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Abdel-Aal RA, Hussein OA, Elsaady RG, Abdelzaher LA. Naproxen as a potential candidate for promoting rivastigmine anti-Alzheimer activity against aluminum chloride-prompted Alzheimer's-like disease in rats; neurogenesis and apoptosis modulation as a possible underlying mechanism. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 915:174695. [PMID: 34914971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the leading causes of dependence and disability among the elderly worldwide. The traditional anti-Alzheimer medication, rivastigmine, one of the cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs), fails to achieve a definitive cure. We tested the hypothesis that naproxen administration to the rivastigmine-treated aluminum chloride (AlCl3) Alzheimer's rat model could provide an additive neuroprotective effect compared to rivastigmine alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS The studied groups were control (Cont), AlCl3 treated (Al), rivastigmine treated (RIVA), naproxen treated (Napro), and combined rivastigmine and naproxen treated (RIVA + Napro). Rats' memory, spatial learning, and cognitive behavior were assessed followed by evaluation of hippocampal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Hippocampal and cerebellar histopathology were thoroughly examined. Activated caspase-3 and the neuroepithelial stem cells marker; nestin expressions were immunohistochemically assayed. RESULTS AD rats displayed significantly impaired memory and cognitive function, augmented hippocampal AChE activity; massive neurodegeneration associated with enhanced astrogliosis, apoptosis, and impaired neurogenesis. Except for the enhancement of neurogenesis and suppression of apoptosis, the combination therapy had no additional neuroprotective benefit over rivastigmine-only therapy. CONCLUSION Naproxen's efficacy was established by its ability to function at the cellular level, improved neurogenesis, and decreased, apoptosis without having an additional mitigating impact on cognitive impairment in rivastigmine-treated AD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raafat A Abdel-Aal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ola A Hussein
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Reham G Elsaady
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Lobna A Abdelzaher
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
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Onaolapo OJ, Olofinnade AT, Ojo FO, Onaolapo AY. Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease; Can Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Come to the Rescue? Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2022; 21:75-89. [PMID: 36043770 DOI: 10.2174/1871523021666220815151559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent form of age-related dementia, is typified by progressive memory loss and spatial awareness with personality changes. The increasing socioeconomic burden associated with AD has made it a focus of extensive research. Ample scientific evidence supports the role of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in AD pathophysiology, and there is increasing research into the possible role of anti-inflammatory and antioxidative agents as disease modifying therapies. While, the result of numerous preclinical studies has demonstrated the benefits of anti-inflammatory agents, these benefits however have not been replicated in clinical trials, necessitating a further search for more promising anti-inflammatory agents. Current understanding highlights the role of diet in the development of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, as well as the importance of dietary interventions and lifestyle modifications in mitigating them. The current narrative review examines scientific literature for evidence of the roles (if any) of dietary components, nutraceuticals and functional foods in the prevention or management of AD. It also examines how diet/ dietary components could modulate oxidative stress/inflammatory mediators and pathways that are crucial to the pathogenesis and/or progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olakunle J Onaolapo
- Department of Pharmacology, Behavioural Neuroscience Unit, Neuropharmacology Subdivision, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Anthony T Olofinnade
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Lagos State University, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Folusho O Ojo
- Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Adejoke Y Onaolapo
- Department of Anatomy, Behavioural Neuroscience Unit, Neurobiology Subdivision, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Brain Expression, Physiological Regulation and Role in Motivation and Associative Learning of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ. Neuroscience 2021; 479:91-106. [PMID: 34762981 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Like other members of the superfamily of nuclear receptors, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), is a ligand-activated transcription factor known for its insulin-sensitizing actions in the periphery. Despite only sparse evidence for PPARγ in the CNS, many reports suggest direct PPARγ-mediated actions in the brain. This study aimed to (i) map PPARγ expression in rodent brain areas, involved in the regulation of cognitive, motivational, and emotional functions, (ii) examine the regulation of central PPARγ by physiological variables (age, sex, obesity); (iii) chemotypically identify PPARγ-expressing cells in the frontal cortex (FC) and hippocampus (HP); (iv) study whether activation of PPARγ by pioglitazone (Pio) in FC and HP cells can induce target gene expression; and (v) demonstrate the impact of activated PPARγ on learning behavior and motivation. Immunoreactive PPARγ was detectable in specific sub-nuclei/subfields of the FC, HP, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus, and granular layers of the cerebellum. PPARγ protein levels were upregulated during aging and in high fat diet-induced obesity. PPARγ mRNA expression was upregulated in the amygdala of females (but not males) that were made obese. Neural precursor cells, mature neurons, and astrocytes in primary FC and HP cultures were shown to express PPARγ. Pioglitazone dose-dependently upregulated PPARγ target genes in manner that was specific to the origin (FC or HP) of the cultures. Lastly, administration of Pio impaired motivation and associative learning. Collectively, we provide evidence for the presence of regulatable PPARγ in the brain and demonstrate their participation the regulation of key behaviors.
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Zhang G, Wang Z, Hu H, Zhao M, Sun L. Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: A Target for Therapeutic Intervention. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:749587. [PMID: 34899188 PMCID: PMC8651709 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.749587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common types of age-related dementia worldwide. In addition to extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, dysregulated microglia also play deleterious roles in the AD pathogenesis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that unbridled microglial activity induces a chronic neuroinflammatory environment, promotes β-amyloid accumulation and tau pathology, and impairs microglia-associated mitophagy. Thus, targeting microglia may pave the way for new therapeutic interventions. This review provides a thorough overview of the pathophysiological role of the microglia in AD and illustrates the potential avenues for microglia-targeted therapies, including microglial modification, immunoreceptors, and anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimei Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huiling Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Abyadeh M, Gupta V, Gupta V, Chitranshi N, Wu Y, Amirkhani A, Meyfour A, Sheriff S, Shen T, Dhiman K, Ghasem HS, Paul AH, Stuart LG, Mirzaei M. Comparative Analysis of Aducanumab, Zagotenemab and Pioglitazone as Targeted Treatment Strategies for Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1964-1976. [PMID: 34881080 PMCID: PMC8612603 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia that has remained a major medical, sociocultural and economical challenge globally. Previously developed treatments like anticholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists only provide short-term symptomatic improvement and do not prevent progression. Repeated setbacks and failures over the past 25 years in AD clinical trials have hindered efforts to develop effective AD treatments. Fortunately, Aducanumab, a specific anti-amyloid β antibody, has shown promising clinical results and was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) through an accelerated approval pathway. This has raised hopes for AD patients; however post-approval trials are necessary to estimate the true scope of its clinical benefits. We have reviewed several AD clinical studies and summarized the experience to date with Aducanumab and two other potential AD drugs including Zagotenemab (an anti-tau antibody) and Pioglitazone (nuclear Peroxisome-Proliferator Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist). These have shown mixed results so far and the next few years will be critical to elucidate and interpret their broad long-term protective effects. A concerted effort is required to understand and strengthen the translation of pre-clinical findings from these drugs to routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Abyadeh
- 1Cell Science Research Center, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vivek Gupta
- 2Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Veer Gupta
- 3School of Medicine, Deakin University, VIC, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- 2Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Yunqi Wu
- 4Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Ardeshir Amirkhani
- 4Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Anna Meyfour
- 5Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samran Sheriff
- 2Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Ting Shen
- 2Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Kunal Dhiman
- 3School of Medicine, Deakin University, VIC, Australia
| | - H Salekdeh Ghasem
- 6Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - A Haynes Paul
- 6Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - L Graham Stuart
- 2Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- 2Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
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Mukherjee S, Mishra AK, Peer GDG, Bagabir SA, Haque S, Pandey RP, Raj VS, Jain N, Pandey A, Kar SK. The Interplay of the Unfolded Protein Response in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Therapeutic Role of Curcumin. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:767493. [PMID: 34867295 PMCID: PMC8640216 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.767493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and their aggregation causes inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This promotes accumulation of toxic proteins in the body tissues especially brain leading to manifestation of neurodegenerative diseases. The studies suggest that deregulation of proteostasis, particularly aberrant unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling, may be a common morbific process in the development of neurodegeneration. Curcumin, the mixture of low molecular weight polyphenolic compounds from turmeric, Curcuma longa has shown promising response to prevents many diseases including current global severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and neurodegenerative disorders. The UPR which correlates positively with neurodegenerative disorders were found affected by curcumin. In this review, we examine the evidence from many model systems illustrating how curcumin interacts with UPR and slows down the development of various neurodegenerative disorders (ND), e.g., Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The recent global increase in ND patients indicates that researchers and practitioners will need to develop a new pharmacological drug or treatment to manage and cure these neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G D Ghouse Peer
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial (SRM) University, Sonepat, India
| | - Sali Abubaker Bagabir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ramendra Pati Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial (SRM) University, Sonepat, India
| | - V Samuel Raj
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial (SRM) University, Sonepat, India
| | - Neeraj Jain
- Division of Cancer Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Atul Pandey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Santosh Kumar Kar
- Nano Herb Research Laboratory, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) Technology Business Incubator, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
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Katsuki H. Nuclear receptors of NR1 and NR4 subfamilies in the regulation of microglial functions and pathology. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00766. [PMID: 34676987 PMCID: PMC8532137 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of researches on the NR1 and NR4 nuclear receptors involved in the regulation of microglial functions. Nuclear receptors are attractive candidates for drug targets in the therapies of the central nervous system disorders, because the activation of these receptors is expected to regulate the functions and the phenotypes of microglia, by controlling the expression of specific gene subsets and also by regulating the cellular signaling mechanisms in a nongenomic manner. Several members of NR1 nuclear receptor subfamily have been examined for their ability to regulate microglial functions. For example, stimulation of vitamin D receptor inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory factors and increases the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Similar regulatory actions of nuclear receptor ligands on inflammation-related genes have also been reported for other NR1 members such as retinoic acid receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and liver X receptors (LXRs). In addition, stimulation of PPARγ and LXRs may also result in increased phagocytic activities of microglia. Consistent with these actions, the agonists at nuclear receptors of NR1 subfamily are shown to produce therapeutic effects on animal models of various neurological disorders such as experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke. On the other hand, increasing lines of evidence suggest that the stimulation of NR4 subfamily members of nuclear receptors such as Nur77 and Nurr1 also regulates microglial functions and alleviates neuropathological events in several disease models. Further advancement of these research fields may prove novel therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Katsuki
- Department of Chemico‐Pharmacological SciencesGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
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58
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Han Y, Lu Y, Li X, Niu X, Chang AK, Yang Z, Li X, He X, Bi X. Novel organoselenides (NSAIDs-Se derivatives) protect against LPS-induced inflammation in microglia by targeting the NOX2/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108377. [PMID: 34836795 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Neuro-inflammation is an immune response of the central nervous system (CNS) to pathogens, and it is associated with a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Microglial cells are the main category of macrophages in the CNS parenchyma, and they represent one of the most important cellular drivers and regulators of neuroinflammation. In this study, nine new organoselenium compounds based on the hybridization of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) skeleton and organoselenium motif (-SeCN and -SeCF3) were synthesized and their potential anti-neuroinflammatory effects were evaluated using LPS-induced BV2 mouse microglia. The cells were first treated with the organoselenium compounds and the extent of oxidative stress and inflammatory response of the cells was determined by measuring the levels of NO, ROS, IL-1β, and IL-18. Among the nine compounds, 1-39 and 1A-38 exhibited the most significant effect on oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Subsequent studies carried out with 1-39 and 1A-38 showed that both compounds could reduce the production of ROS in the cells, probably through down-regulating NOX2 and its downstream targets, including TXNIP (thioredoxin-interacting protein) and NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3). In addition, 1-39 and 1A-38 also suppressed the ability of the cells to secret IL-18 and IL-1β, which greatly dampened the response of the cells to LPS-induced inflammation. Our finding demonstrated that organoselenium compounds derived from NSAID might play an important role in the protection of brain microglia against inflammation-related neurodegenerative disease by potentially down-regulating the NOX2/NLRP3 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsu Han
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Yin Lu
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Xiaoqi Niu
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Alan K Chang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Shenzhen Fushan Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Kexing Science Park A1 1005, Nanshan Zone, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xianran He
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Xiuli Bi
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.
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59
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Asaro A, Sinha R, Bakun M, Kalnytska O, Carlo-Spiewok AS, Rubel T, Rozeboom A, Dadlez M, Kaminska B, Aronica E, Malik AR, Willnow TE. ApoE4 disrupts interaction of sortilin with fatty acid-binding protein 7 essential to promote lipid signaling. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272562. [PMID: 34557909 PMCID: PMC8572006 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sortilin is a neuronal receptor for apolipoprotein E (apoE). Sortilin-dependent uptake of lipidated apoE promotes conversion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) into neuromodulators that induce anti-inflammatory gene expression in the brain. This neuroprotective pathway works with the apoE3 variant but is lost with the apoE4 variant, the main risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we elucidated steps in cellular handling of lipids through sortilin, and why they are disrupted by apoE4. Combining unbiased proteome screens with analyses in mouse models, we uncover interaction of sortilin with fatty acid-binding protein 7 (FABP7), the intracellular carrier for PUFA in the brain. In the presence of apoE3, sortilin promotes functional expression of FABP7 and its ability to elicit lipid-dependent gene transcription. By contrast, apoE4 binding blocks sortilin-mediated sorting, causing catabolism of FABP7 and impairing lipid signaling. Reduced FABP7 levels in the brain of AD patients expressing apoE4 substantiate the relevance of these interactions for neuronal lipid homeostasis. Taken together, we document interaction of sortilin with mediators of extracellular and intracellular lipid transport that provides a mechanistic explanation for loss of a neuroprotective lipid metabolism in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Asaro
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rishabhdev Sinha
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Magda Bakun
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Tymon Rubel
- Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Radioelectronics and Multimedia Technology, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Annemieke Rozeboom
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Neuroscience, Amsterdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michal Dadlez
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.,Biology Department, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna R Malik
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Thomas E Willnow
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Repurposing Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Agonists in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14101025. [PMID: 34681249 PMCID: PMC8538250 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Common pathophysiological mechanisms have emerged for different neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. In particular, mechanisms of oxidative stress, immuno-inflammation, and altered metabolic pathways converge and cause neuronal and non-neuronal maladaptative phenomena, which underlie multifaceted brain disorders. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors modulating, among others, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective genes in diverse tissues. Both endogenous and synthetic PPAR agonists are approved treatments for metabolic and systemic disorders, such as diabetes, fatty liver disease, and dyslipidemia(s), showing high tolerability and safety profiles. Considering that some PPAR-acting drugs permeate through the blood-brain barrier, the possibility to extend their scope from the periphery to central nervous system has gained interest in recent years. Here, we review preclinical and clinical evidence that PPARs possibly exert a neuroprotective role, thereby providing a rationale for repurposing PPAR-targeting drugs to counteract several diseases affecting the central nervous system.
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de Oliveira J, Kucharska E, Garcez ML, Rodrigues MS, Quevedo J, Moreno-Gonzalez I, Budni J. Inflammatory Cascade in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis: A Review of Experimental Findings. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102581. [PMID: 34685563 PMCID: PMC8533897 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Most AD patients develop the disease in late life, named late onset AD (LOAD). Currently, the most recognized explanation for AD pathology is the amyloid cascade hypothesis. It is assumed that amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation and deposition are critical pathogenic processes in AD, leading to the formation of amyloid plaques, as well as neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal cell death, synaptic degeneration, and dementia. In LOAD, the causes of Aβ accumulation and neuronal loss are not completely clear. Importantly, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption seems to present an essential role in the induction of neuroinflammation and consequent AD development. In addition, we propose that the systemic inflammation triggered by conditions like metabolic diseases or infections are causative factors of BBB disruption, coexistent inflammatory cascade and, ultimately, the neurodegeneration observed in AD. In this regard, the use of anti-inflammatory molecules could be an interesting strategy to treat, delay or even halt AD onset and progression. Herein, we review the inflammatory cascade and underlying mechanisms involved in AD pathogenesis and revise the anti-inflammatory effects of compounds as emerging therapeutic drugs against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90050-000, Brazil; (J.d.O.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Ewa Kucharska
- Faculty of Education, Institute of Educational Sciences, Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow, 31-501 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Michelle Lima Garcez
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Santa Catarina, Brazil;
| | - Matheus Scarpatto Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90050-000, Brazil; (J.d.O.); (M.S.R.)
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth, The University of Texas Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Ines Moreno-Gonzalez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, IBIMA, 29010 Malaga, Spain;
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 29010 Malaga, Spain
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Josiane Budni
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciuma 88806-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-48431-2539
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Ren D, Fu Y, Wang L, Liu J, Zhong X, Yuan J, Jiang C, Wang H, Li Z. Tetrandrine ameliorated Alzheimer's disease through suppressing microglial inflammatory activation and neurotoxicity in the 5XFAD mouse. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 90:153627. [PMID: 34247115 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder prevalent in the aged population. Tetrandrine is a natural metabolite isolated from herbal medicine Stephania tetrandra with various activities. PURPOSE In this study, we investigated the therapeutic role of tetrandrine in 5XFAD mouse, a transgenic model of AD. METHODS 5XFAD mice were intraperitoneally injected with saline or different doses of tetrandrine (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg per 2 days) from the age of 5 months to 7 months followed by the determination of cognitive ability, amyloid plaque load, cell apoptosis, and inflammation in the brain. In vitro, the protective roles of tetrandrine against inflammatory activation of microglia and the resulting neurotoxicity were studied in BV2 cells and differentiated PC12 cells, respectively. RESULTS Morris water maze test showed that two months of tetrandrine treatment dose-dependently improved the cognitive ability of 5XFAD mice. Immunostaining against Aβ 1-42 demonstrated reduced amyloid plaque deposition in the brain of tetrandrine-treated 5XFAD mice. TUNEL assay revealed decreased cell apoptosis in the hippocampus after tetrandrine treatment. Further, RT-PCR showed that the ectopic transcription of inflammation-associated genes including TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, iNOS, and p65 was reversed in 5XFAD mice treated with tetrandrine. In vitro, Aβ 1-42 stimulated the secretion of inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β in microglial BV2 cells as determined by ELISA, which was suppressed by tetrandrine pre-treatment. Tetrandrine pre-treatment also inhibited the expression of TLR4, p65, iNOS, and COX-2 in BV2 cells induced by Aβ 1-42. Most importantly, treatment of PC12-derived neuron-like cells with conditional medium from Aβ 1-42-stimulated BV2 cells remarkably impaired cell viability and promoted cell apoptosis, which was attenuated by the conditional medium from BV2 cells with tetrandrine pre-treatment. CONCLUSION Collectively, findings in this study demonstrated that tetrandrine ameliorates AD by suppressing microglia-mediated inflammation and neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defang Ren
- Department of Good Clinical Practice, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Fu
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianqin Liu
- Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xia Zhong
- Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiyuan Yuan
- Department of Good Clinical Practice, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Chaoli Jiang
- Department of Spleen & Stomach, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Honglian Wang
- Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Spleen & Stomach, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Jalouli M, Rahman MA, Jeandet P, Behl T, Alexiou A, Albadrani GM, Abdel-Daim MM, Perveen A, Ashraf GM. Neuroinflammatory Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:126-146. [PMID: 34525932 PMCID: PMC9199559 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210826130210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and extracellular amyloid plaques. Growing evidence has suggested that AD pathogenesis is not only limited to the neuronal compartment but also strongly interacts with immunological processes in the brain. On the other hand, aggregated and misfolded proteins can bind with pattern recognition receptors located on astroglia and microglia and can, in turn, induce an innate immune response, characterized by the release of inflammatory mediators, ultimately playing a role in both the severity and the progression of the disease. It has been reported by genome-wide analysis that several genes which elevate the risk for sporadic AD encode for factors controlling the inflammatory response and glial clearance of misfolded proteins. Obesity and systemic inflammation are examples of external factors which may interfere with the immunological mechanisms of the brain and can induce disease progression. In this review, we discussed the mechanisms and essential role of inflammatory signaling pathways in AD pathogenesis. Indeed, interfering with immune processes and modulation of risk factors may lead to future therapeutic or preventive AD approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka. Bangladesh
| | | | - Maroua Jalouli
- College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451. Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Ataur Rahman
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul. Korea
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit "Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection", EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PO Box 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2. France
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab. India
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, 2770 Hebersham. Australia
| | - Ghadeer M Albadrani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474. Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522. Egypt
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur. India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Saudi Arabia
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Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease: Might Mitochondrial Dysfunction Help Deciphering the Common Path? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081257. [PMID: 34439505 PMCID: PMC8389322 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of clinical and epidemiological studies support the hypothesis of a tight correlation between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the development risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Indeed, the proposed definition of Alzheimer's disease as type 3 diabetes (T3D) underlines the key role played by deranged insulin signaling to accumulation of aggregated amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in the senile plaques of the brain. Metabolic disturbances such as hyperglycemia, peripheral hyperinsulinemia, dysregulated lipid metabolism, and chronic inflammation associated with T2DM are responsible for an inefficient transport of insulin to the brain, producing a neuronal insulin resistance that triggers an enhanced production and deposition of Aβ and concomitantly contributes to impairment in the micro-tubule-associated protein Tau, leading to neural degeneration and cognitive decline. Furthermore, the reduced antioxidant capacity observed in T2DM patients, together with the impairment of cerebral glucose metabolism and the decreased performance of mitochondrial activity, suggests the existence of a relationship between oxidative damage, mitochondrial impairment, and cognitive dysfunction that could further reinforce the common pathophysiology of T2DM and AD. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms by which insulin-signaling dysregulation in T2DM can contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of AD, deepening the analysis of complex mechanisms involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production under oxidative stress and their possible influence in AD and T2DM. In addition, the role of current therapies as tools for prevention or treatment of damage induced by oxidative stress in T2DM and AD will be debated.
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Lam YY, Tsai SF, Chen PC, Kuo YM, Chen YW. Pioglitazone rescues high-fat diet-induced depression-like phenotypes and hippocampal astrocytic deficits in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111734. [PMID: 34022606 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes is rapidly increasing worldwide and is highly associated with the incidence of depression. Pioglitazone, a Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist, is widely used for treating patients with type 2 diabetes. However, whether pioglitazone alleviates metabolic disorder-related depression and astrocytic deficits remains unclear. Here we showed that 12 weeks of high-fat diet (HFD) feeding (from 8- to 20-week-old) induced not only obesity and insulin resistance, but also depression-like behaviors in mice. Astrocytic activation, a sign closely associated with depression, was also evident in the ventral hippocampus. Four weeks of pioglitazone (10 or 20 mg/kg, daily, from 20- to 24-week-old) treatment alleviated the HFD-induced glucose-metabolic dysfunctions, upregulation of ventral hippocampal GFAP, reduction of the total process lengths and the number of branch points of the ventral hippocampal CA1 GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes and depressive phenotypes but had no effect on anxiety-like behaviors or hippocampus-related learning and memory in mice. These findings suggest that pioglitazone could be a potential therapeutic agent for metabolic disorders and associated depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yiu Lam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Feng Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Wen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Wang K, Na L, Duan M. The Pathogenesis Mechanism, Structure Properties, Potential Drugs and Therapeutic Nanoparticles against the Small Oligomers of Amyloid-β. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:151-167. [PMID: 32938351 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200916123000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that affects millions of people in the world. The abnormal aggregation of amyloid β protein (Aβ) is regarded as the key event in AD onset. Meanwhile, the Aβ oligomers are believed to be the most toxic species of Aβ. Recent studies show that the Aβ dimers, which are the smallest form of Aβ oligomers, also have the neurotoxicity in the absence of other oligomers in physiological conditions. In this review, we focus on the pathogenesis, structure and potential therapeutic molecules against small Aβ oligomers, as well as the nanoparticles (NPs) in the treatment of AD. In this review, we firstly focus on the pathogenic mechanism of Aβ oligomers, especially the Aβ dimers. The toxicity of Aβ dimer or oligomers, which attributes to the interactions with various receptors and the disruption of membrane or intracellular environments, were introduced. Then the structure properties of Aβ dimers and oligomers are summarized. Although some structural information such as the secondary structure content is characterized by experimental technologies, detailed structures are still absent. Following that, the small molecules targeting Aβ dimers or oligomers are collected; nevertheless, all of these ligands have failed to come into the market due to the rising controversy of the Aβ-related "amyloid cascade hypothesis". At last, the recent progress about the nanoparticles as the potential drugs or the drug delivery for the Aβ oligomers are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Liu Na
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Mojie Duan
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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Saunders AM, Burns DK, Gottschalk WK. Reassessment of Pioglitazone for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:666958. [PMID: 34220427 PMCID: PMC8243371 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.666958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a quintessential 'unmet medical need', accounting for ∼65% of progressive cognitive impairment among the elderly, and 700,000 deaths in the United States in 2020. In 2019, the cost of caring for Alzheimer's sufferers was $244B, not including the emotional and physical toll on caregivers. In spite of this dismal reality, no treatments are available that reduce the risk of developing AD or that offer prolonged mitiagation of its most devestating symptoms. This review summarizes key aspects of the biology and genetics of Alzheimer's disease, and we describe how pioglitazone improves many of the patholophysiological determinants of AD. We also summarize the results of pre-clinical experiments, longitudinal observational studies, and clinical trials. The results of animal testing suggest that pioglitazone can be corrective as well as protective, and that its efficacy is enhanced in a time- and dose-dependent manner, but the dose-effect relations are not monotonic or sigmoid. Longitudinal cohort studies suggests that it delays the onset of dementia in individuals with pre-existing type 2 diabetes mellitus, which small scale, unblinded pilot studies seem to confirm. However, the results of placebo-controlled, blinded clinical trials have not borne this out, and we discuss possible explanations for these discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M. Saunders
- Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Daniel K. Burns
- Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Mota BC, Sastre M. The Role of PGC1α in Alzheimer's Disease and Therapeutic Interventions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115769. [PMID: 34071270 PMCID: PMC8198456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor co-activator-1α (PGC1α) belongs to a family of transcriptional regulators, which act as co-activators for a number of transcription factors, including PPARs, NRFs, oestrogen receptors, etc. PGC1α has been implicated in the control of mitochondrial biogenesis, the regulation of the synthesis of ROS and inflammatory cytokines, as well as genes controlling metabolic processes. The levels of PGC1α have been shown to be altered in neurodegenerative disorders. In the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and animal models of amyloidosis, PGC1α expression was reduced compared with healthy individuals. Recently, it was shown that overexpression of PGC1α resulted in reduced amyloid-β (Aβ) generation, particularly by regulating the expression of BACE1, the rate-limiting enzyme involved in the production of Aβ. These results provide evidence pointing toward PGC1α activation as a new therapeutic avenue for AD, which has been supported by the promising observations of treatments with drugs that enhance the expression of PGC1α and gene therapy studies in animal models of AD. This review summarizes the different ways and mechanisms whereby PGC1α can be neuroprotective in AD and the pre-clinical treatments that have been explored so far.
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Stanciu GD, Rusu RN, Bild V, Filipiuc LE, Tamba BI, Ababei DC. Systemic Actions of SGLT2 Inhibition on Chronic mTOR Activation as a Shared Pathogenic Mechanism between Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetes. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050576. [PMID: 34069618 PMCID: PMC8160780 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects tens of millions of people worldwide. Despite the advances in understanding the disease, there is an increased urgency for pharmacological approaches able of impacting its onset and progression. With a multifactorial nature, high incidence and prevalence in later years of life, there is growing evidence highlighting a relationship between metabolic dysfunction related to diabetes and subject's susceptibility to develop AD. The link seems so solid that sometimes AD and type 3 diabetes are used interchangeably. A candidate for a shared pathogenic mechanism linking these conditions is chronically-activated mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Chronic activation of unrestrained mTOR could be responsible for sustaining metabolic dysfunction that causes the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, tau hyperphosphorylation and senile plaques formation in AD. It has been suggested that inhibition of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) mediated by constant glucose loss, may restore mTOR cycle via nutrient-driven, preventing or even decreasing the AD progression. Currently, there is an unmet need for further research insight into molecular mechanisms that drive the onset and AD advancement as well as an increase in efforts to expand the testing of potential therapeutic strategies aimed to counteract disease progression in order to structure effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Dumitrita Stanciu
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (G.D.S.); (V.B.); (L.E.F.)
| | - Razvan Nicolae Rusu
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.N.R.); (D.C.A.)
| | - Veronica Bild
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (G.D.S.); (V.B.); (L.E.F.)
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.N.R.); (D.C.A.)
| | - Leontina Elena Filipiuc
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (G.D.S.); (V.B.); (L.E.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan-Ionel Tamba
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (G.D.S.); (V.B.); (L.E.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniela Carmen Ababei
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.N.R.); (D.C.A.)
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Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050524. [PMID: 34067173 PMCID: PMC8150909 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with human aging. Ten percent of individuals over 65 years have AD and its prevalence continues to rise with increasing age. There are currently no effective disease modifying treatments for AD, resulting in increasingly large socioeconomic and personal costs. Increasing age is associated with an increase in low-grade chronic inflammation (inflammaging) that may contribute to the neurodegenerative process in AD. Although the exact mechanisms remain unclear, aberrant elevation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) levels from several endogenous and exogenous processes in the brain may not only affect cell signaling, but also trigger cellular senescence, inflammation, and pyroptosis. Moreover, a compromised immune privilege of the brain that allows the infiltration of peripheral immune cells and infectious agents may play a role. Additionally, meta-inflammation as well as gut microbiota dysbiosis may drive the neuroinflammatory process. Considering that inflammatory/immune pathways are dysregulated in parallel with cognitive dysfunction in AD, elucidating the relationship between the central nervous system and the immune system may facilitate the development of a safe and effective therapy for AD. We discuss some current ideas on processes in inflammaging that appear to drive the neurodegenerative process in AD and summarize details on a few immunomodulatory strategies being developed to selectively target the detrimental aspects of neuroinflammation without affecting defense mechanisms against pathogens and tissue damage.
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Obesity and aging: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101268. [PMID: 33556548 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The epidemic of obesity is a major challenge for health policymakers due to its far-reaching effects on population health and potentially overwhelming financial burden on healthcare systems. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing acute and chronic diseases, including hypertension, stroke, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Interestingly, the metabolic dysregulation associated with obesity is similar to that observed in normal aging, and substantial evidence suggests the potential of obesity to accelerate aging. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of fat tissue dysfunction in obesity could provide insights into the processes that contribute to the metabolic dysfunction associated with the aging process. Here, we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying both obesity and aging, and how obesity and aging can predispose individuals to chronic health complications. The potential of lifestyle and pharmacological interventions to counter obesity and obesity-related pathologies, as well as aging, is also addressed.
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Zhang X, Chau LY, Chan HW, Weng J, Wong KW, Chow SF, Chow AHL. Physical stability and in vivo brain delivery of polymeric ibuprofen nanoparticles fabricated by flash nanoprecipitation. Int J Pharm 2021; 598:120224. [PMID: 33486028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ibuprofen (IBP), a common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with a log P of 3.51, has been shown to possess potential benefit in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. However, the bioavailability of IBP to the brain is poor, which can be linked to its extensive binding to plasma proteins in the blood. This study aimed to evaluate the nanoparticle production of IBP by flash nanoprecipitation (FNP) technology, and to determine whether the nanoparticles prepared by FNP could enhance the delivery of IBP into the brain. Polymeric IBP nanoparticles were prepared with poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic acid) (PEG-PLA) diblock copolymer as stabilizer under optimized conditions using a four-stream multi-inlet vortex mixer (MIVM). The optimized nanoparticles displayed a mean particle size of around 50 nm, polydispersity index of around 0.2, drug loading of up to 30% and physical stability of up to 34 days. In-depth surface characterization using zeta potential measurement, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that the surfaces of these nanoparticles were covered with the hydrophilic PEG groups from the diblock copolymer. In vivo brain uptake study of the IBP nanoparticles indicated that the particles, when coated with polysorbate 80, displayed an enhanced brain uptake. However, the extent of brain uptake enhancement appeared limited, possibly due to a rapid release of IBP from the nanoparticles into the blood stream following intravenous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Li Yin Chau
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ho Wan Chan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jingwen Weng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ka Wai Wong
- Genvida (HK) Company Limited, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Shing Fung Chow
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Albert Hee Lum Chow
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Rühlmann C, Dannehl D, Brodtrück M, Adams AC, Stenzel J, Lindner T, Krause BJ, Vollmar B, Kuhla A. Neuroprotective Effects of the FGF21 Analogue LY2405319. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:357-369. [PMID: 33554901 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, there are no effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, a significant need for research of therapies remains. OBJECTIVE One promising pharmacological target is the hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), which is thought to be neuroprotective. A clinical candidate for medical use could be the FGF21 analogue LY2405319 (LY), which has a specificity and potency comparable to FGF21. METHODS The present study investigated the potential neuroprotective effect of LY via PPARγ/apoE/abca1 pathway, which is known to degrade amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques by using primary glial cells and hippocampal organotypic brain slice cultures (OBSCs) from 30- and 50-week-old transgenic APPswe/PS1dE9 (tg) mice. By LY treatment of 52-week-old tg mice with advanced Aβ deposition, we further aimed to elaborate the effect of LY on AD pathology in vivo. RESULTS LY application to primary glial cells caused an upregulation of pparγ, apoE, and abca1 mRNA expression and significantly decreased number and area of Aβ plaques in OBSCs. LY treatment in tg mice increased cerebral [18F] FDG uptake and N-acetylaspartate/creatine ratio indicating enhanced neuronal activity and integrity. Although LY did not reduce the number of Aβ plaques in tg mice, the number of iba1-positive cells was significantly decreased indicating reduced microgliosis. CONCLUSION These data identified LY in vitro as an activator of Aβ degrading genes leading to cerebral Aβ load amelioration in early and late AD pathology. Although Aβ plaque reduction by LY failed in vivo, LY may be used as therapeutic agent to treat AD-related neuroinflammation and impaired neuronal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Rühlmann
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - David Dannehl
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marcus Brodtrück
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andrew C Adams
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jan Stenzel
- Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tobias Lindner
- Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bernd J Krause
- Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Angela Kuhla
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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74
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Jamwal S, Blackburn JK, Elsworth JD. PPARγ/PGC1α signaling as a potential therapeutic target for mitochondrial biogenesis in neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 219:107705. [PMID: 33039420 PMCID: PMC7887032 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases represent some of the most devastating neurological disorders, characterized by progressive loss of the structure and function of neurons. Current therapy for neurodegenerative disorders is limited to symptomatic treatment rather than disease modifying interventions, emphasizing the desperate need for improved approaches. Abundant evidence indicates that impaired mitochondrial function plays a crucial role in pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases and so biochemical factors in mitochondria are considered promising targets for pharmacological-based therapies. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-γ (PPARγ) are ligand-inducible transcription factors involved in regulating various genes including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1 alpha (PGC1α). This review summarizes the evidence supporting the ability of PPARγ-PGC1α to coordinately up-regulate the expression of genes required for mitochondrial biogenesis in neurons and provide directions for future work to explore the potential benefit of targeting mitochondrial biogenesis in neurodegenerative disorders. We have highlighted key roles of NRF2, uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), and paraoxonase-2 (PON2) signaling in mediating PGC1α-induced mitochondrial biogenesis. In addition, the status of PPARγ modulators being used in clinical trials for Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Huntington's disease (HD) has been compiled. The overall purpose of this review is to update and critique our understanding of the role of PPARγ-PGC1α-NRF2 in the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis together with suggestions for strategies to target PPARγ-PGC1α-NRF2 signaling in order to combat mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Jamwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jennifer K Blackburn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - John D Elsworth
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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75
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Zhu H, Dronamraju V, Xie W, More SS. Sulfur-containing therapeutics in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Med Chem Res 2021; 30:305-352. [PMID: 33613018 PMCID: PMC7889054 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur is widely existent in natural products and synthetic organic compounds as organosulfur, which are often associated with a multitude of biological activities. OBenzothiazole, in which benzene ring is fused to the 4,5-positions of the thiazolerganosulfur compounds continue to garner increasing amounts of attention in the field of medicinal chemistry, especially in the development of therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is a fatal neurodegenerative disease and the primary cause of age-related dementia posing severe societal and economic burdens. Unfortunately, there is no cure for AD. A lot of research has been conducted on sulfur-containing compounds in the context of AD due to their innate antioxidant potential and some are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. In this review, we have described emerging trends in the field, particularly the concept of multi-targeting and formulation of disease-modifying strategies. SAR, pharmacological targets, in vitro/vivo ADMET, efficacy in AD animal models, and applications in clinical trials of such sulfur compounds have also been discussed. This article provides a comprehensive review of organosulfur-based AD therapeutic agents and provides insights into their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhou Zhu
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Venkateshwara Dronamraju
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Wei Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Swati S. More
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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76
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Steinman J, Sun HS, Feng ZP. Microvascular Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:618986. [PMID: 33536876 PMCID: PMC7849053 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.618986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with continual decline in cognition and ability to perform routine functions such as remembering familiar places or understanding speech. For decades, amyloid beta (Aβ) was viewed as the driver of AD, triggering neurodegenerative processes such as inflammation and formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). This approach has not yielded therapeutics that cure the disease or significant improvements in long-term cognition through removal of plaques and Aβ oligomers. Some researchers propose alternate mechanisms that drive AD or act in conjunction with amyloid to promote neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the status of AD research and examines research directions including and beyond Aβ, such as tau, inflammation, and protein clearance mechanisms. The effect of aging on microvasculature is highlighted, including its contribution to reduced blood flow that impairs cognition. Microvascular alterations observed in AD are outlined, emphasizing imaging studies of capillary malfunction. The review concludes with a discussion of two therapies to protect tissue without directly targeting Aβ for removal: (1) administration of growth factors to promote vascular recovery in AD; (2) inhibiting activity of a calcium-permeable ion channels to reduce microglial activation and restore cerebral vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Steinman
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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77
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Yu CC, Du YJ, Wang SQ, Liu LB, Shen F, Wang L, Lin YF, Kong LH. Experimental Evidence of the Benefits of Acupuncture for Alzheimer's Disease: An Updated Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:549772. [PMID: 33408601 PMCID: PMC7779610 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.549772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the global population ages, the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is also increasing. At present, there are no widely recognized drugs able to ameliorate the cognitive dysfunction caused by AD. The failure of several promising clinical trials in recent years has highlighted the urgent need for novel strategies to both prevent and treat AD. Notably, a growing body of literature supports the efficacy of acupuncture for AD. In this review, we summarize the previously reported mechanisms of acupuncture's beneficial effects in AD, including the ability of acupuncture to modulate Aβ metabolism, tau phosphorylation, neurotransmitters, neurogenesis, synapse and neuron function, autophagy, neuronal apoptosis, neuroinflammation, cerebral glucose metabolism, and brain responses. Taken together, these findings suggest that acupuncture provides therapeutic effects for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chao Yu
- Department of Tuina, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,The Fourth Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan-Jun Du
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-Qin Wang
- Department of Tuina, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,The Fourth Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Le-Bin Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hubei Rongjun Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Shen
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Fang Lin
- Department of Tuina, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,The Fourth Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li-Hong Kong
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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78
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Sekulic-Jablanovic M, Wright MB, Petkovic V, Bodmer D. Pioglitazone Ameliorates Gentamicin Ototoxicity by Affecting the TLR and STAT Pathways in the Early Postnatal Organ of Corti. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:566148. [PMID: 33192313 PMCID: PMC7658481 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.566148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noise trauma, infection, and ototoxic drugs are frequent external causes of hearing loss. With no pharmacological treatments currently available, understanding the mechanisms and pathways leading to auditory hair cell (HC) damage and repair is crucial for identifying potential pharmacological targets. Prior research has implicated increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation as general mechanisms of hearing loss common to diverse causes. Novel targets of these two key mechanisms of auditory damage may provide new paths toward the prevention and treatment of hearing loss. Pioglitazone, an oral antidiabetic drug from the class of thiazolidinediones, acts as an agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) and is involved in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism. PPAR-γ is an important player in repressing the expression of inflammatory cytokines and signaling molecules. We evaluated the effects of pioglitazone in the mouse Organ of Corti (OC) explants to characterize its influence on signaling pathways involved in auditory HC damage. The OC explants was cultured with pioglitazone, gentamicin, or a combination of both agents. Pioglitazone treatment resulted in significant repression of interferon (IFN)-α and -gamma pathways and downstream cytokines, as assessed by RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR gene expression assays. More detailed investigation at the single gene and protein level showed that pioglitazone mediated its anti-inflammatory effects through alterations of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and STAT pathways. Together, these results indicate that pioglitazone significantly represses IFN and TLR in the cochlea, dampening the activity of gentamicin-induced pathways. These data support our previous results demonstrating significant protection of auditory HCs in the OC explants exposed to pioglitazone and other PPAR-targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vesna Petkovic
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Bodmer
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clinic for Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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79
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Nwafor DC, Chakraborty S, Jun S, Brichacek AL, Dransfeld M, Gemoets DE, Dakhlallah D, Brown CM. Disruption of metabolic, sleep, and sensorimotor functional outcomes in a female transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2020; 398:112983. [PMID: 33137399 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia globally, and the number of individuals with AD diagnosis is expected to double by 2050. Numerous preclinical AD studies have shown that AD neuropathology accompanies alteration in learning and memory. However, less attention has been given to alterations in metabolism, sleep, and sensorimotor functional outcomes during AD pathogenesis. The objective of this study was to elucidate the extent to which metabolic activity, sleep-wake cycle, and sensorimotor function is impaired in APPSwDI/Nos2-/- (CVN-AD) transgenic mice. Female mice were used in this study because AD is more prevalent in women compared to men. We hypothesized that the presence of AD neuropathology in CVN-AD mice would accompany alterations in metabolic activity, sleep, and sensorimotor function. Our results showed that CVN-AD mice had significantly decreased energy expenditure compared to wild-type (WT) mice. An examination of associated functional outcome parameters showed that sleep activity was elevated during the awake (dark) cycle and as well as an overall decrease in spontaneous locomotor activity. An additional functional parameter, the nociceptive response to thermal stimuli, was also impaired in CVN-AD mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate CVN-AD mice exhibit alterations in functional parameters that resemble human-AD clinical progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divine C Nwafor
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Sreeparna Chakraborty
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Sujung Jun
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Allison L Brichacek
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Margaret Dransfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Darren E Gemoets
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
| | - Duaa Dakhlallah
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Cancer Institute, West Virginia University Health Science Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Candice M Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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80
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McLarnon JG. Consideration of a Pharmacological Combinatorial Approach to Inhibit Chronic Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:1007-1017. [PMID: 31692444 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666191106095038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A combinatorial cocktail approach is suggested as a rationale intervention to attenuate chronic inflammation and confer neuroprotection in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The requirement for an assemblage of pharmacological compounds follows from the host of pro-inflammatory pathways and mechanisms present in activated microglia in the disease process. This article suggests a starting point using four compounds which present some differential in anti-inflammatory targets and actions but a commonality in showing a finite permeability through Blood-brain Barrier (BBB). A basis for firstchoice compounds demonstrated neuroprotection in animal models (thalidomide and minocycline), clinical trial data showing some slowing in the progression of pathology in AD brain (ibuprofen) and indirect evidence for putative efficacy in blocking oxidative damage and chemotactic response mediated by activated microglia (dapsone). It is emphasized that a number of candidate compounds, other than ones suggested here, could be considered as components of the cocktail approach and would be expected to be examined in subsequent work. In this case, systematic testing in AD animal models is required to rigorously examine the efficacy of first-choice compounds and replace ones showing weaker effects. This protocol represents a practical approach to optimize the reduction of microglial-mediated chronic inflammation in AD pathology. Subsequent work would incorporate the anti-inflammatory cocktail delivery as an adjunctive treatment with ones independent of inflammation as an overall preventive strategy to slow the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G McLarnon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z3, Canada
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81
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Neuroinflammatory responses in Parkinson's disease: relevance of Ibuprofen in therapeutics. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 29:5-14. [PMID: 33052479 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00764-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis inevitably involves neuroinflammatory responses attained through contribution of both neuron and glial cells. Investigation done in both experimental models of PD and in samples of PD patients suggested the involvement of both central and peripheral inflammatory responses during PD pathogenesis. Such neuroinflammatory responses could be regulated by neuron-glia interaction which is one of the recently focused areas in the field of disease diagnosis, pathogenesis and therapeutics. Such aggravated neuroinflammatory responses during PD are very well associated with augmented levels of cyclooxygenase (COX). An increased expression of cyclooxygenase (COX) with a concomitant increase in the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels has been observed during PD pathology. Ibuprofen is one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and clinically being used for PD patients. This review focuses on the neuroinflammatory responses during PD pathology as well as the effect of ibuprofen on various disease related signaling factors and mechanisms involving nitrosative stress, neurotransmission, neuronal communication and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. Such mechanistic effect of ibuprofen has been mostly reported in experimental models of PD and clinical investigations are still required. Since oxidative neuronal death is one of the major neurodegenerative mechanisms in PD, the antioxidant capacity of ibuprofen along with its antidepressant effects have also been discussed. This review will direct the readers towards fulfilling the existing gaps in the mechanistic aspect of ibuprofen and enhance its clinical relevance in PD therapeutics and probably in other age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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82
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Capsaicin up-regulates pro-apoptotic activity of thiazolidinediones in glioblastoma cell line. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110741. [PMID: 33038582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsaicin (N-vanillyl-8-methyl-alpha-nonenamide), a spicy, neurotoxic component of hot pepper is a ligand of vanilloid type-I (TRPV1) receptor of anti-cancer potential. However, molecular mechanism of its action is not fully understood. We found that capsaicin stimulated intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of apoptosis in human glioblastoma LN-18 cell line and this phenomenon was not dependent on TRPV1. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a ligand-dependent transcription factor, also induced apoptosis in glioblastoma cells. Although PPARγ ligands (thiazolidinediones - rosiglitazone, pioglitazone) promoted apoptosis in LN-18 cells, capsaicin augmented this effect. We found that capsaicin in a dose dependent manner induced expression of PPARγ in glioblastoma LN-18 cells. These findings suggest that capsaicin-dependent up-regulation of PPARγ represent the mechanism for augmentation of cell death by thiazolidinediones.
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83
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Poon CH, Wang Y, Fung ML, Zhang C, Lim LW. Rodent Models of Amyloid-Beta Feature of Alzheimer's Disease: Development and Potential Treatment Implications. Aging Dis 2020; 11:1235-1259. [PMID: 33014535 PMCID: PMC7505263 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide and causes severe financial and social burdens. Despite much research on the pathogenesis of AD, the neuropathological mechanisms remain obscure and current treatments have proven ineffective. In the past decades, transgenic rodent models have been used to try to unravel this disease, which is crucial for early diagnosis and the assessment of disease-modifying compounds. In this review, we focus on transgenic rodent models used to study amyloid-beta pathology in AD. We also discuss their possible use as promising tools for AD research. There is still no effective treatment for AD and the development of potent therapeutics are urgently needed. Many molecular pathways are susceptible to AD, ranging from neuroinflammation, immune response, and neuroplasticity to neurotrophic factors. Studying these pathways may shed light on AD pathophysiology as well as provide potential targets for the development of more effective treatments. This review discusses the advantages and limitations of these models and their potential therapeutic implications for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Him Poon
- 1School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingyi Wang
- 1School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man-Lung Fung
- 1School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- 2Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- 1School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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84
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Suresh J, Khor IW, Kaur P, Heng HL, Torta F, Dawe GS, Tai ES, Tolwinski NS. Shared signaling pathways in Alzheimer’s and metabolic disease may point to new treatment approaches. FEBS J 2020; 288:3855-3873. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ing Wei Khor
- Department of Medicine Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore
| | - Prameet Kaur
- Science Division Yale‐ NUS College Singapore Singapore
| | - Hui Li Heng
- Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore, and Neurobiology Programme
- Life Sciences Institute National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Federico Torta
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator Department of Biochemistry Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Gavin S. Dawe
- Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore, and Neurobiology Programme
- Life Sciences Institute National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Department of Medicine Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore
- Division of Endocrinology National University HospitalNational University Health System
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85
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Liu Y, Dai Y, Li Q, Chen C, Chen H, Song Y, Hua F, Zhang Z. Beta-amyloid activates NLRP3 inflammasome via TLR4 in mouse microglia. Neurosci Lett 2020; 736:135279. [PMID: 32726591 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Beta-amyloid(Aβ)-induced inflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nod-like receptor nucleotide-binding domain leucine rich repeat containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is involved in the Aβ-induced inflammation. However, the mechanisms by which extracellular Aβ activates cytoplasmic NLRP3 inflammasome are poorly understood. Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4) acts as a sensor of Aβ and performs a key role in neuroinflammation. TLR4 is involved in activating the NLRP3 inflammasome in several diseases. In this study, the interaction between TLR4 and NLRP3 inflammasome in Aβ1-42-induced neuroinflammation was investigated. BV-2 microglia and primary microglia were primed with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and then pretreated with TLR4 inhibitor CLI-095, followed by stimulation with Aβ1-42. The protein expression of NLRP3, the adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), and caspase-1 p 10 was detected by western blotting and immunostaining. The mRNA expression of inflammatory factors was measured by real-time PCR. The protein level of pro IL-1β and IL-1β was examined by ELISA. Activated microglia were examined by immunofluorescence staining for ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba-1). Conditioned medium of BV-2 cells was collected to challenge HT-22 neurons. Cell viability was assessed with MTT assay. Assessment of HT-22 cell apoptosis was performed by Annexin V/PI staining and western blotting to detect the protein level of cleaved caspase 3. The results showed that Aβ1-42 activated and up-regulated the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome in BV-2 microglia, as indicated by increased activation of caspase-1 and secretion of IL-1β. Pharmacological inhibition of TLR4 by CLI-095 abolished Aβ1-42-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which curbed the development of inflammation and exerted protective effect on HT-22 neurons. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of CLI-095 on Aβ1-42-induced inflammation were reversed by NLRP3 activator ATP. Overall, our findings suggested TLR4 mediated Aβ1-42-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in mouse microglia. TLR4/NLRP3 pathway plays a critical role in Aβ1-42-induced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yue Dai
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yuanjian Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Genetics, Research Center for Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Fang Hua
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zuohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
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86
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The brain consequences of systemic inflammation were not fully alleviated by ibuprofen treatment in mice. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 73:130-142. [PMID: 32696348 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00141-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive data point to the immune system as an important factor underlying the pathogenesis of brain diseases. Epidemiological studies have shown that long-term treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) significantly reduces the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease. The present study aimed to investigate whether ibuprofen (IBU) is able to prevent the long-lasting alterations of brain function induced by systemic inflammation. METHODS Mice received intraperitoneal injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 250 µg/kg/day) for seven consecutive days. Ibuprofen administration (40 mg/kg/day) was started three days before the LPS injections and continued until the last day of LPS injection. Within the next 2 weeks, mice performances on the behavioral tests were evaluated, and then brain tissue samples for biochemical analyses were collected. RESULTS The findings showed that ibuprofen significantly improved mice's performance in the passive avoidance test and reduced anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. However, ibuprofen could not significantly improve spatial memory in the Morris water maze test and recognition ability in the novel object recognition test. TNF-α and IL-1β cytokines levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in the hippocampal tissues of LPS-treated mice were significantly lowered by ibuprofen treatment, whereas no significant effects on IL-10 production and hippocampal BDNF levels were observed. In addition, ibuprofen did not significantly reduce amyloid-β1-40 levels in the hippocampus of LPS-treated animals. CONCLUSION Overall, the findings of the present study suggest that some, but not all, of the adverse effects of systemic inflammation are alleviated by ibuprofen treatment.
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K C S, Kakoty V, Marathe S, Chitkara D, Taliyan R. Exploring the Neuroprotective Potential of Rosiglitazone Embedded Nanocarrier System on Streptozotocin Induced Mice Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotox Res 2020; 39:240-255. [PMID: 32683650 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00258-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder imposing great threat to an individual's cognitive capability. Mounting evidence suggests that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and AD is closely associated with impaired insulin signalling and glucose metabolism in the brain. Member of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family, especially PPARγ agonists, has been well known for their insulin-sensitizing actions, but due to low water solubility, poor penetration into the brain and associated toxicity limit their use clinically. Therefore, this study has been undertaken to investigate the neuroprotective potential of rosiglitazone embedded nanocarrier system on streptozotocin (STZ) induced mice model of AD. In vitro neuroprotective efficacy of rosiglitazone was determined on SH-SY5Y cells by assessing the messenger ribonulceic acid (mRNA) expression level of genes implicated for cognitive function. AD in mice was developed by intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of STZ (3 mg/kg) directly into the lateral ventricles of the mice brain. The cognitive parameters and mRNA expression levels were evaluated after treatment with the free form of rosiglitazone as well as its nano-formulated form. It was observed that rosiglitazone elicits neuroprotection on SH-SY5Y cells as evidenced from the upregulation of genes such as cyclic-AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and nerve growth factor (NGF), which are involved in cognitive functions. Further, the nano-formulated rosiglitazone induced better neuroprotective efficacy than its free drug treatment on animal model of AD as evidenced by attenuating the behavioural and cognitive abnormalities, oxido-nitrosative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines, i.e. tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6a) along with improved antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), acetylcholine, neuronal density and expression of CREB, BDNF, GDNF and NGF in the hippocampal region. Based on the results, it can be concluded that rosiglitazone nanoformulation exerts strong neuroprotection via increasing the mRNA expression of growth factors and inhibition of oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation eventually prevents neuronal injury in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarathlal K C
- Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Violina Kakoty
- Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Sandhya Marathe
- Department of Cancer Biology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Deepak Chitkara
- Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Rajeev Taliyan
- Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India.
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88
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Asaro A, Carlo-Spiewok AS, Malik AR, Rothe M, Schipke CG, Peters O, Heeren J, Willnow TE. Apolipoprotein E4 disrupts the neuroprotective action of sortilin in neuronal lipid metabolism and endocannabinoid signaling. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:1248-1258. [PMID: 32588544 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a carrier for brain lipids and the most important genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). ApoE binds the receptor sortilin, which mediates uptake of apoE-bound cargo into neurons. The significance of this uptake route for brain lipid homeostasis and AD risk seen with apoE4, but not apoE3, remains unresolved. METHODS Combining neurolipidomics in patient specimens with functional studies in mouse models, we interrogated apoE isoform-specific functions for sortilin in brain lipid metabolism and AD. RESULTS Sortilin directs the uptake and conversion of polyunsaturated fatty acids into endocannabinoids, lipid-based neurotransmitters that act through nuclear receptors to sustain neuroprotective gene expression in the brain. This sortilin function requires apoE3, but is disrupted by binding of apoE4, compromising neuronal endocannabinoid metabolism and action. DISCUSSION We uncovered the significance of neuronal apoE receptor sortilin in facilitating neuroprotective actions of brain lipids, and its relevance for AD risk seen with apoE4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Asaro
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Anna R Malik
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Carola G Schipke
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Peters
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas E Willnow
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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89
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Trans-Cinnamaldehyde Alleviates Amyloid-Beta Pathogenesis via the SIRT1-PGC1α-PPARγ Pathway in 5XFAD Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124492. [PMID: 32599846 PMCID: PMC7352815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation is the most significant feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Among the several secretases involved in the generation of Aβ, β-secretase (BACE1) is the first rate-limiting enzyme in Aβ production that can be utilized to prevent the development of Aβ-related pathologies. Cinnamon extract, used in traditional medicine, was shown to inhibit the aggregation of tau protein and Aβ aggregation. However, the effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde (TCA), the main component of cinnamon, on Aβ deposition is unknown. Five-month-old 5XFAD mice were treated with TCA for eight weeks. Seven-month-old 5XFAD mice were evaluated for cognitive and spatial memory function. Brain samples collected at the conclusion of the treatment were assessed by immunofluorescence and biochemical analyses. Additional in vivo experiments were conducted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effect of TCA in the role of Aβ deposition. TCA treatment led to improvements in cognitive impairment and reduced Aβ deposition in the brains of 5XFAD mice. Interestingly, the levels of BACE1 were decreased, whereas the mRNA and protein levels of three well-known regulators of BACE1, silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) coactivator 1α (PGC1α), and PPARγ, were increased in TCA-treated 5XFAD mice. TCA led to an improvement in AD pathology by reducing BACE1 levels through the activation of the SIRT1-PGC1α-PPARγ pathway, suggesting that TCA might be a useful therapeutic approach in AD.
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90
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Xu CJ, Wang JL, Jing-Pan, Min-Liao. Tph2 Genetic Ablation Contributes to Senile Plaque Load and Astrogliosis in APP/PS1 Mice. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:219-232. [PMID: 30827242 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190301110110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) lesions. Deficiency of Serotonin signaling recently has been linked to the increased Aβ level in transgenic mice and humans. In addition, tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (Tph2), a second tryptophan hydroxylase isoform, controls brain serotonin synthesis. However, it remains to be determined that whether Tph2 deficient APP/PS1mice affect the formation of Aβ plaques in vivo. METHODS Both quantitative and qualitative immunochemistry methods, as well as Congo red staining were used to evaluate the Aβ load and astrogliosis in these animals. RESULTS we studied alterations of cortex and hippocampus in astrocytes and senile plaques by Tph2 conditional knockout (Tph2 CKO) AD mice from 6-10 months of age. Using Congo red staining and immunostained with Aβ antibody, we showed that plaques load or plaques numbers significantly increased in Tph2 CKO experimental groups at 8 to 10 months old, compared to wild type (WT) group, respectively. Using GFAP+ astrocytes immunofluorescence method, we found that the density of GFAP+ astrocytes markedly enhanced in Tph2 CKO at 10 months. We showed Aβ plaques co-localized autophagic markers LC3 and p62. Nevertheless, we did not observe any co-localization between GFAP+ astrocytes and autophagic markers, but detected the co-localization between βIII-tubulin+ neurons and autophagic markers. CONCLUSION Overall, our work provides the preliminary evidence in vivo that Tph2 plays a role in amyloid plaques generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jin Xu
- Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jun-Ling Wang
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital 1 of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jing-Pan
- Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Min-Liao
- Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
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91
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Stanciu GD, Bild V, Ababei DC, Rusu RN, Cobzaru A, Paduraru L, Bulea D. Link Between Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease due to the Shared Amyloid Aggregation and Deposition Involving both Neurodegenerative Changes and Neurovascular Damages. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061713. [PMID: 32503113 PMCID: PMC7357086 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease are two highly prevalent diseases among the aging population and have become major public health concerns in the 21st century, with a significant risk to each other. Both of these diseases are increasingly recognized to be multifactorial conditions. The terms “diabetes type 3” or “brain diabetes” have been proposed in recent years to provide a complete view of the potential common pathogenic mechanisms between these diseases. While insulin resistance or deficiency remains the salient hallmarks of diabetes, cognitive decline and non-cognitive abnormalities such as impairments in visuospatial function, attention, cognitive flexibility, and psychomotor speed are also present. Furthermore, amyloid aggregation and deposition may also be drivers for diabetes pathology. Here, we offer a brief appraisal of social impact and economic burden of these chronic diseases and provide insight into amyloidogenesis through considering recent advances of amyloid-β aggregates on diabetes pathology and islet amyloid polypeptide on Alzheimer’s disease. Exploring the detailed knowledge of molecular interaction between these two amyloidogenic proteins opens new opportunities for therapies and biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Dumitrita Stanciu
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Veronica Bild
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.C.A.); (R.N.R.); (A.C.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence: (V.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Daniela Carmen Ababei
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.C.A.); (R.N.R.); (A.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Razvan Nicolae Rusu
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.C.A.); (R.N.R.); (A.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Alina Cobzaru
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.C.A.); (R.N.R.); (A.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Luminita Paduraru
- Department Mother & Child Care, Division Neonatology, Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (V.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Delia Bulea
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.C.A.); (R.N.R.); (A.C.); (D.B.)
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92
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Meng L, Li XY, Shen L, Ji HF. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease: Current Evidence and Therapeutic Opportunities. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:597-614. [PMID: 32470386 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represent two major health burdens with steadily increasing prevalence and accumulating evidence indicates a close relationship between the two disorders. In view of their similar pathogenesis, the potential of T2DM drugs for the treatment of AD has attracted considerable attention in recent years, with inspiring outcomes. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of a total of 14 individual drugs (among which are seven T2DM drug types) against AD. Further, we discuss the potential action mechanisms of these T2DM drugs against AD. We argue that these findings may open novel avenues for AD drug discovery, drug target identification, and cotreatment of the two disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Meng
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yu Li
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Fang Ji
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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93
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Assaf N, El-Shamarka ME, Salem NA, Khadrawy YA, El Sayed NS. Neuroprotective effect of PPAR alpha and gamma agonists in a mouse model of amyloidogenesis through modulation of the Wnt/beta catenin pathway via targeting alpha- and beta-secretases. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 97:109793. [PMID: 31669201 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of fenofibrate and pioglitazone in a mouse model of amyloidogenesis induced by amyloidβ (βA) peptide. Mice were injected intracerebroventricularly with βA1-40 (400 pmol/mouse) once, followed by treatment with fenofibrate (300 mg/kg), pioglitazone (30 mg/kg),or both. After 21 days of daily treatment, memory impairment and cognitive function were evaluated by Morris water maze (MWM), Y-maze and object recognition tests. On the 22nd day, mice were sacrificed, and their hippocampi were dissected to determine the levels of α- and β-secretase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARα and β), Wnt and β-catenin. Significant memory impairment and cognitive dysfunction were observed in the mouse model group. This finding was associated with a significant increase in α- and β-secretase levels and a significant decrease in Wnt, β-catenin, and PPARα and β levels. Neuronal damage was also evident after histopathological examination. Treatment with fenofibrate, pioglitazone and their combination resulted in a significant improvement in the behavioural and neurochemical changes induced by βA injection. The present findings indicate that the combined administration of fenofibrate and pioglitazone was more effective than monotherapy in ameliorating the behavioural, neurochemical and histopathological changes in amyloidogenesis model mice and provide a promising therapeutic approach in the management of Alzheimer's disease complicated by diabetes and hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa Assaf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa E El-Shamarka
- Department of Narcotics, Ergogenic Aids and Poisons, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Neveen A Salem
- Department of Narcotics, Ergogenic Aids and Poisons, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser A Khadrawy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Nesrine S El Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.
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94
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Korani M, Jamshidi M. The Effect of Aqueous Extract of Trachyspermum ammi Seeds and Ibuprofen on Inflammatory Gene Expression in the Cartilage Tissue of Rats with Collagen-Induced Arthritis. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:133-139. [PMID: 32184646 PMCID: PMC7053820 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s236242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disease treated with nonsteroidal anti–inflammatory drugs that have different side effects. One of the plants used for this purpose in the traditional medicine is Trachyspermum ammi. The present study aimed at investigating the anti–inflammatory effect of this plant on type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods The study was performed on 35 male Wistar rats. Seven rats were considered as the healthy control group (normal group), and CIA was stablished in the rest. The rats with a model of inflammatory arthritis were divided into four groups. One group did not receive any treatment and three groups were treated orally with ibuprofen (15 mg/kg), aqueous extract of the T. ammi seeds (100 mg/kg), or their combination for 30 days. The effect of different treatments was investigated on the paw thickness, arthritis score, and mRNA level of COX2 and iNOS genes. Results CIA increased paw thickness, arthritis score, and COX2 and iNOS mRNA levels compared to those of the normal group. Treatment with ibuprofen and aqueous extract alone or in combination reduced the studied variables. Reduction in the paw thickness, arthritis score, and iNOS mRNA level was more in the ibuprofen-treated group than the T. ammi extract-treated group, but treatment with T. ammi extract reduced COX2 mRNA level more than ibuprofen. Conclusion It seems that the aqueous extract of T. ammi can be used alone or in combination with ibuprofen to treat RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Korani
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, System Biology and Poisoning Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadnabi Jamshidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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95
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Low YL, Jin L, Morris ER, Pan Y, Nicolazzo JA. Pioglitazone Increases Blood-Brain Barrier Expression of Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 5 and Docosahexaenoic Acid Trafficking into the Brain. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:873-884. [PMID: 31944767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an essential cognitively beneficial fatty acid, are reduced in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have demonstrated in an AD mouse model that this is associated with reduced blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport of DHA and lower expression of the key DHA-trafficking protein, fatty acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5). This study focused on assessing the impact of activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms on FABP5 expression and function at the BBB. Using immortalized human brain endothelial (hCMEC/D3) cells, a 72 h treatment with the PPARα agonist clofibrate (100 μM), and PPARβ/δ agonists GW0742 (1 μM) and GW501506 (0.5 μM), did not affect FABP5 protein expression. In contrast, the PPARγ agonists rosiglitazone (5 μM), pioglitazone (25 μM), and troglitazone (1 μM) increased FABP5 protein expression by 1.15-, 1.18-, and 1.24-fold in hCMEC/D3 cells, respectively, with rosiglitazone and pioglitazone also increasing mRNA expression of FABP5. In line with an increase in FABP5 expression, pioglitazone increased 14C-DHA uptake into hCMEC/D3 cells 1.20- to 1.33-fold over a 2 min period, and this was not associated with increased expression of membrane transporters involved in DHA uptake. Furthermore, treating male C57BL/6J mice with pioglitazone (40 mg/kg/day for 7 days) led to a 1.79-fold increase in BBB transport of 14C-DHA over 1 min, using an in situ transcardiac perfusion technique, which was associated with a 1.82-fold increase in brain microvascular FABP5 protein expression. Overall, this study demonstrated that PPARγ can regulate FABP5 at the BBB and facilitate DHA transport across the BBB, important in restoring brain levels of DHA in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ling Low
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Liang Jin
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Elonie R Morris
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Yijun Pan
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Joseph A Nicolazzo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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96
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Lu CD, Ma JK, Luo ZY, Tai QX, Wang P, Guan PP. Transferrin is responsible for mediating the effects of iron ions on the regulation of anterior pharynx-defective-1α/β and Presenilin 1 expression via PGE 2 and PGD 2 at the early stage of Alzheimer's Disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:3117-3135. [PMID: 30383537 PMCID: PMC6286844 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Transferrin (Tf) is an important iron-binding protein postulated to play a key role in iron ion (Fe) absorption via the Tf receptor (TfR), which potentially contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the role of Tf in AD remains unknown. Using mouse-derived neurons and APP/PS1 transgenic (Tg) mice as model systems, we firstly revealed the mechanisms of APH-1α/1β and presenilin 1 (PS1) upregulation by Fe in prostaglandin (PG) E2- and PGD2-dependent mechanisms. Specifically, Fe stimulated the expression of mPGES-1 and the production of PGE2 and PGD2 via the Tf and TfR system. Highly accumulated PGE2 markedly induced the expression of anterior pharynx-defective-1α and -1β (APH-1α/1β) and PS1 via an EP receptor-dependent mechanism. In contrast, PGD2 suppressed the expression of APH-1α/1β and PS1 via a prostaglandin D2 (DP) receptor-dependent mechanism. As the natural dehydrated product of PGD2, 15d-PGJ2 exerts inhibitory effects on the expression of APH-1α/1β and PS1 in a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ-dependent manner. The expression of APH-1α/1β and PS1 ultimately determined the production and deposition of β-amyloid protein (Aβ), an effect that potentially contributes to the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Di Lu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Kang Ma
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Yang Luo
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Qun-Xi Tai
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
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Rani Panigrahy S, Pradhan S, Sekhar Maharana C. Amelioration of Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation by Saroglitazar, A Dual PPARα/γ Agonist in MES Induced Epileptic Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.13005/bpj/1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory process are implicated in pathophysiology of epilepsy as well as epileptogenesis. The α and γ isoform of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) agonist has been reported to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions. We hypothesized that saroglitazar, a dual PPAR-α and PPAR-γ agonist may ameliorate oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory process in MES induced epileptic rats. A total of 36 rats were randomized to different groups (n=6). Group I served as normal control, while in the remaining groups (group IV, V and VI) animals were pre-treated with saroglitazar for 15 days prior to inducing MES. Group I animals were pre-treated with vehicle and group-III with diazepam (2mg/kg). Epilepsy was induced in rats and time taken for onset of tonic hind limb extension (THLE), duration of THLE, duration of clonic phase and recovery time in seconds were noted. Brain SOD and MDA levels were assessed and immunohistochemical analysis was done to evaluate the expression of inflammatory marker COX-2. Pre-treatment with saroglitazar was effective against tonic clonic seizure in MES treated rats. SOD levels significantly increased and a significant reduction in MDA levels with a remarkable decrease in the uptake of COX-2 antibody were reported. Saroglitazar attenuated MES induced epilepsy and the probable underlying mechanisms are due to the inhibition of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Supriya Pradhan
- Department of Pharmacology, MKCG Medical College, Berhampur, Odisha
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Dhakal S, Kushairi N, Phan CW, Adhikari B, Sabaratnam V, Macreadie I. Dietary Polyphenols: A Multifactorial Strategy to Target Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5090. [PMID: 31615073 PMCID: PMC6834216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is an inevitable fundamental process for people and is their greatest risk factor for neurodegenerative disease. The ageing processes bring changes in cells that can drive the organisms to experience loss of nutrient sensing, disrupted cellular functions, increased oxidative stress, loss of cellular homeostasis, genomic instability, accumulation of misfolded protein, impaired cellular defenses and telomere shortening. Perturbation of these vital cellular processes in neuronal cells can lead to life threatening neurological disorders like Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Lewy body dementia, etc. Alzheimer's Disease is the most frequent cause of deaths in the elderly population. Various therapeutic molecules have been designed to overcome the social, economic and health care burden caused by Alzheimer's Disease. Almost all the chemical compounds in clinical practice have been found to treat symptoms only limiting them to palliative care. The reason behind such imperfect drugs may result from the inefficiencies of the current drugs to target the cause of the disease. Here, we review the potential role of antioxidant polyphenolic compounds that could possibly be the most effective preventative strategy against Alzheimer's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Dhakal
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Naufal Kushairi
- Mushroom Research Centre, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Chia Wei Phan
- Mushroom Research Centre, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Vikineswary Sabaratnam
- Mushroom Research Centre, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ian Macreadie
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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d'Angelo M, Castelli V, Catanesi M, Antonosante A, Dominguez-Benot R, Ippoliti R, Benedetti E, Cimini A. PPARγ and Cognitive Performance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205068. [PMID: 31614739 PMCID: PMC6834178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings have led to the discovery of many signaling pathways that link nuclear receptors with human conditions, including mental decline and neurodegenerative diseases. PPARγ agonists have been indicated as neuroprotective agents, supporting synaptic plasticity and neurite outgrowth. For these reasons, many PPARγ ligands have been proposed for the improvement of cognitive performance in different pathological conditions. In this review, the research on this issue is extensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele d'Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mariano Catanesi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Antonosante
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Reyes Dominguez-Benot
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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Beheshti F, Hosseini M, Hashemzehi M, Soukhtanloo M, Asghari A. The effects of PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone on anxiety and depression-like behaviors in lipopolysaccharide injected rats. TOXIN REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2019.1673425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farimah Beheshti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Milad Hashemzehi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Mohammad Soukhtanloo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Asghari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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