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Lee B, Oh SW, Myung SK. Efficacy of Vitamin C Supplements in Prevention of Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Korean J Fam Med 2015; 36:278-85. [PMID: 26634093 PMCID: PMC4666862 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.2015.36.6.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have reported inconsistent findings regarding the association between vitamin C supplementation and the risk of cancer. METHODS We performed a meta-analysis of RCTs to investigate the efficacy of vitamin C supplements for prevention of cancer. We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases in November 2014 using common keywords related to vitamin C supplements and cancer. RESULTS Among 785 articles, a total of seven trials were identified, which included 62,619 participants; 31,326 and 31,293 were randomized to vitamin C supplementation and control or placebo groups, respectively, which were included in the final analysis. A fixed-effects meta-analysis of all seven RCTs revealed no significant association between vitamin C supplementation and cancer (relative risk, 1.00; 95% confidence intervals, 0.95-1.05). Similarly, subgroup meta-analysis by dose of vitamin C administered singly or in combination with other supplements, follow-up period, methodological quality, cancer mortality, gender, smoking status, country, and type of cancer also showed no efficacy of vitamin C supplementation for cancer prevention. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis shows that there is no evidence to support the use of vitamin C supplements for prevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobae Lee
- Huntington University, Huntington, USA. ; Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA (Present)
| | - Seung-Won Oh
- Department of Family Medicine, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Kwon Myung
- Department of Cancer Control and Policy, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang, Korea. ; Department of Family Medicine and Center for Cancer Prevention and Detection, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
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Antioxidant therapy for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: Does it work? Redox Biol 2015; 6:617-639. [PMID: 26520808 PMCID: PMC4637335 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is considered as one of the etiologic factors involved in several signals and symptoms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) that include diarrhea, toxic megacolon and abdominal pain. This systematic review discusses approaches, challenges and perspectives into the use of nontraditional antioxidant therapy on IBD, including natural and synthetic compounds in both human and animal models. One hundred and thirty four papers were identified, of which only four were evaluated in humans. Some of the challenges identified in this review can shed light on this fact: lack of standardization of OS biomarkers, absence of safety data and clinical trials for the chemicals and biological molecules, as well as the fact that most of the compounds were not repeatedly tested in several situations, including acute and chronic colitis. This review hopes to stimulate researchers to become more involved in this fruitful area, to warrant investigation of novel, alternative and efficacious antioxidant-based therapies. Major biomarkers used for evaluation of antioxidant therapy were MPO, TBARS/MDA and glutathione levels. Challenges were identified for the yet poor use of antioxidant therapy in IBD. This review stimulates the investigation of alternative and efficacious antioxidant therapies.
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Assmann KE, Andreeva VA, Jeandel C, Hercberg S, Galan P, Kesse-Guyot E. Healthy Aging 5 Years After a Period of Daily Supplementation With Antioxidant Nutrients: A Post Hoc Analysis of the French Randomized Trial SU.VI.MAX. Am J Epidemiol 2015; 182:694-704. [PMID: 26374140 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study's objective was to investigate healthy aging in older French adults 5 years after a period of daily nutritional-dose supplementation with antioxidant nutrients. The study was based on the double-blind, randomized trial, Supplementation with Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals (SU.VI.MAX) Study (1994-2002) and the SU.VI.MAX 2 Follow-up Study (2007-2009). During 1994-2002, participants received a daily combination of vitamin C (120 mg), β-carotene (6 mg), vitamin E (30 mg), selenium (100 µg), and zinc (20 mg) or placebo. Healthy aging was assessed in 2007-2009 by using multiple criteria, including the absence of major chronic disease and good physical and cognitive functioning. Data from a subsample of the SU.VI.MAX 2 cohort, initially free of major chronic disease, with a mean age of 65.3 years in 2007-2009 (n = 3,966), were used to calculate relative risks. Supplementation was associated with a greater healthy aging probability among men (relative risk = 1.16, 95% confidence interval: 1.04, 1.29) but not among women (relative risk = 0.98, 95% confidence interval: 0.86, 1.11) or all participants (relative risk = 1.07, 95% confidence interval: 0.99, 1.16). Moreover, exploratory subgroup analyses indicated effect modification by initial serum concentrations of zinc and vitamin C. In conclusion, an adequate supply of antioxidant nutrients (equivalent to quantities provided by a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables) may have a beneficial role for healthy aging.
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Görlach A, Dimova EY, Petry A, Martínez-Ruiz A, Hernansanz-Agustín P, Rolo AP, Palmeira CM, Kietzmann T. Reactive oxygen species, nutrition, hypoxia and diseases: Problems solved? Redox Biol 2015; 6:372-385. [PMID: 26339717 PMCID: PMC4565025 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the last twenty years the view on reactive oxygen species (ROS) has changed; they are no longer only considered to be harmful but also necessary for cellular communication and homeostasis in different organisms ranging from bacteria to mammals. In the latter, ROS were shown to modulate diverse physiological processes including the regulation of growth factor signaling, the hypoxic response, inflammation and the immune response. During the last 60–100 years the life style, at least in the Western world, has changed enormously. This became obvious with an increase in caloric intake, decreased energy expenditure as well as the appearance of alcoholism and smoking; These changes were shown to contribute to generation of ROS which are, at least in part, associated with the occurrence of several chronic diseases like adiposity, atherosclerosis, type II diabetes, and cancer. In this review we discuss aspects and problems on the role of intracellular ROS formation and nutrition with the link to diseases and their problematic therapeutical issues. Oxidative stress is linked to overnutrition, obesity and associated diseases or cancer. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are crucially involved in modulation of signaling cascades. NOX proteins and hypoxia contribute to formation of ROS under different nutrient regimes. ROS are powerful post-transcriptional and epigenetic regulators. Treatment of obesity with antioxidants requires more, larger, and better monitored clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Görlach
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Elitsa Y Dimova
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Andreas Petry
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonio Martínez-Ruiz
- Servicio de Immunología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Hernansanz-Agustín
- Servicio de Immunología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anabela P Rolo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos M Palmeira
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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The role of antioxidants in the chemistry of oxidative stress: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:55-74. [PMID: 25942353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1393] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This Review Article is focused on the action of the reactive oxygenated species in inducing oxidative injury of the lipid membrane components, as well as on the ability of antioxidants (of different structures and sources, and following different mechanisms of action) in fighting against oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is defined as an excessive production of reactive oxygenated species that cannot be counteracted by the action of antioxidants, but also as a perturbation of cell redox balance. Reactive oxygenated/nitrogenated species are represented by superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl, alkoxyl and lipid peroxyl radicals, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. Oxidative stress determines structure modifications and function modulation in nucleic acids, lipids and proteins. Oxidative degradation of lipids yields malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal, but also isoprostanes, from unsaturated fatty acids. Protein damage may occur with thiol oxidation, carbonylation, side-chain oxidation, fragmentation, unfolding and misfolding, resulting activity loss. 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine is an index of DNA damage. The involvement of the reactive oxygenated/nitrogenated species in disease occurrence is described. The unbalance between the oxidant species and the antioxidant defense system may trigger specific factors responsible for oxidative damage in the cell: over-expression of oncogene genes, generation of mutagen compounds, promotion of atherogenic activity, senile plaque occurrence or inflammation. This leads to cancer, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, kidney diseases. The concept of antioxidant is defined, along with a discussion of the existent classification criteria: enzymatic and non-enzymatic, preventative or repair-systems, endogenous and exogenous, primary and secondary, hydrosoluble and liposoluble, natural or synthetic. Primary antioxidants are mainly chain breakers, able to scavenge radical species by hydrogen donation. Secondary antioxidants are singlet oxygen quenchers, peroxide decomposers, metal chelators, oxidative enzyme inhibitors or UV radiation absorbers. The specific mechanism of action of the most important representatives of each antioxidant class (endogenous and exogenous) in preventing or inhibiting particular factors leading to oxidative injury in the cell, is then reviewed. Mutual influences, including synergistic effects are presented and discussed. Prooxidative influences likely to occur, as for instance in the presence of transition metal ions, are also reminded.
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Dietary supplement use among participants of a databank and biorepository at a comprehensive cancer centre. Public Health Nutr 2014; 18:916-26. [PMID: 24866812 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980014001062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed the prevalence, patterns and predictors of dietary supplement use among participants of the databank and biorepository (DBBR) at a comprehensive cancer centre in western New York. DESIGN Archived epidemiological questionnaire data were obtained from the DBBR at Roswell Park Cancer Institute. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression explored the prevalence, patterns and predictors of lifetime use of four common supplements (multivitamins, vitamin C, vitamin E and calcium) and use of multivitamins, sixteen single vitamins/minerals and eighteen herbal/specialty supplements within the previous 10 years. SETTING Western New York, USA. SUBJECTS DBBR participants (n 8096) enrolled between December 2003 and July 2012 were included in these analyses: 66.9 % (n 5418) with cancer, 65.6 % (n 5309) women, mean age for patients v. cancer-free controls 59.9 (SD 12.6) years and 50.7 (SD 15.4) years, respectively. RESULTS Overall, 54.4 % of DBBR participants reported lifetime use of one or more supplements and 63.1 % reported use of one or more supplements within the previous 10 years (excluding multivitamins). Multivitamin use was high in this sample (lifetime: 64.1 %; 10 years: 71.3 %; current: 51.8 %). Supplementation was higher among cancer-free controls than cancer patients. Vitamin C, calcium and fish oil were the most common single vitamin, mineral and specialty product, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A consistently high and increasing proportion of dietary supplement use over time remains clear. Supplementation is prevalent among cancer patients and may even be higher than predicted in cancer-free individuals. Further studies should assess the safety and efficacy of specific supplements in reducing disease risk.
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Castellani P, Balza E, Rubartelli A. Inflammation, DAMPs, tumor development, and progression: a vicious circle orchestrated by redox signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1086-97. [PMID: 23373831 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Increasing evidence indicates that cancer development and progression are promoted by the joint action of redox distress and inflammation, supporting the potential impact of therapies aimed at restoring the redox homeostasis and fighting inflammation. RECENT ADVANCES Most of the literature of the last 40 years converges to the view that continuous oxidative stress and chronic inflammation sustain each other, leads to transformation of a normal cell to a neoplastic cell, and promotes tumor progression. Some recent findings, however, support an alternative model whereby the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an attempt to defend more than a pathogenetic factor in cancer. Rather, tumor development and progression may be promoted by an excess of antioxidants, induced in both transformed cells and recruited inflammatory cells as an adaptive response to ROS. CRITICAL ISSUES Although the link among redox stress, chronic inflammation, and cancer is widely recognized, the underlying mechanisms are far to be understood. The redox unbalance of the microenvironment is likely to modulate the bioactivity of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules such as HMGB1, which are released by stressed tissues and play pleiotropic functions on tumor and inflammatory cells, but how this occur, and the relevant consequences, are still unclear. FUTURE DIRECTIONS In vivo measurement of cell redox status is an important challenge for future investigations. The improvement of the methodologies for ROS and antioxidant detection will allow a better understanding of the redox-related events in the tumor microenvironment with tremendous application potential in the development of rational combination therapies for cancer treatment.
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Imbalance in redox status is associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor outcome in lung adenocarcinoma patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 140:461-70. [PMID: 24449404 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The expression levels of human antioxidant genes (HAGs) and oxidative markers were investigated in light of lung adenocarcinoma aggressiveness and patient outcome. METHODS We assayed in vitro the tumoral invasiveness and multidrug resistance in human lung adenocarcinoma (AdC) cell lines (EKVX and A549). Data were associated with several redox parameters and differential expression levels of HAG network. The clinicopathological significance of these findings was investigated using microarray analysis of tumor tissue and by immunohistochemistry in archival collection of biopsies. RESULTS An overall increased activity (expression) of selected HAG components in the most aggressive cell line (EKVX cells) was observed by bootstrap and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). In vitro validation of oxidative markers revealed that EKVX cells had high levels of oxidative stress markers. In AdC cohorts, GSEA of microarray datasets showed significantly high levels of HAG components in lung AdC samples in comparison with normal tissue, in advanced stage compared with early stage and in patients with poor outcome. Cox multivariate regression analysis in a cohort of early pathologic (p)-stage of AdC cases showed that patients with moderate levels of 4-hydroxynonenal, a specific and stable end product of lipid peroxidation, had a significantly less survival rate (hazard ratio of 8.87) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS High levels of oxidative markers are related to tumor aggressiveness and can predict poor outcome of early-stage lung adenocarcinoma patients.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Oxidative damage to cells and tissues is considered involved in the aging process and in the development of chronic diseases in humans, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases, the leading causes of death in high-income countries. This has stimulated interest in the preventive potential of antioxidant supplements. Today, more than one half of adults in high-income countries ingest antioxidant supplements hoping to improve their health, oppose unhealthy behaviors, and counteract the ravages of aging. RECENT FINDINGS Older observational studies and some randomized clinical trials with high risks of systematic errors ('bias') have suggested that antioxidant supplements may improve health and prolong life. A number of randomized clinical trials with adequate methodologies observed neutral or negative results of antioxidant supplements. Recently completed large randomized clinical trials with low risks of bias and systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials taking systematic errors ('bias') and risks of random errors ('play of chance') into account have shown that antioxidant supplements do not seem to prevent cancer, cardiovascular diseases, or death. Even more, beta-carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E may increase mortality. Some recent large observational studies now support these findings. According to recent dietary guidelines, there is no evidence to support the use of antioxidant supplements in the primary prevention of chronic diseases or mortality. SUMMARY Antioxidant supplements do not possess preventive effects and may be harmful with unwanted consequences to our health, especially in well-nourished populations. The optimal source of antioxidants seems to come from our diet, not from antioxidant supplements in pills or tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Bjelakovic
- aThe Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group, Copenhagen Trial Unit bThe Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Department 7812, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Phytoagents for cancer management: regulation of nucleic acid oxidation, ROS, and related mechanisms. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:925804. [PMID: 24454991 PMCID: PMC3886269 DOI: 10.1155/2013/925804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of oxidized nucleic acids causes genomic instability leading to senescence, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. Phytoagents are known to reduce the risk of cancer development; whether such effects are through regulating the extent of nucleic acid oxidation remains unclear. Here, we outlined the role of reactive oxygen species in nucleic acid oxidation as a driving force in cancer progression. The consequential relationship between genome instability and cancer progression highlights the importance of modulation of cellular redox level in cancer management. Current epidemiological and experimental evidence demonstrate the effects and modes of action of phytoagents in nucleic acid oxidation and provide rationales for the use of phytoagents as chemopreventive or therapeutic agents. Vitamins and various phytoagents antagonize carcinogen-triggered oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals and/or activating endogenous defence systems such as Nrf2-regulated antioxidant genes or pathways. Moreover, metal ion chelation by phytoagents helps to attenuate oxidative DNA damage caused by transition metal ions. Besides, the prooxidant effects of some phytoagents pose selective cytotoxicity on cancer cells and shed light on a new strategy of cancer therapy. The “double-edged sword” role of phytoagents as redox regulators in nucleic acid oxidation and their possible roles in cancer prevention or therapy are discussed in this review.
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Samoylenko A, Hossain JA, Mennerich D, Kellokumpu S, Hiltunen JK, Kietzmann T. Nutritional countermeasures targeting reactive oxygen species in cancer: from mechanisms to biomarkers and clinical evidence. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:2157-96. [PMID: 23458328 PMCID: PMC3869543 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) exert various biological effects and contribute to signaling events during physiological and pathological processes. Enhanced levels of ROS are highly associated with different tumors, a Western lifestyle, and a nutritional regime. The supplementation of food with traditional antioxidants was shown to be protective against cancer in a number of studies both in vitro and in vivo. However, recent large-scale human trials in well-nourished populations did not confirm the beneficial role of antioxidants in cancer, whereas there is a well-established connection between longevity of several human populations and increased amount of antioxidants in their diets. Although our knowledge about ROS generators, ROS scavengers, and ROS signaling has improved, the knowledge about the direct link between nutrition, ROS levels, and cancer is limited. These limitations are partly due to lack of standardized reliable ROS measurement methods, easily usable biomarkers, knowledge of ROS action in cellular compartments, and individual genetic predispositions. The current review summarizes ROS formation due to nutrition with respect to macronutrients and antioxidant micronutrients in the context of cancer and discusses signaling mechanisms, used biomarkers, and its limitations along with large-scale human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Samoylenko
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Jubayer Al Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Daniela Mennerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sakari Kellokumpu
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud C. Meta-regression analyses, meta-analyses, and trial sequential analyses of the effects of supplementation with beta-carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E singly or in different combinations on all-cause mortality: do we have evidence for lack of harm? PLoS One 2013; 8:e74558. [PMID: 24040282 PMCID: PMC3765487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Evidence shows that antioxidant supplements may increase mortality. Our aims were to assess whether different doses of beta-carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E affect mortality in primary and secondary prevention randomized clinical trials with low risk of bias. Methods The present study is based on our 2012 Cochrane systematic review analyzing beneficial and harmful effects of antioxidant supplements in adults. Using random-effects meta-analyses, meta-regression analyses, and trial sequential analyses, we examined the association between beta-carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E, and mortality according to their daily doses and doses below and above the recommended daily allowances (RDA). Results We included 53 randomized trials with low risk of bias (241,883 participants, aged 18 to 103 years, 44.6% women) assessing beta-carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E. Meta-regression analysis showed that the dose of vitamin A was significantly positively associated with all-cause mortality. Beta-carotene in a dose above 9.6 mg significantly increased mortality (relative risk (RR) 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02 to 1.09, I2 = 13%). Vitamin A in a dose above the RDA (> 800 µg) did not significantly influence mortality (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.19, I2 = 53%). Vitamin E in a dose above the RDA (> 15 mg) significantly increased mortality (RR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.05, I2 = 0%). Doses below the RDAs did not affect mortality, but data were sparse. Conclusions Beta-carotene and vitamin E in doses higher than the RDA seem to significantly increase mortality, whereas we lack information on vitamin A. Dose of vitamin A was significantly associated with increased mortality in meta-regression. We lack information on doses below the RDA. Background All essential compounds to stay healthy cannot be synthesized in our body. Therefore, these compounds must be taken through our diet or obtained in other ways [1]. Oxidative stress has been suggested to cause a variety of diseases [2]. Therefore, it is speculated that antioxidant supplements could have a potential role in preventing diseases and death. Despite the fact that a normal diet in high-income countries may provide sufficient amounts of antioxidants [3,4], more than one third of adults regularly take antioxidant supplements [5,6].
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Bjelakovic
- The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group, Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Faculty, University of Nis, Niš, Serbia
- * E-mail:
| | - Dimitrinka Nikolova
- The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group, Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Gluud
- The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group, Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Goyal A, Terry MB, Siegel AB. Serum antioxidant nutrients, vitamin A, and mortality in U.S. Adults. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:2202-11. [PMID: 23897583 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies have suggested that antioxidant nutrients may reduce cancer and overall mortality risks. However, most randomized trials have failed to show survival benefits. Examining nonlinear associations between antioxidant levels and health outcomes may help to explain these discrepant findings. METHODS We evaluated all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality risks associated with quintiles (Q1-Q5) of serum antioxidant (vitamins C and E, β-carotene, and selenium) and vitamin A levels, in 16,008 adult participants of The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III; 1988-1994). RESULTS Over a median follow-up period of 14.2 years, there were 4,225 deaths, including 891 from cancer and 1,891 from cardiovascular disease. We observed a dose-response decrease in cancer and overall mortality risks with higher vitamin C levels. In contrast, for vitamin A, risk of cancer death decreased from Q1-Q2, with no further decline in risk at higher levels. For vitamin E, having levels in Q4 was associated with the lowest cancer mortality risk. Both vitamin A and E had U-shaped associations with all-cause mortality. Cancer mortality risks decreased from Q1-Q2 for β-carotene and from Q1-Q4 for selenium. However, for β-carotene and selenium, overall mortality risks decreased from Q1-Q2 but then did not change significantly with higher levels. CONCLUSIONS Antioxidant supplement use should be studied in the context of overall mortality and other competing mortality risks. IMPACT These data suggest the need for novel intervention studies where doses of these agents are individualized based on their serum levels, and possibly, markers of oxidative stress and systemic inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Goyal
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health and Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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Mao L, Franke J. Hormesis in aging and neurodegeneration-a prodigy awaiting dissection. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13109-28. [PMID: 23799363 PMCID: PMC3742177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormesis describes the drug action of low dose stimulation and high dose inhibition. The hormesis phenomenon has been observed in a wide range of biological systems. Although known in its descriptive context, the underlying mode-of-action of hormesis is largely unexplored. Recently, the hormesis concept has been receiving increasing attention in the field of aging research. It has been proposed that within a certain concentration window, reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) could act as major mediators of anti-aging and neuroprotective processes. Such hormetic phenomena could have potential therapeutic applications, if properly employed. Here, we review the current theories of hormetic phenomena in regard to aging and neurodegeneration, with the focus on its underlying mechanism. Facilitated by a simple mathematical model, we show for the first time that ROS-mediated hormesis can be explained by the addition of different biomolecular reactions including oxidative damage, MAPK signaling and autophagy stimulation. Due to their divergent scales, the optimal hormetic window is sensitive to each kinetic parameter, which may vary between individuals. Therefore, therapeutic utilization of hormesis requires quantitative characterizations in order to access the optimal hormetic window for each individual. This calls for a personalized medicine approach for a longer human healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Mao
- Department of Life Science Engineering, HTW Berlin, University of Applied Sciences, Wilhelminenhofstraße 75A, Berlin 12459, Germany; E-Mail:
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenbruger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-30-5019-3616; Fax: +49-30-5019-3648
| | - Jacqueline Franke
- Department of Life Science Engineering, HTW Berlin, University of Applied Sciences, Wilhelminenhofstraße 75A, Berlin 12459, Germany; E-Mail:
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Emri S, Kilickap S, Kadilar C, Halil MG, Akay H, Besler T. Serum levels of alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, beta-carotene, and retinol in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:3025-9. [PMID: 22994705 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.7.3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between antioxidant vitamin levels and malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). For this purpose, we measured the serum levels of 4 antioxidant vitamins, β-carotene, α-tocopherol, retinol, and ascorbic acid, in patients with environmentally induced MPM and in healthy controls from one tremolite village (Kureysler), the biggest erionite village (Tuzkoy) and Ankara. A total of 160 subjects were enrolled in the study, 42 (26.3%) diagnosed with MPM and 118 (73.7%) healthy subjects. A comparison was made between the MPM group and three control groups of which two were exposed and one was unexposed to mineral fibers. The study population consisted of 82 males (51%) and 78 females (49%) with a mean of age of 44.8±14 years (range; 20-65 years). Lowest levels of β-carotene, ascorbic acid, and α-tocopherol were found in MPM patients (MPM vs control groups combined, p<0.0001 for each antioxidant vitamin), without any relation to age or sex. There was no significant difference between the antioxidant levels of healthy controls of Tuzkoy and Ankara. In conclusion; our findings suggested an increased risk of MPM being associated with low levels of α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid in patients with MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salih Emri
- Department of Chest Disease, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Myung SK, Yang HJ. Efficacy of Vitamin and Antioxidant Supplements in Prevention of Esophageal Cancer: Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Cancer Prev 2013; 18:135-43. [PMID: 25337539 PMCID: PMC4189455 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2013.18.2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational epidemiological studies have shown that higher intakes of vitamins or antioxidants were inversely associated with the risk of esophageal cancer. However, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have reported no preventive efficacy of vitamin or antioxidant supplements on esophageal cancer. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the efficacy of vitamin and antioxidant supplements in the prevention of esophageal cancer as reported by RCTs. METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library in May 2013. Two authors independently reviewed and selected eligible articles based on predetermined selection criteria. RESULTS Of 171 articles searched from three databases and relevant bibliographies, 10 RCTs were included in the final analyses. In a fixed-effect meta-analysis of 10 trials, there was no efficacy of vitamin and antioxidant supplements in the prevention of esophageal cancer (relative risk [RR], 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86-1.25; I(2)=0.0%). Also, subgroup meta-analyses showed that vitamin and antioxidant supplements had no preventive efficacy on esophageal cancer both in the high risk (RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.85-1.28; n=4) and non-high risk (RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.65-1.56; n=6) groups for esophageal cancer. Further, subgroup meta-analyses revealed no preventive efficacy on esophageal cancer by type of methodological quality and type of vitamin and antioxidant supplements. CONCLUSIONS Unlike observational epidemiological studies, this meta-analysis of RCTs suggests that there is no clinical evidence to support the efficacy of vitamin and antioxidant supplements in the prevention of esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Kwon Myung
- Department of Family Medicine, Hospital, National Cancer Center
- Cancer Information & Education Branch, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Detection, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Yang
- Department of Family Medicine, Hospital, National Cancer Center
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Detection, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
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Poljsak B, Šuput D, Milisav I. Achieving the balance between ROS and antioxidants: when to use the synthetic antioxidants. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:956792. [PMID: 23738047 PMCID: PMC3657405 DOI: 10.1155/2013/956792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 677] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Free radical damage is linked to formation of many degenerative diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, cataracts, and aging. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation can induce oxidative stress, leading to cell damage that can culminate in cell death. Therefore, cells have antioxidant networks to scavenge excessively produced ROS. The balance between the production and scavenging of ROS leads to homeostasis in general; however, the balance is somehow shifted towards the formation of free radicals, which results in accumulated cell damage in time. Antioxidants can attenuate the damaging effects of ROS in vitro and delay many events that contribute to cellular aging. The use of multivitamin/mineral supplements (MVMs) has grown rapidly over the past decades. Some recent studies demonstrated no effect of antioxidant therapy; sometimes the intake of antioxidants even increased mortality. Oxidative stress is damaging and beneficial for the organism, as some ROS are signaling molecules in cellular signaling pathways. Lowering the levels of oxidative stress by antioxidant supplements is not beneficial in such cases. The balance between ROS and antioxidants is optimal, as both extremes, oxidative and antioxidative stress, are damaging. Therefore, there is a need for accurate determination of individual's oxidative stress levels before prescribing the supplement antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borut Poljsak
- University of Ljubljana, Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zdravstvena Pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dušan Šuput
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, Zaloska 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irina Milisav
- University of Ljubljana, Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zdravstvena Pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, Zaloska 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Armania N, Yazan LS, Musa SN, Ismail IS, Foo JB, Chan KW, Noreen H, Hisyam AH, Zulfahmi S, Ismail M. Dillenia suffruticosa exhibited antioxidant and cytotoxic activity through induction of apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 146:525-535. [PMID: 23353897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dillenia suffruticosa (Family: Dilleniaceae) locally known as Simpoh air has been reported to be used traditionally to treat cancerous growth. Therefore, the present study was attempted to investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of different parts (root, flower, fruit and leaf) of D. suffruticosa extracts. METHODS AND MATERIALS In this study, direct solvent extraction (aqueous and methanol) from different parts of D. suffruticosa (root, flower, fruit and leaf) were carried out. Antioxidant activities of D. suffruticosa extract were determined by using DPPH, ABTS FRAP and β-carotene bleaching assays. Cytotoxicity and cell cycle arrest of the active extract were determined using MTT assay and flow cytometer, respectively. Sequential solvent extraction (hexane, DCM, EtOAc, and MeOH) were also carried out in root of D. suffruticosa to further evaluate the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the different solvent extracts. RESULTS Methanol (MeOH) root extract showed the highest TPC, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities (especially towards HeLa) compared to others (P<0.05). Based on the results, sequential solvent extraction (hexane, DCM, EtOAc and MeOH) was carried out in the roots of D. suffruticosa. MeOH extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activities among others and significantly correlated (P<0.05) with TPC, suggesting the important contribution of phenolic compounds to its antioxidant activity. On the other hand, the DCM and EtOAc exhibited higher cytotoxic activity to selected cancer cells (HeLa, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, A549 and HT29) compared to others. In short, there is no established correlation between antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of D. suffruticosa extracts indicating that an agent with high antioxidant activities will not necessarily possesses good cytotoxic activities in return. Qualitative phytochemical screening of D. suffruticosa extracts suggested the presence of saponins, triterpenes, sterols, and polyphenolic compounds which are believed to contribute to the cytotoxic activities. CONCLUSION It is suggested that the cytotoxicity of the active extracts in HeLa was due to the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurdin Armania
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Myung SK, Ju W, Cho B, Oh SW, Park SM, Koo BK, Park BJ. Efficacy of vitamin and antioxidant supplements in prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2013; 346:f10. [PMID: 23335472 PMCID: PMC3548618 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of vitamin and antioxidant supplements in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. DESIGN Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, CINAHL, and ClinicalTrials.gov searched in June and November 2012. Two authors independently reviewed and selected eligible randomised controlled trials, based on predetermined selection criteria. RESULTS Out of 2240 articles retrieved from databases and relevant bibliographies, 50 randomised controlled trials with 294,478 participants (156,663 in intervention groups and 137,815 in control groups) were included in the final analyses. In a fixed effect meta-analysis of the 50 trials, supplementation with vitamins and antioxidants was not associated with reductions in the risk of major cardiovascular events (relative risk 1.00, 95% confidence interval 0.98 to 1.02; I(2)=42%). Overall, there was no beneficial effect of these supplements in the subgroup meta-analyses by type of prevention, type of vitamins and antioxidants, type of cardiovascular outcomes, study design, methodological quality, duration of treatment, funding source, provider of supplements, type of control, number of participants in each trial, and supplements given singly or in combination with other supplements. Among the subgroup meta-analyses by type of cardiovascular outcomes, vitamin and antioxidant supplementation was associated with a marginally increased risk of angina pectoris, while low dose vitamin B(6) supplementation was associated with a slightly decreased risk of major cardiovascular events. Those beneficial or harmful effects disappeared in subgroup meta-analysis of high quality randomised controlled trials within each category. Also, even though supplementation with vitamin B(6) was associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular death in high quality trials, and vitamin E supplementation with a decreased risk of myocardial infarction, those beneficial effects were seen only in randomised controlled trials in which the supplements were supplied by the pharmaceutical industry. CONCLUSION There is no evidence to support the use of vitamin and antioxidant supplements for prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Kwon Myung
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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71
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Heng EC, Karsani SA, Abdul Rahman M, Abdul Hamid NA, Hamid Z, Wan Ngah WZ. Supplementation with tocotrienol-rich fraction alters the plasma levels of Apolipoprotein A-I precursor, Apolipoprotein E precursor, and C-reactive protein precursor from young and old individuals. Eur J Nutr 2013; 52:1811-20. [PMID: 23287846 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0485-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tocotrienol possess beneficial effects not exhibited by tocopherol. In vitro studies using animal models have suggested that these effects are caused via modulation of gene and protein expression. However, human supplementation studies using tocotrienol-rich isomers are limited. This study aims to identify plasma proteins that changed in expression following tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) supplementation within two different age groups. METHODS Subjects were divided into two age groups-32 ± 2 (young) and 52 ± 2 (old) years old. Four subjects from each group were assigned with TRF (78% tocotrienol and 22% tocopherol, 150 mg/day) or placebo capsules for 6 months. Fasting plasma were obtained at 0, 3, and 6 months. Plasma tocopherol and tocotrienol levels were determined. Plasma proteome was resolved by 2DE, and differentially expressed proteins identified by MS. The expressions of three proteins were validated by Western blotting. RESULTS Six months of TRF supplementation significantly increased plasma levels of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Proteins identified as being differentially expressed were related to cholesterol homeostasis, acute-phase response, protease inhibitor, and immune response. The expressions of Apolipoprotein A-I precursor, Apolipoprotein E precursor, and C-reactive protein precursor were validated. The old groups showed more proteins changing in expression. CONCLUSIONS TRF appears to not only affect plasma levels of tocopherols and tocotrienols, but also the levels of plasma proteins. The identity of these proteins may provide insights into how TRF exerts its beneficial effects. They may also be potentially developed into biomarkers for the study of the effects and effectiveness of TRF supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Chee Heng
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur City Campus, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Wang CZ, Li B, Wen XD, Zhang Z, Yu C, Calway TD, He TC, Du W, Yuan CS. Paraptosis and NF-κB activation are associated with protopanaxadiol-induced cancer chemoprevention. Altern Ther Health Med 2013; 13:2. [PMID: 23281928 PMCID: PMC3575249 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is a triterpenoid that can be prepared from steamed ginseng. PPD possesses anticancer potential via caspase-dependent apoptosis. Whether paraptosis, a type of the caspase-independent cell death, is also induced by PPD has not been evaluated. Methods Cell death, the cell cycle and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analyzed by flow cytometry after staining with annexin V/PI, PI/RNase or H2DCFDA. We observed morphological changes by crystal violet staining assay. Mitochondrial swelling was measured by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry. The activation of NF-κB was measured by luciferase reporter assay. Results At comparable concentrations of 5-fluorouracil, PPD induced more cell death in human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT-116 and SW-480. We demonstrated that PPD induced paraptosis in these cancer cells. PPD treatment significantly increased the percentage of cancer cells with cytoplasmic vacuoles. After the cells were treated with PPD and cycloheximides, cytoplasmic vacuole generation was inhibited. The paraptotic induction effect of PPD was also supported by the results of the mitochondrial swelling assay. PPD induced ROS production in cancer cells, which activated the NF-κB pathway. Blockage of ROS by NAC or PS-1145 inhibited the activation of NF-κB signaling. Conclusions PPD induces colorectal cancer cell death in part by induction of paraptosis. The anticancer activity of PPD may be enhanced by antioxidants such as green tea, which also inhibit the activation of NF-κB signaling.
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Latino-Martel P, Bachman P. Nutrition chez le patient adulte atteint de cancer : compléments alimentaires antioxydants pendant et au décours du traitement des cancers. NUTR CLIN METAB 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Cortés-Jofré M, Rueda JR, Corsini-Muñoz G, Fonseca-Cortés C, Caraballoso M, Bonfill Cosp X. Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 10:CD002141. [PMID: 23076895 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002141.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is an updated version of the original review published in Issue 2, 2003. Some studies have suggested a protective effect of antioxidant nutrients on lung cancer. Observational epidemiological studies suggest an association between higher dietary levels of fruits and vegetables containing beta-carotene and a lower risk of lung cancer. OBJECTIVES To determine whether vitamins, minerals and other potential agents, alone or in combination, reduce incidence and mortality from lung cancer in healthy people. SEARCH METHODS For this update we have used a search strategy adapted from the design in the original review. The following electronic databases have been searched up to December 2011: MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). References included in published studies and reviews were also screened. SELECTION CRITERIA Included studies were randomised controlled clinical trials comparing different vitamins, mineral supplements or supplements with placebo, administered to healthy people with the aim of preventing lung cancer. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently selected the trials to be included in the review, assessed the methodological quality of each trial and extracted data using a standardised form. For each study, relative risk and 95% confidence limits were calculated for dichotomous outcomes and pooled results were calculated using the random-effect model. MAIN RESULTS In the first version of this review four studies were included; in this review update, an additional five studies have been included. Four studies included only males and two only females; two studies included only participants considered at high risk, namely smokers or exposed to asbestos, and one study included people deficient in many micronutrients. Six studies analysed vitamin A, three vitamin C, four vitamin E, one selenium supplements, and six studied combinations of two or more products. All the RCTs included in this review were classified as being of low risk of bias.For people not at high risk of lung cancer and compared to placebo, none of the supplements of vitamins or minerals or their combinations resulted in a statistically significant difference in lung cancer incidence or mortality, except for a single study that included 7627 women and found a higher risk of lung cancer incidence for those taking vitamin C but not for total cancer incidence, but that effect was not seen in males or when the results for males and females were pooled.For people at high risk of lung cancer, such as smokers and those exposed to asbestos and compared to placebo, beta-carotene intake showed a small but statistically significant higher risk of lung cancer incidence, lung cancer mortality and for all-causes mortality. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is no evidence for recommending supplements of vitamins A, C, E, selenium, either alone or in different combinations, for the prevention of lung cancer and lung cancer mortality in healthy people. There is some evidence that the use of beta-carotene supplements could be associated with a small increase in lung cancer incidence and mortality in smokers or persons exposed to asbestos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Cortés-Jofré
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de la SS. Concepción, Programa Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de LaFrontera, Concepción, Chile.
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Pineda MJ, Singh DK. What is integrative oncology and can it help my patients? Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2012; 39:285-312. [PMID: 22640716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ogc.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Integrative oncology lends itself to the comprehensive practice of gynecologic oncology with multiple tools and interventions that can impact on QoL and survival. However, there remains a paucity of well-designed, well-powered randomized control trials on various CAM modalities for gynecologic cancer patients. The reasons for the lack of level 1 evidence include the nascent state of integrative medicine as a science, the limitations on CAM funding, the relative lack of integration of CAM practitioners into the oncology community, and absence of strict regulation of herbs and supplements by the US FDA. The use of CAM as adjunctive therapies will likely continue given the patient-driven trends to date, and given the evidence for at least safety and potentially efficacy, our patients deserve our willingness to use all possible approaches to improving their outcomes. Continued evolution of our ability to specifically measure and describe QoL will further our ability to hone in on domains most important to patients and their survival and allow practitioners to make patient-specific recommendations. Multimodal programs that include physical activity, stress management, and diet have the potential to address demonstrated deficits in PWB and FWB in ovarian cancer patients which suggests a model of collaborative gynecologic oncology care). Integrative oncology represents a holistic approach to patient care whose goal is maximization of patient quantity and quality of life. Patients can achieve this optimal outcome through the synergy of conventional care, integrative modalities, lifestyle modifications, and supportive care. Refer to Table 4 for a listing of integrated medicine Internet resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Javier Pineda
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Box HC, Patrzyc HB, Budzinski EE, Dawidzik JB, Freund HG, Zeitouni NC, Mahoney MC. Profiling oxidative DNA damage: effects of antioxidants. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:2002-6. [PMID: 22834775 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this research was to determine whether antioxidant usage could be correlated with changes in DNA damage levels. Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to simultaneously measure five different oxidatively-induced base modifications in the DNA of WBC. Measurements of the five modifications were made before and after an 8-week trial during which participants took the SU.VI.MAX supplement. Levels of the five DNA modifications were compared among different groupings: users versus non-users of antioxidant supplements, before versus after the supplement intervention and men versus women. The statistical significance of differences between groups was most significant for pyrimidine base modifications and the observed trends reflect trends reported in epidemiological studies of antioxidant usage. A combination of modifications derived from pyrimidine bases is suggested as a superior indicator of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold C Box
- Departments of Cell Stress Biology, Dermatology and Cancer Prevention, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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The neglected significance of "antioxidative stress". OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:480895. [PMID: 22655114 PMCID: PMC3357598 DOI: 10.1155/2012/480895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress arises when there is a marked imbalance between the production and removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in favor of the prooxidant balance, leading to potential oxidative damage. ROSs were considered traditionally to be only a toxic byproduct of aerobic metabolism. However, recently, it has become apparent that ROS might control many different physiological processes such as induction of stress response, pathogen defense, and systemic signaling. Thus, the imbalance of the increased antioxidant potential, the so-called antioxidative stress, should be as dangerous as well. Here, we synthesize increasing evidence on “antioxidative stress-induced” beneficial versus harmful roles on health, disease, and aging processes. Oxidative stress is not necessarily an un-wanted situation, since its consequences may be beneficial for many physiological reactions in cells. On the other hand, there are potentially harmful effects of “antioxidative stress,” especially in the cases of overconsumption of synthetic antioxidants. Antioxidants can neutralize ROS and decrease oxidative stress; however, this is not always beneficial in regard to disease formation or progression (of, e.g., cancer) or for delaying aging.
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Schmitz-Dräger B, Lümmen G, Bismarck E, Fischer C. Prävention uroonkologischer Erkrankungen. Urologe A 2012; 51:727-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00120-012-2855-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Villanueva C, Kross RD. Antioxidant-induced stress. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:2091-2109. [PMID: 22408440 PMCID: PMC3292009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13022091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants are among the most popular health-protecting products, sold worldwide without prescription. Indeed, there are many reports showing the benefits of antioxidants but only a few questioning the possible harmful effects of these "drugs". The normal balance between antioxidants and free radicals in the body is offset when either of these forces prevails. The available evidence on the harmful effects of antioxidants is analyzed in this review. In summary, a hypothesis is presented that "antioxidant-induced stress" results when antioxidants overwhelm the body's free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleva Villanueva
- Escuela Superior de Medicina del IPN, Posgrado e Investigacion, Plan de San Luis y Salvador Diaz Miron S/N, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico, DF. 11340, Mexico
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is defined by an imbalance between increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a low activity of antioxidant mechanisms. An increased oxidative stress can induce damage to the cellular structure and potentially destroy tissues. However, ROS are needed for adequate cell function, including the production of energy by the mitochondria. Increased oxidative stress has been incriminated in physiological conditions, such as aging and exercise, and in several pathological conditions, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, inflammatory diseases, and intoxications. However, prevention by antioxidants has been mostly inefficient. Therefore, a rigorous scientific evaluation in well-defined conditions is mandatory to define the appropriate place for manipulations of the oxidative pathways in human medicine.
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81
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Robinson C, Woo S, Walsh A, Nowak AK, Lake RA. The antioxidants vitamins A and E and selenium do not reduce the incidence of asbestos-induced disease in a mouse model of mesothelioma. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64:315-22. [PMID: 22292488 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.649100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence indicates that supplementation with some dietary factors is associated with a lower incidence of cancer. An effective cancer prevention strategy for the millions of people worldwide who have been exposed to asbestos could have enormous benefit. We tested whether dietary supplementation of the antioxidants vitamin A, E, and selenium could alter the pattern of disease in the MexTAg transgenic mouse model, in which mice uniformly develop mesothelioma after asbestos exposure. We focused on antioxidants because one of the most widely accepted hypotheses for the mechanism by which asbestos fibers cause cancer proposes the involvement of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. We compared the survival of MexTAg mice that had been inoculated with asbestos fed on diets supplemented with 250,000 IU/kg vitamin A (retinoic acid), or 1,000 mg/kg vitamin E (α-tocopherol acetate) or 3 mg/kg selenium, or both vitamin E and selenium concurrently and, additionally, diets deficient in each antioxidant. We found that neither the time to develop symptoms of disease nor overall survival times were altered by any of the diets. We conclude that the data do not support the notion that dietary antioxidants will moderate the rate of mesothelioma in asbestos-exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo Robinson
- Tumour Immunology Group, National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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Kushi LH, Doyle C, McCullough M, Rock CL, Demark-Wahnefried W, Bandera EV, Gapstur S, Patel AV, Andrews K, Gansler T. American Cancer Society Guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin 2012; 62:30-67. [PMID: 22237782 DOI: 10.3322/caac.20140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 868] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The American Cancer Society (ACS) publishes Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines to serve as a foundation for its communication, policy, and community strategies and, ultimately, to affect dietary and physical activity patterns among Americans. These Guidelines, published approximately every 5 years, are developed by a national panel of experts in cancer research, prevention, epidemiology, public health, and policy, and they reflect the most current scientific evidence related to dietary and activity patterns and cancer risk. The ACS Guidelines focus on recommendations for individual choices regarding diet and physical activity patterns, but those choices occur within a community context that either facilitates or creates barriers to healthy behaviors. Therefore, this committee presents recommendations for community action to accompany the 4 recommendations for individual choices to reduce cancer risk. These recommendations for community action recognize that a supportive social and physical environment is indispensable if individuals at all levels of society are to have genuine opportunities to choose healthy behaviors. The ACS Guidelines are consistent with guidelines from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association for the prevention of coronary heart disease and diabetes, as well as for general health promotion, as defined by the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans.
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Koedrith P, Seo YR. Advances in carcinogenic metal toxicity and potential molecular markers. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:9576-95. [PMID: 22272150 PMCID: PMC3257147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12129576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal compounds such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, mercury, and nickel are classified as carcinogens affecting human health through occupational and environmental exposure. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in tumor formation are not well clarified. Interference of metal homeostasis may result in oxidative stress which represents an imbalance between production of free radicals and the system's ability to readily detoxify reactive intermediates. This event consequently causes DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, protein modification, and possibly symptomatic effects for various diseases including cancer. This review discusses predominant modes of action and numerous molecular markers. Attention is paid to metal-induced generation of free radicals, the phenomenon of oxidative stress, damage to DNA, lipid, and proteins, responsive signal transduction pathways with major roles in cell growth and development, and roles of antioxidant enzymatic and DNA repair systems. Interaction of non-enzymatic antioxidants (carotenoids, flavonoids, glutathione, selenium, vitamin C, vitamin E, and others) with cellular oxidative stress markers (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) as well as certain regulatory factors, including AP-1, NF-κB, Ref-1, and p53 is also reviewed. Dysregulation of protective pathways, including cellular antioxidant network against free radicals as well as DNA repair deficiency is related to oncogenic stimulation. These observations provide evidence that emerging oxidative stress-responsive regulatory factors and DNA repair proteins are putative predictive factors for tumor initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeyaporn Koedrith
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil (26 Pildong 3-ga), Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea; E-Mail:
- Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil (26 Pildong 3-ga), Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea
| | - Young Rok Seo
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil (26 Pildong 3-ga), Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea; E-Mail:
- Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil (26 Pildong 3-ga), Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-2-2260-3321; Fax: +82-2-2760-0674
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Strategies for reducing or preventing the generation of oxidative stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 2011:194586. [PMID: 22191011 PMCID: PMC3236599 DOI: 10.1155/2011/194586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of oxidative stress could be achieved in three levels: by lowering exposure to environmental pollutants with oxidizing properties, by increasing levels of endogenous and exogenous antioxidants, or by lowering the generation of oxidative stress by stabilizing mitochondrial energy production and efficiency. Endogenous oxidative stress could be influenced in two ways: by prevention of ROS formation or by quenching of ROS with antioxidants. However, the results of epidemiological studies where people were treated with synthetic antioxidants are inconclusive and contradictory. Recent evidence suggests that antioxidant supplements (although highly recommended by the pharmaceutical industry and taken by many individuals) do not offer sufficient protection against oxidative stress, oxidative damage or increase the lifespan. The key to the future success of decreasing oxidative-stress-induced damage should thus be the suppression of oxidative damage without disrupting the wellintegrated antioxidant defense network. Approach to neutralize free radicals with antioxidants should be changed into prevention of free radical formation. Thus, this paper addresses oxidative stress and strategies to reduce it with the focus on nutritional and psychosocial interventions of oxidative stress prevention, that is, methods to stabilize mitochondria structure and energy efficiency, or approaches which would increase endogenous antioxidative protection and repair systems.
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85
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Jeon YJ, Myung SK, Lee EH, Kim Y, Chang YJ, Ju W, Cho HJ, Seo HG, Huh BY. Effects of Beta-Carotene Supplements on Cancer Prevention: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutr Cancer 2011; 63:1196-207. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2011.607541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Lee EH, Myung SK, Jeon YJ, Kim Y, Chang YJ, Ju W, Seo HG, Huh BY. Effects of selenium supplements on cancer prevention: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Cancer 2011; 63:1185-95. [PMID: 22004275 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2011.607544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the preventive effect of selenium supplements alone on cancer as reported by randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library in July 2009. Of the 461 articles searched, 8 articles on 9 RCTs, which included 152,538 total participants, 32,110 in antioxidant supplement groups, and 120,428 in placebo groups, were included. In a random-effects meta-analysis of all 9 RCTs, selenium supplementation alone was found to have an overall preventive effect on cancer incidence [relative risk (RR) = 0.76; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.58-0.99]. Among subgroup meta-analyses, the preventive effect of selenium supplementation alone on cancer was apparently observed in populations with a low baseline serum selenium level (<125.6 ng/mL) (RR = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.53 to 0.78; I(2) = 45.5%; n = 7) and in high-risk populations for cancer (RR = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.58 to 0.80; I(2) = 41.5%; n = 8). The meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials indicates that there is possible evidence to support the use of selenium supplements alone for cancer prevention in the low baseline serum selenium level population and in the high-risk population for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hyun Lee
- Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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87
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Goodman M, Bostick RM, Kucuk O, Jones DP. Clinical trials of antioxidants as cancer prevention agents: past, present, and future. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1068-84. [PMID: 21683786 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to summarize the most important human clinical trials of antioxidants as cancer prevention agents conducted to date, provide an overview of currently ongoing studies, and discuss future steps needed to advance research in this field. To date there have been several large (at least 7000 participants) trials testing the efficacy of antioxidant supplements in preventing cancer. The specific agents (diet-derived direct antioxidants and essential components of antioxidant enzymes) tested in those trials included β-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C, selenium, retinol, zinc, riboflavin, and molybdenum. None of the completed trials produced convincing evidence to justify the use of traditional antioxidant-related vitamins or minerals for cancer prevention. Our search of ongoing trials identified six projects at various stages of completion. Five of those six trials use selenium as the intervention of interest delivered either alone or in combination with other agents. The lack of success to date can be explained by a variety of factors that need to be considered in the next generation research. These factors include lack of good biological rationale for selecting specific agents of interest; limited number of agents tested to date; use of pharmacological, rather than dietary, doses; and insufficient duration of intervention and follow-up. The latter consideration underscores the need for alternative endpoints that are associated with increased risk of neoplasia (i.e., biomarkers of risk), but are detectable prior to tumor occurrence. Although dietary antioxidants are a large and diverse group of compounds, only a small proportion of candidate agents have been tested. In summary, the strategy of focusing on large high-budget studies using cancer incidence as the endpoint and testing a relatively limited number of antioxidant agents has been largely unsuccessful. This lack of success in previous trials should not preclude us from seeking novel ways of preventing cancer by modulating oxidative balance. On the contrary, the well demonstrated mechanistic link between excessive oxidative stress and carcinogenesis underscores the need for new studies. It appears that future large-scale projects should be preceded by smaller, shorter, less expensive biomarker-based studies that can serve as a link from mechanistic and observational research to human cancer prevention trials. These relatively inexpensive studies would provide human experimental evidence for the likely efficacy, optimum dose, and long-term safety of the intervention of interest that would then guide the design of safe, more definitive large-scale trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Goodman
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Chang YJ, Myung SK, Chung ST, Kim Y, Lee EH, Jeon YJ, Park CH, Seo HG, Huh BY. Effects of vitamin treatment or supplements with purported antioxidant properties on skin cancer prevention: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Dermatology 2011; 223:36-44. [PMID: 21846961 DOI: 10.1159/000329439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effect of vitamin treatment or supplements with purported antioxidant properties on the primary and secondary prevention of skin cancer using a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library in June 2009. Among 398 articles searched, 11 articles on 10 RCTs were included in the final analysis. RESULTS In a fixed-effects meta-analysis of all 10 trials, vitamin treatment or supplements with purported antioxidant properties were found to have no preventive effect on skin cancer [relative risk (RR) = 0.98; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.94-1.03]. Similar findings were observed in a subgroup meta-analysis of 10 studies on both primary prevention trials (RR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.93-1.03) and secondary prevention trials (RR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.83-1.13). Further, subgroup meta-analyses revealed no preventive effect on cancer by type of antioxidant, type of cancer and the methodological quality of the studies. CONCLUSION The current meta-analysis of RCTs indicated that there is no clinical evidence to support an overall primary and secondary preventive effect of vitamin treatment or supplements with purported antioxidant properties on skin cancer. The effect of vitamin supplements on skin cancer should not be overemphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jung Chang
- Family Medicine Clinic and Center for Cancer Prevention and Detection, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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Jayaprakash V, Marshall JR. Selenium and other antioxidants for chemoprevention of gastrointestinal cancers. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25:507-18. [PMID: 22122767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants such as selenium, vitamin E and C and carotenoids have been hypothesized as chemopreventive agents for several cancers. In the current review, we evaluate the results of epidemiological and interventional studies and summarize current knowledge of the prevention potential of the antioxidants, specific to gastrointestinal cancers. While early studies based on animal models and cell lines showed promise for antioxidants as chemopreventive agents for several gastrointestinal cancers, results from epidemiological studies and randomized trials do not support this promise. One large randomized trial, conducted in a region with widespread nutritional deficiency, showed that antioxidant use may confer protection against gastrointestinal cancers. However, this result has not been replicated in other epidemiological studies or the 10 other randomized trials conducted in developed Western countries. Overall, currently there is no evidence that antioxidants are protective against gastrointestinal cancers in populations whose members are replete in antioxidant intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayvel Jayaprakash
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, 901 Washington Street, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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90
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Richards CJ, Je Y, Schutz FAB, Heng DYC, Dallabrida SM, Moslehi JJ, Choueiri TK. Incidence and risk of congestive heart failure in patients with renal and nonrenal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:3450-6. [PMID: 21810682 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.34.4309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sunitinib is a multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and GI stromal tumor. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is an important adverse effect that has been reported with sunitinib, but overall incidence and relative risk (RR) remain undefined. We performed an up-to-date meta-analysis to determine the risk of developing CHF in patients with both RCC and non-RCC tumors treated with sunitinib. METHODS Medline databases were searched for articles published between January 1966 and February 2011. Eligible studies were limited to phase II and III trials of sunitinib with adequate safety reporting in patients with cancer of any tumor type. Summary incidence, RR, and 95% CIs were calculated using random- or fixed-effects models based on the heterogeneity of included studies. RESULTS A total of 6,935 patients were included. Overall incidence for all- and high-grade CHF in sunitinib-treated patients was 4.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 10.6%) and 1.5% (95% CI, 0.8% to 3.0%), respectively. RR of all- and high-grade CHF in sunitinib-treated patients compared with placebo-treated patients was 1.81 (95% CI, 1.30 to 2.50; P < .001) and 3.30 (95% CI, 1.29 to 8.45; P = .01), respectively. On subgroup analysis, there was no difference observed in CHF incidence for patients with RCC versus non-RCC or in trials with or without cardiac monitoring. No evidence of publication bias was observed. CONCLUSION Sunitinib use is associated with increased risk of CHF in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Richards
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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91
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Vitamin/mineral supplementation and cancer, cardiovascular, and all-cause mortality in a German prospective cohort (EPIC-Heidelberg). Eur J Nutr 2011; 51:407-13. [PMID: 21779961 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prospectively evaluate the association of vitamin/mineral supplementation with cancer, cardiovascular, and all-cause mortality. METHODS In the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Heidelberg), which was recruited in 1994-1998, 23,943 participants without pre-existing cancer and myocardial infarction/stroke at baseline were included in the analyses. Vitamin/mineral supplementation was assessed at baseline and during follow-up. Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS After an average follow-up time of 11 years, 1,101 deaths were documented (cancer deaths = 513 and cardiovascular deaths = 264). After adjustment for potential confounders, neither any vitamin/mineral supplementation nor multivitamin supplementation at baseline was statistically significantly associated with cancer, cardiovascular, or all-cause mortality. However, baseline users of antioxidant vitamin supplements had a significantly reduced risk of cancer mortality (HR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.28, 0.97) and all-cause mortality (HR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.88). In comparison with never users, baseline non-users who started taking vitamin/mineral supplements during follow-up had significantly increased risks of cancer mortality (HR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.77) and all-cause mortality (HR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.17, 2.14). CONCLUSIONS Based on limited numbers of users and cases, this cohort study suggests that supplementation of antioxidant vitamins might possibly reduce cancer and all-cause mortality. The significantly increased risks of cancer and all-cause mortality among baseline non-users who started taking supplements during follow-up may suggest a "sick-user effect," which researchers should be cautious of in future observational studies.
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92
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Ristow M, Schmeisser S. Extending life span by increasing oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:327-36. [PMID: 21619928 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Various nutritional, behavioral, and pharmacological interventions have been previously shown to extend life span in diverse model organisms, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, mice, and rats, as well as possibly monkeys and humans. This review aims to summarize published evidence that several longevity-promoting interventions may converge by causing an activation of mitochondrial oxygen consumption to promote increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These serve as molecular signals to exert downstream effects to ultimately induce endogenous defense mechanisms culminating in increased stress resistance and longevity, an adaptive response more specifically named mitochondrial hormesis or mitohormesis. Consistently, we here summarize findings that antioxidant supplements that prevent these ROS signals interfere with the health-promoting and life-span-extending capabilities of calorie restriction and physical exercise. Taken together and consistent with ample published evidence, the findings summarized here question Harman's Free Radical Theory of Aging and rather suggest that ROS act as essential signaling molecules to promote metabolic health and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ristow
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, University of Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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93
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Mohamed IH, Giorgio C, Bruni R, Flammini L, Barocelli E, Rossi D, Domenichini G, Poli F, Tognolini M. Polyphenol rich botanicals used as food supplements interfere with EphA2-ephrinA1 system. Pharmacol Res 2011; 64:464-70. [PMID: 21742039 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The Eph tyrosine kinase receptors and their ephrin ligands play a central role in several human cancers and their deregulated expression or function promotes tumorigenesis, inducing aggressive tumor phenotypes. Green tea extracts (GTE) have been recently found to inhibit Eph-kinase phosphorylation. In order to evaluate the potential contribution of edible and medicinal plants on EphA2-ephrinA1 modulation, 133 commercially available plant extracts used as food supplements, essential and fixed oils were screened with an ELISA-based binding assay. Nine plant extracts, rich of polyphenols, reversibly inhibited binding in a dose-dependent manner (IC₅₀ 0.83-24 μg/ml). Functional studies on PC3 prostate adenocarcinoma cells revealed that active extracts antagonized ephrinA1-Fc-induced EphA2-phosphorylation at non-cytotoxic concentrations (IC₅₀ 0.31-11.3 μg/ml) without interfering with EGF-induced EGFR activation, suggesting a specific effect. These findings could furnish an interesting starting point regarding the potential relationship between diet, edible plant secondary metabolites and Eph-ephrin system, suggesting their possible involvement in cancer development modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftiin Hassan Mohamed
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche, Biologiche e Chimiche Applicate, Università di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 27a, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Franca C, Nogueira C, Ramalho A, Carvalho A, Vieira S, Penna A. Serum levels of selenium in patients with breast cancer before and after treatment of external beam radiotherapy. Ann Oncol 2011; 22:1109-1112. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Hotaling JM, Wright JL, Pocobelli G, Bhatti P, Porter MP, White E. Long-term use of supplemental vitamins and minerals does not reduce the risk of urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder in the VITamins And Lifestyle study. J Urol 2011; 185:1210-5. [PMID: 21334017 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Urothelial carcinoma has the highest lifetime treatment cost of any cancer, making it an ideal target for preventative therapies. Previous work has suggested that certain vitamin and mineral supplements may reduce the risk of urothelial carcinoma. We used the prospective VITamins And Lifestyle cohort to examine the association of all commonly taken vitamin and mineral supplements as well as 6 common anti-inflammatory supplements with incident urothelial carcinoma in a United States population. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 77,050 eligible VITAL participants completed a detailed questionnaire at baseline on supplement use and cancer risk factors. After 6 years of followup 330 incident urothelial carcinoma cases in the cohort were identified via linkage to the Seattle-Puget Sound SEER cancer registry. We analyzed use of supplemental vitamins (multivitamins, beta-carotene, retinol, folic acid, and vitamins B1, B3, B6, B12, C, D and E), minerals (calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc and selenium) and anti-inflammatory supplements (glucosamine, chondroitin, saw palmetto, ginkgo biloba, fish oil and garlic). For each supplement the hazard ratios (risk ratios) for urothelial carcinoma comparing each category of users to nonusers, and 95% CIs, were determined using Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS None of the vitamin, mineral or anti-inflammatory supplements was significantly associated with urothelial carcinoma risk in age adjusted or multivariate models. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study do not support the use of commonly taken vitamin or mineral supplements or 6 common anti-inflammatory supplements for the chemoprevention of urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Hotaling
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA.
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Ginsburg I, Kohen R, Koren E. Microbial and host cells acquire enhanced oxidant-scavenging abilities by binding polyphenols. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 506:12-23. [PMID: 21081104 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The dilemma whether supplementations of dietary antioxidants might prevent the adverse consequences of oxidative stress, the inadequacy of the analytical methods employed to quantify oxidant scavenging ability (OSA) levels in whole blood and the distribution and fate of polyphenols and their metabolites in various body compartments following oral consumption are discussed. While none-metabolized polyphenols might exert their antioxidant effects mainly in the oral cavity, metabolized polyphenols might be beneficial in the gastrointestinal tract to counteract the toxicity of oxidants and also of the sequelae of inflammatory processes. Although only micromolar amounts of polyphenols and their metabolites eventually reach the blood circulation, these may nevertheless still be highly effective as scavengers of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species because of their ability to synergize with plasma low molecular-weight antioxidants and with albumin. Polyphenols can avidly bind to surfaces of microorganisms and of blood cells to markedly enhance their OSA, therefore the routine quantifications of antioxidant levels conducted in clinical settings should always use catalase-rich whole blood but not as customary, plasma alone. In addition to their antioxidant and metal chelating properties, polyphenols may also act as signaling agents capable of affecting metabolic, inflammatory, autoimmune, carcinogenic and aging processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Ginsburg
- The Faculty of Dental Medicine, Institute for Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical Center, P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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Ezzedine K, Latreille J, Kesse-Guyot E, Galan P, Hercberg S, Guinot C, Malvy D. Incidence of skin cancers during 5-year follow-up after stopping antioxidant vitamins and mineral supplementation. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:3316-22. [PMID: 20605091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Revised: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In the SU.VI.MAX study, antioxidant supplementation for 7.5 years was found to increase skin cancer risk in women but not in men. OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential residual or delayed effect of antioxidant supplementation on skin cancer incidence after a 5-year post-intervention follow-up. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Assessment of skin cancer including melanoma and non-melanoma during the post-intervention follow-up (September 2002-August 2007). The SU.VI.MAX study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial, in which 12,741 French adults (7713 women aged 35-60 years and 5028 men aged 45-60 years) received daily a placebo or a combination of ascorbic acid (120 mg), vitamin E (30 mg), β-carotene (6 mg), selenium (100 μg) and zinc (20mg), from inclusion in 1994 to September 2002. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Total skin cancer incidence, including melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. RESULTS During the post-intervention period, 10 melanomas appeared in women and 9 in men (26 and 18, respectively, for the total period of supplementation+post-supplementation). Six squamous cell carcinomas were found in women and 15 in men (10 and 25, respectively, for the total period). Finally, 40 basal cell carcinomas appeared in women and 36 in men (98 and 94, respectively, for the total period). Regarding potential residual or delayed effects of supplementation in women, no increased risk of melanoma was observed during the post-intervention follow-up period. No delayed effects, either on melanoma or non-melanoma skin cancers, were observed for either gender. CONCLUSIONS The risk of skin cancers associated with antioxidant intake declines following interruption of supplementation. This supports a causative role for antioxidants in the evolution of skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Ezzedine
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Cancer Unit, and National Centre for Rare Skin Diseases, CHU St-André, Bordeaux, France.
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How increased oxidative stress promotes longevity and metabolic health: The concept of mitochondrial hormesis (mitohormesis). Exp Gerontol 2010; 45:410-8. [PMID: 20350594 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that calorie restriction and specifically reduced glucose metabolism induces mitochondrial metabolism to extend life span in various model organisms, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans and possibly mice. In conflict with Harman's free radical theory of aging (FRTA), these effects may be due to increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the mitochondria causing an adaptive response that culminates in subsequently increased stress resistance assumed to ultimately cause a long-term reduction of oxidative stress. This type of retrograde response has been named mitochondrial hormesis or mitohormesis, and may in addition be applicable to the health-promoting effects of physical exercise in humans and, hypothetically, impaired insulin/IGF-1-signaling in model organisms. Consistently, abrogation of this mitochondrial ROS signal by antioxidants impairs the lifespan-extending and health-promoting capabilities of glucose restriction and physical exercise, respectively. In summary, the findings discussed in this review indicate that ROS are essential signaling molecules which are required to promote health and longevity. Hence, the concept of mitohormesis provides a common mechanistic denominator for the physiological effects of physical exercise, reduced calorie uptake, glucose restriction, and possibly beyond.
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