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Haghighatdoost F, Hariri M. The effect of green tea on inflammatory mediators: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2274-2287. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Haghighatdoost
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food ScienceIsfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
| | - Mitra Hariri
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research CenterNeyshabur University of Medical Sciences Neyshabur Iran
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52
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Ridgley LA, Anderson AE, Maney NJ, Naamane N, Skelton AJ, Lawson CA, Emery P, Isaacs JD, Carmody RJ, Pratt AG. IL-6 Mediated Transcriptional Programming of Naïve CD4+ T Cells in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Drives Dysregulated Effector Function. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1535. [PMID: 31333666 PMCID: PMC6618050 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We have previously shown that increased circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6) results in enhanced CD4+ T cell signaling via signal transduction and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We tested the hypothesis that transcriptional “imprinting” of T-cells by this mechanism skews downstream effector responses, reinforcing immune dysregulation at a critical, but targetable, disease phase. Methods: We modeled naïve CD4+ T cell exposure to pathophysiological concentrations of IL-6 in vitro, assessing the dynamic transcriptional and functional consequences for downstream effector cells utilizing microarray and flow cytometry. Fresh blood from treatment-naïve early arthritis patients was phenotyped in parallel for comparison. Results: T cell sensitivity to IL-6 was most marked in the naïve subset, and related to gp130 rather than IL-6R expression. Exposure of healthy naïve CD4+ T cells to IL-6 induced the same STAT3 target genes as previously seen to discriminate RA patients from disease controls. After TCR stimulation IL-6 pre-exposed cells exhibited enhanced proliferative capacity, activation, and a propensity toward Th1 differentiation, compared to non-exposed cells. An entirely analogous phenotype was observed in early RA compared to control CD4+ T cells. Conclusions: Sustained IL-6 exposure at a critical point in the natural history of RA “primes” the adaptive immune system to respond aberrantly to TCR stimulation, potentiating disease induction with implications for the optimal timing of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Ridgley
- Institute of Cellular Medicine (Musculoskeletal Research Group), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Amy E Anderson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine (Musculoskeletal Research Group), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Maney
- Institute of Cellular Medicine (Musculoskeletal Research Group), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Najib Naamane
- Institute of Cellular Medicine (Musculoskeletal Research Group), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Skelton
- Institute of Cellular Medicine (Musculoskeletal Research Group), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A Lawson
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Chapel Allerton Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, The Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Emery
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Chapel Allerton Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, The Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - John D Isaacs
- Institute of Cellular Medicine (Musculoskeletal Research Group), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Directorate of Musculoskeletal Services, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ruaidhrí J Carmody
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur G Pratt
- Institute of Cellular Medicine (Musculoskeletal Research Group), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Directorate of Musculoskeletal Services, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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53
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Chuang CH, Cheng YC, Lin SC, Lehman CW, Wang SP, Chen DY, Tsai SW, Lin CC. Atractylodin Suppresses Dendritic Cell Maturation and Ameliorates Collagen-Induced Arthritis in a Mouse Model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6773-6784. [PMID: 31154759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of atractylodin, a polyethylene alkyne, on the maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DC) as well as its antirheumatic effect on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1 mice. Our results indicate that atractylodin effectively suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, expression of costimulatory molecules, and p38 MAPK, ERK, and NF-κBp65 signaling pathways in LPS-incubated dendritic cells (DCs). Additionally, the proliferation and cytokine secretion (IFN-γ and IL-17A) of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were reduced. In a murine CIA model, intraperitoneal injection of atractylodin significantly alleviated the severity of the disease progression, as indicated by reduced paw swelling, clinical arthritis scores, and pathological changes of joint tissues. In addition, the overall proliferation of T cells stimulated by type II collagen and the abundance of Th1 and Th17 in the spleens were also significantly decreased with atractylodin treatments. Furthermore, atractylodin significantly downregulated the expression levels of CD40, CD80, and CD86 of DCs in the spleens. In conclusion, this study shows for the first time that atractylodin has potential to manipulate the maturation of BM-DCs and should be further explored as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Hsuan Chuang
- Institute of Biomedical Science , National Chung-Hsing University , Taichung 402 , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Science , National Chung-Hsing University , Taichung 402 , Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics , Tungs' Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital , Taichung 433 , Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chao Lin
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology , George Mason University , Manassas , Virginia 20110 , United States
| | - Caitlin W Lehman
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology , George Mason University , Manassas , Virginia 20110 , United States
| | - Shun-Ping Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics , Taichung Veterans General Hospital , Taichung 407 , Taiwan
| | - Der-Yuan Chen
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine , China Medical University Hospital , Taichung 404 , Taiwan
| | - Sen-Wei Tsai
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital , Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation , Taichung 427 , Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine , Tzu Chi University , Hualien 970 , Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chien Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Science , National Chung-Hsing University , Taichung 402 , Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research , China Medical University Hospital , Taichung 404 , Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research and Education , Taichung Veterans General Hospital , Taichung 407 , Taiwan
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54
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Zheng Y, Xiao L, Yu C, Jin P, Qin D, Xu Y, Yin J, Liu Z, Du Q. Enhanced Antiarthritic Efficacy by Nanoparticles of (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate-Glucosamine-Casein. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6476-6486. [PMID: 31117504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to improve the antiarthritic activity of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and glucosamine (GA) through fabrication and optimization of casein protein nanoparticles (EGC-NPs). Optimized EGC-NPs were obtained with a EGCG/GA/casein ratio of 1:2:8 (w/w/w). The EGC-NPs gave a mean size of 186 ± 3.5 nm and an entrapment efficiency of 86.8 ± 2.7%, and they exhibited a greater inhibitory activity against human fibroblast-like synoviocytes-osteoarthritis cells and human fibroblast-like synoviocytes-rheumatoid arthritis cells compared with that of the EGCG-GA mixture by 33.5% and 20.8%, respectively. Freeze-dried EGC-NPs stored at 25 °C during 12 months showed high dispersion stability. Moreover, the redispersion of the freeze-dried EGC-NPs produced almost no significant changes in their physicochemical properties and bioactivity. Rat experiments demonstrated that the antiarthritis effect of the EGC-NPs was significantly higher than that of EGCG-GA mixture, as assessed through an analysis of anti-inflammatory efficacy, radiographic images and histopathological assessments of paw joints, and immunohistochemical changes in serum cytokines. The enchanced antiarthritic activity in vivo was consistent with that in vitro. The EGC-NPs demonstrate potential as a food supplement for the treatment of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Zheng
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, The College of Agricultural and Food Sciences , Zhejiang A & F University , Linan 311300 , China
| | - Lizheng Xiao
- Key Lab of Education Ministry for Tea Science, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients , Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha 410128 , China
| | - Chenhuan Yu
- Experimental Animal Center of the Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences , Hangzhou 310013 , China
| | - Peng Jin
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, The College of Agricultural and Food Sciences , Zhejiang A & F University , Linan 311300 , China
| | - Dingkui Qin
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, The College of Agricultural and Food Sciences , Zhejiang A & F University , Linan 311300 , China
| | - Yongquan Xu
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture , 9 South Meiling Road , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Junfeng Yin
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture , 9 South Meiling Road , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Lab of Education Ministry for Tea Science, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients , Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha 410128 , China
| | - Qizhen Du
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, The College of Agricultural and Food Sciences , Zhejiang A & F University , Linan 311300 , China
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55
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Inoue T, Kohno M, Nagahara H, Murakami K, Sagawa T, Kasahara A, Kaneshita S, Kida T, Fujioka K, Wada M, Nakada H, Hla T, Kawahito Y. Upregulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 on fibroblast-like synoviocytes is associated with the development of collagen-induced arthritis via increased interleukin-6 production. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218090. [PMID: 31173610 PMCID: PMC6555509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 (S1P3) is one of five receptors for sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). S1P/S1P3 signaling is involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes including bone metabolism, sepsis, cancer, and immunity. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) are activated by several factors and promote abundant proinflammatory cytokine production and bone destruction. The aim of this study was to investigate whether S1P3 is associated with the development of autoimmune arthritis and the pathogenic function of FLSs. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and S1P3 knockout (S1P3-KO) collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice were evaluated with respect to clinical and histological disease severity, along with the levels of anti-collagen antibodies and expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). S1P3 expression in the synovium was analyzed by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence staining. FLSs isolated from CIA mice were activated with TNFα and S1P3 expression was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. The role of S1P/S1P3 signaling in activated and non-activated FLSs was investigated by measuring cell proliferation and cyto/chemokine production by real-time RT-PCR and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Clinical and histological scores, and synovial IL-6 expression were significantly lower in S1P3-KO mice with CIA than in WT mice. Arthritic synovia had higher S1P3 expression than intact synovia and FLSs in arthritic joints expressed S1P3 in vivo. Primary cultured FLSs produced IL-6 in a time-dependent manner in response to S1P stimulation and exhibited higher levels of S1P3 expression after activation with TNFα. S1P3-induced production of IL-6 and MMP-3 was increased in FLSs pre-activated with TNFα. CONCLUSION In this study, we demonstrated that S1P3 expression is associated with the development of autoimmune arthritis via inflammation-induced increases in S1P/S1P3 signaling that increase production of IL-6 in FLSs. Inhibition of S1P/S1P3 signaling could open the door to the development of new therapies for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Inoue
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masataka Kohno
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hidetake Nagahara
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Murakami
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sagawa
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akiko Kasahara
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunya Kaneshita
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Kida
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuki Fujioka
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Wada
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakada
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Timothy Hla
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yutaka Kawahito
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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56
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Allen R, Chizari S, Ma JA, Raychaudhuri S, Lewis JS. Combinatorial, Microparticle-Based Delivery of Immune Modulators Reprograms the Dendritic Cell Phenotype and Promotes Remission of Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:2388-2404. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riley Allen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95616, United States
| | - Shahab Chizari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95616, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95616, United States
| | - Siba Raychaudhuri
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- VA Hospital, Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Jamal S. Lewis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95616, United States
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57
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Early Peritoneal CC Chemokine Production Correlates with Divergent Inflammatory Phenotypes and Susceptibility to Experimental Arthritis in Mice. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:2641098. [PMID: 30937315 PMCID: PMC6413398 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2641098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory and autoimmune events preceding clinical symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other autoimmune diseases are difficult to study in human patients. Therefore, animal models that share immunologic and clinical features with human RA, such as pristane-induced arthritis (PIA), are valuable tools for assessing the primordial events related to arthritis susceptibility. PIA-resistant HIII and susceptible LIII mice were injected i.p. with pristane, and peritoneal lavage fluid was harvested in the early (7 days) and late (35 days) preclinical phases of PIA. Chemokine and cytokine levels were measured in lavage supernatant with ELISA, peritoneal inflammatory leukocytes were immunophenotyped by flow cytometry, and gene expression was determined by qRT-PCR. Leukocyte recruitment was quantitatively and qualitatively divergent in the peritoneum of HIII and LIII mice, with an early increase of CC chemokines (CCL2/CCL3/CCL5/CCL12/CCL22) in the susceptible LIII strain. Also, cytokines such as IL-12p40, IL-23, and IL-18 were elevated in LIII mice while IL-6 was increased in HIII animals. The results show that an early peritoneal CC chemokine response is an important feature of arthritis susceptibility and defines potential biomarkers in this model.
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58
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Siouti E, Andreakos E. The many facets of macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 165:152-169. [PMID: 30910693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are central to the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). They constitute the main source of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF and IL-1β, they activate a wide range of immune and non-immune cells, and they secrete diverse tissue degrading enzymes driving chronic pro-inflammatory, tissue destructive and pain responses in RA. However, they can also produce anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10, secrete inhibitors of tissue degrading enzymes and promote immunoregulatory and protective responses, suggesting the existence of macrophages with distinct and diverse functional activities. Although the underlying basis of this phenomenon has remained obscure for years, emerging evidence has now provided insight into the mechanisms and molecular processes involved. Here, we review current knowledge on the biology of macrophages in RA, and highlight recent literature on the heterogeneity, origins and ontogeny of macrophages as part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. We also discuss their plasticity in the context of the M1/M2 paradigm, and the emerging theme of metabolic rewiring as a major mechanism for programming macrophage functions and pro-inflammatory activities. This sheds light into the many facets of macrophages in RA, their molecular regulation and their translational potential for developing novel protective and therapeutic strategies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Siouti
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom.
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59
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Jones SA, Takeuchi T, Aletaha D, Smolen J, Choy EH, McInnes I. Interleukin 6: The biology behind the therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/conmed-2018-000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin (IL)−6 performs a diverse portfolio of functions in normal physiology and disease. These functions extend beyond the typical role for an inflammatory cytokine, and IL-6 often displays hormone-like properties that affect metabolic processes associated with lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and the neuroendocrine system. Consequently, the biology of IL-6 is complex. Recent advances in the field have led to novel interpretations of how IL-6 delivers immune homeostasis in health and yet drives disease pathology during infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. Various biological drugs that target IL-6 are in clinical practice or emerging in clinical trials and pre-clinical development programmes. The challenge is knowing how and when to apply these therapies. In this review, we will explore the biology behind IL-6 directed therapies and identify some key hurdles for future investigation.
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60
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Zhang X, Owens J, Olsen HS, So E, Burch E, McCroskey MC, Li X, Weber GL, Bennett D, Rybin D, Zhou H, Hao H, Mérigeon EY, Block DS, LaRosa G, Strome SE. A recombinant human IgG1 Fc multimer designed to mimic the active fraction of IVIG in autoimmunity. JCI Insight 2019; 4:121905. [PMID: 30674715 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiinflammatory effects of i.v. Ig (IVIG) in the treatment of autoimmune disease are due, in part, to the Fc fragments of Ig aggregates. In order to capitalize on the known antiinflammatory and tolerogenic properties of Ig Fc aggregates, we created a recombinant human IgG1 Fc multimer, GL-2045. In vitro, GL-2045 demonstrated high-avidity binding to Fc receptors, blocked the binding of circulating immune complexes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis to human Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), and inhibited antibody-mediated phagocytosis at log order-lower concentrations than IVIG. In vivo, administration of GL-2045 conferred partial protection against antibody-mediated platelet loss in a murine immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) model. GL-2045 also suppressed disease activity in a therapeutic model of murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), which was associated with reduced circulating levels of IL-6. Furthermore, GL-2045 administration to nonhuman primates (NHPs) transiently increased systemic levels of the antiinflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-1RA, reduced the proinflammatory cytokine IL-8, and decreased surface expression of CD14 and HLA-DR on monocytes. These findings demonstrate the immunomodulatory properties of GL-2045 and suggest that it has potential as a treatment for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, as a recombinant alternative to IVIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jane Owens
- Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Edward So
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Erin Burch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Haiping Hao
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Scott E Strome
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Obesity-Induced TNFα and IL-6 Signaling: The Missing Link between Obesity and Inflammation-Driven Liver and Colorectal Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 11:cancers11010024. [PMID: 30591653 PMCID: PMC6356226 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity promotes the development of numerous cancers, such as liver and colorectal cancers, which is at least partly due to obesity-induced, chronic, low-grade inflammation. In particular, the recruitment and activation of immune cell subsets in the white adipose tissue systemically increase proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). These proinflammatory cytokines not only impair insulin action in metabolic tissues, but also favor cancer development. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on how obesity affects inflammatory TNFα and IL-6 signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancers.
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62
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Mayangsari Y, Suzuki T. Resveratrol enhances intestinal barrier function by ameliorating barrier disruption in Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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63
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Gao Y, Zhao H, Wang P, Wang J, Zou L. The roles of SOCS3 and STAT3 in bacterial infection and inflammatory diseases. Scand J Immunol 2018; 88:e12727. [PMID: 30341772 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Translational Neuroscience & Neural Regeneration and Repair Institute/Institute of Cell Therapy; The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University; Yichang China
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Honglei Zhao
- Translational Neuroscience & Neural Regeneration and Repair Institute/Institute of Cell Therapy; The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University; Yichang China
- Department of Oncology-Pathology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Peng Wang
- Translational Neuroscience & Neural Regeneration and Repair Institute/Institute of Cell Therapy; The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University; Yichang China
| | - Jun Wang
- Translational Neuroscience & Neural Regeneration and Repair Institute/Institute of Cell Therapy; The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University; Yichang China
| | - Lili Zou
- Translational Neuroscience & Neural Regeneration and Repair Institute/Institute of Cell Therapy; The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University; Yichang China
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64
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Karatayli E, Hall RA, Weber SN, Dooley S, Lammert F. Effect of alcohol on the interleukin 6-mediated inflammatory response in a new mouse model of acute-on-chronic liver injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:298-307. [PMID: 30447270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS ACLF is usually associated with a precipitant in the setting of a chronically damaged liver. We aim to combine a mouse model with a pre-injured liver (Abcb4/Mdr2-/-) with a recently standardized ethanol feeding model to dissect alcohol-related inflammatory responses in this model. METHOD Ten (n = 64) and 15 (n = 64) week old wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 J and Abcb4-/- knock-out (KO) mice were either fed control (WT/Cont and KO/Cont groups) or liquid ethanol diet (5% v/v) followed by an ethanol binge (4 mg/kg) (WT/EtOH and KO/EtOH groups). Hepatic mRNA levels of IL6, IFN-G, IL-1B, TGFB1, TNF-A, CCL2, HGF, CRP, RANTES, PNPLA3 and COL3A1 were evaluated using the 2-ΔΔCt method. IL6 and HGF plasma levels were quantified by ELISA. RESULTS Older mice in KO/EtOH group displayed higher IL6 expressions compared to KO/Cont, WT/EtOH and WT/Cont groups of the same age, whereas HGF did not differ. Significant over-expression of CCL2 also corresponded to the same group. Males in KO/EtOH group exhibited higher IL6 expression than females. Lipid droplets were observed in about 80% of mice challenged with ethanol. There was a profound downregulation in PNPLA3 and RANTES levels after ethanol exposure. Mean size of the LDs was inversely correlated with hepatic PNPLA3 levels. CONCLUSION We propose a novel promising approach to model alcohol-related ACLI. Acute inflammatory IL6-driven response might help transition from a stable chronic state to a progressive liver damage in Abcb4-/- mice. Repression of PNPLA3 resulted in a notable expansion in size of lipid droplets, indicating lipid remodeling in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Karatayli
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Rabea A Hall
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Susanne N Weber
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frank Lammert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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Kuroyanagi G, Adapala NS, Yamaguchi R, Kamiya N, Deng Z, Aruwajoye O, Kutschke M, Chen E, Jo C, Ren Y, Kim HKW. Interleukin-6 deletion stimulates revascularization and new bone formation following ischemic osteonecrosis in a murine model. Bone 2018; 116:221-231. [PMID: 30125727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) is a childhood form of ischemic osteonecrosis of the femoral head which can produce a permanent femoral head deformity and early osteoarthritis. The femoral head deformity results from increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation during repair and remodeling of the necrotic femoral head. A recent study showed that a pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), is significantly elevated in the synovial fluid of patients with LCPD. We hypothesized that IL-6 elevation decreases bone formation during the repair process following ischemic osteonecrosis and that IL-6 depletion will increase new bone formation. To test this hypothesis, we surgically induced ischemic osteonecrosis in the wild-type (n = 29) and IL-6 knockout (KO) mice (n = 25). The animals were assessed at 48 h, 2 weeks and 4 weeks following the induction of ischemic osteonecrosis using histologic, histomorphometric and micro-CT methods. IL-6 immunohistochemistry showed high expression of IL-6 in the osteonecrotic side of the wild-type mice at 48 h and 4 weeks following ischemic osteonecrosis, but not in the IL-6 KO mice. We also confirmed an undetectable level of IL-6 expression in the primary osteoblasts of the IL-6 KO mice compared to the readily detectable level in the wild-type mice. Furthermore, we confirmed that IL-6 deletion did not affect the extent of bone necrosis in the IL-6 KO mice compared to the wild-type mice by performing histologic and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assessments at 2 weeks following the induction of ischemia. Both groups had the same extent of ischemic osteonecrosis and absence of repair at 2 weeks. At 4 weeks, the necrotic epiphyses showed a significant increase in the extent of revascularization in the IL-6 KO mice compared to the wild-type mice (p = 0.001). In addition, a significantly greater recovery of the hematopoietic bone marrow was observed in the osteonecrotic side of the IL-6 KO mice compared to the wild-type mice (p < 0.01). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) immunohistochemistry showed regionally increased staining in the areas of repair in the osteonecrosis side of IL-6 KO mice compared to the wild-type mice at 4 weeks following ischemic osteonecrosis. Micro-CT assessment of the wild-type mice at 4 weeks showed a significant decrease in the percent bone volume (p < 0.01) in the osteonecrotic side compared to the control side. In contrast, IL-6 KO mice showed significantly increased bone volume in the osteonecrotic side compared to the osteonecrotic side of WT mice (p < 0.001). No significant difference in the bone volume percentage was found between the control side of the wild-type and the IL-6 KO mice. Histomorphometric analysis at 4 weeks revealed increased osteoblast number/bone surface (p < 0.001), bone formation rate (BFR) (p = 0.0001), and mineral apposition rate (MAR) (p < 0.0001) in the osteonecrotic side of the IL-6 KO mice compared to the wild-type mice. The number of osteoclast/bone surface was also increased in the IL-6 KO mice compared to the wild-type mice (p < 0.0001). No significant difference was observed between the control side of the wild-type and IL-6 KO mice with regards to the number of osteoblast or osteoclast/bone surface, BFR, and MAR. We next obtained primary osteoblasts from IL-6 KO mice and showed they expressed a significantly higher level of RANKL/OPG than wild-type mice (p = 0.001) in hypoxia culture condition. Taken together, the findings indicate that IL-6 deletion stimulates revascularization and new bone formation following ischemic osteonecrosis. This study provides new evidence that therapeutic strategies to block IL-6 may be beneficial for bone healing following ischemic osteonecrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Kuroyanagi
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Naga Suresh Adapala
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | - Ryosuke Yamaguchi
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA; Department of Orthopaedic and Spine Surgery, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka 813-0017, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kamiya
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA; Sports Medicine, Tenri University, Tenri 632-0071, Japan
| | - Zhuo Deng
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | - Olumide Aruwajoye
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | - Michael Kutschke
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | - Elena Chen
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | - Chanhee Jo
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | - Yinshi Ren
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | - Harry K W Kim
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8883, USA.
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Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pivotal cytokine with a diverse repertoire of physiological functions that include regulation of immune cell proliferation and differentiation. Dysregulation of IL-6 signalling is associated with inflammatory and lymphoproliferative disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and Castleman disease, and several classes of therapeutics have been developed that target components of the IL-6 signalling pathway. So far, monoclonal antibodies against IL-6 or IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) and Janus kinases (JAK) inhibitors have been successfully developed for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. However, clinical trials of agents targeting IL-6 signalling have also raised questions about the diseases and patient populations for which such agents have an appropriate benefit-risk profile. Knowledge from clinical trials and advances in our understanding of the complexities of IL-6 signalling, including the potential to target an IL-6 trans-signalling pathway, are now indicating novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention. In this Review, we overview the roles of IL-6 in health and disease and analyse progress with several approaches of inhibiting IL-6-signalling, with the aim of illuminating when and how to apply IL-6 blockade.
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Xu R, Liu Z, Hou J, Huang T, Yang M. Osthole improves collagen-induced arthritis in a rat model through inhibiting inflammation and cellular stress. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2018; 23:19. [PMID: 29743895 PMCID: PMC5932757 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-018-0086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osthole is a natural product that has multiple bioactive functions and has been reported to exert potent immunosuppressive effects. However, the therapeutic effect of osthole on arthritis has not been explored. In the present study, a collagen-induced arthritis rat model, IL-1β-stimulated SW982 cells, and RA-like fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were employed to investigate the effect and possible mechanism of osthole on arthritis in vivo and in vitro. Results 20 and 40 mg/kg osthole significantly alleviated collagen-induced arthritic symptoms based on histopathology and clinical arthritis scores, and improved erosion using HE staining. 20 and 40 mg/kg osthole decreased the level of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 in rats and ameliorated oxidative stress in serum evaluated using ELISA kits. In addition, treatment with 50 and 100 μM osthole for 48 h inhibited 10 ng/ml IL-1β-stimulated proliferation and migration of SW982, and significantly inhibited the expression of matrix metalloproteinases, such as MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13, as detected by western blot. 50 and 100 μM osthole also blocked the generation of IL-6 and TNF-α in IL-1β-stimulated SW982 cells. The NF-κB and MAPK pathways were also inhibited by osthole in IL-1β-treated SW982 cells. Conclusion These results collectively demonstrated that osthole improves collagen-induced arthritis in a rat model and IL-1β-treated SW982 cells through inhibiting inflammation and cellular stress in vivo and in vitro, and osthole might be a promising therapeutic agent for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renguo Xu
- Department of Osteology, YeDa Hospital, Taishan Road No. 11 Economic and Technological District of Yantai, Yantai, 264006 China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Osteology, YeDa Hospital, Taishan Road No. 11 Economic and Technological District of Yantai, Yantai, 264006 China
| | - Jiande Hou
- Department of Osteology, YeDa Hospital, Taishan Road No. 11 Economic and Technological District of Yantai, Yantai, 264006 China
| | - Tao Huang
- 2School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu university, Zhenjiang, 212000 China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Osteology, YeDa Hospital, Taishan Road No. 11 Economic and Technological District of Yantai, Yantai, 264006 China
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68
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Ohradanova-Repic A, Machacek C, Charvet C, Lager F, Le Roux D, Platzer R, Leksa V, Mitulovic G, Burkard TR, Zlabinger GJ, Fischer MB, Feuillet V, Renault G, Blüml S, Benko M, Suchanek M, Huppa JB, Matsuyama T, Cavaco-Paulo A, Bismuth G, Stockinger H. Extracellular Purine Metabolism Is the Switchboard of Immunosuppressive Macrophages and a Novel Target to Treat Diseases With Macrophage Imbalances. Front Immunol 2018; 9:852. [PMID: 29780382 PMCID: PMC5946032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
If misregulated, macrophage (Mϕ)-T cell interactions can drive chronic inflammation thereby causing diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We report that in a proinflammatory environment, granulocyte-Mϕ (GM-CSF)- and Mϕ colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-dependent Mϕs have dichotomous effects on T cell activity. While GM-CSF-dependent Mϕs show a highly stimulatory activity typical for M1 Mϕs, M-CSF-dependent Mϕs, marked by folate receptor β (FRβ), adopt an immunosuppressive M2 phenotype. We find the latter to be caused by the purinergic pathway that directs release of extracellular ATP and its conversion to immunosuppressive adenosine by co-expressed CD39 and CD73. Since we observed a misbalance between immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory Mϕs in human and murine arthritic joints, we devised a new strategy for RA treatment based on targeted delivery of a novel methotrexate (MTX) formulation to the immunosuppressive FRβ+CD39+CD73+ Mϕs, which boosts adenosine production and curtails the dominance of proinflammatory Mϕs. In contrast to untargeted MTX, this approach leads to potent alleviation of inflammation in the murine arthritis model. In conclusion, we define the Mϕ extracellular purine metabolism as a novel checkpoint in Mϕ cell fate decision-making and an attractive target to control pathological Mϕs in immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ohradanova-Repic
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Machacek
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Celine Charvet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - Franck Lager
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Le Roux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - René Platzer
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Leksa
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Goran Mitulovic
- Clinical Department of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas R Burkard
- Bioinformatics Department of the Research Institute of Molecular Pathology and the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard J Zlabinger
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael B Fischer
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Biomedical Technology, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Vincent Feuillet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Renault
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - Stephan Blüml
- Division of Rheumatology, Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Johannes B Huppa
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Takami Matsuyama
- The Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences and Swine Research, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Georges Bismuth
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
The IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway is aberrantly hyperactivated in many types of cancer, and such hyperactivation is generally associated with a poor clinical prognosis. In the tumour microenvironment, IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signalling acts to drive the proliferation, survival, invasiveness, and metastasis of tumour cells, while strongly suppressing the antitumour immune response. Thus, treatments that target the IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway in patients with cancer are poised to provide therapeutic benefit by directly inhibiting tumour cell growth and by stimulating antitumour immunity. Agents targeting IL-6, the IL-6 receptor, or JAKs have already received FDA approval for the treatment of inflammatory conditions or myeloproliferative neoplasms and for the management of certain adverse effects of chimeric antigen receptor T cells, and are being further evaluated in patients with haematopoietic malignancies and in those with solid tumours. Novel inhibitors of the IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway, including STAT3-selective inhibitors, are currently in development. Herein, we review the role of IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signalling in the tumour microenvironment and the status of preclinical and clinical investigations of agents targeting this pathway. We also discuss the potential of combining IL-6/JAK/STAT3 inhibitors with currently approved therapeutic agents directed against immune-checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel A. O’Keefe
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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70
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Pei H, He L, Shao M, Yang Z, Ran Y, Li D, Zhou Y, Tang M, Wang T, Gong Y, Chen X, Yang S, Xiang M, Chen L. Discovery of a highly selective JAK3 inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5273. [PMID: 29588471 PMCID: PMC5869712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23569-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Janus tyrosine kinase 3 (JAK3) is expressed in lymphoid cells and is involved in the signalling of T cell functions. The development of a selective JAK3 inhibitor has been shown to have a potential benefit in the treatment of autoimmune disorders. In this article, we developed the 4-aminopiperidine-based compound RB1, which was highly selective for JAK3 inhibition, with an IC50 of value of 40 nM, but did not inhibit JAK1, JAK2 or tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) at concentrations up to 5 µM. Furthermore, RB1 also exhibited favourable selectivity against a panel of representative kinases. In a battery of cytokine-stimulated cell-based assays, this potent inhibitor of JAK3 activity with good selectivity against other kinases could potently inhibit JAK3 activity over the activity of JAK1 or JAK2 (over at least 100-fold). A combination of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) experiments validated that RB1 covalently modified the unique cysteine 909 residue in JAK3. In vivo, RB1 exerted significantly improved pathology in the joints of a collagen-induced arthritis mouse model. The reasonable pharmacokinetics properties (F = 72.52%, T1/2 = 14.6 h) and favourable results of toxicology experiments (LD50 > 2 g/kg) suggest that RB1 has the potential to be an efficacious treatment for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heying Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linhong He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingfeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Minghai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Taijin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanqiu Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong, 523325, China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingli Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. .,Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong, 523325, China.
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. .,Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong, 523325, China.
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71
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Sarabon N, Löfler S, Cvecka J, Hübl W, Zampieri S. Acute effect of different concentrations of cayenne pepper cataplasm on sensory-motor functions and serum levels of inflammation-related biomarkers in healthy subjects. Eur J Transl Myol 2018; 28:7333. [PMID: 29686821 PMCID: PMC5895990 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2018.7333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical medicine therapies are often used in treating widespread musculoskeletal disorders, such as neck and low back pain. Herbal cataplasms containing rubefacient substances, such as Cayenne pepper, or galenic preparations like Munari cataplasm are commonly used as natural medications to treat painful areas. In this paper we show the effects of a 20-min application of Cayenne pepper and kaolin powder cataplasm (CPC) on healthy subjects. Treatment effects were evaluated by cold/hot feeling on visual analogue scale, blood pressure, body temperature, skin light touch sensations, two-point discrimination, and pain threshold to a mechanical stimulus, before and immediately after, 15 min after and 30 min after different concentration of Cayenne pepper in CPC preparation on healthy subjects. Maximal voluntary trunk extension force and trunk extension submaximal force matching error were also measured. In addition, the resulting optimal CPC mixture was tested for its safety by measuring changes in circulating levels of inflammatory-related biomarkers after 20-min application. The results indicate that the 5% concentration of Cayenne pepper in the preparation of CPC is the best choice, since no additional effects can be obtained with the 10% concentration, and the effects are higher than those observed at the 2.5% concentration. Importantly, 5% CPC application did not induce a significant increase of inflammatory-related biomarkers, suggesting that 20-min application has no negative side effects at systemic levels. Further studies are needed to investigate the immediate and long-term effects of repeated CPC applications as well as to understand the intersecting underlying mechanisms activated by Capsaicin and other identified factors, in order to be more extensively used in the field of physical medicine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejc Sarabon
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Koper, Slovenia.,S2P, Science to Practice Ltd., Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behaviour, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stefan Löfler
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Electrical Stimulation and Physical Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Cvecka
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Institute for Human Performance, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Wolfgang Hübl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wilhelminenspital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Zampieri
- Laboratory of Translation Myology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Padova, Italy
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72
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Schett G. Physiological effects of modulating the interleukin-6 axis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2018; 57:ii43-ii50. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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73
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Li Y, Gao X, Wang J. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned media suppresses inflammatory bone loss in a lipopolysaccharide-induced murine model. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:1839-1846. [PMID: 29434773 PMCID: PMC5776640 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditioned media (CM) from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) contains various cytokines, growth factors and microRNAs, which may serve important roles in modulating the inflammatory process. However, the effect of MSC-CM on inflammatory bone loss remains unknown. The present study investigated the effects of conditioned media from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSC-CM) on the prevention of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated bone loss in mice. To investigate the underlying mechanisms of this effect, the effects of AMSC-CM on serum levels of inflammation-associated cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and IL-10] in LPS-treated mice, in addition to their mRNA expression in LPS-treated macrophages, was investigated. Micro-computed tomography and histological analysis revealed that AMSC-CM administration effectively inhibited LPS-induced bone destruction in vivo. ELISA analysis indicated that AMSC-CM significantly reduced the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6) in LPS-treated mice. Furthermore, AMSC-CM treatment significantly decreased the mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 in macrophages treated with LPS. These findings indicate that AMSC-CM inhibits LPS-induced bone loss by decreasing the production of proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting that the use of AMSC-CM may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of inflammatory bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Oral Implantology, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Jinbing Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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74
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Shao X, Chen S, Yang D, Cao M, Yao Y, Wu Z, Li N, Shen N, Li X, Song X, Qian Y. FGF2 cooperates with IL-17 to promote autoimmune inflammation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7024. [PMID: 28765647 PMCID: PMC5539112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-17 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine implicated a variety of autoimmune diseases. We have recently reported that FGF2 cooperates with IL-17 to protect intestinal epithelium during dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Here, we report a pathogenic role of the FGF2-IL-17 cooperation in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis. Combined treatment with FGF2 and IL-17 synergistically induced ERK activation as well as the production of cytokines and chemokines in human synovial intimal resident fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). Furthermore, ectopic expression of FGF2 in mouse joints potentiated IL-17-induced inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in the tissue. In the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model, while ectopic expression of FGF2 in vivo exacerbated tissue inflammation and disease symptom in the wild-type controls, the effect was largely blunted in Il17a−/− mice. Taken together, our study suggests that FGF2 cooperates with IL-17 to promote the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis by cooperating with IL-17 to induce inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Daping Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Mengtao Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yikun Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhengxi Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ningli Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of medical sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Nan Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Xinyang Song
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Youcun Qian
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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75
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Th17 in Animal Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6070073. [PMID: 28753982 PMCID: PMC5532581 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6070073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-17-secreting helper CD4 T cells (Th17 cells) constitute a newly identified subset of helper CD4 T cells that play a key role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in its animal models. Recently, several models of spontaneous RA, which elucidate the mechanism of RA onset, have been discovered. These animal models shed new light on the role of Th17 in the development of autoimmune arthritis. Th17 cells coordinate inflammation and promote joint destruction, acting on various cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, synovial fibroblasts, and osteoclasts. Regulatory T cells cannot control Th17 cells under conditions of inflammation. In this review, the pathogenic role of Th17 cells in arthritis development, which was revealed by the recent animal models of RA, is discussed.
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76
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EGFR-mediated apoptosis via STAT3. Exp Cell Res 2017; 356:93-103. [PMID: 28433699 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is a cell surface receptor with primary implications in cell growth in both normal and malignant tissue. Paradoxically, cell lines that hyperexpress the EGFR have been documented to undergo receptor-mediated apoptosis. The underlying mechanism by which EGF-induced apoptosis occurs however remains inexplicit. In an attempt to identify this mechanism, we assessed downstream effectors of EGFR in MDA-MB-468 cells during conditions of EGF-induced apoptosis. The effector assessment revealed STAT3 as a potential mediator of EGF-induced apoptosis. Alternative strategies for activating STAT3, independent of EGFR stimulation, resulted in the induction of the apoptotic pathways. A reduction in STAT3 expression via RNAi resulted in a significant attenuation of EGF-induced PARP cleavage. Our findings support STAT3 as a positive mediator of EGF-induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-468 cells.
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77
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Urokinase plasminogen activator and receptor promote collagen-induced arthritis through expression in hematopoietic cells. Blood Adv 2017; 1:545-556. [PMID: 29296974 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2016004002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasminogen activation (PA) system has been implicated in driving inflammatory arthritis, but the precise contribution of PA system components to arthritis pathogenesis remains poorly defined. Here, the role of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its cognate receptor (uPAR) in the development and severity of inflammatory joint disease was determined using uPA- and uPAR-deficient mice inbred to the strain DBA/1J, a genetic background highly susceptible to collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Mice deficient in uPA displayed a near-complete amelioration of macroscopic and histological inflammatory joint disease following CIA challenge. Similarly, CIA-challenged uPAR-deficient mice exhibited significant amelioration of arthritis incidence and severity. Reduced disease development in uPA-deficient and uPAR-deficient mice was not due to an altered adaptive immune response to the CIA challenge. Reciprocal bone marrow transplant studies indicated that uPAR-driven CIA was due to expression by hematopoietic-derived cells, as mice with uPAR-deficient bone marrow challenged with CIA developed significantly reduced macroscopic and histological joint disease as compared with mice with uPAR expression limited to non-hematopoietic-derived cells. These findings indicate a fundamental role for uPAR-expressing hematopoietic cells in driving arthritis incidence and progression. Thus, uPA/uPAR-mediated cell surface proteolysis and/or uPAR-mediated signaling events promote inflammatory joint disease, indicating that disruption of this key proteolytic/signaling system may provide a novel therapeutic strategy to limit clinical arthritis.
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78
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Stevanin M, Busso N, Chobaz V, Pigni M, Ghassem-Zadeh S, Zhang L, Acha-Orbea H, Ehirchiou D. CD11b regulates the Treg/Th17 balance in murine arthritis via IL-6. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:637-645. [PMID: 28191643 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Th17 cells are often associated with autoimmunity and been shown to be increased in CD11b-/- mice. Here, we examined the role of CD11b in murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). C57BL/6 and CD11b-/- resistant mice were immunized with type II collagen. CD11b-/- mice developed arthritis with early onset, high incidence, and sustained severity compared with C57BL/6 mice. We observed a marked leukocyte infiltration, and histological examinations of the arthritic paws from CD11b-/- mice revealed that the cartilage was destroyed in association with strong lymphocytic infiltration. The CD11b deficiency led to enhanced Th17-cell differentiation. CD11b-/- dendritic cells (DCs) induced much stronger IL-6 production and hence Th17-cell differentiation than wild-type DCs. Treatment of CD11b-/- mice after establishment of the Treg/Th17 balance with an anti-IL-6 receptor mAb significantly suppressed the induction of Th17 cells and reduced arthritis severity. Finally, the severe phenotype of arthritis in CD11b-/- mice was rescued by adoptive transfer of CD11b+ DCs. Taken together, our results indicate that the resistance to CIA in C57BL/6 mice is regulated by CD11b via suppression of IL-6 production leading to reduced Th17-cell differentiation. Therefore, CD11b may represent a susceptibility factor for autoimmunity and could be a target for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Stevanin
- Department of Biochemistry CIIL, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Busso
- DAL, Service of Rheumatology, Laboratory of Rheumatology, University of Lausanne, CHUV, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Chobaz
- DAL, Service of Rheumatology, Laboratory of Rheumatology, University of Lausanne, CHUV, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Pigni
- Department of Biochemistry CIIL, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sahar Ghassem-Zadeh
- Department of Biochemistry CIIL, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Li Zhang
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hans Acha-Orbea
- Department of Biochemistry CIIL, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Driss Ehirchiou
- Department of Biochemistry CIIL, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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79
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Arnold P, Boll I, Rothaug M, Schumacher N, Schmidt F, Wichert R, Schneppenheim J, Lokau J, Pickhinke U, Koudelka T, Tholey A, Rabe B, Scheller J, Lucius R, Garbers C, Rose-John S, Becker-Pauly C. Meprin Metalloproteases Generate Biologically Active Soluble Interleukin-6 Receptor to Induce Trans-Signaling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44053. [PMID: 28276471 PMCID: PMC5343444 DOI: 10.1038/srep44053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble Interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R) mediated trans-signaling is an important pro-inflammatory stimulus associated with pathological conditions, such as arthritis, neurodegeneration and inflammatory bowel disease. The sIL-6R is generated proteolytically from its membrane bound form and A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease (ADAM) 10 and 17 were shown to perform ectodomain shedding of the receptor in vitro and in vivo. However, under certain conditions not all sIL-6R could be assigned to ADAM10/17 activity. Here, we demonstrate that the IL-6R is a shedding substrate of soluble meprin α and membrane bound meprin β, resulting in bioactive sIL-6R that is capable of inducing IL-6 trans-signaling. We determined cleavage within the N-terminal part of the IL-6R stalk region, distinct from the cleavage site reported for ADAM10/17. Interestingly, meprin β can be shed from the cell surface by ADAM10/17 and the observation that soluble meprin β is not capable of shedding the IL-6R suggests a regulatory mechanism towards trans-signaling. Additionally, we observed a significant negative correlation of meprin β expression and IL-6R levels on human granulocytes, providing evidence for in vivo function of this proteolytic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Arnold
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Inga Boll
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michelle Rothaug
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Neele Schumacher
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Rielana Wichert
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Juliane Lokau
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ute Pickhinke
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tomas Koudelka
- Systematic Proteomics &Bioanalytics; Institute of Experimental Medicine; University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Systematic Proteomics &Bioanalytics; Institute of Experimental Medicine; University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Björn Rabe
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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80
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Chakraborty S, Kloos B, Harre U, Schett G, Kubatzky KF. Pasteurella multocida Toxin Triggers RANKL-Independent Osteoclastogenesis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:185. [PMID: 28289415 PMCID: PMC5327351 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling is a continuous process to retain the structural integrity and function of the skeleton. A tight coupling is maintained between osteoclast-mediated resorption of old or damaged bones and osteoblast-mediated formation of new bones for bone homeostasis. While osteoblasts differentiate from mesenchymal stem cells, osteoclasts are hematopoietic in origin and derived from myeloid precursor cells. Osteoclast differentiation is driven by two cytokines, cytokine receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Imbalances in the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts result in the development of bone disorders. Bacterially caused porcine atrophic rhinitis is characterized by a loss of nasal ventral conche bones and a distortion of the snout. While Bordetella bronchiseptica strains cause mild and reversible symptoms, infection of pigs with toxigenic Pasteurella multocida strains causes a severe and irreversible decay. The responsible virulence factor Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) contains a deamidase activity in its catalytical domain that constitutively activates specific heterotrimeric G proteins to induce downstream signaling cascades. While osteoblasts are inhibited by the toxin, osteoclasts are activated, thus skewing bone remodeling toward excessive bone degradation. Still, the mechanism by which PMT interferes with bone homeostasis, and the reason for this unusual target tissue is not yet well understood. Here, we show that PMT has the potential to differentiate bone marrow-derived macrophages into functional osteoclasts. This toxin-mediated differentiation process is independent of RANKL, a cytokine believed to be indispensable for triggering osteoclastogenesis, as addition of osteoprotegerin to PMT-treated macrophages does not show any effect on PMT-induced osteoclast formation. Although RANKL is not a prerequisite, toxin-primed macrophages show enhanced responsiveness to low concentrations of RANKL, suggesting that the PMT-generated microenvironment offers conditions where low concentrations of RANKL lead to an increase in the number of osteoclasts resulting in increased resorption. PMT-mediated release of the osteoclastogenic cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α, but not IL-1, supports the differentiation process. Although the production of cytokines and the subsequent activation of signaling cascades are necessary for PMT-mediated differentiation into osteoclasts, they are not sufficient and PMT-induced activation of G protein signaling is essential for efficient osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Chakraborty
- Zentrum für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Bianca Kloos
- Zentrum für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Ulrike Harre
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Katharina F Kubatzky
- Zentrum für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
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81
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de Alcântara Camejo F, Azevedo M, Ambros V, Caporal KST, Doetzer AD, Almeida LE, Olandoski M, Noronha L, Trevilatto PC. Interleukin-6 expression in disc derangement of human temporomandibular joint and association with osteoarthrosis. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2017; 45:768-774. [PMID: 28341537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory process is a coordinated response that protects host after infection or trauma, involving several molecular reactions. Once the inflammation is closely linked to the process of destruction of the temporomandibular joint, this study aims to examine, by immunohistochemistry, the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), an important inflammatory marker, in temporomandibular articular discs of patients with anterior disc displacement with (ADDwR) and without reduction (ADDwoR) and its association with osteoarthrosis (OA). Thirty-eight (n = 38) articular discs were divided into two cutoffs: 1) analysis 1: 4 control (acute pathology), 17 ADDwR, 17 ADDwoR; and 2) analysis 2: without OA (n = 21) and with OA (n = 17). The area of immunostaining was compared statistically between groups (p < 0.05). In the disc samples, no significant differences were observed between the groups ADDwR and ADDwoR, and with and without OA, in respect to the expression of IL-6 by immunohistochemical examination. Future studies should be conducted with a larger sample size, which could clarify the association of the inflammatory mediator IL-6 with temporomandibular joint dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Azevedo
- School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Viviane Ambros
- School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea Duarte Doetzer
- School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Marcia Olandoski
- School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Lucia Noronha
- School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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82
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Noack M, Miossec P. Selected cytokine pathways in rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 39:365-383. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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83
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Combination of IL-6 and sIL-6R differentially regulate varying levels of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis through NF-κB, ERK and JNK signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41411. [PMID: 28128332 PMCID: PMC5269740 DOI: 10.1038/srep41411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 is known to indirectly enhance osteoclast formation by promoting receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) production by osteoblastic/stromal cells. However, little is known about the direct effect of IL-6 on osteoclastogenesis. Here, we determined the direct effects of IL-6 and its soluble receptor (sIL-6R) on RANKL-induced osteoclast formation by osteoclast precursors in vitro. We found IL-6/sIL-6R significantly promoted and suppressed osteoclast differentiation induced by low- (10 ng/ml) and high-level (50 ng/ml) RANKL, respectively. Using a bone resorption pit formation assay, expression of osteoclastic marker genes and transcription factors confirmed differential regulation of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by IL-6/sIL-6R. Intracellular signaling transduction analysis revealed IL-6/sIL-6R specifically upregulated and downregulated the phosphorylation of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) induced by low- and high level RANKL, respectively. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that IL-6/sIL-6R differentially regulate RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and activity through modulation of NF-κB, ERK and JNK signaling pathways. Thus, IL-6 likely plays a dual role in osteoclastogenesis either as a pro-resorption factor or as a protector of bone, depending on the level of RANKL within the local microenvironment.
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84
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Freundt-Revilla J, Maiolini A, Carlson R, Beyerbach M, Rentmeister K, Flegel T, Fischer A, Tipold A. Th17-skewed immune response and cluster of differentiation 40 ligand expression in canine steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis, a large animal model for neutrophilic meningitis. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:20. [PMID: 28114998 PMCID: PMC5260073 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) is an immune-mediated disorder characterized by neutrophilic pleocytosis and an arteritis particularly in the cervical leptomeninges. Previous studies of the disease have shown increased levels of IL-6 and TGF-ß1 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In the presence of these cytokines, naive CD4+ cells differentiate into Th17 lymphocytes which synthesize interleukin 17 (IL-17). It has been shown that IL-17 plays an active role in autoimmune diseases, it induces and mediates inflammatory responses and has an important role in recruitment of neutrophils. The hypothesis of a Th17-skewed immune response in SRMA should be supported by evaluating IL-17 and CD40L, inducing the vasculitis. Methods An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to measure IL-17 and CD40L in serum and CSF from a total of 79 dogs. Measurements of patients suffering from SRMA in the acute state (SRMA A) were compared with levels of patients under treatment with steroids (SRMA T), recurrence of the disease (SRMA R), other neurological disorders, and healthy dogs, using the two-part test. Additionally, secretion of IL-17 and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was confirmed by an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay. Results Significant higher levels of IL-17 were found in CSF of dogs with SRMA A compared with SRMA T, other neurological disorders and healthy dogs (p < 0.0001). In addition, levels of CD40L in CSF in dogs with SRMA A and SRMA R were significantly higher than in those with SRMA T (p = 0.0004) and healthy controls (p = 0.014). Furthermore, CSF concentrations of IL-17 and CD40L showed a strong positive correlation among each other (rSpear = 0.6601; p < 0.0001) and with the degree of pleocytosis (rSpear = 0.8842; p < 0.0001 and rSpear = 0.6649; p < 0.0001, respectively). IL-17 synthesis from PBMCs in SRMA patients was confirmed; however, IL-17 is mainly intrathecally produced. Conclusions These results imply that Th17 cells are inducing the autoimmune response in SRMA and are involved in the severe neutrophilic pleocytosis and disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). CD-40L intrathecal synthesis might be involved in the striking vasculitis. The investigation of the role of IL-17 in SRMA might elucidate important pathomechanism and open new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Freundt-Revilla
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Arianna Maiolini
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Regina Carlson
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Beyerbach
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Flegel
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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85
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Karri SK, Sheela A. Potential route of Th17/T reg cell dynamics in targeting type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis: an autoimmune disorder perspective. Br J Biomed Sci 2017; 74:8-15. [PMID: 28074676 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2016.1264704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines, small secreted proteins, have a specific effect on the interactions and communications between cells. They play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Factors in the breakdown of self-tolerance and the subsequent events leading to the induction of pathogenic responses remain unclear for most of the autoimmune diseases. Large numbers of studies have revealed a general scheme in which pro-inflammatory cytokines contribute to the initiation and propagation of autoimmune inflammation, whereas anti-inflammatory cytokines facilitate the regression of inflammation and thereby recovery from the disease. The interleukin (IL)-17/IL-23 axis that emerged as the new paradigm has compelled us to critically re-examine the cytokine-driven immune events in the pathogenesis and treatment of autoimmunity. T-helper 17 cells and Regulatory T cells are two lymphocyte subsets with opposing action. In this review, we discuss the mechanism that promotes development of these cells from common precursors and specific factors that impact their cell numbers and function. Also presented are findings that suggest how the equilibrium between pre-inflammatory T helper and regulatory T-cell subsets might be pharmacologically restored for therapeutic benefit, emphasising type-1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, the emerging clinical data showing anti-IL-17 and anti-IL-23 treatments for their efficacy in treating immune-mediated inflammatory diseases are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar Karri
- a Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences , VIT University , Vellore , India
| | - A Sheela
- a Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences , VIT University , Vellore , India
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86
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Differential Effects of Inflammation on Bone and Response to Biologics in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Spondyloarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2016; 18:72. [DOI: 10.1007/s11926-016-0620-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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87
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Papadaki G, Kambas K, Choulaki C, Vlachou K, Drakos E, Bertsias G, Ritis K, Boumpas DT, Thompson PR, Verginis P, Sidiropoulos P. Neutrophil extracellular traps exacerbate Th1-mediated autoimmune responses in rheumatoid arthritis by promoting DC maturation. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2542-2554. [PMID: 27585946 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is a key feature in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and plays a pivotal role in disease pathogenesis. However, the mechanism through which NETs shape the autoimmune response in RA remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that inhibition of peptidylarginine deiminases activity in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model significantly reduces NET formation, attenuates clinical disease activity, and prevents joint destruction. Importantly, peptidylarginine deiminase 4 blocking markedly reduces the frequency of collagen-specific IFN-γ-producing T helper 1 (Th1) cells in the draining lymph nodes of immunized mice. Exposure of dendritic cells (DCs) to CIA-derived NETs induces DC maturation characterized by significant upregulation of costimulatory molecules, as well as elevated secretion of IL-6. Moreover, CIA-NET-treated DCs promote the induction of antigen-specific Th1 cells in vitro. Finally, NETs from RA patients show an increased potential to induce the maturation of DCs from healthy individuals, corroborating the findings obtained in CIA mouse model. Collectively, our findings delineate an important role of NETs in the induction and expansion of Th1 pathogenic cells in CIA through maturation of DCs and reveal a novel role of NETs in shaping the RA-autoimmune response that could be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garyfalia Papadaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Greece.,Laboratory of Rheumatology, Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kambas
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Christiana Choulaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Greece.,Laboratory of Rheumatology, Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Katerina Vlachou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Greece.,Laboratory of Rheumatology, Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.,Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elias Drakos
- Department of Pathology, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - George Bertsias
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Greece.,Laboratory of Rheumatology, Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Ritis
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Dimitrios T Boumpas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Greece.,Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,4th Department of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Prodromos Sidiropoulos
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
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88
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Lazzerini PE, Capecchi PL, Guidelli GM, Selvi E, Acampa M, Laghi-Pasini F. Spotlight on sirukumab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: the evidence to date. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:3083-3098. [PMID: 27713619 PMCID: PMC5044992 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s99898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease primarily affecting synovial joints and is characterized by persistent high-grade systemic inflammation. Proinflammatory cytokines, particularly interleukin-6 (IL-6), are of crucial importance in the pathogenesis of the disease, driving both joint inflammation and extra-articular comorbidities. Tocilizumab, a humanized IL-6 receptor-inhibiting monoclonal antibody, has been the first, and, to date, the only, IL-6 inhibitor approved for the treatment of RA. Many studies have demonstrated the potency and effectiveness of tocilizumab in controlling disease activity and radiological progression of RA. These successful results have encouraged the development of novel IL-6 inhibitors, among which a promising agent is sirukumab (SRK), a human anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody currently under evaluation in Phase II/III studies in patients with RA, systemic lupus erythematosus, giant-cell arteritis, and major depressive disorder. The evidence to date indicates SRK as an effective and well-tolerated new therapeutic tool for patients with active RA, with some preliminary data suggesting a specific beneficial impact on relevant systemic complications associated with the disease, such as depression and cardiovascular disease. Conversely, although pathophysiological considerations make plausible the hypothesis that IL-6 blockade with SRK may also be beneficial in the treatment of many diseases other than RA (either autoimmune or not), available clinical data in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus do not seem to support this view, also giving rise to potentially relevant concerns about drug safety. If large Phase III clinical trials currently in progress in patients with RA confirm the efficacy and tolerability of SRK, then in the long term, this drug could, in the near future, occupy a place in the treatment of the disease, potentially also opening the doors to a more extended use of SRK in a wide range of disorders in which IL-6 plays a key pathogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Enrico Selvi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena
| | | | - Franco Laghi-Pasini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena
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89
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Alves CH, Farrell E, Vis M, Colin EM, Lubberts E. Animal Models of Bone Loss in Inflammatory Arthritis: from Cytokines in the Bench to Novel Treatments for Bone Loss in the Bedside-a Comprehensive Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 51:27-47. [PMID: 26634933 PMCID: PMC4961736 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-015-8522-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Throughout life, bone is continuously remodelled. Bone is formed by osteoblasts, from mesenchymal origin, while osteoclasts induce bone resorption. This process is tightly regulated. During inflammation, several growth factors and cytokines are increased inducing osteoclast differentiation and activation, and chronic inflammation is a condition that initiates systemic bone loss. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory auto-immune disease that is characterised by active synovitis and is associated with early peri-articular bone loss. Peri-articular bone loss precedes focal bone erosions, which may progress to bone destruction and disability. The incidence of generalised osteoporosis is associated with the severity of arthritis in RA and increased osteoporotic vertebral and hip fracture risk. In this review, we will give an overview of different animal models of inflammatory arthritis related to RA with focus on bone erosion and involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, a humanised endochondral ossification model will be discussed, which can be used in a translational approach to answer osteoimmunological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Henrique Alves
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Farrell
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Special Dental Care and Orthodontics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn Vis
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edgar M Colin
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology, ZGT Almelo, Zilvermeeuw 1, 7600 SZ, Almelo, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Lubberts
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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90
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Jabeen A, Mesaik MA, Simjee SU, Lubna, Bano S, Faizi S. Anti-TNF-α and anti-arthritic effect of patuletin: A rare flavonoid from Tagetes patula. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 36:232-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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91
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Sodin-Semrl S, Spagnolo A, Barbaro B, Varga J, Fiore S. Lipoxin A4 Counteracts Synergistic Activation of Human Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 17:15-25. [PMID: 15000862 DOI: 10.1177/039463200401700103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and metalloproteinases (MMPs) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and transforming growth factor (32 (TGF-|32) have potential anti-inflammatory activities; these two mediators were tested to determine how they affect IL-1β-dependent release of IL-6 and MMPs in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes. The results revealed dramatic differences between the mediators: TGF-β2 acted synergistically with IL-1β to stimulate IL-6 protein levels, whereas LXA4 inhibited IL-6 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Inhibition, by LXA4 was abrogated when cells were pre-incubated with antibody against the ALXR (Lipoxin A4 Receptor) TGF-β2 by itself had no significant effect on IL-6 or MMP levels. LXA4, at nanomolar concentrations, altered the MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression levels of IL-1β and TGF-β2 stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Furthermore, IL-1β and TGF-β2 up-regulated ALXR mRNA. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that ALXR mediate the effects of LXA4 on inflammatory responses after stimulation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes with IL-1β plus TGF-β2. These activities might constitute an important mechanism by which LXA4 regulates synovial fibroblast activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sodin-Semrl
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, COM, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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92
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Palm AKE, Friedrich HC, Kleinau S. Nodal marginal zone B cells in mice: a novel subset with dormant self-reactivity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27687. [PMID: 27277419 PMCID: PMC4899733 DOI: 10.1038/srep27687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Marginal zone (MZ) B cells, representing a distinct subset of innate-like B cells, mount rapid T-independent responses to blood-borne antigens. They express low-affinity polyreactive antigen receptors that recognize both foreign and self-structures. The spleen is considered the exclusive site for murine MZ B cells. However, we have here identified B cells with a MZ B-cell phenotype in the subcapsular sinuses of mouse lymph nodes. The nodal MZ (nMZ) B cells display high levels of IgM, costimulators and TLRs, and are represented by naïve and memory cells. The frequency of nMZ B cells is about 1–6% of nodal B cells depending on mouse strain, with higher numbers in older mice and a trend of increased numbers in females. There is a significant expansion of nMZ B cells following immunization with an autoantigen, but not after likewise immunization with a control protein or with the adjuvant alone. The nMZ B cells secrete autoantibodies upon activation and can efficiently present autoantigen to cognate T cells in vitro, inducing T-cell proliferation. The existence of self-reactive MZ B cells in lymph nodes may be a source of autoantigen-presenting cells that in an unfortunate environment may activate T cells leading to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karin E Palm
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heike C Friedrich
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sandra Kleinau
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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93
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Genetic variants within immune-modulating genes influence the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis and anti-TNF drug response: a two-stage case-control study. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2016; 25:432-43. [PMID: 26111149 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that arises as a result of the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. A growing body of research suggests that genetic variants within immune-related genes can influence the risk of developing the disease and affect drug response. MATERIALS AND METHODS To test this hypothesis, we carried out a comprehensive two-stage case-control study in a White population of 1239 White RA patients and 1229 healthy controls to investigate whether 49 single nucleotide polymorphisms within or near 17 immune-related genes modulate the risk of developing RA and antitumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) drug response. RESULTS Logistic regression analyses showed that carriers of the IL4rs2070874T and IL4rs2243250T and IL8RBrs1126580A alleles or the IL8RBrs2230054C/C genotype had a significantly increased risk of developing RA [odds ratio (OR)=1.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13-1.67, P=0.0016; OR=1.24, 95% CI 1.03-1.49, P=0.020; OR=1.23, 95% CI 1.08-1.41, P=0.002 and OR=1.19, 95% CI 1.04-1.36, P=0.01, respectively]. The association of the IL4 variants was further supported by a meta-analysis including 7150 individuals (P =0.0010), whereas the involvement of the IL8RB locus in determining the susceptibility to RA was also supported by gene-gene interaction analyses that identified significant two-locus and three-locus interaction models including IL8RB variants that act synergistically to increase the risk of the disease (P=0.014 and 0.018). Interestingly, we also found that patients harbouring the IFNGrs2069705C allele showed a significantly better response to anti-TNF drugs than those patients carrying the wild-type allele (P=0.0075). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that IL4 and IL8RB loci may have a small-effect genetic impact on the risk of developing RA, whereas IFNG might be involved in modulating the response to anti-TNF drugs.
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94
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Kasama T, Isozaki T, Takahashi R, Miwa Y. Clinical effects of tocilizumab on cytokines and immunological factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 35:301-306. [PMID: 27085681 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 is one of the crucial proinflammatory cytokines. The dysregulation of IL-6 plays a pivotal role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is involved in several of the common clinical manifestations associated with active RA. Recent therapies targeting IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) have resulted in clinical improvements in signs and symptoms, disability and quality of life in patients with early and long-standing RA. Because it has been demonstrated that cytokines and inflammatory/immunological factors appear to be important and sensitive mediators in RA patients treated with tocilizumab and with anti-TNF biologics, it is important to investigate whether tocilizumab administration has any effect(s) on the profiles of cytokines and inflammatory/immunological factors and whether these changes correlate with the clinical improvement in RA disease activity. In this review, we discuss the effects on cytokine regulation and the differentiation of immune cells, especially T cells, after tocilizumab therapy in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Kasama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Rheumatology, Showa University Kototoyosu Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takeo Isozaki
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Takahashi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Miwa
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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95
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Endothelial Dysfunction and Inflammation: Immunity in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:6813016. [PMID: 27122657 PMCID: PMC4829719 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6813016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, as a feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), leads to the activation of endothelial cells (ECs). Activated ECs induce atherosclerosis through an increased expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is recognized as a failure of endothelial repair mechanisms. It is also an early preclinical marker of atherosclerosis and is commonly found in RA patients. RA is now established as an independent cardiovascular risk factor, while mechanistic determinants of ED in RA are still poorly understood. An expanding body of study has shown that EC at a site of RA is both active participant and regulator of inflammatory process. Over the last decade, a role for endothelial dysfunction in RA associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been hypothesized. At the same time, several maintenance drugs targeting this phenomenon have been tested, which has promising results. Assessment of endothelial function may be a useful tool to identify and monitor RA patients.
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96
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Rothaug M, Becker-Pauly C, Rose-John S. The role of interleukin-6 signaling in nervous tissue. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1218-27. [PMID: 27016501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders and in the physiological homeostasis of neural tissue. Profound neuropathological changes, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease are associated with increased IL-6 expression in brain. Increased nocturnal concentrations of serum IL-6 are found in patients with impaired sleep whereas IL-6-deficient mice spend more time in rapid eye movement sleep associated with dreaming. IL-6 is crucial in the differentiation of oligodendrocytes, regeneration of peripheral nerves and acts as a neurotrophic factor. It exerts its cellular effects through two distinct pathways which include the anti-inflammatory pathway involving the membrane-bound IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) expressed on selective cells, including microglia, in a process known as classical signaling that is also critical for bacterial defense. In classical signaling binding of IL-6 to the membrane-bound IL-6R activates the β-receptor glycoprotein 130 (gp130) and subsequent down-stream signaling. The alternative, rather pro-inflammatory pathway, shown to mediate neurodegeneration in mice, termed trans-signaling, depends on a soluble form of the IL-6R that is capable of binding IL-6 to stimulate a response on distal cells that express gp130. A naturally occurring soluble form of gp130 (sgp130) has been identified that can specifically bind and neutralize the IL-6R/IL-6 complex. Thus, trans-signaling is blocked but classical signaling is completely unaffected. A modified, recombinant dimerized version of sgp130 (sgp130Fc) has successfully been used to block inflammatory processes in mice and may also be used in the clarification of IL-6 trans-signaling in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Rothaug
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker-Pauly
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
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97
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Carceller MC, Guillén MI, Ferrándiz ML, Alcaraz MJ. Paracrine in vivo inhibitory effects of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in the early stages of the acute inflammatory response. Cytotherapy 2016; 17:1230-9. [PMID: 26276006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Excessive or unresolved inflammation leads to tissue lesions. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (AMSCs) have shown protective effects that may be dependent on the modulation of inflammation by secreted factors. METHODS We used the zymosan-induced mouse air pouch model at two time points (4 h and 18 h) to evaluate the in vivo effects of AMSCs and their conditioned medium (CM) on key steps of the early inflammatory response. We assessed the effects of AMSCs and CM on leukocyte migration and myeloperoxidase activity. The levels of chemokines, cytokines and eicosanoids in exudates were measured by use of enzyme-linked immunoassay or radio-immunoassay. In addition, the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) was studied by use of Western blotting and the phosphorylation of p65 nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by immunofluorescence. RESULTS All inflammatory parameters were significantly reduced by CM and AMSCs to a similar extent at 4 h after zymosan injection with lower effects at 18 h. The observed inhibition of leukocyte migration was associated with reduced levels of chemokines and leukotriene B4. Interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene 6 levels were significantly decreased. The downregulation of mPGES-1 was associated with inhibition of prostaglandin E2 production. Our results suggest that these anti-inflammatory effects are related, in part, to the inhibition of NF-κB activation. CONCLUSIONS AMSCs dampen the early process of inflammation in the zymosan-induced mouse air pouch model through paracrine mechanisms. These results support the potential utility of these cells as a source of novel treatment approaches for inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Isabel Guillén
- Department of Pharmacology and IDM, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - María José Alcaraz
- Department of Pharmacology and IDM, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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98
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Lou L, Zhou J, Liu Y, Wei YI, Zhao J, Deng J, Dong B, Zhu L, Wu A, Yang Y, Chai L. Chlorogenic acid induces apoptosis to inhibit inflammatory proliferation of IL-6-induced fibroblast-like synoviocytes through modulating the activation of JAK/STAT and NF-κB signaling pathways. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:2054-2060. [PMID: 27168850 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is the primary constituent of Caulis Lonicerae, a Chinese herb used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The present study aimed to investigate whether CGA was able to inhibit the proliferation of the fibroblast-like synoviocyte cell line (RSC-364), stimulated by interleukin (IL)-6, through inducing apoptosis. Following incubation with IL-6 or IL-6 and CGA, the cellular proliferation of RSC-364 cells was detected by MTT assay. The ratio of apoptosed cells were detected by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was performed to observe protein expression levels of key molecules involved in the Janus-activated kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway [phosphorylated (p)-STAT3, JAK1 and gp130] and the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway [phosphorylated (p)-inhibitor of κB kinase subunit α/β and NF-κB p50). It was revealed that CGA was able to inhibit the inflammatory proliferation of RSC-364 cells mediated by IL-6 through inducing apoptosis. CGA was also able to suppress the expression levels of key molecules in the JAK/STAT and NF-κB signaling pathways, and inhibit the activation of these signaling pathways in the inflammatory response through IL-6-mediated signaling, thereby resulting in the inhibition of the inflammatory proliferation of synoviocytes. The present results indicated that CGA may have potential as a novel therapeutic agent for inhibiting inflammatory hyperplasia of the synovium through inducing synoviocyte apoptosis in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Jingwei Zhou
- Department of Renal Endocrinology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Yujun Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Putuo District Center Hospital, Shanghai 200000, P.R. China
| | - Y I Wei
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Jiuli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Jiagang Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Bin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Lingqun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Aiming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Yingxi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Limin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
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100
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Sardar S, Andersson Å. Old and new therapeutics for Rheumatoid Arthritis: in vivo models and drug development. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2016; 38:2-13. [PMID: 26769136 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2015.1125917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Development of novel drugs for treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases is to a large extent dependent on the availability of good experimental in vivo models in order to perform preclinical tests of new drugs and for the identification of novel drug targets. Here, we review a number of existing rodent models for Rheumatoid Arthritis in the context of how these models have been utilized for developing established therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis and, furthermore, the present use of animal models for studies of novel drug candidates. We have studied the literature in the field for the use of in vivo models during development of anti-rheumatic drugs; from Methotrexate to various antibody treatments, to novel drugs that are, or have recently been, in clinical trials. For novel drugs, we have explored websites for clinical trials. Although a single Rheumatoid Arthritis in vivo model cannot mirror the complexity of disease development, there exist a number of good animal models for Rheumatoid Arthritis, each defining some parts in disease development, which are useful for studies of drug response. We find that many of the established drugs were not tested in in vivo models before being used in the clinic, but rather animal models have been subsequently used to find mechanisms for efficacy. Finally, we report a number of novel drugs, tested in preclinical in vivo models, presently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samra Sardar
- a Department Of Drug Design and Pharmacology , Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Åsa Andersson
- a Department Of Drug Design and Pharmacology , Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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