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Wnuk A, Oleksy T, Domaradzka A. Prosociality and endorsement of liberty: Communal and individual predictors of attitudes towards surveillance technologies. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021; 125:106938. [PMID: 35228773 PMCID: PMC8867059 DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, digital tracking technologies were recognised as one of the key tools in preventing the spread of the virus and maintaining health security. However, they also raised numerous controversies because of their potential to endanger civil rights and privacy. Most studies on the acceptance of anti-COVID-19 tracking technologies did not include important social factors and did not examine the directionality between variables. We aimed to fill this gap in the present study. METHODS We conducted a four-wave, representative longitudinal panel survey among Polish citizens on the relationship between acceptance of anti-COVID-19 tracking technologies and prosociality, national identification, and endorsement of individual liberty. Analyses were performed using random-intercept cross-lagged panel models. RESULTS We observed bidirectional cross-lagged relationships between prosociality and acceptance of anti-COVID 19 tracking technologies, with a stronger path from prosociality to acceptance than the other way around. Endorsement of individual liberty predicted negative attitudes towards technologies and this relation was strengthened by perceived threat of future technological surveillance. We did not find a significant relationship between acceptance of technologies and national identification at the within-subject level. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to analyse dynamic within-person relationships between communal and individual aspects and acceptance of anti-COVID-19 surveillance technologies. We conclude that prosocial attitude may lead to social acceptance of technology that, while helpful to fight with a pandemic, might also infringe on personal rights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wnuk
- The Robert B. Zajonc Institute for Social Studies, University of Warsaw, ul. Stawki 5/7, 00-183, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Oleksy
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, ul. Stawki 5/7, 00-183, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Domaradzka
- The Robert B. Zajonc Institute for Social Studies, University of Warsaw, ul. Stawki 5/7, 00-183, Warsaw, Poland
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Mao G, Drury J, Fernandes‐Jesus M, Ntontis E. How participation in Covid-19 mutual aid groups affects subjective well-being and how political identity moderates these effects. ANALYSES OF SOCIAL ISSUES AND PUBLIC POLICY : ASAP 2021; 21:1082-1112. [PMID: 34899075 PMCID: PMC8652987 DOI: 10.1111/asap.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mutual aid groups have flourished during the Covid-19 pandemic. However, a major challenge is sustaining such groups, which tend to decline following the initial upsurge immediately after emergencies. The present study investigates one possible motivation for continued participation: the well-being benefits associated with psychological membership of groups, as suggested by the "social cure" approach. Interviews were conducted with 11 volunteers in a mutual aid group organized by ACORN, a community union and anti-poverty campaigning organization. Through qualitative analysis, we show that participation provided well-being in different ways: positive emotional experiences, increased engagement in life, improved social relationships, and greater sense of control. Participants also reported some negative emotional experiences. While all interviewees experienced benefits from participation, those who viewed their participation through a political lens were able to experience additional benefits such as feelings of empowerment. Moreover, the benefits conferred by a shared political identity appeared to be qualitatively different from the benefits conferred by other forms of shared identity. The interview data is used to hypothesize an overall process by which participants may come to attain a political identity via mutual aid. These findings have implications for how such groups retain their members and how authorities support these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanlan Mao
- University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - John Drury
- University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Fernandes‐Jesus
- University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- York St John University, York, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Ntontis
- Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, United KingomUK
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Li X, English AS, Kulich SJ. Anger among Chinese migrants amid COVID-19 discrimination: The role of host news coverage, cultural distance, and national identity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259866. [PMID: 34784374 PMCID: PMC8594835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As the early COVID-19 outbreak sparked xenophobia against people of Asian and Chinese background, we collected data from Chinese migrants worldwide to test how discrimination at a macro-level was perceived by the Chinese during COVID-19 globally. Specifically, we examined (1) whether/how the Chinese migrants were aware of discrimination against their co-nationals during COVID; (2) if so, whether anger was a predominant reaction of these Chinese towards certain exposure to relevant information; (3) how responses of anger transcend across the group of Chinese migrants. Integrating the ecological approach to media and cultural psychology, as well as the intergroup perspective of social psychology, we conducted a study that explored the impact of traditional media exposure to discrimination on collective anger-a process mediated by national identity among the Chinese migrants. Findings provide some evidence that geographically dispersed mono-cultural groups may share or identify with collective emotions when facing xenophobic threats in a macro context. Further examination of cultural distance (between China and the host country) among the Chinese migrants also revealed a particular interaction between host newspaper coverage and cultural distance on national identity. These findings suggest further research to examine the emotional norms of similar cultures bonded via strong collective identities in times of intergroup threat and the theoretical possibility for diasporic identity processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Li
- Intercultural Institute, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alexander S. English
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Steve J. Kulich
- Intercultural Institute, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
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54
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Moscatelli S, Graziani AR, Botindari L, Ciaffoni S, Menegatti M. "Everything Will Be All Right!" National and European Identification as Predictors of Positive Expectations for the Future During the COVID-19 Emergency. Front Psychol 2021; 12:723518. [PMID: 34744890 PMCID: PMC8570301 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.723518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the first national lockdown imposed in a Western country to reduce the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, many Italians tried to boost their spirits by hanging hand-drawn rainbows with the slogan "Everything will be all right" from their windows. To understand which processes might have nurtured their positive views about the future during the pandemic, the present study (N=846), building upon social identity research, examined the relationships among Italians' identification with their country and with the superordinate entity of the European Union (EU), trust in the main institutions in charge of managing the crisis (i.e., the Italian government, the EU, and the scientific community), and beliefs that the COVID-19 crisis would eventually result in the improvement of society. Structural equation modeling analyses showed that identification with Italians and Europeans had positive direct associations with positive expectations about humankind. Identification with Europeans was also directly related to positive expectations about Italian leaders and the strengthening of the EU through the crisis. Trust in the Italian government and, to a lower extent, trust in the EU mediated some of these associations. These findings suggest that governments should actively promote national and European identification to help citizens counter the negative psychological impact of the pandemic and maintain positive views of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Moscatelli
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Graziani
- Department of Communication and Economics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Lucia Botindari
- SAIS Bologna Center, John Hopkins University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ciaffoni
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Menegatti
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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55
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Stevenson C, Wakefield JRH, Felsner I, Drury J, Costa S. Collectively coping with coronavirus: Local community identification predicts giving support and lockdown adherence during the COVID-19 pandemic. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33969899 DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/2uyw7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of shared identity in predicting both ingroup helping behaviour and adherence to protective norms during COVID-19 has been extensively theorized, but remains largely under-investigated. We build upon previous Social Identity research into community resilience by testing the role of pre-existing local community (or 'neighbourhood') identity as a predictor of these outcomes, via the mediator of perceived social support. Community residents in the UK completed a longitudinal online survey four months before lockdown (T1; N = 253), one month before lockdown (T2; N = 217), and two months into lockdown (T3; N = 149). The cross-lagged panel analysis shows that T1 community identification predicts T3 giving and receiving of pandemic-related support, and that these effects occur via the perception of community support at the second time point (while the alternative pathway from T1 support via T2 identification is non-significant). Moreover, we show that T1 community identification also directly predicts lockdown adherence at T3. Our findings point to the pivotal role played by community identity in effective behavioural responses to the pandemic, and the need to support and foster community development to facilitate local community resilience as the crisis continues to unfold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sebastiano Costa
- Università Degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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56
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Chan H, Wang X, Zuo S, Chiu CP, Liu L, Yiu DW, Hong Y. War Against COVID-19: How Is National Identification Linked With the Adoption of Disease-Preventive Behaviors in China and the United States? POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 42:767-793. [PMID: 34226776 PMCID: PMC8242506 DOI: 10.1111/pops.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fighting the COVID-19 pandemic requires large numbers of citizens to adopt disease-preventive practices. We contend that national identification can mobilize and motivate people to engage in preventive behaviors to protect the collective, which in return would heighten national identification further. To test these reciprocal links, we conducted studies in two countries with diverse national tactics toward curbing the pandemic: (1) a two-wave longitudinal survey in China (Study 1, N = 1200), where a national goal to fight COVID-19 was clearly set, and (2) a five-wave longitudinal survey in the United States (Study 2, N = 1001), where the national leader, President Trump, rejected the severity of COVID-19 in its early stage. Results revealed that national identification was associated with an increase in disease-preventive behaviors in both countries in general. However, higher national identification was associated with greater trust in Trump's administration among politically conservative American participants, which then was associated with slower adoption of preventive behaviors. The reciprocal effect of disease-preventive behaviors on national identification was observed only in China. Overall, our findings suggest that although national identification may serve as a protective factor in curbing the pandemic, this beneficial effect was reduced in some political contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xue Wang
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | | | | | - Li Liu
- Beijing Normal University
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57
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Aresi G, Procentese F, Gattino S, Tzankova I, Gatti F, Compare C, Marzana D, Mannarini T, Fedi A, Marta E, Guarino A. Prosocial behaviours under collective quarantine conditions. A latent class analysis study during the 2020 COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 32:490-506. [PMID: 34898966 PMCID: PMC8653383 DOI: 10.1002/casp.2571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to identify the patterns of prosocial behaviours under collective quarantine conditions. Survey data were collected from a sample of Italian adults during the March May 2020 COVID‐19 lockdown in Italy. Participants reported on offline and online prosocial behaviours, sense of community responsibility (SoC‐R) and perceptions of community resilience. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used for data analysis. A total of 4,045 participants completed the survey, and 2,562 were eligible (72% female; mean age 38.7 years). LCA revealed four classes of prosocial behaviours: Money donors (7%), Online and offline helpers (59%), Online health information sharers (21%) and Neighbour helpers (13%). The classes were partially invariant across age groups (18‐35 and 35‐65 years). Being a man, having achieved a higher educational level and higher SoC‐R scores were associated with belonging to the Online and offline helper class. The members of this class also reported the greatest perceptions of community resilience. The results provide insight on the multidimensionality of prosociality under collective quarantine conditions. Online and offline helpers could be targeted for promoting sustained altruism and involvement in community organisations. For the other groups, programmes should aim at eliminating barriers to help others in multiple ways. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Aresi
- Psychology Department Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Gemelli Milan Italy.,CERISVICO Research Centre on Community Development and Organisational Quality of Life Brescia Italy
| | | | - Silvia Gattino
- Department of Psychology University of Torino Torino Italy
| | - Iana Tzankova
- Department of Psychology University of Bologna Cesena Italy
| | - Flora Gatti
- Department of Humanities University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
| | | | - Daniela Marzana
- Psychology Department Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Gemelli Milan Italy.,CERISVICO Research Centre on Community Development and Organisational Quality of Life Brescia Italy
| | - Terri Mannarini
- Department of History Society and Human Studies University of Salento Lecce Italy
| | - Angela Fedi
- Department of Psychology University of Torino Torino Italy
| | - Elena Marta
- Psychology Department Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Gemelli Milan Italy.,CERISVICO Research Centre on Community Development and Organisational Quality of Life Brescia Italy
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58
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Spicksley K, Kington A, Watkins M. "We Will Appreciate Each Other More After This": Teachers' Construction of Collective and Personal Identities During Lockdown. Front Psychol 2021; 12:703404. [PMID: 34489807 PMCID: PMC8418545 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.703404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In March 2020, schools in England were closed to all but vulnerable children and the children of key workers, as part of a national effort to curb the spread of the Covid-19 virus. Many teachers were required to work from home as remote learning was implemented. Teaching is primarily a relational profession, and previous literature acknowledges that supportive relationships with peers help to maintain teachers' resilience and commitment during challenging periods. This paper reports on findings from a small-scale study conducted in England during the first national lockdown beginning in March 2020, which explored the impact of the requirement to teach remotely on teachers' identity and peer relationships. A discourse analysis, informed by the aims and practices of discursive psychology, was conducted in order to explore the association between constructions of peer support and responses to the Covid-19 pandemic. Findings indicate that teachers who presented their professional self-identity as collective rather than personal appeared to have a more positive perspective on the difficulties caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. These findings, which have implications for policymakers and school leaders, contribute to the growing field of research on the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on education by showing the strong association between teachers' constructions of identity and their capacity to respond positively to the challenges brought about by the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Spicksley
- School of Education, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Kington
- School of Education, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Maxine Watkins
- School of Psychology, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
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59
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris D Frith
- Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ophelia Deroy
- Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, UK; Munich Center for Neuroscience, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany; Faculty of Philosophy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany; NOMIS Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
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60
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Understanding Consumer Stockpiling during the COVID-19 Outbreak through the Theory of Planned Behavior. MATHEMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/math9161950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We use the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to investigate determinants of stockpiling behavior during the COVID-19 lockdown. We analyzed 518 responses to an online survey and used Partial Least Squares Path Modeling (PLS-PM) techniques to estimate relationships between variables. Negative attitude (perceived barriers) and others’ behavior (descriptive social norms) were revealed as significant predictors for both intention to over-purchase and the actual stockpiling behavior. The lack of significance obtained for perceived behavioral control (PBC) is also an important result, strengthening the evidence that factors’ contribution to TPB’s predictive power is strongly context-dependent, respectively that PBC is less relevant in settings dominated by uncertainty. The lack of significance is especially compelling when stockpiling behavior is regarded as deviant conduct from effective consumption. Our findings expand the understanding on the applicability of TPB and offer informed practical suggestions for improving managerial strategies, public and private ones, during extreme events when self-regulation and cognitive control are expedient but hard to achieve.
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61
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HuGoS: a virtual environment for studying collective human behavior from a swarm intelligence perspective. SWARM INTELLIGENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11721-021-00199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSwarm intelligence studies self-organized collective behavior resulting from interactions between individuals, typically in animals and artificial agents. Some studies from cognitive science have also demonstrated self-organization mechanisms in humans, often in pairs. Further research into the topic of human swarm intelligence could provide a better understanding of new behaviors and larger human collectives. This requires studies with multiple human participants in controlled experiments in a wide variety of scenarios, where a rich scope of possible interactions can be isolated and captured. In this paper, we present HuGoS—‘Humans Go Swarming’—a multi-user virtual environment implemented using the Unity game development platform, as a comprehensive tool for experimentation in human swarm intelligence. We demonstrate the functionality of HuGoS with naïve participants in a browser-based implementation, in a coordination task involving collective decision-making, messaging and signaling, and stigmergy. By making HuGoS available as open-source software, we hope to facilitate further research in the field of human swarm intelligence.
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Tunçgenç B, El Zein M, Sulik J, Newson M, Zhao Y, Dezecache G, Deroy O. Social influence matters: We follow pandemic guidelines most when our close circle does. Br J Psychol 2021; 112:763-780. [PMID: 33474747 PMCID: PMC8014579 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Why do we adopt new rules, such as social distancing? Although human sciences research stresses the key role of social influence in behaviour change, most COVID-19 campaigns emphasize the disease's medical threat. In a global data set (n = 6,675), we investigated how social influences predict people's adherence to distancing rules during the pandemic. Bayesian regression analyses controlling for stringency of local measures showed that people distanced most when they thought their close social circle did. Such social influence mattered more than people thinking distancing was the right thing to do. People's adherence also aligned with their fellow citizens, but only if they felt deeply bonded with their country. Self-vulnerability to the disease predicted distancing more for people with larger social circles. Collective efficacy and collectivism also significantly predicted distancing. To achieve behavioural change during crises, policymakers must emphasize shared values and harness the social influence of close friends and family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Tunçgenç
- School of PsychologyUniversity of NottinghamUK
- Institute of Cognitive & Evolutionary AnthropologyUniversity of OxfordUK
| | - Marwa El Zein
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonUK
- Adaptive Rationality CenterMax‐Planck Institute for Human DevelopmentBerlinGermany
| | - Justin Sulik
- Cognition, Values and Behaviour LabLudwig Maximilian UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Martha Newson
- Institute of Cognitive & Evolutionary AnthropologyUniversity of OxfordUK
- School of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of KentUK
| | - Yi Zhao
- School of MedicineIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndianaUSA
| | | | - Ophelia Deroy
- Cognition, Values and Behaviour LabLudwig Maximilian UniversityMunichGermany
- Munich Center for NeuroscienceLudwig Maximilian UniversityMunichGermany
- School of Advanced StudyInstitute of PhilosophyUniversity of LondonUK
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63
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Yuen KF, Leong JZE, Wong YD, Wang X. Panic buying during COVID-19: Survival psychology and needs perspectives in deprived environments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION : IJDRR 2021; 62:102421. [PMID: 36568695 PMCID: PMC9766974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Panic buying (PB), a typical consumer behaviour induced by crisis, was observed worldwide in the face of COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on Survival Psychology and Maslow's motivation theories, this study introduced a theoretical model to establish the factors affecting consumers' PB and investigate their interrelationships. An online survey was designed and administered to 508 respondents in Singapore. Then, structural equation modelling was implemented to study the survey data. The results indicated that the effects of several constructs namely, normative social influence, observational learning, perceived severity, and perceived scarcity, with mediation by control, impose significant influence on consumers' PB. Analysis of total effects showed that normative social influence has the strongest effect on PB. This is followed by perceived scarcity, control, social trust, observational learning, and perceived severity. Two diverse research paradigms centring on Survival Psychology and Maslow's motivation theories were integrated to offer a logical explanation of the motivation driving PB. By utilising a theory-driven approach, the current study has offered a unique approach to interpreting consumers' PB. Overall, this study enhances current research on consumers' PB, offers new insights into understanding the motivating factors behind consumers' PB, and implicates policies on tackling hoarding situations in the event of crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kum Fai Yuen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Joey Zu Er Leong
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Yiik Diew Wong
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Xueqin Wang
- Department of International Logistics, Chung-Ang University, South Korea
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64
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Kim H, Florack A. When Social Interaction Backfires: Frequent Social Interaction During the COVID-19 Pandemic Is Associated With Decreased Well-Being and Higher Panic Buying. Front Psychol 2021; 12:668272. [PMID: 34393902 PMCID: PMC8357996 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.668272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research investigated a backfiring effect of social interaction on well-being and general confidence in Western populations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Across two studies, we observed that stronger self-other connectedness and frequent social communication with others during the first few weeks into the quarantine period were associated with worsened well-being and decreased general confidence. In Study 1 (n = 331), we showed that people who reported higher social connectedness and more frequent social interaction experienced declined well-being. In Study 2 (n = 327), we replicated the backfiring effect and showed that those who engaged in frequent social interaction, especially in COVID-19 related conversations, reported decreased general confidence, which mediated the accelerating effect of social interaction on panic buying. Overall, our findings indicated that frequent social interaction under a highly novel and uncertain crisis can relate to negative consequences on mental health and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunji Kim
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arnd Florack
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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65
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Reicher S, Bauld L. From the 'fragile rationalist' to 'collective resilience': what human psychology has taught us about the COVID-19 pandemic and what the COVID-19 pandemic has taught us about human psychology. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2021; 51:S12-S19. [PMID: 34185033 DOI: 10.4997/jrcpe.2021.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful response to the Covid-19 pandemic is dependent on changing human behaviour to limit proximal interactions with others. Accordingly, governments have introduced severe constraints upon freedoms to move and to mix. This has been accompanied by doubts as to whether the public would abide by these constraints. Such doubts are underpinned by a psychological model of individuals as fragile rationalists who have limited cognitive capacities, who panic under pressure and turn a crisis into a tragedy. Drawing on evidence from the UK, we show that this did not occur. Rather, the pandemic has illustrated the remarkable collective resilience of individuals when brought together as a community by the common experience of crisis. This is a crucial lesson for the future, because it underpins the importance of developing leadership and policies that enhance rather than weaken such emergent social identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Reicher
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK,
| | - Linda Bauld
- Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh
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Toprakkiran S, Gordils J. The onset of COVID-19, common identity, and intergroup prejudice. The Journal of Social Psychology 2021; 161:435-451. [PMID: 34251994 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2021.1918620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The research presented here examined the relationship between the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, social group identity, intergroup contact, and prejudice. Utilizing a common ingroup identity approach, two datasets, which were composed of data from university students collected via online questionnaires before and after the onset of COVID-19, were combined (N = 511). Participants identified as either one of two subordinate student identities: domestic (i.e. U.S. citizen or permanent resident) or international (i.e. non-U.S. citizen or foreign resident), then reported on the strength of their subordinate and superordinate identity (university identity). Participants also reported on their contact experiences with outgroup members, outgroup stereotypes, and completed a novel intergroup bias task. Results indicated that after the onset of the pandemic, participants more strongly identified with the superordinate group, which predicted greater perceived intergroup contact and lower intergroup bias. Theoretical implications and future directions are discussed.
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Abstract
Abstract. The present paper discusses how climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic can be read as two facets of a Hegemonic Social Representation (HSR) under construction, the representation of survival, reshaping other hegemonic, socially shared representations in the Western culture such as Science, Politics/Democracy, and Nature, on an unprecedented scale. A HSR is proposed in this paper as a useful tool to conceptualize major changes in social thinking, at the interface of individual and collective dynamics. A HSR is defined as the crystallization of a meaning-complex on what is valuable and vital for a community, generating competing for social identities, practices, and social policies. The paper revisits the concept initiated by Moscovici and focuses on the role of competing groups, generating opposing perspectives. We argue that at this crucial point, close attention to the way in which meaning is negotiated across a series of key elements of the HSR of survival will help better informing communication and action concerning climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalia Magioglou
- School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Coen
- School of Health and Society, University of Salford, United Kingdom
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68
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Molenaar C, Blessin M, Erfurth LM, Imhoff R. Were we stressed or was it just me - and does it even matter? Efforts to disentangle individual and collective resilience within real and imagined stressors. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 61:167-191. [PMID: 34128233 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although resilience is a multi-level process, research largely focuses on the individual and little is known about how resilience may distinctly present at the group level. Even less is known about subjective conceptualizations of resilience at either level. Therefore, two studies sought to better understand how individuals conceptualize resilience both as an individual and as a group. Study 1 (N = 123) experimentally manipulated whether participants reported on either individual or group-based responses to real stressors and analysed their qualitative responses. For individual responses, subjective resilience featured active coping most prominently, whereas social support was the focus for group-based responses. As these differences might be attributable to the different stressors people remembered in either condition, Study 2 (N = 171) held a hypothetical stressor (i.e., natural disaster) constant. As expected, resilience at the group level emphasized maintaining group cohesion. Surprisingly, the group condition also reported increased likelihood to engage in blame, denial, and behavioural disengagement. Contrary to expectations, participants in the individual condition reported stronger desire to seek out new groups. The combined findings are discussed within the framework of resilience and social identity and highlight the necessity of accounting for multiple levels and subjective conceptualizations of resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carin Molenaar
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz/ Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Manpreet Blessin
- Leibniz Institut für Resilienzforschung Mainz/ Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research Mainz, Germany
| | - Luise M Erfurth
- Goethe Universität Frankfurt/ Geothe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Roland Imhoff
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz/ Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
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69
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Ben-Tzur N, Zanbar L, Kaniasty K. Mastery, Social Support, and Sense of Community as Protective Resources Against Psychological Distress Among Israelis Exposed to Prolonged Rocket Attacks. J Trauma Stress 2021; 34:501-511. [PMID: 33219713 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the psychological toll of exposure to rocket attacks as experienced by residents of central and southern Israel during the 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict. Participants completed an online survey assessing their life-threatening experiences, the availability of psychosocial resources, and symptoms of both PTSD (PCL-5) and nonspecific psychological distress (K6) 2-3 months posttrauma. Guided by the conservation of resources theory, we focused on the distress-protective functions of person- and community-oriented resources: mastery, perceived social support, and sense of community. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that elevated exposure to rocket attacks predicted higher levels of PTSD but not psychological distress. All 13 predictors (i.e., sociodemographic factors, trauma exposure, personal and community resources) and three interactions between rocket attack-related trauma exposure and each of the resources accounted for a significant amount of the variance in PTSD, R2 = .251, adjusted R2 = .235, and nonspecific psychological distress, R2 = .280, adjusted R2 = .264. Predictably, higher levels of mastery and perceived social support were associated with lower PCL-5 and K6 scores. Unexpectedly, respondents who reported a higher sense of community exhibited more PTSD symptoms. Supplementary analyses indicated that among individuals with lower levels of mastery, sense of community was related to higher PCL-5 scores. Psychosocial resources are important for coping with community-wide stressors, but their roles are complex. Maintaining a sense of community among individuals who experience shared trauma is undoubtedly critical, yet potential downsides of collective coping among those with lower levels of mastery should be recognized and further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lea Zanbar
- School of Social Work, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Krzysztof Kaniasty
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, Indiana, USA.,Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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70
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Muldoon OT, Lowe RD, Jetten J, Cruwys T, Haslam SA. Personal and Political: Post-Traumatic Stress Through the Lens of Social Identity, Power, and Politics. POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 42:501-533. [PMID: 34219849 PMCID: PMC8247337 DOI: 10.1111/pops.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has always been controversial and highly politicized. Here, using a social identity approach, we review evidence that trauma and its aftermath are fundamentally linked to social position, sociopolitical capital, and power. We begin this contribution by demonstrating how a person's group memberships (and the social identities they derive from these memberships) are inherently linked to the experience of adversity. We then go on to consider how it is through group memberships that individuals are defined by their trauma risk and trauma histories-that is, a person's group memberships and their trauma are often inherently linked. Considering the importance of group memberships for understanding trauma, we argue that it is important to see these, and group processes more generally, as more than just "demographic" risk factors. Instead, we argue that when groups are defined by their trauma history or risk, their members will often derive some sense of self from this trauma. For this reason, attributes of group memberships are important in developing an understanding of adjustment and adaptation to trauma. In particular, groups' status, their recourse to justice, and the level of trust and solidarity within the group are all central to the impact of traumatic events on individual-level psychological resilience. We review evidence that supports this analysis by focusing on the exacerbating effects of stigma and social mistrust on post-traumatic stress, and the value of solidarity and strong identities for resilience. We conclude that because of these group-related processes, trauma interweaves the personal with the political and that post-traumatic stress is fundamentally about power, positionality, and politics.
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71
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Wakefield JRH, Khauser A. Doing it for us: Community identification predicts willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccination via perceived sense of duty to the community. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 31:603-614. [PMID: 34220178 PMCID: PMC8239513 DOI: 10.1002/casp.2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The COVID‐19 pandemic has presented huge challenges for communities across the world. Vaccines offer the best hope for controlling its deleterious effects, but not everybody is willing to be vaccinated, so it is important to explore variables that might predict vaccination willingness. The present study addressed this by drawing upon the Social Identity Approach, which posits that people's membership of social groups is consequential for their thoughts and behaviour. Specifically, it was predicted that people's strength of identification with their local community (a social group that came to particular prominence during the pandemic) would positively predict their willingness to engage in community‐related prosocial normative behaviour (i.e., their perceived sense of duty, as a community member, to get vaccinated) and that this, in turn, would predict higher levels of vaccination willingness. Participants (N = 130) completed an online survey, which supported the hypothesized mediation model, even after controlling for subjective neighbourhood socio‐economic status and age (two variables that are particularly likely to impact upon vaccination willingness). To our knowledge, this is the first study to apply Social Identity Approach principles to the study of COVID‐19 vaccination willingness. The implications of the findings for governments' efforts to boost vaccine uptake are discussed. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amreen Khauser
- Department of PsychologyNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
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72
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Ejaz W, Ittefaq M, Seo H, Naz F. Factors associated with the belief in COVID-19 related conspiracy theories in Pakistan. HEALTH, RISK & SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13698575.2021.1929865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Ejaz
- School of Social Science and Humanities, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ittefaq
- William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States
| | - Hyunjin Seo
- William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States
| | - Farah Naz
- School of Social Science and Humanities, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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73
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Stevenson C, Wakefield JRH, Felsner I, Drury J, Costa S. Collectively coping with coronavirus: Local community identification predicts giving support and lockdown adherence during the COVID-19 pandemic. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 60:1403-1418. [PMID: 33969899 PMCID: PMC8236966 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of shared identity in predicting both ingroup helping behaviour and adherence to protective norms during COVID-19 has been extensively theorized, but remains largely under-investigated. We build upon previous Social Identity research into community resilience by testing the role of pre-existing local community (or 'neighbourhood') identity as a predictor of these outcomes, via the mediator of perceived social support. Community residents in the UK completed a longitudinal online survey four months before lockdown (T1; N = 253), one month before lockdown (T2; N = 217), and two months into lockdown (T3; N = 149). The cross-lagged panel analysis shows that T1 community identification predicts T3 giving and receiving of pandemic-related support, and that these effects occur via the perception of community support at the second time point (while the alternative pathway from T1 support via T2 identification is non-significant). Moreover, we show that T1 community identification also directly predicts lockdown adherence at T3. Our findings point to the pivotal role played by community identity in effective behavioural responses to the pandemic, and the need to support and foster community development to facilitate local community resilience as the crisis continues to unfold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sebastiano Costa
- Università Degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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74
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Gordils J, Elliot AJ, Toprakkiran S, Jamieson JP. The effects of COVID-19 on perceived intergroup competition and negative intergroup outcomes. The Journal of Social Psychology 2021; 161:419-434. [DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2021.1918617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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75
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Kellezi B, Guxholli A, Stevenson C, Ruth Helen Wakefield J, Bowe M, Bridger K. ‘Enemy of the people’: Family identity as social cure and curse dynamics in contexts of human rights violations. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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76
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Kobayashi T, Yoshida K, Takebayashi Y, Goto A, Kumagai A, Murakami M. Belief in group interdependence: Facilitating evacuee–host interactions after the Fukushima nuclear accident. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Health Risk Communication Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine Fukushima Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Chiyoda‐ku Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshida
- Department of Health Risk Communication Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine Fukushima Japan
| | - Yoshitake Takebayashi
- Department of Health Risk Communication Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine Fukushima Japan
| | - Aya Goto
- Center for Integrated Science and Humanities Fukushima Medical University Fukushima Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumagai
- Education Center for Disaster Medicine Fukushima Medical University Fukushima Japan
| | - Michio Murakami
- Department of Health Risk Communication Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine Fukushima Japan
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77
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Martela F, Hankonen N, Ryan RM, Vansteenkiste M. Motivating voluntary compliance to behavioural restrictions: Self-determination theory–based checklist of principles for COVID-19 and other emergency communications. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2020.1857082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Martela
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Aalto University, Helsinki, 00076, Finland
| | - Nelli Hankonen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Richard M. Ryan
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia
| | - Maarten Vansteenkiste
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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78
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Cadamuro A, Birtel MD, Di Bernardo GA, Crapolicchio E, Vezzali L, Drury J. Resilience in children in the aftermath of disasters: A systematic review and a new perspective on individual, interpersonal, group, and intergroup level factors. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cadamuro
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Science University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | | | | | | | - Loris Vezzali
- Faculty of Medicine University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | - John Drury
- School of Psychology University of Sussex Brighton UK
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79
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Massazza A, Brewin CR, Joffe H. Feelings, Thoughts, and Behaviors During Disaster. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2021; 31:323-337. [PMID: 33228498 PMCID: PMC7753093 DOI: 10.1177/1049732320968791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thoughts, feelings, and behaviors during traumatic events, that is, peritraumatic reactions, are key to post-trauma psychopathology development. Qualitative research is required to investigate whether existing quantitative methods capture the range and complexity of peritraumatic reactions as described by survivors. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 104 earthquake survivors. Participants reported experiencing various peritraumatic reactions (M = 21, range = 6-43). The survivors' accounts confirmed presence and overall phenomenological characteristics of commonly studied peritraumatic reactions such as dissociation, distress, mental defeat, and immobility. In addition, novel and understudied reactions were identified: cognitive overload, hyperfocus, and emotion regulation, as well as positive affect. Finally, a number of cross-cutting phenomena were identified such as the social nature of many reactions and survivors evaluating their reactions as difficult to put into words. These findings have implications for the conceptualization of peritraumatic reactions, for trauma-focused psychotherapeutic interventions, and for the wellbeing of disaster survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Massazza
- Research Department of Clinical,
Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United
Kingdom
| | - Chris R. Brewin
- Research Department of Clinical,
Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United
Kingdom
| | - Helene Joffe
- Research Department of Clinical,
Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United
Kingdom
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Ntontis E, Drury J, Amlôt R, Rubin GJ, Williams R, Saavedra P. Collective resilience in the disaster recovery period: Emergent social identity and observed social support are associated with collective efficacy, well‐being, and the provision of social support. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 60:1075-1095. [DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Ntontis
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences Canterbury Christ Church University Canterbury UK
| | - John Drury
- School of Psychology University of Sussex Brighton UK
| | - Richard Amlôt
- Emergency Response Department Science and Technology Public Health England Salisbury UK
| | - G. James Rubin
- Department of Psychological Medicine King’s College London London UK
| | - Richard Williams
- Welsh Institute for Health and Social Care University of South Wales Pontypridd UK
| | - Patricio Saavedra
- Instituto de Ciencias Sociales Universidad de O’Higgins Rancagua Chile
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81
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Christner N, Sticker RM, Söldner L, Mammen M, Paulus M. Prevention for oneself or others? Psychological and social factors that explain social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Health Psychol 2020; 27:1342-1353. [PMID: 33302730 PMCID: PMC9036152 DOI: 10.1177/1359105320980793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the underlying psychological and social factors of social distancing is crucial to foster preventive behavior during a pandemic effectively. We investigated the relative contribution of self-focused factors (fear of infection, fear of punishment) and other-focused factors (moral judgment, moral identity, empathy for unspecific others, empathy for loved ones) in an online study in Germany (N = 246) while COVID-19 was climaxing. Importantly, other-oriented factors were related to social distancing behavior beyond self-oriented factors. Moral judgment and empathy for loved ones remained the dominant factors while controlling for all aspects. These findings underline the relevance of interpersonal considerations when engaging in preventive behavior.
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82
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Drury J, Carter H, Ntontis E, Guven ST. Public behaviour in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: understanding the role of group processes. BJPsych Open 2020; 7:e11. [PMID: 33283693 PMCID: PMC7844149 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2020.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the absence of a vaccine, behaviour by the public is key to the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, as with other types of crises and emergencies, there have been doubts about the extent to which the public are able to engage effectively with the required behaviour. These doubts are based on outdated models of group psychology. AIMS AND ARGUMENT We analyse the role of group processes in the COVID-19 pandemic in three domains: recognition of threat, adherence by the public to the required public health behaviours (and the factors that increase such adherence) and actions of the many community mutual aid groups that arose during lockdown. In each case, we draw upon the accumulated research on behaviour in emergencies and disasters, as well as the latest findings in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic, to show that explanations in terms of social identity processes make better sense of the patterns of evidence than alternative explanations. CONCLUSIONS If behaviour in the pandemic is a function of mutable group processes rather than fixed tendencies, then behavioural change is possible. There was evidence of significant change in behaviour from the public, particularly in the early days of the pandemic. Understanding the role of group processes means we can help design more effective interventions to support collective resilience in the public in the face of the pandemic and other threats. We draw out from the evidence a set of recommendations on facilitating the public response to COVID-19 by harnessing group processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Drury
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, UK
| | - Holly Carter
- Emergency Response Department Science and Technology, Health Protection Directorate, Public Health England, UK
| | - Evangelos Ntontis
- School of Psychology and Health Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, UK
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83
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Adam-Troian J, Çelebi E, Mahfud Y. “Return of the repressed”: Exposure to police violence increases protest and self-sacrifice intentions for the Yellow Vests. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430220920707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, it is not uncommon to observe violent police reactions against social movements. These are often rationalized by decision makers as efficient ways to contain violence from protesters. In France for instance, the ongoing Yellow Vests protests have generated an unprecedented number of casualties, injuries, and convictions among protesters. But was this response efficient in diminishing violence stemming from the Yellow Vests? To this day, little is known about the psychological consequences of police violence in the context of protests. Combining insights from Significance Quest Theory and the Social Identity perspective on collective action, we predicted that exposure to police violence could “backfire” and lead to increased radicalization of protesters. A cross-sectional investigation of 523 Yellow Vests yielded evidence for this hypothesis. We found positive direct effects of exposure to police violence on intentions to attend future demonstrations and to self-sacrifice for the Yellow Vests. Moreover, these effects were serially mediated by perceived Loss of Significance and Identification with the Yellow Vests. Paradoxically, these results highlight for the first time the mechanism through which political repression may contribute to the formation of radical politicized identities. Thus, we recommend that decision makers privilege the use of de-escalation techniques in protest policing whenever possible.
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84
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O'Connor DB, Aggleton JP, Chakrabarti B, Cooper CL, Creswell C, Dunsmuir S, Fiske ST, Gathercole S, Gough B, Ireland JL, Jones MV, Jowett A, Kagan C, Karanika‐Murray M, Kaye LK, Kumari V, Lewandowsky S, Lightman S, Malpass D, Meins E, Morgan BP, Morrison Coulthard LJ, Reicher SD, Schacter DL, Sherman SM, Simms V, Williams A, Wykes T, Armitage CJ. Research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: A call to action for psychological science. Br J Psychol 2020; 111:603-629. [PMID: 32683689 PMCID: PMC7404603 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that has caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represents the greatest international biopsychosocial emergency the world has faced for a century, and psychological science has an integral role to offer in helping societies recover. The aim of this paper is to set out the shorter- and longer-term priorities for research in psychological science that will (a) frame the breadth and scope of potential contributions from across the discipline; (b) enable researchers to focus their resources on gaps in knowledge; and (c) help funders and policymakers make informed decisions about future research priorities in order to best meet the needs of societies as they emerge from the acute phase of the pandemic. The research priorities were informed by an expert panel convened by the British Psychological Society that reflects the breadth of the discipline; a wider advisory panel with international input; and a survey of 539 psychological scientists conducted early in May 2020. The most pressing need is to research the negative biopsychosocial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic to facilitate immediate and longer-term recovery, not only in relation to mental health, but also in relation to behaviour change and adherence, work, education, children and families, physical health and the brain, and social cohesion and connectedness. We call on psychological scientists to work collaboratively with other scientists and stakeholders, establish consortia, and develop innovative research methods while maintaining high-quality, open, and rigorous research standards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cary L. Cooper
- Alliance Manchester Business SchoolUniversity of ManchesterUK
| | - Cathy Creswell
- Departments of Experimental Psychology and PsychiatryUniversity of OxfordUK
| | - Sandra Dunsmuir
- Educational Psychology GroupDivision of Psychology and Language SciencesUniversity College LondonUK
| | - Susan T. Fiske
- Department of Psychology and School of International and Public AffairsPrinceton UniversityNew JerseyUSA
| | | | - Brendan Gough
- Leeds School of Social SciencesLeeds Beckett UniversityUK
| | - Jane L. Ireland
- School of PsychologyUniversity of Central LancashirePrestonUK
- Mersey Care NHS Foundation TrustLiverpoolUK
| | - Marc V. Jones
- Department of PsychologyManchester Metropolitan UniversityUK
| | - Adam Jowett
- School of PsychologicalSocial & Behavioural SciencesCoventry UniversityUK
| | - Carolyn Kagan
- School of PsychologyManchester Metropolitan UniversityUK
| | | | | | - Veena Kumari
- Centre for Cognitive NeuroscienceCollege of Health and Life SciencesBrunel University LondonUK
| | | | - Stafford Lightman
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolUK
| | | | | | - B. Paul Morgan
- Systems Immunity URI CardiffSchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityUK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Til Wykes
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonUK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation TrustUK
| | - Christopher J. Armitage
- Manchester Centre for Health PsychologySchool of Health SciencesUniversity of ManchesterUK
- Manchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchester Academic Health Science CentreUK
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85
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Weston D, Ip A, Amlôt R. Examining the application of behaviour change theories in the context of infectious disease outbreaks and emergency response: a review of reviews. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1483. [PMID: 33004011 PMCID: PMC7528712 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09519-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioural science can play a critical role in combatting the effects of an infectious disease outbreak or public health emergency, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The current paper presents a synthesis of review literature discussing the application of behaviour change theories within an infectious disease and emergency response context, with a view to informing infectious disease modelling, research and public health practice. METHODS A scoping review procedure was adopted for the searches. Searches were run on PubMed, PsychInfo and Medline with search terms covering four major categories: behaviour, emergency response (e.g., infectious disease, preparedness, mass emergency), theoretical models, and reviews. Three further top-up reviews was also conducted using Google Scholar. Papers were included if they presented a review of theoretical models as applied to understanding preventative health behaviours in the context of emergency preparedness and response, and/or infectious disease outbreaks. RESULTS Thirteen papers were included in the final synthesis. Across the reviews, several theories of behaviour change were identified as more commonly cited within this context, specifically, Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behaviour, and Protection Motivation Theory, with support (although not universal) for their effectiveness in this context. Furthermore, the application of these theories in previous primary research within this context was found to be patchy, and so further work is required to systematically incorporate and test behaviour change models within public health emergency research and interventions. CONCLUSION Overall, this review identifies a range of more commonly applied theories with broad support for their use within an infectious disease and emergency response context. The Discussion section details several key recommendations to help researchers, practitioners, and infectious disease modellers to incorporate these theories into their work. Specifically, researchers and practitioners should base future research and practice on a systematic application of theories, beginning with those reported herein. Furthermore, infectious disease modellers should consult the theories reported herein to ensure that the full range of relevant constructs (cognitive, emotional and social) are incorporated into their models. In all cases, consultation with behavioural scientists throughout these processes is strongly recommended to ensure the appropriate application of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Weston
- Behavioural Science Team, Emergency Response Department Science & Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Athena Ip
- Behavioural Science Team, Emergency Response Department Science & Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
- Primary Care and Population Sciences Division, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Richard Amlôt
- Behavioural Science Team, Emergency Response Department Science & Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
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86
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Drury J. Recent developments in the psychology of crowds and collective behaviour. Curr Opin Psychol 2020; 35:12-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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87
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The trouble with trust: Time-series analysis of social capital, income inequality, and COVID-19 deaths in 84 countries. Soc Sci Med 2020; 263:113365. [PMID: 32981770 PMCID: PMC7492158 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Can social contextual factors explain international differences in the spread of COVID-19? It is widely assumed that social cohesion, public confidence in government sources of health information and general concern for the welfare of others support health advisories during a pandemic and save lives. We tested this assumption through a time-series analysis of cross-national differences in COVID-19 mortality during an early phase of the pandemic. Country data on income inequality and four dimensions of social capital (trust, group affiliations, civic responsibility and confidence in public institutions) were linked to data on COVID-19 deaths in 84 countries. Associations with deaths were examined using Poisson regression with population-averaged estimators. During a 30-day period after recording their tenth death, mortality was positively related to income inequality, trust and group affiliations and negatively related to social capital from civic engagement and confidence in state institutions. These associations held in bivariate and mutually controlled regression models with controls for population size, age and wealth. The results indicate that societies that are more economically unequal and lack capacity in some dimensions of social capital experienced more COVID-19 deaths. Social trust and belonging to groups were associated with more deaths, possibly due to behavioural contagion and incongruence with physical distancing policy. Some countries require a more robust public health response to contain the spread and impact of COVID-19 due to economic and social divisions within them. Income inequality was associated with 30-day mortality rates in 84 countries. Some dimensions of social capital are associated with fewer COVID-19 deaths. Social trust is associated with more deaths, possibly due to behavioural contagion.
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88
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Abstract
This chapter reviews research on the group identity explanation of social influence, grounded in self-categorization theory, and contrasts it with other group-based explanations, including normative influence, interdependence, and social network approaches, as well as approaches to persuasion and influence that background group (identity) processes. Although the review primarily discusses recent research, its focus also invites reappraisal of some classic research in order to address basic questions about the scope and power of the group identity explanation. The self-categorization explanation of influence grounded in group norms, moderated by group identification, is compared and contrasted to other normative explanations of influence, notably the concept of injunctive norms and the relation to moral conviction. A range of moderating factors relating to individual variation, features of the intragroup and intergroup context, and important contextual variables (i.e., anonymity versus visibility, isolation versus copresence) that are particularly relevant to online influence in the new media are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Spears
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands;
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89
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Neville FG, Novelli D, Drury J, Reicher SD. Shared social identity transforms social relations in imaginary crowds. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430220936759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we present three studies that address the difference between physical and psychological groups, the conditions that create a transformation from the one into the other, and the psychological processes underlying this transformation. In Study 1 we demonstrate correlations between shared social identity, desired physical proximity to others, and positive emotions in the company of others. Study 2, employing a between-subjects design, finds that an event that creates shared fate, such as the breakdown of a train, leads to greater comfort in social interactions (e.g., ease of conversation) and comfort in sensual interactions (e.g., tolerance of physical touch) with other passengers, and that this occurs through an increase in shared social identity but not through social identification. Study 3 obtains similar findings using a within-subjects design. In combination, these studies provide consistent evidence for the role of shared social identity in the emergence of psychological groups from physical groups.
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90
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Zaki J. Catastrophe Compassion: Understanding and Extending Prosociality Under Crisis. Trends Cogn Sci 2020; 24:587-589. [PMID: 32410822 PMCID: PMC7221394 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
How do people behave when disasters strike? Popular media accounts depict panic and cruelty, but in fact individuals often cooperate with and care for one another during crises. I summarize evidence for such 'catastrophe compassion', discuss its roots, and consider how it might be cultivated in more mundane times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Zaki
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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91
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Reicher S, Stott C. On order and disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 59:694-702. [PMID: 32609398 PMCID: PMC7361727 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we analyse the conditions under which the COVID-19 pandemic will lead either to social order (adherence to measures put in place by authorities to control the pandemic) or to social disorder (resistance to such measures and the emergence of open conflict). Using examples from different countries (principally the United Kingdom, the United States, and France), we first isolate three factors which determine whether people accept or reject control measures. These are the historical context of state-public relations, the nature of leadership during the pandemic and procedural justice in the development and operation of these measures. Second, we analyse the way the crisis is policed and how forms of policing determine whether dissent will escalate into open conflict. We conclude by considering the prospects for order/disorder as the pandemic unfolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Reicher
- School of Psychology and NeuroscienceUniversity of St. AndrewsUK
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92
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Reicher S, Stott C. On order and disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32609398 DOI: 10.1111/bsjo.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we analyse the conditions under which the COVID-19 pandemic will lead either to social order (adherence to measures put in place by authorities to control the pandemic) or to social disorder (resistance to such measures and the emergence of open conflict). Using examples from different countries (principally the United Kingdom, the United States, and France), we first isolate three factors which determine whether people accept or reject control measures. These are the historical context of state-public relations, the nature of leadership during the pandemic and procedural justice in the development and operation of these measures. Second, we analyse the way the crisis is policed and how forms of policing determine whether dissent will escalate into open conflict. We conclude by considering the prospects for order/disorder as the pandemic unfolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Reicher
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, UK
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93
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Yuen KF, Wang X, Ma F, Li KX. The Psychological Causes of Panic Buying Following a Health Crisis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17103513. [PMID: 32443427 PMCID: PMC7277661 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Attributed to the recent COVID-19 pandemic, panic buying is now a frequent occurrence in many countries, leading to stockouts and supply chain disruptions. Consequently, it has received much attention from academics and the retail industry. The aim of this study is to review, identify, and synthesise the psychological causes of panic buying, which is a relatively new and unexplored area in consumer behaviour research. A systematic review of the related literature is conducted. The review suggests that panic buying is influenced by (1) individuals’ perception of the threat of the health crisis and scarcity of products; (2) fear of the unknown, which is caused by negative emotions and uncertainty; (3) coping behaviour, which views panic buying as a venue to relieve anxiety and regain control over the crisis; and (4) social psychological factors, which account for the influence of the social network of an individual. This study contributes to the literature by consolidating the scarce and scattered research on the causes of panic buying, drawing greater theoretical insights into each cause and also offers some implications for health professionals, policy makers, and retailers on implementing appropriate policies and strategies to manage panic buying. Recommendations for future research are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kum Fai Yuen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
| | - Xueqin Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6790-5247
| | - Fei Ma
- School of Economics and Management, Chang’An University, Xi’an 710064, China;
| | - Kevin X. Li
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
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94
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Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on career development: Insights from cultural psychology. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 119:103438. [PMID: 32382162 PMCID: PMC7204647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has become a significant global crisis that requires individuals, organizations and nations to take necessary steps to cope. To develop a comprehensive and systematic understanding of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on individuals' career development and possible coping strategies, we adopt a cultural psychological perspective to analyze: (1) how internalized cultural orientations (e.g., values, thinking styles, regulatory focus) may shape individual responses and coping strategies to COVID-19 pandemic; (2) how national culture influences the collective actions and norms during COVID-19 pandemic; (3) how to integrate insights from cultural psychology to enrich research on career management strategies in response to a fast changing environment. While this paper primarily focuses on the role of national culture (i.e., the shared meanings and practices in a nation), these discussions can largely be applied to other cultural settings. Practical implications are also discussed.
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95
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Bavel JJV, Baicker K, Boggio PS, Capraro V, Cichocka A, Cikara M, Crockett MJ, Crum AJ, Douglas KM, Druckman JN, Drury J, Dube O, Ellemers N, Finkel EJ, Fowler JH, Gelfand M, Han S, Haslam SA, Jetten J, Kitayama S, Mobbs D, Napper LE, Packer DJ, Pennycook G, Peters E, Petty RE, Rand DG, Reicher SD, Schnall S, Shariff A, Skitka LJ, Smith SS, Sunstein CR, Tabri N, Tucker JA, Linden SVD, Lange PV, Weeden KA, Wohl MJA, Zaki J, Zion SR, Willer R. Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nat Hum Behav 2020. [PMID: 32355299 DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/y38m9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents a massive global health crisis. Because the crisis requires large-scale behaviour change and places significant psychological burdens on individuals, insights from the social and behavioural sciences can be used to help align human behaviour with the recommendations of epidemiologists and public health experts. Here we discuss evidence from a selection of research topics relevant to pandemics, including work on navigating threats, social and cultural influences on behaviour, science communication, moral decision-making, leadership, and stress and coping. In each section, we note the nature and quality of prior research, including uncertainty and unsettled issues. We identify several insights for effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight important gaps researchers should move quickly to fill in the coming weeks and months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology & Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Katherine Baicker
- University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paulo S Boggio
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valerio Capraro
- Department of Economics, Middlesex University London, London, UK
| | - Aleksandra Cichocka
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Kent, UK
- Department of Psychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Mina Cikara
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Alia J Crum
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - James N Druckman
- Department of Political Science, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John Drury
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | - Oeindrila Dube
- University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Naomi Ellemers
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eli J Finkel
- Department of Psychology and the Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James H Fowler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health and Department of Political Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michele Gelfand
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Shihui Han
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jolanda Jetten
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shinobu Kitayama
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dean Mobbs
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Lucy E Napper
- Department of Psychology and Health, Medicine & Society Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | | | - Gordon Pennycook
- Hill/Levene Schools of Business, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ellen Peters
- School of Journalism and Communication, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Richard E Petty
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David G Rand
- Sloan School and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen D Reicher
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Simone Schnall
- Department of Psychology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Bennett Institute for Public Policy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Azim Shariff
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Linda J Skitka
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandra Susan Smith
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cass R Sunstein
- Harvard Law School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Nassim Tabri
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua A Tucker
- Department of Politics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Paul van Lange
- Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim A Weeden
- Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Michael J A Wohl
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamil Zaki
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sean R Zion
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robb Willer
- Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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96
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Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4:460-471. [PMID: 32355299 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2087] [Impact Index Per Article: 521.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents a massive global health crisis. Because the crisis requires large-scale behaviour change and places significant psychological burdens on individuals, insights from the social and behavioural sciences can be used to help align human behaviour with the recommendations of epidemiologists and public health experts. Here we discuss evidence from a selection of research topics relevant to pandemics, including work on navigating threats, social and cultural influences on behaviour, science communication, moral decision-making, leadership, and stress and coping. In each section, we note the nature and quality of prior research, including uncertainty and unsettled issues. We identify several insights for effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight important gaps researchers should move quickly to fill in the coming weeks and months.
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97
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Goldenberg A, Garcia D, Halperin E, Gross JJ. Collective Emotions. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721420901574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
When analyzing situations in which multiple people are experiencing emotions together—whether the emotions are positive or negative and whether the situations are online or offline—we are intuitively drawn to the emotions of each individual in the situation. However, this type of analysis often seems incomplete. In many of the cases in which people experience emotions together, there appear to be emergent macrolevel affective processes that cannot be readily captured at the individual level. In this article, we examine these macrolevel affective phenomena, which are termed collective emotions. We open with a general review of research on collective psychological processes. We then define collective emotions and discuss their key features. Next, we focus our attention on the emergent properties of collective emotions and map them using three dimensions: quality, magnitude, and time course. Finally, we discuss pressing open questions and future directions for research on collective emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Garcia
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna
| | - Eran Halperin
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
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98
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Muldoon OT, Haslam SA, Haslam C, Cruwys T, Kearns M, Jetten J. The social psychology of responses to trauma: social identity pathways associated with divergent traumatic responses. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2020.1711628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orla T. Muldoon
- Centre for Social Issues Research, Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - S. Alexander Haslam
- School of Psychology, McElwain Building University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Catherine Haslam
- School of Psychology, McElwain Building University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tegan Cruwys
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, 39 Science Road, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Michelle Kearns
- Centre for Social Issues Research, Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
- International Rescue Committee, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Jolanda Jetten
- School of Psychology, McElwain Building University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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99
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Mishra NP, Das SS, Yadav S, Khan W, Afzal M, Alarifi A, Kenawy ER, Ansari MT, Hasnain MS, Nayak AK. Global impacts of pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic: Focus on socio-economic consequences. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2020; 1:100042. [PMID: 34766044 PMCID: PMC7510561 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the novel Corona virus disease (COVID-19), was described as a pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO). Globally, the COVID-19 has not only affected the public health socially but also has rigorously affected economically. Substantial declines in income, increase in unemployment, and distractions in the transportation, amenities, and industrial sectors are amongst the major concerns of the pandemic disease extenuation. Furthermore, the governments of most of the countries underestimated the menaces of COVID-19 spread and were typically responsive for the calamities in their respective countries. As outbreak of this pandemic is not likely to wane in the nearby future, preventive actions are prerequisite to prevent infection spread, save people lives and also to save the economic affluence. In this review, based on the present knowledge and available literature, we have demonstrated the various aspects of pre-and post-COVID-19 effects over the social and economic phases worldwide. Moreover, the evidence based data have been summarized regarding threats, social influences, scientific upgrades, moral dynamics, stress and adapting in the pre- and post- COVID-19 situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nt Pramathesh Mishra
- Department of Pharmacy, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, 227101, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sabya Sachi Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835 215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Shalini Yadav
- Abha Biotechnology, Noida, 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wasim Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Javitri Institute of Medical Sciences &Pharmacy Division, Lucknow, 227302, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Afzal
- Catalytic Chemistry Chair, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alarifi
- Catalytic Chemistry Chair, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - El-Refaie Kenawy
- Polymer Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Tahir Ansari
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor, 43500, Malaysia
| | - Md Saquib Hasnain
- Department of Pharmacy, Shri Venkateshwara University, NH-24, Rajabpur, Gajraula, Amroha, 244236, U.P., India
| | - Amit Kumar Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Seemanta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mayurbhanj, 757086, Odisha, India
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100
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Kaniasty K. Social support, interpersonal, and community dynamics following disasters caused by natural hazards. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 32:105-109. [PMID: 31445427 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The most essential, and possibly the most reliably present, characteristic of all disasters is that they exert strong impact on social relationships. Two very different, at times conflicting, dynamic processes emerge in their aftermath: the initial outpouring of immense mutual helping and solidarity, followed by a subsequent sense of loss in the quality of interpersonal and community relationships. This review of recent findings in the area of disaster mental health confirmed two major patterns of social support dynamics following disastrous events resulting from natural hazards: a mobilization of received social support and deterioration of perceived social support and sense of community. Social support is a critical resource helping people cope with natural disasters. Its psychologically and socially protective functions for survivors and their communities unfold in a complex matrix of benefits and liabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kaniasty
- Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA 15705, USA; Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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