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Loh C, Cai YC, Bonventi G, Lajoie G, Macleod R, Wither JE. Dissociation of the genetic loci leading to b1a and NKT cell expansions from autoantibody production and renal disease in B6 mice with an introgressed New Zealand Black chromosome 4 interval. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:1608-17. [PMID: 17237410 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.3.1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Previous mapping studies have linked New Zealand Black (NZB) chromosome 4 to several lupus traits, including autoantibody production, splenomegaly, and glomerulonephritis. To confirm the presence of these traits, our laboratory introgressed homozygous NZB chromosome 4 intervals extending from either 114 to 149 Mb or 32 to 149 Mb onto the lupus-resistant C57BL/6 background (denoted B6.NZBc4S and B6.NZBc4L, respectively). Characterization of aged cohorts revealed that B6.NZBc4L mice exhibited a striking increase in splenic B1a and NKT cells in the absence of high titer autoantibody production and significant renal disease. Tissue-specific expansion of these subsets was also seen in the peritoneum and liver for B1a cells and in the bone marrow for NKT cells. Staining with CD1d tetramers loaded with an alpha-galactosylceramide analog (PBS57) demonstrated that the expanded NKT cell population was mainly CD1d-dependent NKT cells. The lack of both cellular phenotypes in B6.NZBc4S mice demonstrates that the genetic polymorphism(s) that result in these phenotypes are on the proximal region of NZB chromosome 4. This study confirms the presence of a locus that promotes the expansion of B1a cells and newly identifies a region that promotes CD1d-restricted NKT cell expansion on NZB chromosome 4. Taken together, the data indicate that neither an expansion of B1a cells and/nor NKT cells is sufficient to promote autoantibody production and ultimately, renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Loh
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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52
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Wagner LA, Christensen CJ, Dunn DM, Spangrude GJ, Georgelas A, Kelley L, Esplin MS, Weiss RB, Gleich GJ. EGO, a novel, noncoding RNA gene, regulates eosinophil granule protein transcript expression. Blood 2007; 109:5191-8. [PMID: 17351112 PMCID: PMC1890841 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-06-027987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression profiling of early eosinophil development shows increased transcript levels of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, transcription factors, and a novel gene, EGO (eosinophil granule ontogeny). EGO is nested within an intron of the inositol triphosphate receptor type 1 (ITPR1) gene and is conserved at the nucleotide level; however, the largest open reading frame (ORF) is 86 amino acids. Sucrose density gradients show that EGO is not associated with ribosomes and therefore is a noncoding RNA (ncRNA). EGO transcript levels rapidly increase following interleukin-5 (IL-5) stimulation of CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitors. EGO RNA also is highly expressed in human bone marrow and in mature eosinophils. RNA silencing of EGO results in decreased major basic protein (MBP) and eosinophil derived neurotoxin (EDN) mRNA expression in developing CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitors in vitro and in a CD34(+) cell line model. Therefore, EGO is a novel ncRNA gene expressed during eosinophil development and is necessary for normal MBP and EDN transcript expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Wagner
- School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
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53
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Acosta-Rodríguez EV, Merino MC, Montes CL, Motrán CC, Gruppi A. Cytokines and chemokines shaping the B-cell compartment. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2007; 18:73-83. [PMID: 17336579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The whole life of a B-cell from a stem cell to a mature plasma cell is governed, among other factors, by cytokines and growth factors in their microenvironment. Remarkable progress in the understanding of the mechanisms of cytokines action on the B-cell compartment was achieved by analysis of gene-targeted mice. The generation of mice deficient for individual cytokines or their receptors has shed light on the in vivo function of cytokines in B-cell responses. This review focuses on the role of cytokines in the development, maturation and differentiation of different B-cell subsets into antibody-secreting cells or memory B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva V Acosta-Rodríguez
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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54
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Silver K, Bouriez-Jones T, Crockford T, Ferry H, Tang HL, Cyster JG, Cornall RJ. Spontaneous class switching and B cell hyperactivity increase autoimmunity against intracellular self antigen in Lyn-deficient mice. Eur J Immunol 2007; 36:2920-7. [PMID: 17039569 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
IgG autoantibodies cause pathology due to their ability to bind self antigens. However, the extent to which the initial B cell activation and isotype switching is antigen-driven is unclear and it has been widely proposed that intrinsic B cell hyperactivity may be a contributing factor. To explore this issue we generated mice with B cell hyperactivity secondary to deficiency in the src kinase Lyn that also expressed a gene-targeted anti-hen egg lysozyme Ig construct (VDJkappa) capable of class switching to all isotypes. The B cell hyperactivity caused spontaneous hypersecretion of antibodies and class switching to IgM, IgA, IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes in the absence of self antigen, and this persisted as an autoimmune phenomenon in the presence of intracellularly expressed hen egg lysozyme. Exaggerated class switching was also unaffected by antigen in vitro. These findings show that systemic high-avidity intracellular self antigens do not induce self tolerance in the face of B cell hyperactivity. Under these circumstances, spontaneous activation of hyperactive B cells leads to isotype switching and the development of high titres of IgG autoantibodies against intracellular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlee Silver
- Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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55
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Nakajima H, Takatsu K. Role of cytokines in allergic airway inflammation. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 142:265-73. [PMID: 17124428 DOI: 10.1159/000097357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by intense infiltration of eosinophils and CD4+ T cells into the submucosal tissue of airways. Accumulating evidence indicates that T helper type 2 cell-derived cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13 play critical roles in orchestrating and amplifying allergic inflammation in asthma. In addition, it has been suggested that newly identified cytokines including thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-25 and IL-33 are involved in the induction of allergic inflammation in asthma. In this review, we discuss the role of individual cytokines in the pathogenesis of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakajima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan.
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56
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-5 induces CD38-activated splenic B cells to differentiate into immunoglobulin M-secreting cells and undergo micro to gamma 1 class switch recombination (CSR) at the DNA level, resulting in immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) production. Interestingly, IL-4, a well-known IgG1-inducing factor does not induce immunoglobulin production or micro to gamma 1 CSR in CD38-activated B cells. In the present study, we implemented complementary DNA microarrays to investigate the contribution of IL-5-induced gene expression in CD38-stimulated B cells to immunoglobulin-secreting cell differentiation and micro to gamma 1 CSR. IL-5 and IL-4 stimulation of CD38-activated B cells induced the expression of 418 and 289 genes, respectively, that consisted of several clusters. Surprisingly, IL-5-inducible 78 genes were redundantly regulated by IL-4. IL-5 and IL-4 also suppressed the gene expression of 319 and 325 genes, respectively, 97 of which were overlapped. Genes critically regulated by IL-5 include immunoglobulin-related genes such as J chain and immunoglobulinkappa, and genes involved in B-cell maturation such as BCL6, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (Aid) and B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) and tend to be induced slowly after IL-5 stimulation. Intriguingly, among genes, the retroviral induction of Blimp-1 and Aid in CD38-activated B cells could induce IL-4-dependent maturation to Syndecan-1+ antibody-secreting cells and micro to gamma 1 CSR, respectively, in CD38-activated B cells. Taken together, preferential Aid and Blimp-1 expression plays a critical role in IL-5-induced immunoglobulin-secreting cell differentiation and micro to gamma 1 CSR in CD38-activated B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Horikawa
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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57
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Abstract
Eosinophils have been considered end-stage cells involved in host protection against parasites. However, numerous lines of evidence have now changed this perspective by showing that eosinophils are pleiotropic multifunctional leukocytes involved in initiation and propagation of diverse inflammatory responses, as well as modulators of innate and adaptive immunity. In this review, we summarize the biology of eosinophils, focusing on the growing properties of eosinophil-derived products, including the constituents of their granules as well as the mechanisms by which they release their pleiotropic mediators. We examine new views on the role of eosinophils in homeostatic function, including developmental biology and innate and adaptive immunity (as well as interaction with mast cells and T cells). The molecular steps involved in eosinophil development and trafficking are described, with special attention to the important role of the transcription factor GATA-1, the eosinophil-selective cytokine IL-5, and the eotaxin subfamily of chemokines. We also review the role of eosinophils in disease processes, including infections, asthma, and gastrointestinal disorders, and new data concerning genetically engineered eosinophil-deficient mice. Finally, strategies for targeted therapeutic intervention in eosinophil-mediated mucosal diseases are conceptualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
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58
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Reiman RM, Thompson RW, Feng CG, Hari D, Knight R, Cheever AW, Rosenberg HF, Wynn TA. Interleukin-5 (IL-5) augments the progression of liver fibrosis by regulating IL-13 activity. Infect Immun 2006; 74:1471-9. [PMID: 16495517 PMCID: PMC1418671 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.3.1471-1479.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are frequently found in increased numbers in a variety of chronic fibrotic diseases; however, their role in the development of hepatic fibrosis has not been dissected in vivo. Here, we used interleukin-5 (IL-5) knockout (KO) mice to determine whether eosinophils contribute to the progressive liver fibrosis that develops in response to chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection. Although infection intensities were similar in C57BL/6 and IL-5 KO mice, the average size of granulomas was significantly smaller in both acutely and chronically infected IL-5 KO mice. Their granulomas were also completely devoid of eosinophils. In addition, the knockout mice displayed over a 40% reduction in hepatic fibrosis by week 16 postinfection. The reduced fibrosis was associated with increased production of the antifibrotic cytokine gamma interferon. Moreover, although IL-13 production did not decrease consistently in the absence of IL-5, IL-13-triggered responses were substantially reduced in the granulomatous tissues. This was confirmed by analyzing the expression of several genes associated with alternative macrophage activation, including arginase 1, Fizz-1, and YM-1. Importantly, all of these IL-13-regulated genes have been linked with the mechanisms of wound healing and fibrosis. In addition to IL-5 polarizing the antigen-specific CD4+ Th2 cell response, we found that granuloma eosinophils were themselves a significant source of IL-13. Thus, by producing profibrotic mediators and polarizing the Th2 response, these findings illustrate both direct and indirect roles for eosinophils and IL-5 in the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis. Thus, inhibiting the activity of IL-5 or eosinophils may prove effective for a variety of chronic fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Reiman
- Immunopathogenesis, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8003, USA
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59
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60
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Muto SI, Monnai M, Okuhara Y, Murakami M, Kuroda J, Ono T, Matsumoto K. Altered cytokine expression in mesenteric lymph nodes in a rat strain (Matsumoto Eosinophilic Shinshu) that spontaneously develops hypereosinophilia. Immunology 2005; 116:373-80. [PMID: 16236127 PMCID: PMC1802425 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Matsumoto Eosinophilic Shinshu (MES) rat is an inbred mutant strain that spontaneously develops systemic hypereosinophilia with eosinophilic inflammatory lesions similar to those associated with hypereosinophilic syndrome in humans and other mammals. To elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms that underlie these features of MES rats, we examined the pattern of cytokine gene expression in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), the thymus, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells as well as the blood clinicopathology and MLN lymphocytic subsets of these animals. MES rats exhibited both leucocytosis, attributable in large part to hypereosinophilia and neutrophilia, and immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgA gammaglobulinaemia, with increased titres of IgM autoantibodies to nuclear antigens. Reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the amounts of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-4, eotaxin, and interferon-gamma mRNAs were increased in the MLN lymphocytes of MES rats compared with the corresponding values for Sprague-Dawley rats. Intraperitoneal administration of a monoclonal antibody specific for IL-5 resulted in an immediate suppression of hypereosinophilia and a delayed suppression of neutrophilia in MES rats. Flow cytometry revealed an increased percentage of CD3+ CD4- CD8- T lymphocytes in MLNs of MES rats. Our results suggest that the hypereosinophilia of MES rats results from an increased production of IL-5, and that the eosinophilic inflammatory lesions of these animals, which are largely restricted to the gut, may be related both to cytokine overexpression in MLNs and to T helper 1 and 2 immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Muto
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, R & D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Minamiazumi, Nagano, Japan.
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61
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Tsukamoto Y, Uehara S, Mizoguchi C, Sato A, Horikawa K, Takatsu K. Requirement of 8-mercaptoguanosine as a costimulus for IL-4-dependent mu to gamma1 class switch recombination in CD38-activated B cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 336:625-33. [PMID: 16143305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mature B-2 cells expressing surface IgM and IgD proliferate upon stimulation by CD38, CD40 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and differentiate into IgG1-producing plasma cells in the presence of cytokines. The process of class switch recombination (CSR) from IgM to other isotypes is highly regulated by cytokines and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Blimp-1 and XBP-1 play an essential role in the terminal differentiation of switched B-2 cells to Ig-producing plasma cells. IL-5 induces AID and Blimp-1 expression in CD38- and CD40-activated B-2 cells, leading to mu to gamma1 CSR at DNA level and IgG1 production. IL-4, a well-known IgG1-inducing factor, does not induce mu to gamma1 CSR in CD38-activated B-2 cells or Blimp-1, while IL-4 induces mu to gamma1 CSR, XBP-1 expression, and IgG1 production expression in CD40-activated B-2 cells. Interestingly, the addition of 8-mercaptoguanosine (8-SGuo) with IL-4 to the culture of CD38-activated B cells can induce mu to gamma1 CSR, Blimp-1 expression, and IgG1 production. Intriguingly, 8-SGuo by itself induces AID expression in CD38-activated B cells. However, it does not induce mu to gamma1 CSR. These results imply that the mode of B-cell activation for extracellular stimulation affects the outcome of cytokine stimulation with respect to the efficiency and direction of CSR, and the requirements of the transcriptional regulator and the generation of antibody-secreting cells. Furthermore, our data suggest the requirement of additional molecules in addition to AID for CSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Tsukamoto
- Division of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan
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62
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Vieira-de-Abreu A, Amendoeira FC, Gomes GS, Zanon C, Chedier LM, Figueiredo MR, Kaplan MAC, Frutuoso VS, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Weller PF, Bandeira-Melo C, Bozza PT. Anti-allergic properties of the bromeliaceae Nidularium procerum: inhibition of eosinophil activation and influx. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:1966-74. [PMID: 16275631 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Revised: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
New therapeutic approaches for the treatment of allergic diseases can be aided by the development of agents capable of regulating eosinophilic leukocytes. Here, we evaluated the anti-allergic properties of a crude extract of the Brazilian bromeliaceae Nidularium procerum, focusing on its effects on allergic eosinophilia. By studying allergic pleurisy in actively sensitized C57Bl/6 mice, we observed that pretreatment with N. procerum (2 mg/kg; i.p.) reduced pleural eosinophil influx triggered by allergen challenge. N. procerum was also able to reduce lipid body numbers found within infiltrating eosinophils, indicating that N. procerum in vivo is able to affect both migration and activation of eosinophils. Consistently, pretreatment with N. procerum blocked pleural eosinophil influx triggered by PAF or eotaxin, key mediators of the development of allergic pleural eosinophilia. The effect of N. procerum was not restricted to eosinophils, since N. procerum also inhibited pleural neutrophil and mononuclear cell influx. Of note, N. procerum failed to alter the acute allergic reaction, characterized by mast cell degranulation, oedema, and cysteinyl leukotriene release. N. procerum also had direct effects on murine eosinophils, since it inhibited both PAF- and eotaxin-induced eosinophil chemotaxis on an in vitro chemotactic assay. Therefore, N. procerum may be a promising anti-allergic therapy, inasmuch as it presents potent anti-eosinophil activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Vieira-de-Abreu
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacodinâmica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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63
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Iwasaki H, Mizuno SI, Mayfield R, Shigematsu H, Arinobu Y, Seed B, Gurish MF, Takatsu K, Akashi K. Identification of eosinophil lineage-committed progenitors in the murine bone marrow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:1891-7. [PMID: 15955840 PMCID: PMC2212039 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20050548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophil lineage–committed progenitors (EoPs) are phenotypically isolatable in the steady-state murine bone marrow. Purified granulocyte/monocyte progenitors (GMPs) gave rise to eosinophils as well as neutrophils and monocytes at the single cell level. Within the short-term culture of GMPs, the eosinophil potential was found exclusively in cells activating the transgenic reporter for GATA-1, a transcription factor capable of instructing eosinophil lineage commitment. These GATA-1–activating cells possessed an IL-5Rα+CD34+c-Kitlo phenotype. Normal bone marrow cells also contained IL-5Rα+CD34+c-Kitlo EoPs that gave rise exclusively to eosinophils. EoPs significantly increased in number in response to helminth infection, suggesting that the EoP stage is physiologically involved in eosinophil production in vivo. EoPs expressed eosinophil-related genes, such as the eosinophil peroxidase and the major basic protein, but did not express basophil/mast cell–related mast cell proteases. The enforced retroviral expression of IL-5Rα in GMPs did not enhance the frequency of eosinophil lineage read-outs, whereas IL-5Rα+ GMPs displayed normal neutrophil/monocyte differentiation in the presence of IL-5 alone. Thus, IL-5Rα might be expressed specifically at the EoP stage as a result of commitment into the eosinophil lineage. The newly identified EoPs could be the cellular target in the treatment of a variety of disorders mediated by eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Iwasaki
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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64
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Spik I, Brénuchon C, Angéli V, Staumont D, Fleury S, Capron M, Trottein F, Dombrowicz D. Activation of the prostaglandin D2 receptor DP2/CRTH2 increases allergic inflammation in mouse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:3703-8. [PMID: 15749909 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.6.3703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Allergic pathologies are often associated with IgE production, mast cell activation, and eosinophilia. PGD2 is the major eicosanoid, among several inflammatory mediators, released by mast cells. PGD2 binds to two membrane receptors, D prostanoid receptor (DP)1 and DP2, endowed with antagonistic properties. In humans, DP2 is preferentially expressed on type 2 lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils and mediates chemotaxis in vitro. Although not yet supported by in vivo studies, DP2 is thought to be important in the promotion of Th2-related inflammation. Herein, we demonstrate that mouse eosinophils express both DP1 and DP2 and that PGD2 exerts in vitro chemotactic effects on eosinophils through DP2 activation. Furthermore, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGD2, a specific DP2 agonist not only increases eosinophil recruitment at inflammatory sites but also the pathology in two in vivo models of allergic inflammation: atopic dermatitis and allergic asthma. By contrast, DP1 activation tends to ameliorate the pathology in asthma. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that DP2 might play a critical role in allergic diseases and underline the interest of DP2 antagonists in human therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Asthma/etiology
- Asthma/metabolism
- Asthma/pathology
- Base Sequence
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- DNA/genetics
- Dermatitis, Atopic/etiology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/metabolism
- Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology
- Eosinophilia/etiology
- Eosinophilia/metabolism
- Eosinophilia/pathology
- Eosinophils/drug effects
- Eosinophils/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity/etiology
- Hypersensitivity/metabolism
- Hypersensitivity/pathology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Prostaglandin D2/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Spik
- Unité 547, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 17, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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65
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Ozawa H, Tamauchi H, Ito M, Terashima M, Inoue M, Hozumi K, Habu S, Watanabe N. Immune responses to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and tuberculin protein in GATA-3-transgenic mice. Immunol Lett 2005; 99:228-35. [PMID: 16009272 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Revised: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
GATA-3 appears to be key to the Th2 response. However, few in vivo experiments have examined the function of GATA-3 in Th1 and Th2 immune responses. We developed two lines of GATA-3-transgenic (Tg) mice harboring the SRalpha or lck promoters and examined the Th2 immune responses of mice infected with the intestinal nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and the Th1 responses with purified derivative of tuberculin (PPD) immunization. Numbers of peripheral blood eosinophils in all GATA-3-Tg mice increased 10- to 20-fold after primary infection with N. brasiliensis and 25-100-fold after secondary infection. The number of eosinophils in infected GATA-3-Tg mice was significantly higher than that in infected control littermates. Total IgE levels after primary infection in GATA-3-Tg mice were 8-450-fold increased, which was significantly higher than those of control mice. Mesenteric lymph node cells of infected GATA-3-Tg mice upon stimulation with N. brasiliensis antigen secreted more IL-5 and IL-13 than those of control mice. However, production of IL-4 and IFN-gamma were comparable between GATA-3-Tg and controls. Mice immunized with PPD were intradermally challenged with PPD to induce delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). The amount of footpad swelling caused by the DTH reaction in GATA-3-Tg mice was significantly smaller than that of control littermates. Inguinal lymph node cells from GATA-3-Tg mice stimulated with PPD in vitro secreted more IL-5, IL-10 and less IFN-gamma than those of control littermates. These results suggested that Th1 and Th2 driven conditions enhance IL-5 production in GATA-3-Tg mice through the direct binding of GATA-3 to the IL-5 promoter region. The influence of GATA-3 on IL-13, IFN-gamma and IL-10 production varied according to the stimulating conditions. However, IL-4 production was not significantly elevated in GATA-3-Tg mice, indicating that IL-4 and IL-5 production was differentially regulated in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Ozawa
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minatoku, Tokyo, Japan
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66
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Inoue H, Kato R, Fukuyama S, Nonami A, Taniguchi K, Matsumoto K, Nakano T, Tsuda M, Matsumura M, Kubo M, Ishikawa F, Moon BG, Takatsu K, Nakanishi Y, Yoshimura A. Spred-1 negatively regulates allergen-induced airway eosinophilia and hyperresponsiveness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:73-82. [PMID: 15630138 PMCID: PMC2212755 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20040616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
T helper 2 cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13, play a critical role in allergic asthma. These cytokines transmit signals through the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and the Ras–extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways. Although the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family proteins have been shown to regulate the STAT pathway, the mechanism regulating the ERK pathway has not been clarified. The Sprouty-related Ena/VASP homology 1–domain-containing protein (Spred)-1 has recently been identified as a negative regulator of growth factor–mediated, Ras-dependent ERK activation. Here, using Spred-1–deficient mice, we demonstrated that Spred-1 negatively regulates allergen-induced airway eosinophilia and hyperresponsiveness, without affecting helper T cell differentiation. Biochemical assays indicate that Spred-1 suppresses IL-5–dependent cell proliferation and ERK activation. These data indicate that Spred-1 negatively controls eosinophil numbers and functions by modulating IL-5 signaling in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Inoue
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
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67
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Nitto T, Dyer KD, Mejia RA, Byström J, Wynn TA, Rosenberg HF. Characterization of the divergent eosinophil ribonuclease, mEar 6, and its expression in response to Schistosoma mansoni infection in vivo. Genes Immun 2005; 5:668-74. [PMID: 15526002 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The eosinophil-associated ribonucleases (Ears) are rapidly evolving proteins found in multigene clusters that are unique to each rodent species. Of the 15 independent genes in the Mus musculus cluster, only mEars 1 and 2 are expressed at significant levels at homeostasis. Here we characterize the expression of mEar 6 in the liver and spleen in mice in response to infection with the helminthic parasite, Schistosoma mansoni. Interestingly, expression of mEar 6 is not directly related to the elevated levels of serum IL-5 or tissue eosinophilia characteristic of this disease, as no mEar 6 transcripts were detected in the liver or the spleen from uninfected IL-5-transgenic mice. The coding sequence of mEar 6 has diverged under positive selection pressure (K(a)/K(s) > 1.0) and has a unique unpaired cysteine near the carboxy-terminus of the protein. The high catalytic efficiency of recombinant mEar 6 (k(cat)/K(m) = 0.9 x 10(6)/M/s) is similar to that of the cluster's closest human ortholog, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN/RNase 2). In summary, we have identified mEar 6 as one of only two RNase A superfamily ribonucleases known to be expressed specifically in response to pathophysiologic stress in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nitto
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, room 11N104, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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68
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Baumgarth N, Tung JW, Herzenberg LA. Inherent specificities in natural antibodies: a key to immune defense against pathogen invasion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 26:347-62. [PMID: 15633017 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-004-0182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural antibodies are produced at tightly regulated levels in the complete absence of external antigenic stimulation. They provide immediate, early and broad protection against pathogens, making them a crucial non-redundant component of the humoral immune system. These antibodies are produced mainly, if not exclusively, by a subset of long-lived, self-replenishing B cells termed B-1 cells. We argue here that the unique developmental pattern of these B-1 cells, which rests on positive selection by self antigens, ensures production of natural antibodies expressing evolutionarily important specificities that are required for the initial defense against invading pathogens. Positive selection for reactivity with self antigens could also result in the production of detrimental anti-self antibodies. However, B-1 cells have evolved a unique response pattern that minimizes the risk of autoimmunity. Although these cells respond rapidly and strongly to host-derived innate signals, such as cytokines, and to pathogen-encoded signals, such as lipopolysaccharide and phosphorylcholine, they respond very poorly to receptor-mediated activation. In addition, they rarely enter germinal centers and undergo affinity maturation. Thus, their potential for producing high-affinity antibodies with harmful anti-self specificity is highly restricted. The positive selection of B-1 cells occurs during the neonatal period, during which the long-lived self-renewing B-1 population is constituted. Many of these cells (B-1a) express CD5, although a smaller subset (B-1b) does not express this surface marker. Importantly, B-1a cells should not be confused with short-lived anergic B-2 cells, which originate in the bone marrow in adults and initiate CD5 expression and programmed cell death following self-antigen recognition. In summary, we argue here that the mechanisms that enable natural antibody production by B-1 cells reflect the humoral immune system, which has evolved in layers whose distinct developmental mechanisms generate complementary repertoires that collectively operate to maximize flexibility in responses to invading pathogens. B-2 cells, present in what may be the most highly evolved layer(s), express a repertoire that is explicitly selected against self recognition and directed towards the generation of high-affinity antibody response to external antigenic stimuli. B-1 cells, whose repertoire is selected by recognition of self antigen, belong to what may be earlier layer(s) and inherently maintain production of evolutionarily important antibody specificities that respond to pathogen-related, rather then antigen-specific signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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69
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Rothenberg ME. Eosinophils. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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70
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Kataoka S, Konishi Y, Nishio Y, Fujikawa-Adachi K, Tominaga A. Antitumor activity of eosinophils activated by IL-5 and eotaxin against hepatocellular carcinoma. DNA Cell Biol 2004; 23:549-60. [PMID: 15383175 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2004.23.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the antitumor effects of eosinophils to explore the potential of eosinophils as effector cells in tumor cytotoxicity. We expressed eotaxin in hepatocellular carcinoma cells, MH134, and injected them into either normal or IL-5 TG mice intradermally and monitored cell growth. In normal mice, growth of MH134 cells containing the expression plasmid pCXN2-eotaxin was similar to that of vector-transfected MH134 cells for a period of 2 weeks, suggesting that expression of eotaxin does not change the growth rate of tumor cells. In IL-5 TG mice, however, the growth of eotaxin expressing MH134 cells was significantly suppressed. LPS induced eosinophils to produce TNF-alpha to kill MH134 cells in vitro. Intratumor injection of LPS is effective to kill MH134-pCXN2 and MH134-pCXN2-eotaxin only in normal mice. Administration of anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 antibodies suppressed growth of MH134-pCXN2-eotaxin cells compared with control antibodies, suggesting that T cells may interfere with immunity against MH134. Administration of anti-IL-5Ralpha and anti-asialo GM1 antibodies enhanced growth of MH134-pCXN2-eotaxin cells, suggesting involvement of eosinophils and NK cells in suppression of tumor cell growth. Although we cannot exclude the possibility that NK cells participate in tumor cell killing in vivo, the presence of NK markers such as DX5, asialo GM1, Ly49, and CD94, and NKG2D on large numbers of eosinophils activated by eotaxin suggests that eosinophils function in such suppression of tumor cell growth. Furthermore, we showed that anti-NKG2D antibodies could significantly inhibit the LPS-induced cytotoxicity against MH134 by highly enriched fraction of eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayo Kataoka
- Medical Research Center, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Okoh-chou Kohasu, Nankoku City, Japan
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71
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Moon BG, Takaki S, Miyake K, Takatsu K. The role of IL-5 for mature B-1 cells in homeostatic proliferation, cell survival, and Ig production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:6020-9. [PMID: 15128785 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.6020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B-1 cells, distinguishable from conventional B-2 cells by their cell surface marker, anatomical location, and self-replenishing activity, play an important role in innate immune responses. B-1 cells constitutively express the IL-5R alpha-chain (IL-5Ralpha) and give rise to Ab-producing cells in response to various stimuli, including IL-5 and LPS. Here we report that the IL-5/IL-5R system plays an important role in maintaining the number and the cell size as well as the functions of mature B-1 cells. The administration of anti-IL-5 mAb into wild-type mice, T cell-depleted mice, or mast cell-depleted mice resulted in reduction in the total number and cell size of B-1 cells to an extent similar to that of IL-5Ralpha-deficient (IL-5Ralpha(-/-)) mice. Cell transfer experiments have demonstrated that B-1 cell survival in wild-type mice and homeostatic proliferation in recombination-activating gene 2-deficient mice are impaired in the absence of IL-5Ralpha. IL-5 stimulation of wild-type B-1 cells, but not IL-5Ralpha(-/-) B-1 cells, enhances CD40 expression and augments IgM and IgG production after stimulation with anti-CD40 mAb. Enhanced IgA production in feces induced by the oral administration of LPS was not observed in IL-5Ralpha(-/-) mice. Our results illuminate the role of IL-5 in the homeostatic proliferation and survival of mature B-1 cells and in IgA production in the mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-gon Moon
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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72
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Binder CJ, Hartvigsen K, Chang MK, Miller M, Broide D, Palinski W, Curtiss LK, Corr M, Witztum JL. IL-5 links adaptive and natural immunity specific for epitopes of oxidized LDL and protects from atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:427-37. [PMID: 15286809 PMCID: PMC484976 DOI: 10.1172/jci20479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2003] [Accepted: 05/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During atherogenesis, LDL is oxidized, generating various oxidation-specific neoepitopes, such as malondialdehyde-modified (MDA-modified) LDL (MDA-LDL) or the phosphorylcholine (PC) headgroup of oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs). These epitopes are recognized by both adaptive T cell-dependent (TD) and innate T cell-independent type 2 (TI-2) immune responses. We previously showed that immunization of mice with MDA-LDL induces a TD response and atheroprotection. In addition, a PC-based immunization strategy that leads to a TI-2 expansion of innate B-1 cells and secretion of T15/EO6 clonotype natural IgM antibodies, which bind the PC of OxPLs within oxidized LDL (OxLDL), also reduces atherogenesis. T15/EO6 antibodies inhibit OxLDL uptake by macrophages. We now report that immunization with MDA-LDL, which does not contain OxPL, unexpectedly led to the expansion of T15/EO6 antibodies. MDA-LDL immunization caused a preferential expansion of MDA-LDL-specific Th2 cells that prominently secreted IL-5. In turn, IL-5 provided noncognate stimulation to innate B-1 cells, leading to increased secretion of T15/EO6 IgM. Using a bone marrow transplant model, we also demonstrated that IL-5 deficiency led to decreased titers of T15/EO6 and accelerated atherosclerosis. Thus, IL-5 links adaptive and natural immunity specific to epitopes of OxLDL and protects from atherosclerosis, in part by stimulating the expansion of atheroprotective natural IgM specific for OxLDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph J Binder
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0682, USA
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73
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Lauder AJ, Jolin HE, Smith P, van den Berg JG, Jones A, Wisden W, Smith KGC, Dasvarma A, Fallon PG, McKenzie ANJ. Lymphomagenesis, hydronephrosis, and autoantibodies result from dysregulation of IL-9 and are differentially dependent on Th2 cytokines. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:113-22. [PMID: 15210765 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.1.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-9 is an immunoregulatory cytokine implicated in the development of asthma and allergy. To investigate the role of IL-9 in vivo, we have generated transgenic mice in which IL-9 is expressed from its own promoter. Strikingly, overexpression of IL-9 resulted in premature mortality associated with a complex phenotype characterized by the development of autoantibodies, hydronephrosis, and T cell lymphoma. By intercrossing IL-9 transgenic mice with a panel of Th2 cytokine-deficient mice, we demonstrate that these disorders represent distinct phenotypes that can be dissociated by their differential dependence on Th2 cytokines. Autoantibody production was ablated in IL-9 transgenic animals with a combined absence of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, coincident with a reduction in peritoneal B-1 cells. Hydronephrosis arose in 75% of IL-9 transgenic animals and was dependent on the presence of IL-4 and IL-13. In contrast, T cell lymphomas developed independently of the other Th2 cytokines, with the generation of rapidly proliferating CD8(+) or CD4(+)CD8(+) T cell clones that arose in the thymus before infiltrating both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. Our data highlight potentially important new roles for IL-9, through its regulation of downstream Th2 effector cytokines, in autoantibody production and in hydronephrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus J Lauder
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom
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74
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Binder CJ, Hartvigsen K, Chang MK, Miller M, Broide D, Palinski W, Curtiss LK, Corr M, Witztum JL. IL-5 links adaptive and natural immunity specific for epitopes of oxidized LDL and protects from atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200420479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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75
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Moon BG, Takaki S, Nishizumi H, Yamamoto T, Takatsu K. Abrogation of autoimmune disease in Lyn-deficient mice by the deletion of IL-5 receptor alpha chain gene. Cell Immunol 2004; 228:110-8. [PMID: 15219462 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2004.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2004] [Accepted: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lyn, the src-family protein tyrosine kinase, plays a crucial role in the regulation of B cell antigen receptor (BCR)- and IL-5-receptor (IL-5R)-mediated signaling. Lyn-deficient mice have been reported to exhibit an increase in B-1 cell numbers, splenomegaly and accumulation of lymphoblast-like cells in the spleen with age, resulting in hyperimmunoglobulinemia and glomerulonephritis caused by the deposition of autoantibody complexes. To elucidate the role of IL-5 in B-1 cell activation, autoantibody production and autoimmune diseases, Lyn-deficient mice were crossed with IL-5Ralpha chain (IL-5Ralpha)-deficient mice and generated Lyn- and IL-5Ralpha-deficient (DKO) mice. In contrast to Lyn-deficient mice, DKO mice showed significantly reduced splenomegaly and lymphoadenopathy and reduced B-1 cell number in the peritoneal cavity. DKO mice also secreted low levels of IgM and IgG autoantibodies. Biochemical and histological analyses revealed that DKO mice showed milder pathogenesis of autoimmune-like disorders than Lyn-deficient mice. These results suggest involvement of IL-5 in enhanced B-1 cell activation, autoantibody production, and development of autoimmune disease in Lyn-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-gon Moon
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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76
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Watanabe Y, Hamaguchi-Tsuru E, Morimoto N, Nishio Y, Yagyu KI, Konishi Y, Tominaga M, Miyazaki JI, Furuya M, Tominaga A. IL-5–Induced Eosinophils Suppress the Growth ofLeishmania amazonensis In Vivoand Kill PromastigotesIn Vitroin Response to Either IL-4 or IFN-γ. DNA Cell Biol 2004; 23:412-8. [PMID: 15294090 DOI: 10.1089/1044549041474805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In IL-5 transgenic mice (C3H/HeN-TgN(IL-5)-Imeg), in which 50% of peripheral blood leukocytes are eosinophils, the development of infection by Leishmania amazonensis was clearly suppressed. To determine mechanistically how this protozoan parasite is killed, we performed in vitro killing experiments. Either IL-4 or IFN-gamma effectively stimulated eosinophils to kill Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes, and most of the killing was inhibited by catalase but not by the NO inhibitor L-N5-(1-iminoethyl)-ornithine, suggesting that hydrogen peroxide is responsible for the killing of L. amazonensis by eosinophils. There was no significant degranulation of eosinophils in the culture, because eosinophil peroxidase was not detected in culture supernatants when L. amazonensis promastigotes were killed by activated eosinophils. Such resistance was also observed in BALB/c mice, which are highly susceptible to L. amazonensis. Expression plasmids for IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-gamma were transferred into muscle by electroporation in vivo starting 1 week before infection. Expression plasmid for IL-5 was most effective in slowing the development of infection among three expression plasmids. Expression plasmid for IL-4 was slightly effective and that for IFN-gamma had no effect on the progress of disease. These results suggest that IL-5 gene transfer into muscle by electroporation is useful as a supplementary protection method against L. amazonensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Watanabe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku City, 783-8505, Japan
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77
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Cui P, Sharmin S, Okumura Y, Yamada H, Yano M, Mizuno D, Kido H. Endothelin-1 peptides and IL-5 synergistically increase the expression of IL-13 in eosinophils. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 315:782-7. [PMID: 14985080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The 21-amino acid-length endothelin-1 (ET-1)(1-21) and its novel derivative, 31 amino acid-length ET-1(1-31), have proinflammatory properties and induce significant eosinophil migration mediated by an increase in the local levels of eotaxin and IL-5. We have analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme immunoassay the effects of ETs on the expression of IL-13 mRNA and protein in eosinophils with or without cell priming with IL-5. The expression of the ETA receptor (ETAR) and its membrane localization were detected in the eosinophils, whereas the ETB receptor was undetectable. ET peptides synergistically increased the expression of IL-13 in eosinophils after priming with IL-5, and the increase was blocked by the ETAR antagonist BQ123, though these peptides did not directly influence the expression. These results may explain the presence of eosinophilia in the airways' epithelium of patients suffering from asthma, along with an increase in immunoreactive ETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Cui
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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78
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Yamamoto N, Takeshita K, Shichijo M, Kokubo T, Sato M, Nakashima K, Ishimori M, Nagai H, Li YF, Yura T, Bacon KB. The orally available spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor 2-[7-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-ylamino]nicotinamide dihydrochloride (BAY 61-3606) blocks antigen-induced airway inflammation in rodents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 306:1174-81. [PMID: 12766258 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.052316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) tyrosine kinase plays essential roles in receptors for Fc portion of immunoglobulins and B cell receptor complex signaling in various inflammatory cells; therefore, inhibitors of Syk kinase may show potential as antiasthmatic/allergic therapeutics. We identified 2-[7-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-ylamino]-nicotinamide dihydrochloride (BAY 61-3606), a potent (Ki = 7.5 nM) and selective inhibitor of Syk kinase. BAY 61-3606 inhibited not only degranulation (IC50 values between 5 and 46 nM) but also lipid mediator and cytokine synthesis in mast cells. BAY 61-3606 was highly efficacious in basophils obtained from healthy human subjects (IC50 = 10 nM) and seems to be at least as potent in basophils obtained from atopic (high serum IgE) subjects (IC50 = 8.1 nM). B cell receptor activation and receptors for Fc portion of IgG signaling in eosinophils and monocytes were also potently suppressed by BAY 61-3606. Oral administration of BAY 61-3606 to rats significantly suppressed antigen-induced passive cutaneous anaphylactic reaction, bronchoconstriction, and bronchial edema at 3 mg/kg. Furthermore, BAY 61-3606 attenuated antigen-induced airway inflammation in rats. Based on these anti-inflammatory effects of BAY 61-3606 both in vitro and in vivo, it was demonstrated that Syk may play a very critical role in the pathogenesis of allergic reactions.
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79
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Whyburn LR, Halcomb KE, Contreras CM, Lowell CA, Witte ON, Satterthwaite AB. Reduced dosage of Bruton's tyrosine kinase uncouples B cell hyperresponsiveness from autoimmunity in lyn-/- mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:1850-8. [PMID: 12902486 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.4.1850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of autoimmunity is correlated with heightened sensitivity of B cells to B cell Ag receptor (BCR) cross-linking. BCR signals are down-regulated by Lyn, which phosphorylates inhibitory receptors. lyn(-/-) mice have reduced BCR signaling thresholds and develop autoantibodies, glomerulonephritis, splenomegaly due to myeloid hyperplasia, and increased B-1 cell numbers. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), a critical component of BCR signaling pathways, is required for autoantibody production in lyn(-/-) mice. It is unclear whether Btk mediates autoimmunity at the level of BCR signal transduction or B cell development, given that lyn(-/-)Btk(-/-) mice have a severe reduction in conventional B and B-1 cell numbers. To address this issue, we crossed a transgene expressing a low dosage of Btk (Btk(low)) in B cells to lyn(-/-)Btk(-/-) mice. Conventional B cell populations were restored to levels similar to those in lyn(-/-) mice. These cells were as hypersensitive to BCR cross-linking as lyn(-/-) B cells as measured by proliferation, Ca(2+) flux, and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Akt. However, lyn(-/-)Btk(low) mice did not produce anti-ssDNA, anti-dsDNA, anti-histone, or anti-histone/DNA IgM or IgG. They also lacked B-1 cells and did not exhibit splenomegaly. Thus, B cell hyperresponsiveness is insufficient for autoimmunity in lyn(-/-) mice. These studies implicate B-1 and/or myeloid cells as key contributors to the lyn(-/-) autoimmune phenotype.
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MESH Headings
- Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/enzymology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cross-Linking Reagents/metabolism
- Gene Dosage
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphopenia/enzymology
- Lymphopenia/genetics
- Lymphopenia/immunology
- Lymphopenia/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/deficiency
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/physiology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/deficiency
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Splenomegaly/genetics
- Splenomegaly/immunology
- Transgenes/immunology
- src-Family Kinases/deficiency
- src-Family Kinases/genetics
- src-Family Kinases/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R Whyburn
- Harold Simmons Arthritis Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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80
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Hirai H, Abe H, Tanaka K, Takatsu K, Sugamura K, Nakamura M, Nagata K. Gene structure and functional properties of mouse CRTH2, a prostaglandin D2 receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 307:797-802. [PMID: 12878180 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
CRTH2, the second receptor for prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)), is thought to play a role in allergic inflammations through the induction of chemotactic migration and/or the activation of Th2, eosinophils, and basophils, in humans. We previously identified the mouse CRTH2 homolog of human CRTH2 and suggest that animal models would provide a clear understanding on the precise function of CRTH2 in allergic disorders. To this end we have confirmed that mouse CRTH2 is similar in gene structure to human CRTH2 and revealed that mouse CRTH2 is predominantly expressed in the eosinophils derived from IL-5-transgenic mice. Moreover, mouse CRTH2 harbors the ability to bind PGD(2) with high affinity and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in a Gi-dependent manner and chemotactic responses in several transfected cell lines. The results demonstrated here indicate that mouse CRTH2 is the functional ortholog of human CRTH2 and paves the way for future analysis of the in vivo functions of CRTH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hirai
- Department of Advanced Medicine and Development, R&D Center, BML, Inc., Saitama 350-1101, Japan.
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81
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Kobayashi T, Iijima K, Kita H. Marked airway eosinophilia prevents development of airway hyper-responsiveness during an allergic response in IL-5 transgenic mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:5756-63. [PMID: 12759459 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.11.5756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tissue eosinophilia probably plays important roles in the pathophysiology of bronchial asthma and allergic disorders; however, this concept was challenged recently by controversial results in mouse models of bronchial asthma treated with anti-IL-5 Ab and the failure of anti-IL-5 therapy in humans. We have now used a unique model, IL-5 transgenic (TG) mice, to address a fundamental question: is airway eosinophilia beneficial or detrimental in the allergic response? After sensitization and challenge with OVA, IL-5 TG mice showed a marked airway eosinophilia. Surprisingly, these IL-5 TG mice showed lower airway reactivity to methacholine. Immunohistochemical analysis of the lungs revealed a marked peribronchial infiltration of eosinophils, but no eosinophil degranulation. In vitro, mouse eosinophils from peritoneal lavage fluids did not produce superoxide anion, but did produce an anti-inflammatory and fibrotic cytokine, TGF-beta 1. Indeed, the TGF-beta 1 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens from IL-5 TG mice directly correlated with airway eosinophilia (r = 0.755). Furthermore, anti-IL-5 treatment of IL-5 TG mice decreased both airway eosinophilia and TGF-beta 1 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and increased airway reactivity. Thus, in mice, marked eosinophilia prevents the development of airway hyper-reactivity during an allergic response. Overall, the roles of eosinophils in asthma and in animal models need to be addressed carefully for their potentially detrimental and beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Kobayashi
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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83
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von der Thüsen JH, Kuiper J, van Berkel TJC, Biessen EAL. Interleukins in atherosclerosis: molecular pathways and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Rev 2003; 55:133-66. [PMID: 12615956 DOI: 10.1124/pr.55.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukins are considered to be key players in the chronic vascular inflammatory response that is typical of atherosclerosis. Thus, the expression of proinflammatory interleukins and their receptors has been demonstrated in atheromatous tissue, and the serum levels of several of these cytokines have been found to be positively correlated with (coronary) arterial disease and its sequelae. In vitro studies have confirmed the involvement of various interleukins in pro-atherogenic processes, such as the up-regulation of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells, the activation of macrophages, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Furthermore, studies in mice deficient or transgenic for specific interleukins have demonstrated that, whereas some interleukins are indeed intrinsically pro-atherogenic, others may have anti-atherogenic qualities. As the roles of individual interleukins in atherosclerosis are being uncovered, novel anti-atherogenic therapies, aimed at the modulation of interleukin function, are being explored. Several approaches have produced promising results in this respect, including the transfer of anti-inflammatory interleukins and the administration of decoys and antibodies directed against proinflammatory interleukins. The chronic nature of the disease and the generally pleiotropic effects of interleukins, however, will demand high specificity of action and/or effective targeting to prevent the emergence of adverse side effects with such treatments. This may prove to be the real challenge for the development of interleukin-based anti-atherosclerotic therapies, once the mediators and their targets have been delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H von der Thüsen
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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84
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El-Malky M, Maruyama H, Hirabayashi Y, Shimada S, Yoshida A, Amano T, Tominaga A, Takatsu K, Ohta N. Intraepithelial infiltration of eosinophils and their contribution to the elimination of adult intestinal nematode, Strongyloides venezuelensis in mice. Parasitol Int 2003; 52:71-9. [PMID: 12543149 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5769(02)00086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils were examined for the capacity of attacking Strongyloides venezuelensis adult worms in the intestinal mucosa by using interleukin (IL)-5 transgenic mice. In IL-5 transgenic mice, most of the subcutaneously inoculated infective larvae were killed during migration, and only a few worms could reach the small intestine. When the same number of adult worms were surgically implanted in the small intestine of IL-5 transgenic and control mice, fecal egg output as well as the number of adult worms recovered from the intestine was significantly lower in IL-5 transgenic mice. In the intestinal mucosa of IL-5 transgenic mice, large number of eosinophils was present in the lamina propria even before adult worm implantation. The number of eosinophils increased significantly as early as 24 h after implantation and tripled by day 3, whereas mucosal eosinophilia remained low in wild-type mice. Most notably, eosinophils infiltrated into the intestinal epithelium and surrounded adult worms in IL-5 transgenic mice, which was never seen in wild-type control mice. However, IL-5 transgenic mice required the same period as normal mice to completely expel implanted adult worms. The amount of specific IgA as well as total IgA in the stool was high in IL-5 transgenic mice before adult worm implantation, and dropped rapidly after adult worm implantation. The present study suggests that eosinophils are capable of attacking adult nematodes in the intestinal epithelia, probably in conjunction with secretory IgA, although they are not enough for the complete worm expulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Malky
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi-1, Mizuho, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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85
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Mattes J, Hulett M, Xie W, Hogan S, Rothenberg ME, Foster P, Parish C. Immunotherapy of cytotoxic T cell-resistant tumors by T helper 2 cells: an eotaxin and STAT6-dependent process. J Exp Med 2003; 197:387-93. [PMID: 12566422 PMCID: PMC2193835 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently most attempts at cancer immunotherapy involve the generation of CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) against tumor-associated antigens. Many tumors, however, have been immunoselected to evade recognition by CTLs and thus alternative approaches to cancer immunotherapy are urgently needed. Here we demonstrate that CD4(+) T cells that recognize a secreted tumor-specific antigen and exhibit a cytokine secretion profile characteristic of Th2 cells, are capable of clearing established lung and visceral metastases of a CTL-resistant melanoma. Clearance of lung metastases by the Th2 cells was found to be totally dependent on the eosinophil chemokine, eotaxin, and partially dependent on the transcription activator signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), with degranulating eosinophils within the tumors inducing tumor regression. In contrast, tumor-specific CD4(+) Th1 cells, that recruited macrophages into the tumors, had no effect on tumor growth. This work provides the basis for a new approach to adoptive T cell immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Mattes
- Division of Molecular Bioscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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86
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Khaldoyanidi S, Sikora L, Broide DH, Rothenberg ME, Sriramarao P. Constitutive overexpression of IL-5 induces extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen. Blood 2003; 101:863-8. [PMID: 12393708 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-03-0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of eosinophils from hematopoietic precursors and their subsequent maturation, chemotaxis, and activation is primarily regulated by interleukin-5 (IL-5). To examine the effect of chronic IL-5 exposure on hematopoiesis, IL-5 transgenic (IL-5trg) mice and wild-type BALB/c (WT) mice were examined. In comparison to WT mice, a significant alteration in bone marrow hematopoiesis was observed in IL-5trg mice. Although the total number of myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow of IL-5trg mice was not significantly altered, the number of long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-ICs) was 1.5-fold lower than that observed in WT mice. Furthermore, IL-5trg mice failed to demonstrate hematopoietic activity in long-term bone marrow cultures, which correlated with a significant decrease in the number of bone marrow mesenchymal/stromal progenitor (MSP) cells in these mice. In comparison to WT mice, a 10-fold decrease was observed in the number of fibroblast colony-forming units (CFU-Fs) in IL-5trg bone marrow. Hematopoietic activity of IL-5trg bone marrow cells was rescued by cultivation on preestablished layers of bone marrow-derived stromal cells. However, in contrast to bone marrow, increased hematopoietic activity was observed in the spleen and peripheral blood of IL-5trg mice. Likewise, the numbers of LTC-ICs and granulocyte-macrophage, macrophage, eosinophil, B-lymphocyte progenitors in the peripheral blood and spleen of IL-5trg mice were approximately 20-fold higher than in WT mice. A significant increase in CFU-F numbers was also observed in the spleens of IL-5trg mice compared with WT mice. Overall, our results suggest that constitutive overexpression of IL-5 can potentially induce colonization of spleen with MSP cells, which provides the necessary microenvironment for establishment of hematopoiesis in extramedullary sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Khaldoyanidi
- Division of Vascular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Molecular Medicine, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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87
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Abstract
To date, pathology characteristics of toxic oil syndrome (TOS), a disease associated with consumption of a contaminated cooking oil in Spain in 1981, have not been reproduced in an animal model. As vasculitis, eosinophilia, and a rise in circulating IgE levels were features of the acute phase of TOS, leading to an autoimmune outcome, a review of predisposition to these aspects across species was conducted. The intent was to determine predisposed strains or species that potentially might be effective in testing the toxic oils and thus defining the precise identity of the toxic contaminant(s). A number of potential candidates emerge from this review. Among mice, these include the NZB mouse hybrids, the MRL/lpr and SJL/J strains, and a transgenic mouse model of eosinophilia. The Brown Norway may be the most appropriate rat strain, while beagle dogs inbred to be genetically predisposed to immune complex disease and vasculitis are also a candidate species. Of the more exotic species, the mink and ferret have characteristics that might make them suitable candidates for testing oil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Hard
- American Health Foundation, 1 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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88
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Kim MR, Manoukian R, Yeh R, Silbiger SM, Danilenko DM, Scully S, Sun J, DeRose ML, Stolina M, Chang D, Van GY, Clarkin K, Nguyen HQ, Yu YB, Jing S, Senaldi G, Elliott G, Medlock ES. Transgenic overexpression of human IL-17E results in eosinophilia, B-lymphocyte hyperplasia, and altered antibody production. Blood 2002; 100:2330-40. [PMID: 12239140 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-01-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified and cloned a novel human cytokine with homology to cytokines of the interleukin-17 (IL-17) family, which we have termed human IL-17E (hIL-17E). With the identification of several IL-17 family members, it is critical to understand the in vivo function of these molecules. We have generated transgenic mice overexpressing hIL-17E using an apolipoprotein E (ApoE) hepatic promoter. These mice displayed changes in the peripheral blood, particularly, a 3-fold increase in total leukocytes consisting of increases in eosinophils, lymphocytes, and neutrophils. Splenomegaly and lymphoadenopathy were predominant and included marked eosinophil infiltrates and lymphoid hyperplasia. CCR3(+) eosinophils increased in the blood and lymph nodes of the transgenic mice by 50- and 300-fold, respectively. Eosinophils also increased 8- to 18-fold in the bone marrow and spleen, respectively. In the bone marrow, most of the eosinophils had an immature appearance. CD19(+) B cells increased 2- to 5-fold in the peripheral blood, 2-fold in the spleen, and 10-fold in the lymph nodes of transgenic mice, whereas CD4(+) T lymphocytes increased 2-fold in both blood and spleen. High serum levels of the cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, eotaxin, and interferon gamma were observed. Consistent with B-lymphocyte increases, serum immunoglobulin (Ig) M, IgG, and IgE were significantly elevated. Antigenic challenge of the transgenic mice with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) resulted in a decrease in anti-KLH IgG accompanied by increases of anti-KLH IgA and IgE. In situ hybridization of transgenic tissues revealed that IL-17Rh1 (IL-17BR/Evi27), a receptor that binds IL-17E, is up-regulated. Taken together, these data indicate that IL-17E regulates hematopoietic and immune functions, stimulating the development of eosinophils and B lymphocytes. The fact that hIL-17E overexpression results in high levels of circulating eosinophils, IL-4, IL-5, eotaxin, and IgE suggests that IL-17E may be a proinflammatory cytokine favoring Th2-type immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Rhan Kim
- Departments of Functional Genomics, Pathology, Inflammation, Clinical Immunology, and Protein Science, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California 91302, USA.
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89
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Abstract
The maintenance of IgA antibody responses at mucosal surfaces is the outcome of influences on IgA precursor cell dissemination from the mucosal inductive sites, such as the intestinal Peyer's patches, their selective extravasation at mucosal effector sites and the retention and local proliferation of these cell populations under local influences. Examination of these local post-extravasational effects has implicated cytokines as major regulatory elements in this process. This paper will address the role of cytokines in induction and expression of IgA responses and the differential requirements for cytokine signals among IgA-committed B cell subsets in both rodent and domestic livestock species. The way in which cytokines influence local immunity in the gut with respect to microbial and parasitic challenge and comparative cytokine effects in extra-intestinal sites, particularly the eye, will be presented, and opportunities for therapeutic interventions to modify cytokine expression will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Husband
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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90
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Abstract
Whether B-1a (CD5+) cells are a distinct lineage derived from committed fetal/neonatal precursors or arise from follicular B-2 cells in response to BCR ligation and other, unknown signals remains controversial. Recent evidence indicates that B-1a cells can derive from adult precursors expressing an appropriate specificity when the (self-) antigen is present. Antibody specificity determines whether a B cell expressing immunoglobulin transgenes has a B-2, B-1a or marginal zone (MZ) phenotype. MZ cells share many phenotypic characteristics of B-1 cells and, like them, appear to develop in response to T independent type 2 antigens. Because fetal-derived B cell progenitors fail to express terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) and for other reasons, they are likely to express a repertoire that allows selection into the B-1a population. As it is selected by self-antigen, the B-1 repertoire tends to be autoreactive. This potentially dangerous repertoire is also useful, as B-1 cells are essential for resistance to several pathogens and they play an important role in mucosal immunity. The CD5 molecule can function as a negative regulator of BCR signaling that may help prevent inappropriate activation of autoreactive B-1a cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Berland
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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91
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Kudlacz E, Whitney C, Andresenl C, Conklyn M. Functional effects of eotaxin are selectively upregulated on IL-5 transgenic mouse eosinophils. Inflammation 2002; 26:111-9. [PMID: 12083417 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015548414274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Synergistic interactions between cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules may facilitate the selective recruitment of eosinophils into sites of allergic inflammation. Ovalbumin-sensitized IL5TG mice responded to antigen challenge with robust airway eosinophilia 24 and 72 hr post-exposure. Adhesion molecule expression and functional responsiveness of immune cells derived from IL5TG mice to various inflammatory mediators were evaluated. IL5TG-derived eosinophils, but not neutrophils, expressed higher levels of CD49d and CD11b relative to WT. Functional responsiveness to eotaxin was increased in IL5TG eosinophils as demonstrated by a 10x increase in its potency in producing actin polymerization and 3x increase in CD11b upregulation relative to WT. These data are consistent with increased CCR3 expression on IL5TG eosinophils. Responsiveness of eosinophils to LTB4 or MIP-1alpha was similar between WT and IL-5TG mice. These data provide evidence of synergy between eosinophil-specific cytokines and chemokines that may promote accumulation of this cell type under conditions of allergic inflammation in vivo.
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92
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Cabiedes J, Cabral AR, López-Mendoza AT, Cordero-Esperón HA, Huerta MT, Alarcón-Segovia D. Characterization of anti-phosphatidylcholine polyreactive natural autoantibodies from normal human subjects. J Autoimmun 2002; 18:181-90. [PMID: 11908950 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.2001.0575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In 1990 our group reported a patient with autoimmune hemolytic anemia and high titers of IgM anticardiolipin antibodies that cross-reacted with phosphatidylcholine (PTC). These autoantibodies also recognized bromelain-treated erythrocytes (BrE) and in vitro aged erythrocytes. The epitope exposed with this treatment is PTC. To detect and characterize antiphosphatidylcholine antibodies (anti-PTC) in a normal human population, we studied by ELISA the presence of serum anti-PTC (IgG and IgM) in clinically healthy human subjects. The most representative samples were also studied for IgG or IgM activity against BrE by flow cytometry, rheumatoid factor activity, anti-dsDNA, anti-ssDNA by ELISA and by indirect immunofluorecence (IIF) using HEp-2 line and a healthy human fibroblast strain as substratum. Eighty five percent of sera had IgM anti-PTC and none had IgG. IgM antibodies against BrE were inhibited by PTC micelles (mPTC). Anti-PTC were also inhibited by phosphorylcholine and phosphatidic acid. Aggregated gammaglobulin (AGG) reactivity was inhibited by dsDNA and mPTC. The IgM anti-dsDNA activity was inhibited by soluble dsDNA, AGG and mPTC. All sera gave intermediate filaments pattern by IIF and reacted against purified vimentin by dot blot and Western blot.Our study shows hemolytic IgM anti-PTC present in normal human serum. The main epitope recognized by these autoantibodies is phosphorylcholine. The physicochemical characteristics, crossreactivity with self-antigens and functional properties are typical features of natural autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cabiedes
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México.
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93
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Cho SH, Stanciu LA, Begishivili T, Bates PJ, Holgate ST, Johnston SL. Peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cell type 1 and type 2 cytokine production in atopic asthmatic and normal subjects. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:427-33. [PMID: 11940074 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased production of IL-4 and IL-5 and decreased production of IFN-gamma by CD4+ T cells has been implicated in asthma pathogenesis. However, CD8+ T cells also produce type 1 and type 2 cytokines and the relative roles of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell cytokine production in asthma have not been previously studied. OBJECTIVE To determine the production of the type 1 and type 2 cytokines by CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets in asthmatic and normal subjects. METHODS Intracellular cytokine staining for IL-4, -5, -10, -13 and IFN-gamma was analysed in peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from 24 atopic asthmatic and 20 normal subjects. RESULTS Both subsets of T cells produced all cytokines studied and there were no significant differences between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in their capacity to produce either type 1 or type 2 cytokines. There were significantly increased frequencies of IFN-gamma-positive CD4+ (13.1 +/- 2.4%, vs. 7.3 +/- 1.4%) and CD8+ (20.0 +/- 2.9%, vs. 9.6 +/- 2.1%) T cells in asthmatic subjects compared with normal subjects (P < 0.05), but not in frequencies of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells staining positively for IL-4, -5, -10 or -13. CONCLUSION The frequencies of peripheral blood CD8+ T cells producing type 1 and type 2 cytokines are comparable with the frequencies of CD4+ T cells. There was an increased frequency of IFN-gamma producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in asthmatic compared with normal subjects. Further studies investigating T cells derived from the airways and investigating various stages within the disease process are required to further elucidate the importance of type 2 and type 1 T cell cytokine production in the pathogenesis of human allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Cho
- University Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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94
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Balabanian K, Foussat A, Bouchet-Delbos L, Couderc J, Krzysiek R, Amara A, Baleux F, Portier A, Galanaud P, Emilie D. Interleukin-10 modulates the sensitivity of peritoneal B lymphocytes to chemokines with opposite effects on stromal cell-derived factor-1 and B-lymphocyte chemoattractant. Blood 2002; 99:427-36. [PMID: 11781221 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.2.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is constitutively produced by peritoneal B1a lymphocytes, and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) by mesothelial cells. Independent studies have shown that both IL-10 and SDF-1 are involved in the persistence of the peritoneal B-lymphocyte compartment. This study shows that IL-10 and SDF-1 act in synergy on peritoneal B lymphocytes. Indeed, autocrine production of IL-10 was absolutely required for all effects of SDF-1 on these cells, including increased proliferation, survival, and chemotaxis. Moreover, adding IL-10 to peritoneal B lymphocytes increased the effects of SDF-1. Neither IL-5, IL-6, nor IL-9 affected the response of peritoneal B lymphocytes to SDF-1. IL-10 was chemokinetic for peritoneal B lymphocytes, increasing their random mobility. It also potentiated the SDF-1-induced reorganization of the cytoskeleton without affecting CXCR4 gene expression by peritoneal B lymphocytes. Despite its chemokinetic properties, IL-10 abolished the migration of peritoneal B lymphocytes in response to B-lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC), a chemokine targeting B lymphocytes to lymphoid organ follicles. The ability of B1a lymphocytes to produce IL-10 constitutively, combined with the opposite effects of this cytokine on the responses to SDF-1 and BLC, may account for the selective accumulation of B1 lymphocytes in body cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Balabanian
- INSERM U131, Institut Paris-Sud sur les Cytokines, Clamart, France
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95
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Sugaya H, Abe T, Yoshimura K. Eosinophils in the cerebrospinal fluid of mice infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis are resistant to apoptosis. Int J Parasitol 2001; 31:1649-58. [PMID: 11730792 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-5 (IL-5) transgenic mice were used to assess the immunological features of CSF eosinophils from mice infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis. CSF eosinophils were hypodense by day 14 post infection (p.i.). CSF eosinophils survived longer in vitro than peritoneal eosinophils collected from cadmium sulphate (CdSO(4)) -treated normal IL-5 transgenic mice. Apoptosis was measured by Annexin V binding and the presence of a distinct laddering pattern of DNA fragmentation on agarose electrophoresis. Regardless of the presence or absence of Actinomycin D, CSF eosinophils collected from IL-5 transgenic mice from days 15-36 p.i. exhibited less apoptosis than peritoneal eosinophils collected from uninfected IL-5 transgenic mice. CSF eosinophils collected from A. cantonensis infected C57BL/6 mice at days 15-34 p.i. showed elongation of survival time and less apoptosis during in vitro cultivation. Reduced apoptosis was noted only in CSF eosinophils, but not in peritoneal eosinophils recovered from the same infected IL-5 transgenic mice. CPP32/Caspase 3 activity of cultured peritoneal eosinophils from both infected and uninfected IL-5 transgenic mice was higher than that of cultured CSF eosinophils. Stimulation with A23187 readily induced apoptosis of peritoneal eosinophils, but not CSF eosinophils or peritoneal eosinophils cultured with mouse recombinant IL-5. The latter cells were morphologically identical to hypodense eosinophils. RT-PCR analysis indicated that bcl-2 and bcl-x(L) mRNA expression was higher in CSF eosinophils compared with peritoneal eosinophils and this expression in the latter cells was upregulated after culture with mouse recombinant IL-5. These results suggest that CSF eosinophils, shifting to hypodense status through an accumulation from peripheral blood, are resistant to apoptosis. These changes may explain the long-lasting, helminthotoxic and neurotoxic actions of CSF eosinophils in A. cantonensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sugaya
- Department of Parasitology, Akita University School of Medicine, Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
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96
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Schwarz MJ, Chiang S, Müller N, Ackenheil M. T-helper-1 and T-helper-2 responses in psychiatric disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2001; 15:340-70. [PMID: 11782103 DOI: 10.1006/brbi.2001.0647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The expanding field of psychoneuroimmunology has markedly increased knowledge about the interference of the central nervous system and the immune system. Immunological abnormalities in psychiatric patients have been repeatedly described in the last century. Modern concepts of immunology and the growing knowledge of psychoneuroimmunology may help in understanding the distinct immunological mechanisms in psychiatric disorders. One of these concepts regarding the adaptive immune system is the discrimination between Th1-like cell-mediated and Th2-like antibody-related immune responses. This article systematically describes alterations of Th1- or Th2-specific parameters in the major psychiatric disorders schizophrenia, major depression, and Alzheimer's disease. There are several hints of associations of these two distinct arms of immune response with subgroups of schizophrenia and major depression. The immunological research in Alzheimer's disease has already led to a preclinical model of immunotherapy. Categorization of immune parameters may also help to identify a possible immune-related pathophysiology in psychotic and affective disorders, resulting in specific treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Schwarz
- Psychiatric Hospital, University of Munich, Nussbaumstr. 7, D-80336 Munich, Germany
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97
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Horikawa K, Kaku H, Nakajima H, Davey HW, Hennighausen L, Iwamoto I, Yasue T, Kariyone A, Takatsu K. Essential role of Stat5 for IL-5-dependent IgH switch recombination in mouse B cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:5018-26. [PMID: 11673510 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.9.5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-5 stimulation of CD38-activated murine splenic B cells induces mu-gamma1 CSR at the DNA level leading to a high level of IgG1 production. Further addition of IL-4 in the system enhances IL-5-dependent mu-gamma1 CSR. Although some of the postreceptor signaling events initiated by IL-5 in activated B cells have been characterized, the involvement of Stat in IL-5 signaling has not been thoroughly evaluated. In this study, we examined the activation of Stat5 and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in CD38-activated murine splenic B cells by IL-5. The role of Stat5a and Stat5b in IL-5-induced mu-gamma1 CSR and also IgG1 and IgM production was documented, as IL-5 does not act on CD38-stimulated splenic B cells from Stat5a(-/-) and Stat5b(-/-) mice. Expression levels of CD38-induced germline gamma1 transcripts and AID in Stat5a(-/-) and Stat5b(-/-) B cells upon IL-5 stimulation were comparable to those of wild-type B cells. The impaired mu-gamma1 CSR by Stat5b(-/-) B cells, but not by Stat5a(-/-) B cells, was rescued in part by IL-4, as the addition of IL-4 to the culture of CD38- and IL-5-stimulated B cells induced mu-gamma1 CSR leading to IgG1 production. Analysis of cell division cycle number of wild-type B cells revealed that mu-gamma1 CSR was observed after five or six cell divisions. Stat5a(-/-) and Stat5b(-/-) B cells showed similar cell division cycles, but they did not undergo mu-gamma1 CSR. Our data support the notion that both Stat5a and Stat5b are essential for IL-5-dependent mu;-gamma1 CSR and Ig secretion; however, their major target may not be AID. Stat5a and Stat5b are not redundant, but rather are at least partially distinctive in their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Horikawa
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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98
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Maeyama J, Isaka M, Yasuda Y, Matano K, Kozuka S, Taniguchi T, Ohkuma K, Tochikubo K, Goto N. Cytokine responses to recombinant cholera toxin B subunit produced by Bacillus brevis as a mucosal adjuvant. Microbiol Immunol 2001; 45:111-7. [PMID: 11293476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2001.tb01276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We attempted to clarify the mechanism of the mucosal adjuvanticity of recombinant cholera toxin B subunit (rCTB), which is inherently uncontaminated with the holotoxin produced by Bacillus brevis and has a powerful mucosal adjuvant activity, on cytokine responses compared with that of cholera toxin (CT). rCTB had no ability to stimulate cyclic AMP formation in mouse peritoneal macrophages (Mphi). Cytokine production by non-immunized Mphi cultured with rCTB or CT and by the spleen cells of mice co-immunized intranasally with ovalbumin (OVA) and rCTB or CT was examined. rCTB alone did not induce interleukin (IL)-1alpha/beta or IL-6 production by Mphi, but combination of rCTB with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enhanced both IL-1alpha/beta production. Conversely, CT plus LPS suppressed IL-1alpha/beta production more than LPS alone. Both rCTB and CT suppressed IL-12 secretion induced by interferon gamma (IFN gamma) plus LPS. IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 were secreted by mouse spleen cells restimulated with OVA after intranasal co-administration of OVA together with rCTB, and in response to CT, the same cytokines were secreted. The different effect of rCTB on Mphi from that of CT may mean a difference between the mechanisms of rCTB and CT during the early stage of an immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Maeyama
- Department of Safety Research on Biologics, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan.
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Yang S, Sellins KS, Weber E, McCall C. Canine interleukin-5: molecular characterization of the gene and expression of biologically active recombinant protein. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2001; 21:361-7. [PMID: 11440633 DOI: 10.1089/107999001750277835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-5 (IL-5), which is produced primarily by type 2 T helper lymphocytes (Th2), is an eosinophil differentiation and activation factor. Increased numbers of eosinophils in peripherial blood or tissues (eosinophilia) are observed in asthmatic human patients, in animals with helminth infections, and in dogs with allergic diseases. Antagonism of IL-5 activity is being explored as a potential treatment of a number of disease conditions associated with eosinophils in animal models. In order to study the expression and function of this cytokine in the dog, we have isolated and characterized the canine IL-5 gene. The canine IL-5 polypeptide deduced from the cDNA is composed of 134 amino acids that share varying degrees of homology with IL-5 isolated from several mammals. The genomic structure of the canine IL-5 gene consists of four exons and three introns in the coding region, similar to that of the previously characterized human and mouse IL-5 genes. Recombinant canine IL-5 protein, expressed in Pichia pastoris, is biologically active in a cell proliferation assay. Canine IL-5 gene sequences and the biologically active protein described in this study will be useful reagents for future studies of this cytokine in physiologic processes and in pathologic conditions of the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yang
- Heska Corporation, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA
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100
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Watanabe Y, Hashizume M, Kataoka S, Hamaguchi E, Morimoto N, Tsuru S, Katoh S, Miyake K, Matsushima K, Tominaga M, Kurashige T, Fujimoto S, Kincade PW, Tominaga A. Differentiation stages of eosinophils characterized by hyaluronic acid binding via CD44 and responsiveness to stimuli. DNA Cell Biol 2001; 20:189-202. [PMID: 11403716 DOI: 10.1089/104454901750219071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize interleukin (IL)-5-induced eosinophils, we examined the expression of CD44, very late antigen (VLA)-4, and the IL-5 receptor alpha chain, as well as the levels of eosinophil peroxidase and the generation of superoxide. Eosinophils were prepared from IL-5-transgenic mice, then characterized using electron microscopy to determine their responses to stimuli. Whereas CD44 densities remained almost constant, the level of VLA-4 increased in parallel with eosinophil maturation. Although a subset of IL-5-induced eosinophils with high side scatter recovered from bone marrow and rare ones found in blood recognized hyaluronic acid (HA), most did not have this property. Bone marrow eosinophils with high side scatter and lower density contained eosinophil peroxidase, not only in granules, but also in membranous structures for 30% of this population. This population developed HA-binding ability in response to IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, eotaxin, nerve growth factor (NGF), and opsonized zymosan (OZ). Peripheral blood eosinophils acquired HA-binding ability in response to the same stimuli, but their responses were less than those of bone marrow eosinophils with high levels of side scatter. However, splenic eosinophils did not respond to these stimuli. Although peripheral blood eosinophils did not proliferate when stimulated by IL-5, these were the only cells that released eosinophil peroxidase in response to IL-4, MIP-2, MCP-1, eotaxin, NGF, and OZ. With the exception of a subset of bone marrow eosinophils, the ability to acquire HA binding, but not the ability to generate superoxide, correlated with eosinophil peroxidase activity and major basic protein accumulation in the granules of maturing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Watanabe
- Department of Medical Biology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku City, Kochi, Japan
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