favourable conditions. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) and the protein DELAY OF GERMINATION 1 (DOG1) are essential regulators of dormancy. The function of ABA in dormancy is rather well understood, but the role of DOG1 is still unknown. Here, we describe four phosphatases that interact with DOG1 in seeds. Two of them belong to clade A of type 2C protein phosphatases: ABA-HYPERSENSITIVE GERMINATION 1 (AHG1) and AHG3. These phosphatases have redundant but essential roles in the release of seed dormancy epistatic to DOG1. We propose that the ABA and DOG1 dormancy pathways converge at clade A of type 2C protein phosphatases.The DOG1 protein is a major regulator of seed dormancy in Arabidopsis. Here, Née et al. provide evidence that DOG1 can interact with the type 2C protein phosphatases AHG1 and AHG3 and that this represents the convergence point of the DOG1-regulated dormancy pathway and signalling by the plant hormone abscisic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Née
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Katharina Kramer
- Plant Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Kazumi Nakabayashi
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Bingjian Yuan
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Yong Xiang
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Emma Miatton
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
- Plant Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Wim J J Soppe
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany.
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany.
- Rijk Zwaan, De Lier, 2678 ZG, Netherlands.
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87
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Née G, Kramer K, Nakabayashi K, Yuan B, Xiang Y, Miatton E, Finkemeier I, Soppe WJJ. DELAY OF GERMINATION1 requires PP2C phosphatases of the ABA signalling pathway to control seed dormancy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:72. [PMID: 28706187 PMCID: PMC5509711 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The time of seed germination is a major decision point in the life of plants determining future growth and development. This timing is controlled by seed dormancy, which prevents germination under favourable conditions. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) and the protein DELAY OF GERMINATION 1 (DOG1) are essential regulators of dormancy. The function of ABA in dormancy is rather well understood, but the role of DOG1 is still unknown. Here, we describe four phosphatases that interact with DOG1 in seeds. Two of them belong to clade A of type 2C protein phosphatases: ABA-HYPERSENSITIVE GERMINATION 1 (AHG1) and AHG3. These phosphatases have redundant but essential roles in the release of seed dormancy epistatic to DOG1. We propose that the ABA and DOG1 dormancy pathways converge at clade A of type 2C protein phosphatases.The DOG1 protein is a major regulator of seed dormancy in Arabidopsis. Here, Née et al. provide evidence that DOG1 can interact with the type 2C protein phosphatases AHG1 and AHG3 and that this represents the convergence point of the DOG1-regulated dormancy pathway and signalling by the plant hormone abscisic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Née
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany.,Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Katharina Kramer
- Plant Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Kazumi Nakabayashi
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany.,School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Bingjian Yuan
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Yong Xiang
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany.,Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Emma Miatton
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany.,Plant Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Wim J J Soppe
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany. .,Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany. .,Rijk Zwaan, De Lier, 2678 ZG, Netherlands.
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88
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Mandáková T, Li Z, Barker MS, Lysak MA. Diverse genome organization following 13 independent mesopolyploid events in Brassicaceae contrasts with convergent patterns of gene retention. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:3-21. [PMID: 28370611 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization and polyploidy followed by genome-wide diploidization had a significant impact on the diversification of land plants. The ancient At-α whole-genome duplication (WGD) preceded the diversification of crucifers (Brassicaceae). Some genera and tribes also experienced younger, mesopolyploid WGDs concealed by subsequent genome diploidization. Here we tested if multiple base chromosome numbers originated due to genome diploidization after independent mesopolyploid WGDs and how diploidization affected post-polyploid gene retention. Sixteen species representing 10 Brassicaceae tribes were analyzed by comparative chromosome painting and/or whole-transcriptome analysis of gene age distributions and phylogenetic analyses of gene duplications. Overall, we found evidence for at least 13 independent mesopolyploidies followed by different degrees of diploidization across the Brassicaceae. New mesotetraploid events were uncovered for the tribes Anastaticeae, Iberideae and Schizopetaleae, and mesohexaploid WGDs for Cochlearieae and Physarieae. In contrast, we found convergent patterns of gene retention and loss among these independent WGDs. Our combined analyses of genomic data for Brassicaceae indicate that extant chromosome number variation in many plant groups, and especially monophyletic taxa with multiple base chromosome numbers, can result from clade-specific genome duplications followed by diploidization. Our observation of parallel gene retention and loss across multiple independent WGDs provides one of the first multi-species tests of the predictability of patterns of post-polyploid genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terezie Mandáková
- Plant Cytogenomics Research Group, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Michael S Barker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Martin A Lysak
- Plant Cytogenomics Research Group, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
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89
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Steinbrecher T, Leubner-Metzger G. The biomechanics of seed germination. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:765-783. [PMID: 27927995 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
From a biomechanical perspective, the completion of seed (and fruit) germination depends on the balance of two opposing forces: the growth potential of the embryonic axis (radicle-hypocotyl growth zone) and the restraint of the seed-covering layers (endosperm, testa, and pericarp). The diverse seed tissues are composite materials which differ in their dynamic properties based on their distinct cell wall composition and water uptake capacities. The biomechanics of embryo cell growth during seed germination depend on irreversible cell wall loosening followed by water uptake due to the decreasing turgor, and this leads to embryo elongation and eventually radicle emergence. Endosperm weakening as a prerequisite for radicle emergence is a widespread phenomenon among angiosperms. Research into the biochemistry and biomechanics of endosperm weakening has demonstrated that the reduction in puncture force of a seed's micropylar endosperm is environmentally and hormonally regulated and involves tissue-specific expression of cell wall remodelling proteins such as expansins, diverse hydrolases, and the production of directly acting apoplastic reactive oxygen. The endosperm-weakening biomechanics and its underlying cell wall biochemistry differ between the micropylar (ME) and chalazal (CE) endosperm domains. In the ME, they involve cell wall loosening, cell separation, and programmed cell death to provide decreased and localized ME tissue resistance, autolysis, and finally the formation of an ME hole required for radicle emergence. Future work will further unravel the molecular mechanisms, environmental regulation, and evolution of the diverse biomechanical cell wall changes underpinning the control of germination by endosperm weakening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Steinbrecher
- School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Gerhard Leubner-Metzger
- School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
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90
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Finch-Savage WE, Footitt S. Seed dormancy cycling and the regulation of dormancy mechanisms to time germination in variable field environments. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:843-856. [PMID: 28391330 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Many molecular mechanisms that regulate dormancy have been identified individually in controlled laboratory studies. However, little is known about how the seed employs this complex suite of mechanisms during dormancy cycling in the variable environment of the soil seed bank. Nevertheless, this behaviour is essential to ensure germination takes place in a favourable habitat and climate space, and in the correct season for the resulting plant to complete its life cycle. During their time in the soil seed bank, seeds continually adjust their dormancy status by sensing a range of environmental signals. Those related to slow seasonal change (e.g. temperature) are used for temporal sensing to determine the time of year and depth of dormancy. This alters their sensitivity to signals related to their spatial environment (e.g. light, nitrate, and water potential) that indicate that conditions are suitable for germination, and so trigger the termination of dormancy. We review work on the physiological, molecular, and ecological aspects of seed dormancy in Arabidopsis and interpret it in the context of dormancy cycling in the soil seed bank. This approach has provided new insight into the co-ordination of mechanisms and signalling networks, and the multidimensional sensing that regulates dormancy cycling in a variable environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Finch-Savage
- School of Life Sciences, Wellesbourne Campus, University of Warwick, Warwickshire CV35 9EF, UK
| | - Steven Footitt
- School of Life Sciences, Wellesbourne Campus, University of Warwick, Warwickshire CV35 9EF, UK
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91
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Née G, Xiang Y, Soppe WJ. The release of dormancy, a wake-up call for seeds to germinate. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 35:8-14. [PMID: 27710774 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Seed dormancy determines the timing of germination, thereby contributing to successful seedling establishment and plant fitness. The induction and release of dormancy are controlled by various regulators like plant hormones and dormancy proteins. The relative strengths of these regulators are influenced by environmental factors during seed maturation and storage. In the last few years additional processes have been identified to be involved in the release of dormancy during seed storage with an important role for non-enzymatic oxidative reactions. However, the relations between the different dormancy regulators are not fully understood yet. Finally, all accumulated information will be processed in the seed during early seed imbibition and lead to the decision to germinate or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Née
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 7, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Yong Xiang
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120 Shenzhen, China
| | - Wim Jj Soppe
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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92
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Nonogaki H. Seed Biology Updates - Highlights and New Discoveries in Seed Dormancy and Germination Research. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:524. [PMID: 28443117 PMCID: PMC5387071 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of the biology of seeds has been greatly advanced in recent years. The progresses, particularly in the field of seed dormancy and germination research, have been made at a remarkable speed. Some of the possible epigenetic mechanisms, including an involvement of non-coding RNA, which were predicted for DELAY OF GERMINATION1 just a few years ago, have now been demonstrated with strong molecular and genetic evidence. Imprinting, or parent-of-origin-specific gene silencing/expression, which was characterized particularly for developing seeds, was also found in imbibed seeds and suggested for dormancy mechanisms. Hormone biology in seeds, which is the most advanced and almost a traditional area of seed research, also presents a new dimension. Upstream regulators of hormone metabolism and hormone transporters, such as abscisic acid and gibberellin influx/efflux carriers, have been identified. Characterization of the novel posttranslational modification pathways, including the N-end rule and S-nitrosylation pathways, which play a critical role in turnover of the major hormone signal transduction proteins, also expanded our knowledge about the complexity of hormone signaling in seeds. These progresses made at the molecular level are significant steps toward a better understanding of how seeds translate soil and other environmental signals into their internal hormone biology and make an important decision to stay dormant or commence with germination.
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93
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Kim SI, Kwak JS, Song JT, Seo HS. The E3 SUMO ligase AtSIZ1 functions in seed germination in Arabidopsis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2016; 158:256-271. [PMID: 27130140 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination is an important stage in the lifecycle of a plant because it determines subsequent vegetative growth and reproduction. Here, we show that the E3 SUMO ligase AtSIZ1 regulates seed dormancy and germination. The germination rates of the siz1 mutants were less than 50%, even after a short period of ripening. However, their germination rates increased to wild-type levels after cold stratification or long periods of ripening. In addition, exogenous gibberellin (GA) application improved the germination rates of the siz1 mutants to the wild-type level. In transgenic plants, suppression of AtSIZ1 caused rapid post-translational decay of SLEEPY1 (SLY1), a positive regulator of GA signaling, during germination, and inducible AtSIZ1 overexpression led to increased SLY1 levels. In addition, overexpressing wild-type SLY1 in transgenic sly1 mutants increased their germination ratios to wild-type levels, whereas the germination ratio of transgenic sly1 mutants overexpressing mSLY1 was similar to that of sly1. The germination ratios of siz1 mutant seeds in immature developing siliques were much lower than those of the wild-type. Moreover, SLY1 and DELAY OF GERMINATION 1 (DOG1) transcript levels were reduced in the siz1 mutants, whereas the transcript levels of DELLA and ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3 (ABI3) were higher than those of the wild-type. Taken together, these results indicate that the reduced germination of the siz1 mutants results from impaired GA signaling due to low SLY1 levels and activity, as well as hyperdormancy due to high levels of expression of dormancy-related genes including DOG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Il Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kwak
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Korea
| | - Jong Tae Song
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea
| | - Hak Soo Seo
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Korea.
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-818, Korea.
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94
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Phytochrome B and REVEILLE1/2-mediated signalling controls seed dormancy and germination in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12377. [PMID: 27506149 PMCID: PMC4987513 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Seeds maintain a dormant state to withstand adverse conditions and germinate when conditions become favourable to give rise to a new generation of flowering plants. Seed dormancy and germination are tightly controlled by internal and external signals. Although phytochrome photoreceptors are proposed to regulate primary seed dormancy, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here we show that the REVEILLE1 (RVE1) and RVE2 transcription factors promote primary seed dormancy and repress red/far-red-light-reversible germination downstream of phytochrome B (phyB) in Arabidopsis thaliana. RVE1 and RVE2 expression is downregulated after imbibition and by phyB. RVE1 directly binds to the promoter of GIBBERELLIN 3-OXIDASE 2, inhibits its transcription and thus suppresses the biosynthesis of bioactive gibberellins. In addition, DELAY OF GERMINATION 1 also acts downstream of phyB. This study identifies a signalling pathway that integrates environmental light input with internal factors to control both seed dormancy and germination.
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95
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Franzke A, Koch MA, Mummenhoff K. Turnip Time Travels: Age Estimates in Brassicaceae. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:554-561. [PMID: 26917156 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Results of research in life sciences acquire a deeper meaning if they can also be discussed in temporal contexts of evolution. Despite the importance of the mustard family (Brassicaceae) as a prominent angiosperm model family, a robust, generally accepted hypothesis for a family-wide temporal framework does not yet exist. The main cause for this situation is a poor fossil record of the family. We suggest that the few known fossils require a critical re-evaluation of phylogenetic and temporal assignments as a prerequisite for appropriate molecular dating analyses within the family. In addition, (palaeo)biogeographical calibrations, not explored so far in the family, should be integrated in a synthesis of various dating approaches, with each contributing their specific possibilities and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Franzke
- Heidelberg Botanic Garden, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Marcus A Koch
- Heidelberg Botanic Garden, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, German
| | - Klaus Mummenhoff
- Biology Department, Botany, Osnabrück University, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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96
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Bassel GW. To Grow or not to Grow? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:498-505. [PMID: 26934952 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The seed to seedling transition in plants is initiated following the termination of seed dormancy. Here, I present a simplified developmental framework describing the events underlying this transition. I discuss putative mechanisms of signal integration and their relation to a global developmental fate switch in seeds within this framework. I delineate the events that occur before and after the flipping of this switch, marking an important distinction between these different developmental states. To end, I propose that the final fate switch resides within the embryo, and is informed by the endosperm in arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). This framework can serve as a template to focus future research in seed science.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Bassel
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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97
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Huo H, Wei S, Bradford KJ. DELAY OF GERMINATION1 (DOG1) regulates both seed dormancy and flowering time through microRNA pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2199-206. [PMID: 27035986 PMCID: PMC4839450 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600558113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed germination and flowering, two critical developmental transitions in plant life cycles, are coordinately regulated by genetic and environmental factors to match plant establishment and reproduction to seasonal cues. The DELAY OF GERMINATION1 (DOG1) gene is involved in regulating seed dormancy in response to temperature and has also been associated genetically with pleiotropic flowering phenotypes across diverse Arabidopsis thaliana accessions and locations. Here we show that DOG1 can regulate seed dormancy and flowering times in lettuce (Lactuca sativa, Ls) and Arabidopsis through an influence on levels of microRNAs (miRNAs) miR156 and miR172. In lettuce, suppression of LsDOG1 expression enabled seed germination at high temperature and promoted early flowering in association with reduced miR156 and increased miR172 levels. In Arabidopsis, higher miR156 levels resulting from overexpression of the MIR156 gene enhanced seed dormancy and delayed flowering. These phenotypic effects, as well as conversion of MIR156 transcripts to miR156, were compromised in DOG1 loss-of-function mutant plants, especially in seeds. Overexpression of MIR172 reduced seed dormancy and promoted early flowering in Arabidopsis, and the effect on flowering required functional DOG1 Transcript levels of several genes associated with miRNA processing were consistently lower in dry seeds of Arabidopsis and lettuce when DOG1 was mutated or its expression was reduced; in contrast, transcript levels of these genes were elevated in a DOG1 gain-of-function mutant. Our results reveal a previously unknown linkage between two critical developmental phase transitions in the plant life cycle through a DOG1-miR156-miR172 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqiang Huo
- Department of Plant Sciences, Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Shouhui Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kent J Bradford
- Department of Plant Sciences, Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;
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98
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Burghardt LT, Edwards BR, Donohue K. Multiple paths to similar germination behavior in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1301-12. [PMID: 26452074 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Germination timing influences plant fitness, and its sensitivity to temperature may cause it to change as climate shifts. These changes are likely to be complex because temperatures that occur during seed maturation and temperatures that occur post-dispersal interact to define germination timing. We used the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana to determine how flowering time (which defines seed-maturation temperature) and post-dispersal temperature influence germination and the expression of genetic variation for germination. Germination responses to temperature (germination envelopes) changed as seeds aged, or after-ripened, and these germination trajectories depended on seed-maturation temperature and genotype. Different combinations of genotype, seed-maturation temperature, and after-ripening produced similar germination envelopes. Likewise, different genotypes and seed-maturation temperatures combined to produce similar germination trajectories. Differences between genotypes were most likely to be observed at high and low germination temperatures. The germination behavior of some genotypes responds weakly to maternal temperature but others are highly plastic. We hypothesize that weak dormancy induction could synchronize germination of seeds dispersed at different times. By contrast, we hypothesize that strongly responsive genotypes may spread offspring germination over several possible germination windows. Considering germination responses to temperature is important for predicting phenology expression and evolution in future climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana T Burghardt
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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99
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Dekkers BJW, He H, Hanson J, Willems LAJ, Jamar DCL, Cueff G, Rajjou L, Hilhorst HWM, Bentsink L. The Arabidopsis DELAY OF GERMINATION 1 gene affects ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 5 (ABI5) expression and genetically interacts with ABI3 during Arabidopsis seed development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 85:451-65. [PMID: 26729600 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The seed expressed gene DELAY OF GERMINATION (DOG) 1 is absolutely required for the induction of dormancy. Next to a non-dormant phenotype, the dog1-1 mutant is also characterized by a reduced seed longevity suggesting that DOG1 may affect additional seed processes as well. This aspect however, has been hardly studied and is poorly understood. To uncover additional roles of DOG1 in seeds we performed a detailed analysis of the dog1 mutant using both transcriptomics and metabolomics to investigate the molecular consequences of a dysfunctional DOG1 gene. Further, we used a genetic approach taking advantage of the weak aba insensitive (abi) 3-1 allele as a sensitized genetic background in a cross with dog1-1. DOG1 affects the expression of hundreds of genes including LATE EMBRYOGENESIS ABUNDANT and HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN genes which are affected by DOG1 partly via control of ABI5 expression. Furthermore, the content of a subset of primary metabolites, which normally accumulate during seed maturation, was found to be affected in the dog1-1 mutant. Surprisingly, the abi3-1 dog1-1 double mutant produced green seeds which are highly ABA insensitive, phenocopying severe abi3 mutants, indicating that dog1-1 acts as an enhancer of the weak abi3-1 allele and thus revealing a genetic interaction between both genes. Analysis of the dog1 and dog1 abi3 mutants revealed additional seed phenotypes and therefore we hypothesize that DOG1 function is not limited to dormancy but that it is required for multiple aspects of seed maturation, in part by interfering with ABA signalling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas J W Dekkers
- Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Utrecht University, NL-3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hanzi He
- Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Hanson
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Utrecht University, NL-3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Leo A J Willems
- Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diaan C L Jamar
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gwendal Cueff
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), UMR 1318 INRA/AgroParisTech, ERL CNRS 3559, Université Paris-Saclay, 'Saclay Plant Sciences' - RD10, F-78026, Versailles, France
- Chair of Plant Physiology, AgroParisTech, 16 rue Claude Bernard, F-75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Loïc Rajjou
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), UMR 1318 INRA/AgroParisTech, ERL CNRS 3559, Université Paris-Saclay, 'Saclay Plant Sciences' - RD10, F-78026, Versailles, France
- Chair of Plant Physiology, AgroParisTech, 16 rue Claude Bernard, F-75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Henk W M Hilhorst
- Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leónie Bentsink
- Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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100
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Cyrek M, Fedak H, Ciesielski A, Guo Y, Sliwa A, Brzezniak L, Krzyczmonik K, Pietras Z, Kaczanowski S, Liu F, Swiezewski S. Seed Dormancy in Arabidopsis Is Controlled by Alternative Polyadenylation of DOG1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:947-55. [PMID: 26620523 PMCID: PMC4734566 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
DOG1 (Delay of Germination 1) is a key regulator of seed dormancy in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and other plants. Interestingly, the C terminus of DOG1 is either absent or not conserved in many plant species. Here, we show that in Arabidopsis, DOG1 transcript is subject to alternative polyadenylation. In line with this, mutants in RNA 3' processing complex display weakened seed dormancy in parallel with defects in DOG1 proximal polyadenylation site selection, suggesting that the short DOG1 transcript is functional. This is corroborated by the finding that the proximally polyadenylated short DOG1 mRNA is translated in vivo and complements the dog1 mutant. In summary, our findings indicate that the short DOG1 protein isoform produced from the proximally polyadenylated DOG1 mRNA is a key player in the establishment of seed dormancy in Arabidopsis and characterizes a set of mutants in RNA 3' processing complex required for production of proximally polyadenylated functional DOG1 transcript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Cyrek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Protein Biosynthesis, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (M.C., H.F., A.C., Y.G., A.S., L.B., K.K., Z.P., S.K., S.S.); Warsaw University, Department of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (A.C.); andQueen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland (F.L.)
| | - Halina Fedak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Protein Biosynthesis, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (M.C., H.F., A.C., Y.G., A.S., L.B., K.K., Z.P., S.K., S.S.); Warsaw University, Department of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (A.C.); andQueen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland (F.L.)
| | - Arkadiusz Ciesielski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Protein Biosynthesis, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (M.C., H.F., A.C., Y.G., A.S., L.B., K.K., Z.P., S.K., S.S.); Warsaw University, Department of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (A.C.); andQueen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland (F.L.)
| | - Yanwu Guo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Protein Biosynthesis, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (M.C., H.F., A.C., Y.G., A.S., L.B., K.K., Z.P., S.K., S.S.); Warsaw University, Department of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (A.C.); andQueen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland (F.L.)
| | - Aleksandra Sliwa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Protein Biosynthesis, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (M.C., H.F., A.C., Y.G., A.S., L.B., K.K., Z.P., S.K., S.S.); Warsaw University, Department of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (A.C.); andQueen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland (F.L.)
| | - Lien Brzezniak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Protein Biosynthesis, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (M.C., H.F., A.C., Y.G., A.S., L.B., K.K., Z.P., S.K., S.S.); Warsaw University, Department of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (A.C.); andQueen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland (F.L.)
| | - Katarzyna Krzyczmonik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Protein Biosynthesis, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (M.C., H.F., A.C., Y.G., A.S., L.B., K.K., Z.P., S.K., S.S.); Warsaw University, Department of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (A.C.); andQueen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland (F.L.)
| | - Zbigniew Pietras
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Protein Biosynthesis, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (M.C., H.F., A.C., Y.G., A.S., L.B., K.K., Z.P., S.K., S.S.); Warsaw University, Department of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (A.C.); andQueen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland (F.L.)
| | - Szymon Kaczanowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Protein Biosynthesis, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (M.C., H.F., A.C., Y.G., A.S., L.B., K.K., Z.P., S.K., S.S.); Warsaw University, Department of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (A.C.); andQueen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland (F.L.)
| | - Fuquan Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Protein Biosynthesis, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (M.C., H.F., A.C., Y.G., A.S., L.B., K.K., Z.P., S.K., S.S.); Warsaw University, Department of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (A.C.); andQueen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland (F.L.)
| | - Szymon Swiezewski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Protein Biosynthesis, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (M.C., H.F., A.C., Y.G., A.S., L.B., K.K., Z.P., S.K., S.S.); Warsaw University, Department of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (A.C.); andQueen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland (F.L.)
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