51
|
Bukiya AN. Physiology of the Endocannabinoid System During Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1162:13-37. [PMID: 31332732 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21737-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) system comprises endogenously produced cannabinoids (CBs), enzymes of their production and degradation, and CB-sensing receptors and transporters. The eCB system plays a critical role in virtually all stages of animal development. Studies on eCB system components and their physiological role have gained increasing attention with the rising legalization and medical use of marijuana products. The latter represent exogenous interventions that target the eCB system. This chapter summarizes knowledge in the field of CB contribution to gametogenesis, fertilization, embryo implantation, fetal development, birth, and adolescence-equivalent periods of ontogenesis. The material is complemented by the overview of data from our laboratory documenting the functional presence of the eCB system within cerebral arteries of baboons at different stages of development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna N Bukiya
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Abán CE, Accialini PL, Etcheverry T, Leguizamón GF, Martinez NA, Farina MG. Crosstalk Between Nitric Oxide and Endocannabinoid Signaling Pathways in Normal and Pathological Placentation. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1699. [PMID: 30564135 PMCID: PMC6288445 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are a group of endogenous lipid mediators that act as ligands of cannabinoid and vanilloid receptors, activating multiple signal transduction pathways. Together with enzymes responsible for their synthesis and degradation, these compounds constitute the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which is involved in different physiological processes in reproduction. The placenta, which is essential for the success of gestation and optimal fetal growth, undergoes constant tissue remodeling. ECS members are expressed in trophoblast cells, and current evidence suggests that this system is involved in placental development, apoptosis, and syncytialization. Impairment of endocannabinoid signaling has been associated with several pathological conditions such as intrauterine growth restriction and preeclampsia. Both clinical entities are characterized by dysregulation on vascular perfusion where nitrergic system performs a pivotal role. Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent local vasodepressor that exerts a critical role in the regulation of hemodynamic flow, contributing to the maintenance of low vascular resistance in the feto-placental circulation. NO production could be affected by different factors and growing evidence suggests that the endocannabinoid mediators may regulate nitrergic signaling. Herein, we review emerging knowledge supporting ECS-mediated regulation of NO production in normal placentation. Finally, we discuss how alterations in these systems could affect homoeostasis and contribute to the occurrence of placental-mediated pregnancy complications. Given the impact on women and perinatal heath, we will focus on current knowledge regarding the effects of ECS on nitrergic system in normal and pathological placentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyntia E Abán
- Laboratorio de Investigación Aplicada a las Neurociencias (LIAN), FLENI - CONICET, Belén de Escobar, Argentina
| | - Paula L Accialini
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Placentaria, CEFyBO-UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomás Etcheverry
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Placentaria, CEFyBO-UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Nora A Martinez
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, IFIBIO-UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Red Iberoamericana de Alteraciones Vasculares Asociadas a Trastornos del Embarazo (RIVA-TREM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana G Farina
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Placentaria, CEFyBO-UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Red Iberoamericana de Alteraciones Vasculares Asociadas a Trastornos del Embarazo (RIVA-TREM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Agrawal K, Sivamani RK, Newman JW. Noninvasive profiling of sweat-derived lipid mediators for cutaneous research. Skin Res Technol 2018; 25:3-11. [PMID: 30030941 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Recent increases in the use of noninvasive matrices for biomedical analysis has led to interest in the evaluation of sweat for both clinical and research applications. However, despite being one of the two main cutaneous secretions, until very recently, only one study actually analyzed sweat in the context of cutaneous disease. This review attempts to make the case for increased use of sweat in cutaneous research, and discusses lipid mediators as potential analytical targets in sweat. METHODS Sweat composition and its relationship with the skin and systemic circulation are discussed, as are practical considerations for sweat sampling and analysis. Previous analyses of lipid mediators in skin biopsies are provided to show that lipid mediators can regulate cutaneous processes and disease pathways. Summaries of recent studies involving the analysis of sweat lipid mediators are provided to demonstrate the utility of sweat lipid mediator testing to support future cutaneous research studies. RESULTS Sweat has the potential to reflect both local and systemic biochemical changes in response to disease or intervention, and two recent studies of sweat lipid mediators confirm this ability. Additionally, sweat lipid mediators appear to be temporally stable with individual variability comparable to other matrices, suggesting that these analytes could be useful biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS Sweat metabolites may be capable of reporting changes in cutaneous biochemical pathways, thereby providing insight into the immunomodulatory biochemistry of the skin. Lipid mediator analysis of sweat appears to be a non invasive approach that could enhance existing cutaneous research and diagnostic methodologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karan Agrawal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, California.,West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, Davis, California
| | - Raja K Sivamani
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California.,Department of Biological Sciences, California State University-Sacramento, Sacramento, California
| | - John W Newman
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, California.,West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, Davis, California.,United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Morgan AJ, Kingsley PJ, Mitchener MM, Altemus M, Patrick TA, Gaulden AD, Marnett LJ, Patel S. Detection of Cyclooxygenase-2-Derived Oxygenation Products of the Endogenous Cannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in Mouse Brain. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1552-1559. [PMID: 29722963 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins, which are involved in immune regulation, vascular function, and synaptic signaling. COX-2 also inactivates the endogenous cannabinoid (eCB) 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) via oxygenation of its arachidonic acid backbone to form a variety of prostaglandin glyceryl esters (PG-Gs). Although this oxygenation reaction is readily observed in vitro and in intact cells, detection of COX-2-derived 2-AG oxygenation products has not been previously reported in neuronal tissue. Here we show that 2-AG is metabolized in the brain of transgenic COX-2-overexpressing mice and mice treated with lipopolysaccharide to form multiple species of PG-Gs that are detectable only when monoacylglycerol lipase is concomitantly blocked. Formation of these PG-Gs is prevented by acute pharmacological inhibition of COX-2. These data provide evidence that neuronal COX-2 is capable of oxygenating 2-AG to form a variety PG-Gs in vivo and support further investigation of the physiological functions of PG-Gs.
Collapse
|
55
|
Paloczi J, Varga ZV, Hasko G, Pacher P. Neuroprotection in Oxidative Stress-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases: Role of Endocannabinoid System Modulation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:75-108. [PMID: 28497982 PMCID: PMC5984569 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Redox imbalance may lead to overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and subsequent oxidative tissue damage, which is a critical event in the course of neurodegenerative diseases. It is still not fully elucidated, however, whether oxidative stress is the primary trigger or a consequence in the process of neurodegeneration. Recent Advances: Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress is involved in the propagation of neuronal injury and consequent inflammatory response, which in concert promote development of pathological alterations characteristic of most common neurodegenerative diseases. CRITICAL ISSUES Accumulating recent evidence also suggests that there is an important interplay between the lipid endocannabinoid system [ECS; comprising the main cannabinoid 1 and 2 receptors (CB1 and CB2), endocannabinoids, and their synthetic and metabolizing enzymes] and various key inflammatory and redox-dependent processes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Targeting the ECS to modulate redox state-dependent cell death and to decrease consequent or preceding inflammatory response holds therapeutic potential in a multitude of oxidative stress-related acute or chronic neurodegenerative disorders from stroke and traumatic brain injury to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and multiple sclerosis, just to name a few, which will be discussed in this overview. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 75-108.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janos Paloczi
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury (LCPTI), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zoltan V Varga
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury (LCPTI), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - George Hasko
- 2 Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Pal Pacher
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury (LCPTI), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Pires PW. Cannabinoids during ischemic strokes: friends or foes? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H1155-H1156. [PMID: 29522356 PMCID: PMC6032081 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00107.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo W Pires
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada , Reno, Nevada
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Agrawal K, Bosviel R, Piccolo BD, Newman JW. Oral ibuprofen differentially affects plasma and sweat lipid mediator profiles in healthy adult males. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2018; 137:1-8. [PMID: 29778785 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sweat contains a variety of lipid mediators, but whether they originate from the plasma filtrate or from the cutaneous sweat glandular tissues themselves is unknown. To explore this knowledge gap, we collected plasma and sweat from healthy men (n = 9) immediately before and 0.5, 2 and 4 h after oral administration of 400 mg ibuprofen. Of the over 100 lipid mediators assayed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, ∼45 were detected in both plasma and sweat, and 36 were common to both matrices. However, baseline concentrations in each matrix were not correlated and metabolite relative abundances between matrices differed. Oral ibuprofen administration altered sweat lipid mediators, reducing prostaglandin E2, linoleoylethanolamide, and oleoylethanolamide, while increasing 11-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and causing transient changes in 9-nitrooleate, N-arachidonylglycine and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. Meanwhile, plasma N-acylethanolamide concentrations increased with ibuprofen administration. These results suggest that sweat and plasma differentially reflect biochemical changes due to oral ibuprofen administration, and that plasma is unlikely to be the predominant source of the sweat lipid mediator profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karan Agrawal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Rémy Bosviel
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Brian D Piccolo
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 15 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - John W Newman
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 430 W Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Enhancement of Endocannabinoid-dependent Depolarization-induced Suppression of Excitation in Glycinergic Neurons by Prolonged Exposure to High Doses of Salicylate. Neuroscience 2018; 376:72-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
59
|
Post JM, Loch S, Lerner R, Remmers F, Lomazzo E, Lutz B, Bindila L. Antiepileptogenic Effect of Subchronic Palmitoylethanolamide Treatment in a Mouse Model of Acute Epilepsy. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:67. [PMID: 29593494 PMCID: PMC5861196 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the antiepileptic effects of (endo-)cannabinoids has remarkably progressed in the years following the discovery of fundamental role of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system in controlling neural excitability. Moreover, an increasing number of well-documented cases of epilepsy patients exhibiting multi-drug resistance report beneficial effects of cannabis use. Pre-clinical and clinical research has increasingly focused on the antiepileptic effectiveness of exogenous administration of cannabinoids and/or pharmacologically induced increase of eCBs such as anandamide (also known as arachidonoylethanolamide [AEA]). Concomitant research has uncovered the contribution of neuroinflammatory processes and peripheral immunity to the onset and progression of epilepsy. Accordingly, modulation of inflammatory pathways such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was pursued as alternative therapeutic strategy for epilepsy. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endogenous fatty acid amide related to the centrally and peripherally present eCB AEA, and is a naturally occurring nutrient that has long been recognized for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Neuroprotective and anti-hyperalgesic properties of PEA were evidenced in neurodegenerative diseases, and antiepileptic effects in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), maximal electroshock (MES) and amygdaloid kindling models of epileptic seizures. Moreover, numerous clinical trials in chronic pain revealed that PEA treatment is devoid of addiction potential, dose limiting side effects and psychoactive effects, rendering PEA an appealing candidate as antiepileptic compound or adjuvant. In the present study, we aimed at assessing antiepileptic properties of PEA in a mouse model of acute epileptic seizures induced by systemic administration of kainic acid (KA). KA-induced epilepsy in rodents is assumed to resemble to different extents human temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) depending on the route of KA administration; intracerebral (i.c.) injection was recently shown to most closely mimic human TLE, while systemic KA administration causes more widespread pathological damage, both in brain and periphery. To explore the potential of PEA to exert therapeutic effects both in brain and periphery, acute and subchronic administration of PEA by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection was assessed on mice with systemically administered KA. Specifically, we investigated: (i) neuroprotective and anticonvulsant properties of acute and subchronic PEA treatment in KA-induced seizure models, and (ii) temporal dynamics of eCB and eicosanoid (eiC) levels in hippocampus and plasma over 180 min post seizure induction in PEA-treated and non-treated KA-injected mice vs. vehicle injected mice. Finally, we compared the systemic PEA treatment with, and in combination with, pharmacological blockade of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in brain and periphery, in terms of anticonvulsant properties and modulation of eCBs and eiCs. Here, we demonstrate that subchronic administration of PEA significantly alleviates seizure intensity, promotes neuroprotection and induces modulation of the plasma and hippocampal eCB and eiC levels in systemic KA-injected mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Post
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Loch
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Raissa Lerner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Floortje Remmers
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ermelinda Lomazzo
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Laura Bindila
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Poddighe L, Carta G, Serra MP, Melis T, Boi M, Lisai S, Murru E, Muredda L, Collu M, Banni S, Quartu M. Acute administration of beta-caryophyllene prevents endocannabinoid system activation during transient common carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:23. [PMID: 29402275 PMCID: PMC5799897 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0661-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transient global cerebral hypoperfusion/reperfusion achieved by induction of Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion followed by Reperfusion (BCCAO/R) has been shown to stimulate early molecular changes that can be easily traced in brain tissue and plasma, and that are indicative of the tissue physiological response to the reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. The aim of the present study is to probe the possibility to prevent the molecular changes induced by the BCCAO/R with dietary natural compounds known to possess anti-inflammatory activity, such as the phytocannabinoid beta-caryophyllene (BCP). METHODS Two groups of adult Wistar rats were used, sham-operated and submitted to BCCAO/R. In both groups, 6 h before surgery, half of the rats were gavage-fed with a single dose of BCP (40 mg/per rat in 300 μl of sunflower oil as vehicle), while the second half were pre-treated with the vehicle alone. HPLC, Western Blot and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze cerebral cortex and plasma. RESULTS After BCCAO/R, BCP prevented the increase of lipoperoxides occurring in the vehicle-treated rats in both cerebral cortex and plasma. In the frontal cortex, BCP further prevented activation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), spared the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), appeared to prevent the increase of cyclooxygenase-2 and increased the peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) protein levels, while, in plasma, BCP induced the reduction of arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) levels as compared to vehicle-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the pre-treatment with BCP, likely acting as agonist for CB2 and PPAR-alpha receptors, modulates in a beneficial way the ECS activation and the lipoperoxidation, taken as indicative of oxidative stress. Furthermore, our results support the evidence that BCP may be used as a dietary supplement to control the physiological response to the hypoperfusion/reperfusion-induced oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Poddighe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, (CA) 09042 Italy
| | - Gianfranca Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, (CA) 09042 Italy
| | - Maria Pina Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, (CA) 09042 Italy
| | - Tiziana Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, (CA) 09042 Italy
| | - Marianna Boi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, (CA) 09042 Italy
| | - Sara Lisai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, (CA) 09042 Italy
| | - Elisabetta Murru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, (CA) 09042 Italy
| | - Laura Muredda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, (CA) 09042 Italy
| | - Maria Collu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, (CA) 09042 Italy
| | - Sebastiano Banni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, (CA) 09042 Italy
| | - Marina Quartu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, (CA) 09042 Italy
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Abstract
This review summarises the evidence that chronic low grade inflammation triggers changes that contribute to the mental and physical ill health of patients with major depression. Inflammation, and the activation of the hypothalamic pituitary axis by stress, are normal components of the stress response but when stress is prolonged and the endocrine and immune system become chronic resulting in the activation of the peripheral macrophages, the central microglia and hypercortisolemia, the neuronal networks are damaged and become dysfunctional. The proinflammatory cytokines, in addition to activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and thereby increasing cortisol synthesis, also activate the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway. This results in the synthesis of the neurotoxic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate agonist quinolinic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine thereby enhancing oxidative stress and contributes to neurodegeneration which characterise major depression particularly in late life.While antidepressants attenuate some of the endocrine and immune changes caused by inflammation, not all therapeutically effective antidepressants do so. This suggests that drugs which specifically target the immune, endocrine and neurotransmitter systems may be more effective antidepressants.The preliminary clinical evidence that some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor celecoxib, can enhance the response to standard antidepressant treatment is therefore considered and a critical assessment made of the possible limitations of such an approach to novel antidepressant development.
Collapse
|
62
|
Goodman MC, Xu S, Rouzer CA, Banerjee S, Ghebreselasie K, Migliore M, Piomelli D, Marnett LJ. Dual cyclooxygenase-fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor exploits novel binding interactions in the cyclooxygenase active site. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3028-3038. [PMID: 29326169 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.802058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclooxygenases COX-1 and COX-2 oxygenate arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2). COX-2 also oxygenates the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) to the corresponding PGH2 analogs. Both enzymes are targets of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), but NSAID-mediated COX inhibition is associated with gastrointestinal toxicity. One potential strategy to counter this toxicity is to also inhibit fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which hydrolyzes bioactive fatty acid ethanolamides (FAEs) into fatty acids and ethanolamine. Here, we investigated the mechanism of COX inhibition by ARN2508, an NSAID that inhibits both COXs and FAAH with high potency, target selectivity, and decreased gastrointestinal toxicity in mouse models, presumably due to its ability to increase levels of FAEs. A 2.27-Å-resolution X-ray crystal structure of the COX-2·(S)-ARN2508 complex reveals that ARN2508 adopts a binding pose similar to that of its parent NSAID flurbiprofen. However, ARN2508's alkyl tail is inserted deep into the top channel, an active site region not exploited by any previously reported NSAID. As for flurbiprofen, ARN2508's potency is highly dependent on the configuration of the α-methyl group. Thus, (S)-ARN2508 is more potent than (R)-ARN2508 for inhibition of AA oxygenation by both COXs and 2-AG oxygenation by COX-2. Also, similarly to (R)-flurbiprofen, (R)-ARN2508 exhibits substrate selectivity for inhibition of 2-AG oxygenation. Site-directed mutagenesis confirms the importance of insertion of the alkyl tail into the top channel for (S)-ARN2508's potency and suggests a role for Ser-530 as a determinant of the inhibitor's slow rate of inhibition compared with that of (S)-flurbiprofen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Goodman
- From the A. B. Hancock, Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Shu Xu
- From the A. B. Hancock, Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Carol A Rouzer
- From the A. B. Hancock, Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Surajit Banerjee
- the Northeastern Collaborative Access Team, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Kebreab Ghebreselasie
- From the A. B. Hancock, Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Marco Migliore
- the Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- the Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy.,the Departments of Anatomy, Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, and
| | - Lawrence J Marnett
- From the A. B. Hancock, Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Correa F, Wolfson ML, Valchi P, Aisemberg J, Franchi AM. Endocannabinoid system and pregnancy. Reproduction 2017; 152:R191-R200. [PMID: 27798285 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (eCS), is a complex system, comprising the main endogenous ligands anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 and the biosynthetic and degrading enzymes. Cumulative evidence shows that the eCS plays an important role in reproduction, from egg fertilization to parturition. Therefore, alterations in this system, either by recreation/therapeutic use of cannabis or deregulation of the endogenous cannabinoids, might lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes, including retardation in embryo development, poor blastocyst implantation, inhibition of decidualization, miscarriage and compromised placentation. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms by which the eCS participates in different stages of pregnancy remain poorly understood. In this review, we will examine the evidence from animal and human studies to support the role of the eCS in implantation, early-to-late pregnancy and placentation as well as the difficulties of targeting this system for treatment of female infertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Correa
- Center for Pharmacological and Botanical StudiesNational Research Council, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Manuel L Wolfson
- Center for Pharmacological and Botanical StudiesNational Research Council, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Valchi
- Center for Pharmacological and Botanical StudiesNational Research Council, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Aisemberg
- Center for Pharmacological and Botanical StudiesNational Research Council, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana María Franchi
- Center for Pharmacological and Botanical StudiesNational Research Council, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Soderstrom K, Soliman E, Van Dross R. Cannabinoids Modulate Neuronal Activity and Cancer by CB1 and CB2 Receptor-Independent Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:720. [PMID: 29066974 PMCID: PMC5641363 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids include the active constituents of Cannabis or are molecules that mimic the structure and/or function of these Cannabis-derived molecules. Cannabinoids produce many of their cellular and organ system effects by interacting with the well-characterized CB1 and CB2 receptors. However, it has become clear that not all effects of cannabinoid drugs are attributable to their interaction with CB1 and CB2 receptors. Evidence now demonstrates that cannabinoid agents produce effects by modulating activity of the entire array of cellular macromolecules targeted by other drug classes, including: other receptor types; ion channels; transporters; enzymes, and protein- and non-protein cellular structures. This review summarizes evidence for these interactions in the CNS and in cancer, and is organized according to the cellular targets involved. The CNS represents a well-studied area and cancer is emerging in terms of understanding mechanisms by which cannabinoids modulate their activity. Considering the CNS and cancer together allow identification of non-cannabinoid receptor targets that are shared and divergent in both systems. This comparative approach allows the identified targets to be compared and contrasted, suggesting potential new areas of investigation. It also provides insight into the diverse sources of efficacy employed by this interesting class of drugs. Obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the diverse mechanisms of cannabinoid action may lead to the design and development of therapeutic agents with greater efficacy and specificity for their cellular targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Soderstrom
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Eman Soliman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rukiyah Van Dross
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Center for Health Disparities, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Badal S, Smith KN, Rajnarayanan R. Analysis of natural product regulation of cannabinoid receptors in the treatment of human disease. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 180:24-48. [PMID: 28583800 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The organized, tightly regulated signaling relays engaged by the cannabinoid receptors (CBs) and their ligands, G proteins and other effectors, together constitute the endocannabinoid system (ECS). This system governs many biological functions including cell proliferation, regulation of ion transport and neuronal messaging. This review will firstly examine the physiology of the ECS, briefly discussing some anomalies in the relay of the ECS signaling as these are consequently linked to maladies of global concern including neurological disorders, cardiovascular disease and cancer. While endogenous ligands are crucial for dispatching messages through the ECS, there are also commonalities in binding affinities with copious exogenous ligands, both natural and synthetic. Therefore, this review provides a comparative analysis of both types of exogenous ligands with emphasis on natural products given their putative safer efficacy and the role of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in uncovering the ECS. Efficacy is congruent to both types of compounds but noteworthy is the effect of a combination therapy to achieve efficacy without unideal side-effects. An example is Sativex that displayed promise in treating Huntington's disease (HD) in preclinical models allowing for its transition to current clinical investigation. Despite the in vitro and preclinical efficacy of Δ9-THC to treat neurodegenerative ailments, its psychotropic effects limit its clinical applicability to treating feeding disorders. We therefore propose further investigation of other compounds and their combinations such as the triterpene, α,β-amyrin that exhibited greater binding affinity to CB1 than CB2 and was more potent than Δ9-THC and the N-alkylamides that exhibited CB2 selective affinity; the latter can be explored towards peripherally exclusive ECS modulation. The synthetic CB1 antagonist, Rimonabant was pulled from commercial markets for the treatment of diabetes, however its analogue SR144528 maybe an ideal lead molecule towards this end and HU-210 and Org27569 are also promising synthetic small molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Badal
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica.
| | - K N Smith
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - R Rajnarayanan
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Maccarrone M. Metabolism of the Endocannabinoid Anandamide: Open Questions after 25 Years. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:166. [PMID: 28611591 PMCID: PMC5447297 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis extracts have been used for centuries, but its main active principle ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was identified about 50 years ago. Yet, it is only 25 years ago that the first endogenous ligand of the same receptors engaged by the cannabis agents was discovered. This “endocannabinoid (eCB)” was identified as N-arachidonoylethanolamine (or anandamide (AEA)), and was shown to have several receptors, metabolic enzymes and transporters that altogether drive its biological activity. Here I report on the latest advances about AEA metabolism, with the aim of focusing open questions still awaiting an answer for a deeper understanding of AEA activity, and for translating AEA-based drugs into novel therapeutics for human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of RomeRome, Italy.,European Center for Brain Research, IRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Brüser A, Zimmermann A, Crews BC, Sliwoski G, Meiler J, König GM, Kostenis E, Lede V, Marnett LJ, Schöneberg T. Prostaglandin E 2 glyceryl ester is an endogenous agonist of the nucleotide receptor P2Y 6. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2380. [PMID: 28539604 PMCID: PMC5443783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 catalyses the biosynthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid but also the biosynthesis of prostaglandin glycerol esters (PG-Gs) from 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Previous studies identified PG-Gs as signalling molecules involved in inflammation. Thus, the glyceryl ester of prostaglandin E2, PGE2-G, mobilizes Ca2+ and activates protein kinase C and ERK, suggesting the involvement of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). To identify the endogenous receptor for PGE2-G, we performed a subtractive screening approach where mRNA from PGE2-G response-positive and -negative cell lines was subjected to transcriptome-wide RNA sequencing analysis. We found several GPCRs that are only expressed in the PGE2-G responder cell lines. Using a set of functional readouts in heterologous and endogenous expression systems, we identified the UDP receptor P2Y6 as the specific target of PGE2-G. We show that PGE2-G and UDP are both agonists at P2Y6, but they activate the receptor with extremely different EC50 values of ~1 pM and ~50 nM, respectively. The identification of the PGE2-G/P2Y6 pair uncovers the signalling mode of PG-Gs as previously under-appreciated products of cyclooxygenase-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antje Brüser
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Anne Zimmermann
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brenda C Crews
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - Gregory Sliwoski
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-8725, USA
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-8725, USA
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vera Lede
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lawrence J Marnett
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Patel S, Hill MN, Cheer JF, Wotjak CT, Holmes A. The endocannabinoid system as a target for novel anxiolytic drugs. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:56-66. [PMID: 28434588 PMCID: PMC5407316 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) system has attracted attention for its role in various behavioral and brain functions, and as a therapeutic target in neuropsychiatric disease states, including anxiety disorders and other conditions resulting from dysfunctional responses to stress. In this mini-review, we highlight components of the eCB system that offer potential 'druggable' targets for new anxiolytic medications, emphasizing some of the less well-discussed options. We discuss how selectively amplifying eCBs recruitment by interfering with eCB-degradation, via fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), has been linked to reductions in anxiety-like behaviors in rodents and variation in human anxiety symptoms. We also discuss a non-canonical route to regulate eCB degradation that involves interfering with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Next, we discuss approaches to targeting eCB receptor-signaling in ways that do not involve the cannabinoid receptor subtype 1 (CB1R); by targeting the CB2R subtype and the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1). Finally, we review evidence that cannabidiol (CBD), while representing a less specific pharmacological approach, may be another way to modulate eCBs and interacting neurotransmitter systems to alleviate anxiety. Taken together, these various approaches provide a range of plausible paths to developing novel compounds that could prove useful for treating trauma-related and anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Patel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Mathew N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Joseph F Cheer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carsten T Wotjak
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Stress Neurobiology & Neurogenetics, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Mesaros C, Arroyo AD, Blair IA, Snyder NW. Coenzyme A thioester formation of 11- and 15-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 130:1-7. [PMID: 28238887 PMCID: PMC5446925 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Release of arachidonic acid (AA) by cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), followed by metabolism through cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), results in the formation of the eicosanoids 11-oxo- and 15-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (oxo-ETE). Both 11-oxo- and 15-oxo-ETE have been identified in human biospecimens but their function and further metabolism is poorly described. The oxo-ETEs contain an α,β-unsaturated ketone and a free carboxyclic acid, and thus may form Michael adducts with a nucleophile or a thioester with the free thiol of Coenzyme A (CoA). To examine the potential for eicosanoid-CoA formation, which has not previously been a metabolic route examined for this class of lipids, we applied a semi-targeted neutral loss scanning approach following arachidonic acid treatment in cell culture and detected inducible long-chain acyl-CoAs including a predominant AA-CoA peak. Interestingly, a series of AA-inducible acyl-CoAs at lower abundance but higher mass, likely corresponding to eicosanoid metabolites, was detected. Using a targeted LC-MS/MS approach we detected the formation of CoA thioesters of both 11-oxo- and 15-oxo-ETE and monitored the kinetics of their formation. Subsequently, we demonstrated that these acyl-CoA species undergo up to four double bond reductions. We confirmed the generation of 15-oxo-ETE-CoA in human platelets via LC-high resolution MS. Acyl-CoA thioesters of eicosanoids may provide a route to generate reducing equivalents, substrates for fatty acid oxidation, and substrates for acyl-transferases through cPLA2-dependent eicosanoid metabolism outside of the signaling contexts traditionally ascribed to eicosanoid metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clementina Mesaros
- Penn SRP and Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Alejandro D Arroyo
- Penn SRP and Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Ian A Blair
- Penn SRP and Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Zugaib J, Leão RM. Inhibitors of oxidative and hydrolytic endocannabinoid degradation do not enhance depolarization-induced suppression of excitation on dorsal cochlear nucleus glycinergic neurons. Synapse 2017; 71. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João Zugaib
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil
- Research Group on the Dynamics of the Neuromusculoskeletal System, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health; Salvador Bahia Brazil
| | - Ricardo M. Leão
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Quartu M, Poddighe L, Melis T, Serra MP, Boi M, Lisai S, Carta G, Murru E, Muredda L, Collu M, Banni S. Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the physiological response to transient common carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:14. [PMID: 28103941 PMCID: PMC5248520 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0389-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transient global cerebral hypoperfusion/reperfusion achieved by induction of Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion followed by Reperfusion (BCCAO/R) may trigger a physiological response in an attempt to preserve tissue and function integrity. There are several candidate molecules among which the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and/or peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) may play a role in modulating oxidative stress and inflammation. The aims of the present study are to evaluate whether the ECS, the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and PPAR-alpha are involved during BCCAO/R in rat brain, and to identify possible markers of the ongoing BCCAO/R-induced challenge in plasma. Methods Adult Wistar rats underwent BCCAO/R with 30 min hypoperfusion followed by 60 min reperfusion. The frontal and temporal-occipital cortices and plasma were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) to determine concentrations of endocannabinoids (eCBs) and related molecules behaving as ligands of PPAR-alpha, and of oxidative-stress markers such as lipoperoxides, while Western Blot and immunohistochemistry were used to study protein expression of cannabinoid receptors, COX-2 and PPAR-alpha. Unpaired Student’s t-test was used to evaluate statistical differences between groups. Results The acute BCCAO/R procedure is followed by increased brain tissue levels of the eCBs 2-arachidonoylglycerol and anandamide, palmitoylethanolamide, an avid ligand of PPAR-alpha, lipoperoxides, type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) cannabinoid receptors, and COX-2, and decreased brain tissue concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), one of the major targets of lipid peroxidation. In plasma, increased levels of anandamide and lipoperoxides were observed. Conclusions The BCCAO/R stimulated early molecular changes that can be easily traced in brain tissue and plasma, and that are indicative of the tissue physiological response to the reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. The observed variations suggest that the positive modulation of the ECS and the increase of proinflammatory substances are directly correlated events. Increase of plasmatic levels of anandamide and lipoperoxides further suggests that dysregulation of these molecules may be taken as an indicator of an ongoing hypoperfusion/reperfusion challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Quartu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy.
| | - Laura Poddighe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Tiziana Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Marianna Boi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Sara Lisai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Gianfranca Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Murru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Laura Muredda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Maria Collu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Banni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Giménez-Bastida JA, Shibata T, Uchida K, Schneider C. Roles of 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 in the biosynthesis of hemiketals E 2 and D 2 by activated human leukocytes. FASEB J 2017; 31:1867-1878. [PMID: 28096231 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601136r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The 2 hemiketal (HK) eicosanoids HKD2 and HKE2 are the major products of the biosynthetic crossover of the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathways. HKs result from the rearrangement of a di-endoperoxide intermediate formed in the COX-2-dependent oxygenation of 5S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5S-HETE). We analyzed HK biosynthesis in human leukocytes stimulated ex vivo and defined the biosynthetic roles of 5-LOX and COX-2, using inhibitors and incubations with exogenous substrates. Activation of leukocytes with LPS followed by treatment with the calcium ionophore A23187 resulted in the formation of PGE2, 5-HETE, and LTB4 as the principal metabolites of COX-2 and 5-LOX, respectively. The formation of HKD2 and HKE2 was highest after 15 min LPS treatment, and at that time, levels were similar to PGE2, but less than 5-HETE and LTB4 The time course of HK formation paralleled that of 5-HETE and LTB4, implying the availability of the 5S-HETE substrate as a limiting factor in biosynthesis rather than expression levels of COX-2. Specific inhibitors of COX-2 and 5-LOX decreased formation of HKD2 and HKE2 Platelets did not form HKs from exogenous 5S-HETE, implying that COX-1 is not involved. HKs are early products during an inflammatory event and require cells that express 5-LOX and COX-2 for their biosynthesis.-Giménez-Bastida, J. A., Shibata, T., Uchida, K., Schneider, C. Roles of 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 in the biosynthesis of hemiketals E2 and D2 by activated human leukocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Giménez-Bastida
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Takahiro Shibata
- Division of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; and
| | - Koji Uchida
- Division of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; and.,Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Claus Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; .,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
WWL70 attenuates PGE 2 production derived from 2-arachidonoylglycerol in microglia by ABHD6-independent mechanism. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:7. [PMID: 28086912 PMCID: PMC5234251 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND α/β-Hydrolase domain 6 (ABHD6) is one of the major enzymes for endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) hydrolysis in microglia cells. Our recent studies have shown that a selective ABHD6 inhibitor WWL70 has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in animal models of traumatic brain injury and multiple sclerosis. However, the role of ABHD6 in the neuroinflammatory response and the mechanisms by which WWL70 suppresses inflammation has not yet been elucidated in reactive microglia. METHODS The hydrolytic activity and the levels of 2-AG in BV2 cells were measured by radioactivity assay and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthases in microglia treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with/without WWL70 was determined by western blot and quantitative RT-PCR. The conversion of 2-AG to PGE2 or PGE2-glyceryl ester (PGE2-G) was assessed by enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA) or LC-MS/MS. The involvement of ABHD6 in PGE2 production was assessed using pharmacological inhibitors and small interfering RNA (siRNA). The effect of WWL70 on PGE2 biosynthesis activity in the microsome fraction from BV2 cells and experimental autoimmune encephalopathy (EAE) mouse brain was also examined. RESULTS We found that WWL70 suppressed PGE2 production in LPS-activated microglia via cannabinoid receptor-independent mechanisms, although intracellular levels of 2-AG were elevated by WWL70 treatment. This reduction was not attributable to WWL70 inhibition of ABHD6, given the fact that downregulation of ABHD6 by siRNA or use of KT182, an alternative ABHD6 inhibitor failed to suppress PGE2 production. WWL70 attenuated the expression of COX-2 and PGES-1/2 leading to the downregulation of the biosynthetic pathways of PGE2 and PGE2-G. Moreover, PGE2 production from arachidonic acid was reduced in the microsome fraction, indicating that WWL70 also targets PGE2 biosynthetic enzymes, which are likely to contribute to the therapeutic mechanisms of WWL70 in the EAE mouse model. CONCLUSIONS WWL70 is an anti-inflammatory therapeutic agent capable of inhibiting PGE2 and PGE2-G production, primarily due to its reduction of COX-2 and microsomal PGES-1/2 expression and their PGE2 biosynthesis activity in microglia cells, as well as in the EAE mouse brain.
Collapse
|
74
|
Hasenoehrl C, Taschler U, Storr M, Schicho R. The gastrointestinal tract - a central organ of cannabinoid signaling in health and disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:1765-1780. [PMID: 27561826 PMCID: PMC5130148 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In ancient medicine, extracts of the marijuana plant Cannabis sativa were used against diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Today, our knowledge of the ingredients of the Cannabis plant has remarkably advanced enabling us to use a variety of herbal and synthetic cannabinoid (CB) compounds to study the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a physiologic entity that controls tissue homeostasis with the help of endogenously produced CBs and their receptors. After many anecdotal reports suggested beneficial effects of Cannabis in GI disorders, it was not surprising to discover that the GI tract accommodates and expresses all the components of the ECS. Cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands, the endocannabinoids, participate in the regulation of GI motility, secretion, and the maintenance of the epithelial barrier integrity. In addition, other receptors, such as the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and the G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), are important participants in the actions of CBs in the gut and critically determine the course of bowel inflammation and colon cancer. PURPOSE The following review summarizes important and recent findings on the role of CB receptors and their ligands in the GI tract with emphasis on GI disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Hasenoehrl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Storr
- Department of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany and Zentrum für Endoskopie, Starnberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Grambow E, Strüder D, Klar E, Hinz B, Vollmar B. Differential effects of endogenous, phyto and synthetic cannabinoids on thrombogenesis and platelet activity. Biofactors 2016; 42:581-590. [PMID: 27151562 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study analysed the impact of anandamide, cannabidiol (CBD), and WIN55,212-2 on platelet activity and thrombogenesis for the first time. The effects of the cannabinoids on venular thrombosis were studied in the ear of hairless mice. Cannabinoid treatment was performed either once or repetitive by a once-daily administration for three days. To assess the role of cyclooxygenase metabolites in the putative action of anandamide, in vivo studies likewise included a combined administration of anandamide with indomethacin. In vitro, the effect of the cannabinoids on human platelet activation was studied by means of P-selectin expression using flow cytometry. Platelets were analysed under resting or thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP)-stimulated conditions, both after cannabinoid treatment alone and after TRAP stimulation and subsequent cannabinoid exposure. Finally, platelet count was assessed after treatment with high concentrations of anandamide. Anandamide, but not CBD and WIN55,212-2, significantly accelerated thrombus growth after one-time treatment as compared to vehicle control. Co-administration with indomethacin neutralized this effect. However, thrombogenesis was not altered by repeated treatment with the cannabinoids. In vitro, anandamide was shown to elicit a concentration-dependent activation of resting human platelets. However, at higher concentrations anandamide reduced the response to TRAP activation associated with a decrease of platelet count. CBD and WIN55,212-2 neither increased nor reduced activation of platelets. Acute exposure to anandamide elicits a cyclooxygenase-dependent prothrombotic effect in vivo. Anandamide seems to affect human platelet activation by a concentration-dependent toxic effect. By contrast, CBD and WIN55,212-2 were not associated with induction of thrombosis or activation of platelets. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(6):581-590, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eberhard Grambow
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Department of General, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Daniel Strüder
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ernst Klar
- Department of General, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Burkhard Hinz
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Yuan D, Wu Z, Wang Y. Evolution of the diacylglycerol lipases. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:85-97. [PMID: 27568643 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol lipases (DGLs) mainly catalyze "on-demand" biosynthesis of bioactive monoacylglycerols (MAGs) with different long fatty acyl chains, including 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), 2-linoleoylglycerol (2-LG), 2-oleoylglycerol (2-OG) and 2-palmitoylglycerol (2-PG). Enzymatic characterization of DGLs, their expression and distribution, and functional features has been elucidated from microorganisms to mammals in some extent. In mammals, biosynthesis, degradation and metabolism of these bioactive lipids intertwine and form a complicated biochemical pathway to affect the mammal neuromodulation of central nervous system and also other physiological processes in most peripheral organs and non-nervous tissue cells, and yet we still do not know if the neuromodulatory role of mammal DGL and MAGs is similar to invertebrates. Tracing the evolutionary history of DGLs from microorganisms to vertebrates will be an essential method to infer DGL and MAG research in organisms. In this review, we give an exhaustive explanation of the ancestral origin, divergence and evolutionary pattern through systemic searching of DGL orthologs in different species. Finally, we also summarize our recent work on the structural and functional studies of DGL in order to explore usage of DGLs in industry and the development of inhibitors for clinical intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongjuan Yuan
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China; College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Malek N, Starowicz K. Dual-Acting Compounds Targeting Endocannabinoid and Endovanilloid Systems-A Novel Treatment Option for Chronic Pain Management. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:257. [PMID: 27582708 PMCID: PMC4987369 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with acute pain that arises suddenly in response to a specific injury and is usually treatable, chronic pain persists over time, and is often resistant to medical treatment. Because of the heterogeneity of chronic pain origins, satisfactory therapies for its treatment are lacking, leading to an urgent need for the development of new treatments. The leading approach in drug design is selective compounds, though they are often less effective and require chronic dosing with many side effects. Herein, we review novel approaches to drug design for the treatment of chronic pain represented by dual-acting compounds, which operate at more than one biological target. A number of studies suggest the involvement of the cannabinoid and vanilloid receptors in pain. Interestingly cannabinoid system is in interrelation with other systems that comprise lipid mediators: prostaglandins, produced by COX enzyme. Therefore, in the present review, we summarize the role of dual-acting molecules (FAAH/TRPV1 and FAAH/COX-2 inhibitors) that interact with endocannabinoid and endovanillinoid systems and act as analgesics by elevating the endogenously produced endocannabinoids and dampening the production of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins. The plasticity of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and the ability of a single chemical entity to exert an activity on two receptor systems has been developed and extensively investigated. Here, we review up-to-date pharmacological studies on compounds interacting with FAAH enzyme together with TRPV1 receptor or COX-2 enzyme respectively. Multi-target pharmacological intervention for treating pain may lead to the development of original and efficient treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Malek
- Laboratory of Pain Pathophysiology, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Starowicz
- Laboratory of Pain Pathophysiology, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Woodward DF, Poloso NJ, Wang JW. Prostaglandin E2-Glyceryl Ester: In Vivo Evidence for a Distinct Pharmacological Identity from Intraocular Pressure Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 358:173-80. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.232512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
79
|
Li G, Xia M, Abais JM, Boini K, Li PL, Ritter JK. Protective Action of Anandamide and Its COX-2 Metabolite against l-Homocysteine-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Injury in Podocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:61-70. [PMID: 27189966 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.233239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that l-homocysteine (Hcys)-induced podocyte injury leading to glomerular damage or sclerosis is attributable to the activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Given the demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects of endocannabinoids, the present study was designed to test whether anandamide (AEA) or its metabolites diminish NLRP3 inflammasome activation and prevent podocyte injury and associated glomerular damage during hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcys). AEA (100 μM) inhibited Hcys-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in cultured podocytes, as indicated by elevated caspase-1 activity and interleukin-1β levels, and attenuated podocyte dysfunction, as shown by reduced vascular endothelial growth factor production. These effects of AEA were inhibited by the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor celecoxib (CEL). In mice in vivo, AEA treatment attenuated glomerular NLRP3 inflammasome activation induced by hHcys accompanying a folate-free diet, on the basis of inhibition of hHcys-induced colocalization of NLRP3 molecules and increased interleukin-1β levels in glomeruli. Correspondingly, AEA prevented hHcys-induced proteinuria, albuminuria, and glomerular damage observed microscopically. Hcys- and AEA-induced effects were absent in NLRP3-knockout mice. These beneficial effects of AEA against hHcys-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and glomerular injury were not observed in mice cotreated with CEL. We further demonstrated that prostaglandin E2-ethanolamide (PGE2-EA), a COX-2 product of AEA, at 10 μM had a similar inhibitory effect to that of 100 μM AEA on Hcys-induced NLRP3 inflammasome formation and activation in cultured podocytes. From these results, we conclude that AEA has anti-inflammatory properties, protecting podocytes from Hcys-induced injury by inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation through its COX-2 metabolite, PGE2-EA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangbi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Min Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Justine M Abais
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Krishna Boini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Joseph K Ritter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Leishman E, Cornett B, Spork K, Straiker A, Mackie K, Bradshaw HB. Broad impact of deleting endogenous cannabinoid hydrolyzing enzymes and the CB1 cannabinoid receptor on the endogenous cannabinoid-related lipidome in eight regions of the mouse brain. Pharmacol Res 2016; 110:159-172. [PMID: 27109320 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) hydrolyze endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs), N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), respectively. These enzymes also metabolize eCB analogs such as lipoamines and 2-acyl glycerols, most of which are not ligands at CB1. To test the hypothesis that deleting eCB hydrolyzing enzymes and CB1 shifts lipid metabolism more broadly and impacts more families of eCB structural analogs, targeted lipidomics analyses were performed on FAAH KO, MAGL KO, and CB1 KO mice and compared to WT controls in 8 brain regions. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Methanolic extracts of discrete brain regions (brainstem, cerebellum, cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, midbrain, striatum and thalamus) were partially purified on C-18 solid-phase extraction columns. Over 70 lipids per sample were then analyzed with HPLC/MS/MS. KEY RESULTS AEA and 2-AG were unaffected throughout the brain in CB1 KO mice; however, there was an increase in the arachidonic acid (AA) metabolite, PGE2 in the majority of brain areas. By contrast, PGE2 and AA levels were significantly reduced throughout the brain in the MAGL KO corresponding to significant increases in 2-AG. No changes in AA or PGE2 were seen throughout in the FAAH KO brain, despite significant increases in AEA, suggesting AA liberated by FAAH does not contribute to steady state levels of AA or PGE2. Changes in the lipidome were not confined to the AA derivatives and showed regional variation in each of the eCB KO models. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS AEA and 2-AG hydrolyzing enzymes and the CB1 receptor link the eCB system to broader lipid signaling networks in contrasting ways, potentially altering neurotransmission and behavior independently of cannabinoid receptor signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Leishman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Ben Cornett
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Neuroscience, Indiana University, 702 N. Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Karl Spork
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Neuroscience, Indiana University, 702 N. Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Alex Straiker
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Neuroscience, Indiana University, 702 N. Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA; Gill Center for Biomolecular Neuroscience, Indiana University, 702 N. Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Heather B Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Walker VJ, Griffin AP, Hammar DK, Hollenberg PF. Metabolism of Anandamide by Human Cytochrome P450 2J2 in the Reconstituted System and Human Intestinal Microsomes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 357:537-44. [PMID: 27000802 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.232553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is about 1 in 250 people in the United States. The disease is characterized by chronic or recurring inflammation of the gut. Because of the localization of the endocannabinoid system in the gastrointestinal tract, it may be a potential pharmacologic target for the treatment of IBD and other diseases. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a potential candidate because it is upregulated in IBD. FAAH hydrolyzes and, as a consequence, inactivates anandamide (AEA), a prominent endocannabinoid. Inhibition of FAAH would lead to increases in the amount of AEA oxidized by cytochrome P450s (P450s). CYP2J2, the major P450 epoxygenase expressed in the heart, is also expressed in the intestine and has previously been reported to oxidize AEA. We have investigated the possibility that it may play a role in AEA metabolism in the gut and have demonstrated that purified human CYP2J2 metabolizes AEA to form the 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ethanolamide (HETE-EA) and several epoxygenated products, including the 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EET-EAs), in the reconstituted system. Kinetic studies suggest that the KM values for these products range from approximately 10 to 468 μM and the kcat values from 0.2 to 23.3 pmol/min per picomole of P450. Human intestinal microsomes, which express CYP2J2, metabolize AEA to give the 5,6-, 8,9-, and 11,12-EET-EAs, as well as 20-HETE-EA. Studies using specific P450 inhibitors suggest that although CYP2J2 metabolizes AEA, it is not the primary P450 responsible for AEA metabolism in human intestines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vyvyca J Walker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alisha P Griffin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dagan K Hammar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paul F Hollenberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Leishman E, Mackie K, Luquet S, Bradshaw HB. Lipidomics profile of a NAPE-PLD KO mouse provides evidence of a broader role of this enzyme in lipid metabolism in the brain. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:491-500. [PMID: 26956082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A leading hypothesis of N-acyl ethanolamine (NAE) biosynthesis, including the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide (AEA), is that it depends on hydrolysis of N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines (NAPE) by a NAPE-specific phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD). Thus, deletion of NAPE-PLD should attenuate NAE levels. Previous analyses of two different NAPE-PLD knockout (KO) strains produced contradictory data on the importance of NAPE-PLD to AEA biosynthesis. Here, we examine this hypothesis with a strain of NAPE-PLD KO mice whose lipidome is uncharacterized. Using HPLC/MS/MS, over 70 lipids, including the AEA metabolite, N-arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly), the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG) and prostaglandins (PGE(2) and PGF(2α)), and over 60 lipoamines were analyzed in 8 brain regions of KO and wild-type (WT) mice. Lipidomics analysis of this third NAPE-PLD KO strain shows a broad range of lipids that were differentially affected by lipid species and brain region. Importantly, all 6 NAEs measured were significantly reduced, though the magnitude of the effect varied by fatty acid saturation length and brain region. 2-AG levels were only impacted in the brainstem, where levels were significantly increased in KO mice. Correspondingly, levels of arachidonic acid were significantly decreased exclusively in brainstem. NAGly levels were significantly increased in 4 brain regions and levels of PGE(2) increased in 6 of 8 brain regions in KO mice. These data indicate that deletion of NAPE-PLD has far broader effects on the lipidome than previously recognized. Therefore, behavioral characteristics of suppressing NAPE-PLD activity may be due to a myriad of effects on lipids and not simply due to reduced AEA biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Leishman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Gill Center for Biomolecular Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Serge Luquet
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR 8251, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Heather B Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Lipidomic Analysis of Endocannabinoid Signaling: Targeted Metabolite Identification and Quantification. Neural Plast 2015; 2016:2426398. [PMID: 26839710 PMCID: PMC4709765 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2426398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoids N-arachidonoylethanolamide (or anandamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) belong to the larger groups of N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and monoacylglycerol (MAG) lipid classes, respectively. They are biologically active lipid molecules that activate G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors found in various organisms. After AEA and 2-AG were discovered in the 1990s, they have been extensively documented to have a broad range of physiological functions. Along with AEA, several NAEs, for example, N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA), N-stearoylethanolamine (SEA), and N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA) are also present in tissues, usually at much larger concentrations than AEA. Any perturbation that involves the endocannabinoid pathway may subsequently alter basal level or metabolism of these lipid mediators. Further, the altered levels of these molecules often reflect pathological conditions associated with tissue damage. Robust and sensitive methodologies to analyze these lipid mediators are essential to understanding how they act as endocannabinoids. The recent advances in mass spectrometry allow researchers to develop lipidomics approaches and several methodologies have been proposed to quantify endocannabinoids in various biological systems.
Collapse
|
84
|
Trautmann SM, Sharkey KA. The Endocannabinoid System and Its Role in Regulating the Intrinsic Neural Circuitry of the Gastrointestinal Tract. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 125:85-126. [PMID: 26638765 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are important neuromodulators in the central nervous system. They regulate central transmission through pre- and postsynaptic actions on neurons and indirectly through effects on glial cells. Cannabinoids (CBs) also regulate neurotransmission in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The ENS consists of intrinsic primary afferent neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons arranged in two ganglionated plexuses which control all the functions of the gut. Increasing evidence suggests that endocannabinoids are potent neuromodulators in the ENS. In this review, we will highlight key observations on the localization of CB receptors and molecules involved in the synthesis and degradation of endocannabinoids in the ENS. We will discuss endocannabinoid signaling mechanisms, endocannabinoid tone and concepts of CB receptor metaplasticity in the ENS. We will also touch on some examples of enteric neural signaling in relation neuromuscular, secretomotor, and enteroendocrine transmission in the ENS. Finally, we will briefly discuss some key future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Trautmann
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
McPartland JM, Duncan M, Di Marzo V, Pertwee RG. Are cannabidiol and Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabivarin negative modulators of the endocannabinoid system? A systematic review. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:737-53. [PMID: 25257544 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Based upon evidence that the therapeutic properties of Cannabis preparations are not solely dependent upon the presence of Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), pharmacological studies have been recently carried out with other plant cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids), particularly cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV). Results from some of these studies have fostered the view that CBD and THCV modulate the effects of THC via direct blockade of cannabinoid CB1 receptors, thus behaving like first-generation CB1 receptor inverse agonists, such as rimonabant. Here, we review in vitro and ex vivo mechanistic studies of CBD and THCV, and synthesize data from these studies in a meta-analysis. Synthesized data regarding mechanisms are then used to interpret results from recent pre-clinical animal studies and clinical trials. The evidence indicates that CBD and THCV are not rimonabant-like in their action and thus appear very unlikely to produce unwanted CNS effects. They exhibit markedly disparate pharmacological profiles particularly at CB1 receptors: CBD is a very low-affinity CB1 ligand that can nevertheless affect CB1 receptor activity in vivo in an indirect manner, while THCV is a high-affinity CB1 receptor ligand and potent antagonist in vitro and yet only occasionally produces effects in vivo resulting from CB1 receptor antagonism. THCV has also high affinity for CB2 receptors and signals as a partial agonist, differing from both CBD and rimonabant. These cannabinoids illustrate how in vitro mechanistic studies do not always predict in vivo pharmacology and underlie the necessity of testing compounds in vivo before drawing any conclusion on their functional activity at a given target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M McPartland
- Division of Molecular Biology, GW Pharmaceuticals, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Potential Role of Endocannabinoids Signaling. Brain Sci 2015; 5:456-93. [PMID: 26529026 PMCID: PMC4701023 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci5040456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the unique features of prenatal alcohol exposure in humans is impaired cognitive and behavioral function resulting from damage to the central nervous system (CNS), which leads to a spectrum of impairments referred to as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Human FASD phenotypes can be reproduced in the rodent CNS following prenatal ethanol exposure. Several mechanisms are expected to contribute to the detrimental effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the developing fetus, particularly in the developing CNS. These mechanisms may act simultaneously or consecutively and differ among a variety of cell types at specific developmental stages in particular brain regions. Studies have identified numerous potential mechanisms through which alcohol can act on the fetus. Among these mechanisms are increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, interference with the activity of growth factors, glia cells, cell adhesion molecules, gene expression during CNS development and impaired function of signaling molecules involved in neuronal communication and circuit formation. These alcohol-induced deficits result in long-lasting abnormalities in neuronal plasticity and learning and memory and can explain many of the neurobehavioral abnormalities found in FASD. In this review, the author discusses the mechanisms that are associated with FASD and provides a current status on the endocannabinoid system in the development of FASD.
Collapse
|
87
|
Crunfli F, Vilela FC, Giusti-Paiva A. Cannabinoid CB1 receptors mediate the effects of dipyrone. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:246-55. [PMID: 25430877 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dipyrone is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used primarily as an analgesic and antipyretic. Some hypothesize that dipyrone activity can modulate other pathways, including endocannabinoid signalling. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible role of endocannabinoids in mediating dipyrone activity. This study is based on the tetrad effects of cannabinoids, namely an antinociceptive and cataleptic state, hypolocomotion and hypothermia. Dipyrone (500 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment decreased locomotor activity, increased the latency to a thermal analgesic response and induced a cataleptic and hypothermic state. These reactions are similar to the tetrad effects caused by the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 (3 mg/kg, i.p.). The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) reversed the effects of dipyrone on locomotor activity, the cataleptic response and thermal analgesia. Both AM251 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) antagonist capsazepine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) accentuated the reduction in body temperature caused by dipyrone. However, the CB2 receptor antagonist AM630 did not alter the hypothermic response to dipyrone. These results indicate involvement of the endocannabinoid system, especially CB1 receptors, in the analgesic and cataleptic effects of dipyrone, as well as hypolocomotion. However, cannabinoid receptors and TRPV1 were not involved in the hypothermic effects of dipyrone. We hypothesize that the mechanism of action of dipyrone may involve inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase and fatty acid amide hydrolase, which together provide additional arachidonic acid as substrate for endocannabinoid synthesis or other related molecules. This increase in endocannabinoid availability enhances CB1 receptor stimulation, contributing to the observed effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Crunfli
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG; Graduate Program in Health Biosciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex behavioral condition with onset during early childhood and a lifelong course in the vast majority of cases. To date, no behavioral, genetic, brain imaging, or electrophysiological test can specifically validate a clinical diagnosis of ASD. However, these medical procedures are often implemented in order to screen for syndromic forms of the disorder (i.e., autism comorbid with known medical conditions). In the last 25 years a good deal of information has been accumulated on the main components of the "endocannabinoid (eCB) system", a rather complex ensemble of lipid signals ("endocannabinoids"), their target receptors, purported transporters, and metabolic enzymes. It has been clearly documented that eCB signaling plays a key role in many human health and disease conditions of the central nervous system, thus opening the avenue to the therapeutic exploitation of eCB-oriented drugs for the treatment of psychiatric, neurodegenerative, and neuroinflammatory disorders. Here we present a modern view of the eCB system, and alterations of its main components in human patients and animal models relevant to ASD. This review will thus provide a critical perspective necessary to explore the potential exploitation of distinct elements of eCB system as targets of innovative therapeutics against ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhismadev Chakrabarti
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Antonio Persico
- Center of Integrated Research and School of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy
- Mafalda Luce Center for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Milan, Italy
| | - Natalia Battista
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Center of Integrated Research and School of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy.
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Competition and allostery govern substrate selectivity of cyclooxygenase-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12366-71. [PMID: 26392530 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1507307112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) oxygenates arachidonic acid (AA) and its ester analog, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), to prostaglandins (PGs) and prostaglandin glyceryl esters (PG-Gs), respectively. Although the efficiency of oxygenation of these substrates by COX-2 in vitro is similar, cellular biosynthesis of PGs far exceeds that of PG-Gs. Evidence that the COX enzymes are functional heterodimers suggests that competitive interaction of AA and 2-AG at the allosteric site of COX-2 might result in differential regulation of the oxygenation of the two substrates when both are present. Modulation of AA levels in RAW264.7 macrophages uncovered an inverse correlation between cellular AA levels and PG-G biosynthesis. In vitro kinetic analysis using purified protein demonstrated that the inhibition of 2-AG oxygenation by high concentrations of AA far exceeded the inhibition of AA oxygenation by high concentrations of 2-AG. An unbiased systems-based mechanistic model of the kinetic data revealed that binding of AA or 2-AG at the allosteric site of COX-2 results in a decreased catalytic efficiency of the enzyme toward 2-AG, whereas 2-AG binding at the allosteric site increases COX-2's efficiency toward AA. The results suggest that substrates interact with COX-2 via multiple potential complexes involving binding to both the catalytic and allosteric sites. Competition between AA and 2-AG for these sites, combined with differential allosteric modulation, gives rise to a complex interplay between the substrates, leading to preferential oxygenation of AA.
Collapse
|
90
|
Ryman V, Pighetti G, Lippolis J, Gandy J, Applegate C, Sordillo L. Quantification of bovine oxylipids during intramammary Streptococcus uberis infection. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 121:207-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
91
|
Vázquez C, Tolón RM, Grande MT, Caraza M, Moreno M, Koester EC, Villaescusa B, Ruiz-Valdepeñas L, Fernández-Sánchez FJ, Cravatt BF, Hillard CJ, Romero J. Endocannabinoid regulation of amyloid-induced neuroinflammation. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:3008-3019. [PMID: 26362942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The modulation of endocannabinoid (EC) levels and the activation of cannabinoid receptors are seen as promising therapeutic strategies in a variety of diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aimed to evaluate the effect of the pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of anandamide-degrading enzyme in a mouse model of AD (5xFAD). Pharmacologic inhibition of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) had little impact on the expression of key enzymes and cytokines and also on the cognitive impairment, plaque deposition, and gliosis in 5xFAD mice. CB1 blockade exacerbated inflammation in this transgenic mouse model of AD. The genetic inactivation of FAAH led to increases in the expression of inflammatory cytokines. At the same time, FAAH-null 5xFAD mice exhibited a behavioral improvement in spatial memory that was independent of the level of anxiety and was not CB1 mediated. Finally, mice lacking FAAH showed diminished soluble amyloid levels, neuritic plaques, and gliosis. These data reinforce the notion of a role for the EC system in neuroinflammation and open new perspectives on the relevance of modulating EC levels in the inflamed brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa M Tolón
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Teresa Grande
- School of Biosciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Caraza
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; School of Biosciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Moreno
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Erin C Koester
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Borja Villaescusa
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Ruiz-Valdepeñas
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Julián Romero
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; School of Biosciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Urquhart P, Wang J, Woodward DF, Nicolaou A. Identification of prostamides, fatty acyl ethanolamines, and their biosynthetic precursors in rabbit cornea. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1419-33. [PMID: 26031663 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m055772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonoyl ethanolamine (anandamide) and pros-taglandin ethanolamines (prostamides) are biologically active derivatives of arachidonic acid. Although available through different precursor phospholipids, there is considerable overlap between the biosynthetic pathways of arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids and anandamide-derived prostamides. Prostamides exhibit physiological actions and are involved in ocular hypotension, smooth muscle contraction, and inflammatory pain. Although topical application of bimatoprost, a structural analog of prostaglandin F2α ethanolamide (PGF2α-EA), is currently a first-line treatment for ocular hypertension, the endogenous production of prostamides and their biochemical precursors in corneal tissue has not yet been reported. In this study, we report the presence of anandamide, palmitoyl-, stearoyl-, α-linolenoyl docosahexaenoyl-, linoleoyl-, and oleoyl-ethanolamines in rabbit cornea, and following treatment with anandamide, the formation of PGF2α-EA, PGE2-EA, PGD2-EA by corneal extracts (all analyzed by LC/ESI-MS/MS). A number of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamines, precursors of anandamide and other fatty acyl ethanolamines, were also identified in corneal lipid extracts using ESI-MS/MS. These findings suggest that the prostamide and fatty acid ethanolamine pathways are operational in the cornea and may provide valuable insight into corneal physiology and their potential influence on adjacent tissues and the aqueous humor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Urquhart
- Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester, UK
| | - Jenny Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA
| | | | - Anna Nicolaou
- Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Chicca A, Gachet MS, Petrucci V, Schuehly W, Charles RP, Gertsch J. 4'-O-methylhonokiol increases levels of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol in mouse brain via selective inhibition of its COX-2-mediated oxygenation. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:89. [PMID: 25962384 PMCID: PMC4490613 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 4'-O-methylhonokiol (MH) is a natural product showing anti-inflammatory, anti-osteoclastogenic, and neuroprotective effects. MH was reported to modulate cannabinoid CB2 receptors as an inverse agonist for cAMP production and an agonist for intracellular [Ca2+]. It was recently shown that MH inhibits cAMP formation via CB2 receptors. In this study, the exact modulation of MH on CB2 receptor activity was elucidated and its endocannabinoid substrate-specific inhibition (SSI) of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and CNS bioavailability are described for the first time. METHODS CB2 receptor modulation ([35S]GTPγS, cAMP, and β-arrestin) by MH was measured in hCB2-transfected CHO-K1 cells and native conditions (HL60 cells and mouse spleen). The COX-2 SSI was investigated in RAW264.7 cells and in Swiss albino mice by targeted metabolomics using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS MH is a CB2 receptor agonist and a potent COX-2 SSI. It induced partial agonism in both the [35S]GTPγS binding and β-arrestin recruitment assays while being a full agonist in the cAMP pathway. MH selectively inhibited PGE2 glycerol ester formation (over PGE2) in RAW264.7 cells and significantly increased the levels of 2-AG in mouse brain in a dose-dependent manner (3 to 20 mg kg(-1)) without affecting other metabolites. After 7 h from intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, MH was quantified in significant amounts in the brain (corresponding to 200 to 300 nM). CONCLUSIONS LC-MS/MS quantification shows that MH is bioavailable to the brain and under condition of inflammation exerts significant indirect effects on 2-AG levels. The biphenyl scaffold might serve as valuable source of dual CB2 receptor modulators and COX-2 SSIs as demonstrated by additional MH analogs that show similar effects. The combination of CB2 agonism and COX-2 SSI offers a yet unexplored polypharmacology with expected synergistic effects in neuroinflammatory diseases, thus providing a rationale for the diverse neuroprotective effects reported for MH in animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Chicca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Maria Salomé Gachet
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Vanessa Petrucci
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Wolfgang Schuehly
- Institute of Zoology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Roch-Philippe Charles
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Turcotte C, Chouinard F, Lefebvre JS, Flamand N. Regulation of inflammation by cannabinoids, the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol and arachidonoyl-ethanolamide, and their metabolites. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:1049-70. [PMID: 25877930 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru0115-021r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) and arachidonyl-ethanolamide (AEA) are endocannabinoids that have been implicated in many physiologic disorders, including obesity, metabolic syndromes, hepatic diseases, pain, neurologic disorders, and inflammation. Their immunomodulatory effects are numerous and are not always mediated by cannabinoid receptors, reflecting the presence of an arachidonic acid (AA) molecule in their structure, the latter being the precursor of numerous bioactive lipids that are pro- or anti-inflammatory. 2-AG and AEA can thus serve as a source of AA but can also be metabolized by most eicosanoid biosynthetic enzymes, yielding additional lipids. In this regard, enhancing endocannabinoid levels by using endocannabinoid hydrolysis inhibitors is likely to augment the levels of these lipids that could regulate inflammatory cell functions. This review summarizes the metabolic pathways involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of AEA and 2-AG, as well as the biologic effects of the 2-AG and AEA lipidomes in the regulation of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Turcotte
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - François Chouinard
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Julie S Lefebvre
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Douglass JD, Zhou YX, Wu A, Zadroga JA, Gajda AM, Lackey AI, Lang W, Chevalier KM, Sutton SW, Zhang SP, Flores CM, Connelly MA, Storch J. Global deletion of MGL in mice delays lipid absorption and alters energy homeostasis and diet-induced obesity. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1153-71. [PMID: 25842377 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m058586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of monoacylglycerols (MGs) to yield FFAs and glycerol. MGL contributes to energy homeostasis through the mobilization of fat stores and also via the degradation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. To further examine the role of MG metabolism in energy homeostasis, MGL(-/-) mice were fed either a 10% (kilocalories) low-fat diet (LFD) or a 45% (kilocalories) high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Profound increases of MG species in the MGL(-/-) mice compared with WT control mice were found. Weight gain over the 12 weeks was blunted in both diet groups. MGL(-/-) mice were leaner than WT mice at both baseline and after 12 weeks of LFD feeding. Circulating lipids were decreased in HFD-fed MGL(-/-) mice, as were the levels of several plasma peptides involved in glucose homeostasis and energy balance. Interestingly, MGL(-/-) mice had markedly reduced intestinal TG secretion following an oral fat challenge, suggesting delayed lipid absorption. Overall, the results indicate that global MGL deletion leads to systemic changes that produce a leaner phenotype and an improved serum metabolic profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D Douglass
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Yin Xiu Zhou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Amy Wu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - John A Zadroga
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Angela M Gajda
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Atreju I Lackey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Wensheng Lang
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477
| | | | | | - Sui-Po Zhang
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477
| | | | | | - Judith Storch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Shelnut EL, Nikas SP, Finnegan DF, Chiang N, Serhan CN, Makriyannis A. Design and synthesis of novel prostaglandin E 2 ethanolamide and glycerol ester probes for the putative prostamide receptor(s). Tetrahedron Lett 2015; 56:1411-1415. [PMID: 25960577 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.01.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel prostaglandin-ethanolamide (PGE2-EA) and glycerol ester (2-PGE2-G) analogs were designed and synthesized to aid in the characterization of a putative prostamide receptor. Our design incorporates the electrophilic isothiocyanato and the photoactivatable azido groups at the terminal tail position of the prototype. Stereoselective Wittig and Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reactions install the head and the tail moieties of the PGE2 skeleton. The synthesis is completed using Mitsunobu azidation and peptide coupling as the key steps. A chemoenzymatic synthesis for the 2-PGE2-G is described for first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Shelnut
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, 116 Mugar Hall, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Spyros P Nikas
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, 116 Mugar Hall, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David F Finnegan
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, 116 Mugar Hall, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nan Chiang
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur (HIM 829), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur (HIM 829), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, 116 Mugar Hall, Boston, MA 02115, USA ; King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Di Marzo V, Stella N, Zimmer A. Endocannabinoid signalling and the deteriorating brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:30-42. [PMID: 25524120 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is characterized by the progressive impairment of physiological functions and increased risk of developing debilitating disorders, including chronic inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. These disorders have common molecular mechanisms that can be targeted therapeutically. In the wake of the approval of the first cannabinoid-based drug for the symptomatic treatment of multiple sclerosis, we examine how endocannabinoid (eCB) signalling controls--and is affected by--normal ageing and neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. We propose a conceptual framework linking eCB signalling to the control of the cellular and molecular hallmarks of these processes, and categorize the key components of endocannabinoid signalling that may serve as targets for novel therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Nephi Stella
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington. [2] Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute for Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund Freud Straße 25, Bonn 53127, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Soliman E, Henderson KL, Danell AS, Van Dross R. Arachidonoyl-ethanolamide activates endoplasmic reticulum stress-apoptosis in tumorigenic keratinocytes: Role of cyclooxygenase-2 and novel J-series prostamides. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:117-30. [PMID: 25557612 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancer and other epithelial tumors overexpress cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), differentiating them from normal cells. COX-2 metabolizes arachidonic acid to prostaglandins including, the J-series prostaglandins, which induce apoptosis by mechanisms including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Arachidonoyl-ethanolamide (AEA) is a cannabinoid that causes apoptosis in diverse tumor types. Previous studies from our group demonstrated that AEA was metabolized by COX-2 to J-series prostaglandins. Thus, the current study examines the role of COX-2, J-series prostaglandins, and ER stress in AEA-induced apoptosis. In tumorigenic keratinocytes that overexpress COX-2, AEA activated the PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol requiring kinase-1 (IRE1), and activating transcription factor-6 (ATF6) ER stress pathways and the ER stress apoptosis-associated proteins, C/EBP homologous protein-10 (CHOP10), caspase-12, and caspase-3. Using an ER stress inhibitor, it was determined that ER stress was required for AEA-induced apoptosis. To evaluate the role of COX-2 in ER stress-apoptosis, HaCaT keratinocytes with low endogenous COX-2 expression were transfected with COX-2 cDNA or an empty vector and AEA-induced ER stress-apoptosis occurred only in the presence of COX-2. Moreover, LC-MS analysis showed that the novel prostaglandins, 15-deoxyΔ(12,14) PGJ2 -EA and Δ(12) PGJ2 /PGJ2-EA, were synthesized from AEA. These findings suggest that AEA will be selectively toxic in tumor cells that overexpress COX-2 due to the metabolism of AEA by COX-2 to J-series prostaglandin-ethanolamides (prostamides). Hence, AEA may be an ideal topical agent for the elimination of malignancies that overexpress COX-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eman Soliman
- Brody School of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Kate L Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Allison S Danell
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Rukiyah Van Dross
- Brody School of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Endocannabinoids and their oxygenation by cyclo-oxygenases, lipoxygenases and other oxygenases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:366-76. [PMID: 25543004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The naturally occurring mammalian endocannabinoids possess biological attributes that extend beyond interaction with cannabinoid receptors. These extended biological properties are the result of oxidative metabolism of the principal mammalian endocannabinoids arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anandamide; A-EA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Both endocannabinoids are oxidized by cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), but not by COX-1, to a series of prostaglandin derivatives (PGs) with quite different biological properties from those of the parent substrates. PG ethanolamides (prostamides, PG-EAs) and PG glyceryl esters (PG-Gs) are not only pharmacologically distinct from their parent endocannabinoids, they are distinct from the corresponding acidic PGs, and are differentiated from each other. Ethanolamides and glyceryl esters of the major prostanoids PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α, and PGI2 are formed by the various PG synthases, and thromboxane ethanolamides and glyceryl esters are not similarly produced. COX-2 is also of interest by virtue of its corollary central role in modulating endocannabinoid tone, providing a new therapeutic approach for treating pain and anxiety. Other major oxidative conversion pathways are provided for both A-EA and 2-AG by several lipoxygenases (LOXs), resulting in the formation of numerous hydroxyl metabolites. These do not necessarily represent inactivation pathways for endocannabinoids but may mimic or modulate the endocannabinoids or even display alternative pharmacology. Similarly, A-EA and 2-AG may be oxidized by P450 enzymes. Again a very diverse number of metabolites are formed, with either cannabinoid-like biological properties or an introduction of disparate pharmacology. The biological activity of epoxy and hydroxyl derivatives of the endocannabinoids remains to be fully elucidated. This review attempts to consolidate and compare the findings obtained to date in an increasingly important research area. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance".
Collapse
|
100
|
Wedel J, Pallavi P, Stamellou E, Yard BA. N-acyl dopamine derivates as lead compound for implementation in transplantation medicine. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2014; 29:109-13. [PMID: 25576467 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Conjugates of fatty acids with ethanolamine, amino acids or monoamine neurotransmitters occur widely in nature giving rise to so-called endocannabinoids. Anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol are the best characterized endocannabinoids activating both cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) and transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channels (anandamide) or activating cannabinoid receptors only (2-arachidonoyl glycerol). TRPV1 is also activated by vanilloids, such as capsaicin, and endogenous neurolipins, e.g. N-arachidonoyl dopamine (NADA) and N-oleoyl dopamine (OLDA). Because donor dopamine treatment has shown to improve transplantation outcome in renal and heart recipients, this review will mainly focus on the biological activities of N-acyl dopamine derivates (NADD) as potential non-hemodynamic alternative for implementation in transplantation medicine. Hence the influence of NADD on transplantation relevant entities, i.e. cold inflicted injury, cytoprotection, I/R-injury, immune-modulation and inflammation will be summarized. The cytoprotective properties of endogenous endocannabinoids in this context will be briefly touched upon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Wedel
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology; Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Prama Pallavi
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Windeckstr. 98, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Eleni Stamellou
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology; Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Benito A Yard
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology; Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|