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Ibarra BA, Atit R. What Do Animal Models Teach Us About Congenital Craniofacial Defects? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1236:137-155. [PMID: 32304072 PMCID: PMC7394376 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2389-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the head and face is a complex process which involves many different signaling cues regulating the migration, differentiation, and proliferation of the neural crest. This highly complex process is very error-prone, resulting in craniofacial defects in nearly 10,000 births in the United States annually. Due to the highly conserved mechanisms of craniofacial development, animal models are widely used to understand the pathogenesis of various human diseases and assist in the diagnosis and generation of preventative therapies and treatments. Here, we provide a brief background of craniofacial development and discuss several rare diseases affecting craniofacial bone development. We focus on rare congenital diseases of the cranial bone, facial jaw bones, and two classes of diseases, ciliopathies and RASopathies. Studying the animal models of these rare diseases sheds light not only on the etiology and pathology of each disease, but also provides meaningful insights towards the mechanisms which regulate normal development of the head and face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz A Ibarra
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Radhika Atit
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Rengasamy Venugopalan S, Farrow E, Sanchez-Lara PA, Yen S, Lypka M, Jiang S, Allareddy V. A novel nonsense substitution identified in the AMIGO2 gene in an Occulo-Auriculo-Vertebral spectrum patient. Orthod Craniofac Res 2019; 22 Suppl 1:163-167. [PMID: 31074142 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Craniofacial microsmia is the second most common congenital disorder with mostly unilateral defects of ear, temporomandibular joint, mandible, and muscles of facial expression and mastication. The objective of this study was to identify, if there were any, de novo germline or somatic variants in a patient with Occulo-Auriculo-Vertebral Spectrum (OAVS) using whole-exome sequencing. SETTINGS AND SAMPLE POPULATION Trio/Family-based study of an OAVS proband. MATERIALS AND METHODS Children's Mercy Hospital Institutional Review Board approved this study and a request-to-rely was procured from the University of Missouri Kansas City IRB. Informed assent/consent was obtained for all family members prior to any research activities. The peripheral blood/affected side tissues from corrective surgery of the proband and peripheral blood samples from unaffected parents were collected. The isolated genomic DNA were enriched for exomes and sequenced on an Illlumina HiSeq 2500 instrument yielding paired-end 125 nucleotide reads (84X coverage). Gapped alignment to reference sequences (GRCh37.p5) was performed with BWA and the GATK and analysis completed using custom-developed software. RESULTS Analyses revealed that the proband carried a de novo germ line nonsense substitution (c.901C>T) in AMIGO2 gene, and missense substitutions in ZCCHC14 (c.1198C>T), and in SZT2 genes (c.2951C>T). CONCLUSIONS The nonsense substitution in AMIGO2 gene introduces a premature stop codon possibly rendering the gene non-functional via nonsense-mediated pathway decay-therefore considered a stronger candidate. Further functional studies are required to confirm whether loss-of-function variants in AMIGO2 can cause OAVS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Farrow
- Children's Mercy Hospitals, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Pedro A Sanchez-Lara
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephen Yen
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Shao Jiang
- Children's Mercy Hospitals, Kansas City, Missouri
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Extracraniofacial anomalies in craniofacial microsomia: retrospective analysis of 991 patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019; 48:1169-1176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Goos JAC, Vogel WK, Mlcochova H, Millard CJ, Esfandiari E, Selman WH, Calpena E, Koelling N, Carpenter EL, Swagemakers SMA, van der Spek PJ, Filtz TM, Schwabe JWR, Iwaniec UT, Mathijssen IMJ, Leid M, Twigg SRF. A de novo substitution in BCL11B leads to loss of interaction with transcriptional complexes and craniosynostosis. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:2501-2513. [PMID: 31067316 PMCID: PMC6644156 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis, the premature ossification of cranial sutures, is a developmental disorder of the skull vault, occurring in approximately 1 in 2250 births. The causes are heterogeneous, with a monogenic basis identified in ~25% of patients. Using whole-genome sequencing, we identified a novel, de novo variant in BCL11B, c.7C>A, encoding an R3S substitution (p.R3S), in a male patient with coronal suture synostosis. BCL11B is a transcription factor that interacts directly with the nucleosome remodelling and deacetylation complex (NuRD) and polycomb-related complex 2 (PRC2) through the invariant proteins RBBP4 and RBBP7. The p.R3S substitution occurs within a conserved amino-terminal motif (RRKQxxP) of BCL11B and reduces interaction with both transcriptional complexes. Equilibrium binding studies and molecular dynamics simulations show that the p.R3S substitution disrupts ionic coordination between BCL11B and the RBBP4-MTA1 complex, a subassembly of the NuRD complex, and increases the conformational flexibility of Arg-4, Lys-5 and Gln-6 of BCL11B. These alterations collectively reduce the affinity of BCL11B p.R3S for the RBBP4-MTA1 complex by nearly an order of magnitude. We generated a mouse model of the BCL11B p.R3S substitution using a CRISPR-Cas9-based approach, and we report herein that these mice exhibit craniosynostosis of the coronal suture, as well as other cranial sutures. This finding provides strong evidence that the BCL11B p.R3S substitution is causally associated with craniosynostosis and confirms an important role for BCL11B in the maintenance of cranial suture patency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A C Goos
- Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery
- Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Walter K Vogel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Hana Mlcochova
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher J Millard
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Elahe Esfandiari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Wisam H Selman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
| | - Eduardo Calpena
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Nils Koelling
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Evan L Carpenter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sigrid M A Swagemakers
- Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J van der Spek
- Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theresa M Filtz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - John W R Schwabe
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Mark Leid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Stephen R F Twigg
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Vitamin D Receptor Signaling Regulates Craniofacial Cartilage Development in Zebrafish. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:jdb7020013. [PMID: 31234506 PMCID: PMC6630938 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D plays essential roles in supporting the skeletal system. The active form of vitamin D functions through the vitamin D receptor (VDR). A hereditary vitamin-D-resistant rickets with facial dysmorphism has been reported, but the involvement of VDR signaling during early stages of craniofacial development remains to be elucidated. The present study investigated whether VDR signaling is implicated in zebrafish craniofacial cartilage development using a morpholino-based knockdown approach. Two paralogous VDR genes, vdra and vdrb, have been found in zebrafish embryos. Loss-of-vdra has no discernible effect on cartilage elements, whereas loss-of-vdrb causes reduction and malformation of craniofacial cartilages. Disrupting both vdra and vdrb leads to more severe defects or complete loss of cartilage. Notably, knockdown of vdrb results in elevated expression of follistatin a (fsta), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist, in the adjacent pharyngeal endoderm. Taken together, these findings strongly indicate that VDR signaling is required for early craniofacial cartilage development in zebrafish.
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Petrelli B, Bendelac L, Hicks GG, Fainsod A. Insights into retinoic acid deficiency and the induction of craniofacial malformations and microcephaly in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Genesis 2019; 57:e23278. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Berardino Petrelli
- Regenerative Medicine Program and the Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Liat Bendelac
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel‐CanadaFaculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Jerusalem Israel
| | - Geoffrey G. Hicks
- Regenerative Medicine Program and the Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Abraham Fainsod
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel‐CanadaFaculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Jerusalem Israel
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Prasad MS, Charney RM, García-Castro MI. Specification and formation of the neural crest: Perspectives on lineage segregation. Genesis 2019; 57:e23276. [PMID: 30576078 PMCID: PMC6570420 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is a fascinating embryonic population unique to vertebrates that is endowed with remarkable differentiation capacity. Thought to originate from ectodermal tissue, neural crest cells generate neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, and melanocytes throughout the body. However, the neural crest also generates many ectomesenchymal derivatives in the cranial region, including cell types considered to be of mesodermal origin such as cartilage, bone, and adipose tissue. These ectomesenchymal derivatives play a critical role in the formation of the vertebrate head, and are thought to be a key attribute at the center of vertebrate evolution and diversity. Further, aberrant neural crest cell development and differentiation is the root cause of many human pathologies, including cancers, rare syndromes, and birth malformations. In this review, we discuss the current findings of neural crest cell ontogeny, and consider tissue, cell, and molecular contributions toward neural crest formation. We further provide current perspectives into the molecular network involved during the segregation of the neural crest lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneeshi S Prasad
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Rebekah M Charney
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Martín I García-Castro
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
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Wan Y, Lantz B, Cusack BJ, Szabo-Rogers HL. Prickle1 regulates differentiation of frontal bone osteoblasts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:18021. [PMID: 30575813 PMCID: PMC6303328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Enlarged fontanelles and smaller frontal bones result in a mechanically compromised skull. Both phenotypes could develop from defective migration and differentiation of osteoblasts in the skull bone primordia. The Wnt/Planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) signaling pathway regulates cell migration and movement in other tissues and led us to test the role of Prickle1, a core component of the Wnt/PCP pathway, in the skull. For these studies, we used the missense allele of Prickle1 named Prickle1Beetlejuice (Prickle1Bj). The Prickle1Bj/Bj mutants are microcephalic and develop enlarged fontanelles between insufficient frontal bones, while the parietal bones are normal. Prickle1Bj/Bj mutants have several other craniofacial defects including a midline cleft lip, incompletely penetrant cleft palate, and decreased proximal-distal growth of the head. We observed decreased Wnt/β-catenin and Hedgehog signaling in the frontal bone condensations of the Prickle1Bj/Bj mutants. Surprisingly, the smaller frontal bones do not result from defects in cell proliferation or death, but rather significantly delayed differentiation and decreased expression of migratory markers in the frontal bone osteoblast precursors. Our data suggests that Prickle1 protein function contributes to both the migration and differentiation of osteoblast precursors in the frontal bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wan
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brandi Lantz
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brian J Cusack
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Heather L Szabo-Rogers
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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59
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Ahmad Y, Starbuck JM. Disruption of symmetry: A quantitative assessment of facial skeleton anatomy in children born with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Clin Anat 2018; 31:1129-1136. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.23277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Ahmad
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Central Florida Orlando Florida 32816
| | - John M. Starbuck
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Central Florida Orlando Florida 32816
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60
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Oussoren E, Mathijssen IMJ, Wagenmakers M, Verdijk RM, Bredero-Boelhouwer HH, van Veelen-Vincent MLC, van der Meijden JC, van den Hout JMP, Ruijter GJG, van der Ploeg AT, Langeveld M. Craniosynostosis affects the majority of mucopolysaccharidosis patients and can contribute to increased intracranial pressure. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:1247-1258. [PMID: 30083803 PMCID: PMC6326980 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mucopolysaccharidoses are multisystem lysosomal storage diseases characterized by extensive skeletal deformities, including skull abnormalities. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of craniosynostosis in the different mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) types and its clinical consequences. METHODS In a prospective cohort study spanning 10 years, skull imaging and clinical evaluations were performed in 47 MPS patients (type I, II, VI, and VII). A total of 215 radiographs of the skull were analyzed. The presence and type of craniosynostosis, the sutures involved, progression over time, skull shape, head circumference, fundoscopy, and ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) placement data were evaluated. RESULTS Craniosynostosis of at least one suture was present in 77% of all 47 MPS patients (≤ 6 years of age in 40% of all patients). In 32% of all MPS patients, premature closure of all sutures was seen (≤ 6 years of age in 13% of all patients). All patients with early closure had a more severe MPS phenotype, both in the neuronopathic (MPS I, II) and non-neuronopathic (MPS VI) patient groups. Because of symptomatic increased intracranial pressure (ICP), a VPS was placed in six patients, with craniosynostosis as a likely or certain causative factor for the increased pressure in four patients. One patient underwent cranial vault expansion because of severe craniosynostosis. CONCLUSIONS Craniosynostosis occurs in the majority of MPS patients. Since the clinical consequences can be severe and surgical intervention is possible, skull growth and signs and symptoms of increased ICP should be monitored in both neuronopathic and non-neuronopathic patients with MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmee Oussoren
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Irene M J Mathijssen
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Dutch Craniofacial Centre, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet Wagenmakers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob M Verdijk
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hansje H Bredero-Boelhouwer
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Dutch Craniofacial Centre, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan C van der Meijden
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna M P van den Hout
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - George J G Ruijter
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ans T van der Ploeg
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Langeveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Sun R, Wang Y, Jin M, Chen L, Cao Y, Chen F. Identification and Functional Studies of MYO1H for Mandibular Prognathism. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1501-1509. [PMID: 29986156 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518784936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandibular prognathism (MP) is regarded as a craniofacial deformity resulting from the combined effects of environmental and genetic factors, while the genetically predetermined component is considered to play an important role to develop MP. Although linkage and association studies for MP have identified multiple strongly associated regions and genes, the causal genes and variants responsible for the deformity remain largely undetermined. To address this, we performed targeted sequencing of 396 genes selected from previous studies as well as genes and pathways related with craniofacial development as primary candidates in 199 MP cases and 197 controls and carried out a series of statistical and functional analyses. A nonsynonymous common variant of MYO1H rs3825393, C>T, p.Pro1001Leu, was identified to be significantly associated with MP. During zebrafish embryologic development, expression of MYO1H orthologous genes were detected at mandibular jaw. Furthermore, jaw cartilage defects were observed in zebrafish knockdown models. Collectively, these data demonstrate that MYO1H is required for proper jaw growth and contributes to MP pathogenesis, expanding our knowledge of the genetic basis of MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sun
- 1 Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Wang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - M Jin
- 3 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - L Chen
- 1 Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Cao
- 3 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - F Chen
- 1 Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
Craniosynostosis refers to a condition during early development in which one or more of the fibrous sutures of the skull prematurely fuse by turning into bone, which produces recognizable patterns of cranial shape malformations depending on which suture(s) are affected. In addition to cases with isolated cranial dysmorphologies, craniosynostosis appears in syndromes that include skeletal features of the eyes, nose, palate, hands, and feet as well as impairment of vision, hearing, and intellectual development. Approximately 85% of the cases are nonsyndromic sporadic and emerge after de novo structural genome rearrangements or single nucleotide variation, while the remainders consist of syndromic cases following mendelian inheritance. By karyotyping, genome wide linkage, and CNV analyses as well as by whole exome and whole genome sequencing, numerous candidate genes for craniosynostosis belonging to the FGF, Wnt, BMP, Ras/ERK, ephrin, hedgehog, STAT, and retinoic acid signaling pathways have been identified. Many of the craniosynostosis-related candidate genes form a functional network based upon protein-protein or protein-DNA interactions. Depending on which node of this craniosynostosis-related network is affected by a gene mutation or a change in gene expression pattern, a distinct craniosynostosis syndrome or set of phenotypes ensues. Structural variations may alter the dosage of one or several genes or disrupt the genomic architecture of genes and their regulatory elements within topologically associated chromatin domains. These may exert dominant effects by either haploinsufficiency, dominant negative partial loss of function, gain of function, epistatic interaction, or alteration of levels and patterns of gene expression during development. Molecular mechanisms of dominant modes of action of these mutations may include loss of one or several binding sites for cognate protein partners or transcription factor binding sequences. Such losses affect interactions within functional networks governing development and consequently result in phenotypes such as craniosynostosis. Many of the novel variants identified by genome wide CNV analyses, whole exome and whole genome sequencing are incorporated in recently developed diagnostic algorithms for craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Poot
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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63
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Barba M, Di Pietro L, Massimi L, Geloso MC, Frassanito P, Caldarelli M, Michetti F, Della Longa S, Romitti PA, Di Rocco C, Arcovito A, Parolini O, Tamburrini G, Bernardini C, Boyadjiev SA, Lattanzi W. BBS9 gene in nonsyndromic craniosynostosis: Role of the primary cilium in the aberrant ossification of the suture osteogenic niche. Bone 2018; 112:58-70. [PMID: 29674126 PMCID: PMC5970090 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (NCS) is the premature ossification of skull sutures, without associated clinical features. Mutations in several genes account for a small number of NCS patients; thus, the molecular etiopathogenesis of NCS remains largely unclear. Our study aimed at characterizing the molecular signaling implicated in the aberrant ossification of sutures in NCS patients. Comparative gene expression profiling of NCS patient sutures identified a fused suture-specific signature, including 17 genes involved in primary cilium signaling and assembly. Cells from fused sutures displayed a reduced potential to form primary cilia compared to cells from control patent sutures of the same patient. We identified specific upregulated splice variants of the Bardet Biedl syndrome-associated gene 9 (BBS9), which encodes a structural component of the ciliary BBSome complex. BBS9 expression increased during in vitro osteogenic differentiation of suture-derived mesenchymal cells of NCS patients. Also, Bbs9 expression increased during in vivo ossification of rat sutures. BBS9 functional knockdown affected the expression of primary cilia on patient suture cells and their osteogenic potential. Computational modeling of the upregulated protein isoforms (observed in patients) predicted that their binding affinity within the BBSome may be affected, providing a possible explanation for the aberrant suture ossification in NCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Barba
- Istituto di Anatomia Umana e Biologia Cellulare, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli", 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorena Di Pietro
- Istituto di Anatomia Umana e Biologia Cellulare, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Massimi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli", 00168 Rome, Italy; Istituto di Neurochirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Geloso
- Istituto di Anatomia Umana e Biologia Cellulare, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli", 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Frassanito
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli", 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Caldarelli
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli", 00168 Rome, Italy; Istituto di Neurochirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Michetti
- Istituto di Anatomia Umana e Biologia Cellulare, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Della Longa
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Paul A Romitti
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, IA, USA
| | - Concezio Di Rocco
- Department of Neurosurgery, International Neuroscience Institute, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alessandro Arcovito
- Istituto di Neurochirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Istituto di Anatomia Umana e Biologia Cellulare, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli", 00168 Rome, Italy; Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza-Istituto Ospedaliero, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Tamburrini
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli", 00168 Rome, Italy; Istituto di Neurochirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Bernardini
- Istituto di Anatomia Umana e Biologia Cellulare, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli", 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Simeon A Boyadjiev
- Section of Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 95817 Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Wanda Lattanzi
- Istituto di Anatomia Umana e Biologia Cellulare, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli", 00168 Rome, Italy.
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64
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Rengasamy Venugopalan S, Farrow EG, Lypka M. Whole-exome sequencing identified a variant in EFTUD2 gene in establishing a genetic diagnosis. Orthod Craniofac Res 2018. [PMID: 28643921 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Craniofacial anomalies are complex and have an overlapping phenotype. Mandibulofacial Dysostosis and Oculo-Auriculo-Vertebral Spectrum are conditions that share common craniofacial phenotype and present a challenge in arriving at a diagnosis. In this report, we present a case of female proband who was given a differential diagnosis of Treacher Collins syndrome or Hemifacial Microsomia without certainty. Prior genetic testing reported negative for 22q deletion and FGFR screenings. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the critical role of whole-exome sequencing in establishing a genetic diagnosis of the proband. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION The participants were 14½-year-old affected female proband/parent trio. MATERIALS AND METHODS Proband/parent trio were enrolled in the study. Surgical tissue sample from the proband and parental blood samples were collected and prepared for whole-exome sequencing. Illumina HiSeq 2500 instrument was used for sequencing (125 nucleotide reads/84X coverage). Analyses of variants were performed using custom-developed software, RUNES and VIKING. RESULTS Variant analyses following whole-exome sequencing identified a heterozygous de novo pathogenic variant, c.259C>T (p.Gln87*), in EFTUD2 (NM_004247.3) gene in the proband. Previous studies have reported that the variants in EFTUD2 gene were associated with Mandibulofacial Dysostosis with Microcephaly. CONCLUSION Patients with facial asymmetry, micrognathia, choanal atresia and microcephaly should be analyzed for variants in EFTUD2 gene. Next-generation sequencing techniques, such as whole-exome sequencing offer great promise to improve the understanding of etiologies of sporadic genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E G Farrow
- Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - M Lypka
- Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
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65
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Neurocristopathies: New insights 150 years after the neural crest discovery. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S110-S143. [PMID: 29802835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a transient, multipotent and migratory cell population that generates an astonishingly diverse array of cell types during vertebrate development. These cells, which originate from the ectoderm in a region lateral to the neural plate in the neural fold, give rise to neurons, glia, melanocytes, chondrocytes, smooth muscle cells, odontoblasts and neuroendocrine cells, among others. Neurocristopathies (NCP) are a class of pathologies occurring in vertebrates, especially in humans that result from the abnormal specification, migration, differentiation or death of neural crest cells during embryonic development. Various pigment, skin, thyroid and hearing disorders, craniofacial and heart abnormalities, malfunctions of the digestive tract and tumors can also be considered as neurocristopathies. In this review we revisit the current classification and propose a new way to classify NCP based on the embryonic origin of the affected tissues, on recent findings regarding the molecular mechanisms that drive NC formation, and on the increased complexity of current molecular embryology techniques.
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66
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Silva-Giraldo X, Porras-Hurtado GL. Characterization of congenital craniofacial anomalies in a specialized hospital of Risaralda, Colombia. 2010-2014. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2018. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v66n2.61551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción. Los defectos craneofaciales congénitos pueden causar un impacto en la vida de los niños y de sus familias cuando comprometen el rostro. Además, pueden estar acompañados de alteración de las funciones cerebrales o de la apariencia facial. No se tienen datos concluyentes sobre la presencia de estos defectos en el Eje Cafetero.Objetivo. Identificar la frecuencia de las malformaciones craneofaciales congénitas en un periodo de cuatro años en una institución privada de la ciudad de Pereira, en Risaralda, Colombia.Materiales y métodos. Estudio trasversal retrospectivo. La información fue recolectada a través del sistema de información de historias clínicas de pacientes que consultaron por primera vez en una institución privada de salud. El análisis estadístico fue realizado mediante el software R y Microsoft Excel versión 2007.Resultados. Entre enero del 2010 y diciembre del 2014 se atendieron 1 807 pacientes con malformaciones craneofaciales congénitas, lo que corresponde al 19.5% del total de las anomalías congénitas. La hendidura labio-palatina fue la más frecuente.Conclusiones. Aunque las malformaciones craneofaciales congénitas se presentan con frecuencia, se sabe muy poco de su etiología. El diagnóstico temprano puede prevenir futuras complicaciones que deterioren la salud o que generen un sobrecosto para el sistema de salud.
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67
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Marulanda J, Murshed M. Role of Matrix Gla protein in midface development: Recent advances. Oral Dis 2018; 24:78-83. [PMID: 29480643 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial development is a delicate process that involves complex interactions among cells of multiple developmental origins, their migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Tissue morphogenesis of the craniofacial skeleton depends on genetic and environmental factors, and on specific signaling pathways, which are still not well understood. Developmental defects of the midface caused by the absence, delays, or premature fusion of nasal and maxillary prominences vary in severity; leading to clefts, hypoplasias, and midline expansion. In the current review, we focus on the importance of the chondrocranium in craniofacial growth and how its impaired development leads to midface hypoplasia. More importantly, we reported how Matrix Gla protein (MGP), a potent inhibitor of extracellular matrix mineralization, facilitates midface development by preventing ectopic calcification of the nasal septum. In fact, MGP may act as a common link in multiple developmental pathologies all showing midface hypoplasia caused by abnormal cartilage calcification. This brief review discusses the gap in knowledge in the field, raises pertinent questions, which remain unanswered, and sheds light on the future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marulanda
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M Murshed
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC, Canada
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68
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Craniosynostosis as a clinical and diagnostic problem: molecular pathology and genetic counseling. J Appl Genet 2018; 59:133-147. [PMID: 29392564 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-017-0423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis (occurrence: 1/2500 live births) is a result of premature fusion of cranial sutures, leading to alterations of the pattern of cranial growth, resulting in abnormal shape of the head and dysmorphic facial features. In approximately 85% of cases, the disease is isolated and nonsyndromic and mainly involves only one suture. Syndromic craniosynostoses such as Crouzon, Apert, Pfeiffer, Muenke, and Saethre-Chotzen syndromes not only affect multiple sutures, but are also associated with the presence of additional clinical symptoms, including hand and feet malformations, skeletal and cardiac defects, developmental delay, and others. The etiology of craniosynostoses may involve genetic (also somatic mosaicism and regulatory mutations) and epigenetic factors, as well as environmental factors. According to the published data, chromosomal aberrations, mostly submicroscopic ones, account for about 6.7-40% of cases of syndromic craniosynostoses presenting with premature fusion of metopic or sagittal sutures. The best characterized is the deletion or translocation of the 7p21 region containing the TWIST1 gene. The deletions of 9p22 or 11q23-qter (Jacobsen syndrome) are both associated with trigonocephaly. The genes related to the pathogenesis of the craniosynostoses itself are those encoding transcription factors, e.g., TWIST1, MSX2, EN1, and ZIC1, and proteins involved in osteogenic proliferation, differentiation, and homeostasis, such as FGFR1, FGFR2, RUNX2, POR, and many others. In this review, we present the clinical and molecular features of selected craniosynostosis syndromes, genotype-phenotype correlation, family genetic counseling, and propose the most appropriate diagnostic algorithm.
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69
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Lansdon LA, Darbro BW, Petrin AL, Hulstrand AM, Standley JM, Brouillette RB, Long A, Mansilla MA, Cornell RA, Murray JC, Houston DW, Manak JR. Identification of Isthmin 1 as a Novel Clefting and Craniofacial Patterning Gene in Humans. Genetics 2018; 208:283-296. [PMID: 29162626 PMCID: PMC5753863 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Orofacial clefts are one of the most common birth defects, affecting 1-2 per 1000 births, and have a complex etiology. High-resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization has increased the ability to detect copy number variants (CNVs) that can be causative for complex diseases such as cleft lip and/or palate. Utilizing this technique on 97 nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate cases and 43 cases with cleft palate only, we identified a heterozygous deletion of Isthmin 1 in one affected case, as well as a deletion in a second case that removes putative 3' regulatory information. Isthmin 1 is a strong candidate for clefting, as it is expressed in orofacial structures derived from the first branchial arch and is also in the same "synexpression group" as fibroblast growth factor 8 and sprouty RTK signaling antagonist 1a and 2, all of which have been associated with clefting. CNVs affecting Isthmin 1 are exceedingly rare in control populations, and Isthmin 1 scores as a likely haploinsufficiency locus. Confirming its role in craniofacial development, knockdown or clustered randomly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9-generated mutation of isthmin 1 in Xenopus laevis resulted in mild to severe craniofacial dysmorphologies, with several individuals presenting with median clefts. Moreover, knockdown of isthmin 1 produced decreased expression of LIM homeobox 8, itself a gene associated with clefting, in regions of the face that pattern the maxilla. Our study demonstrates a successful pipeline from CNV identification of a candidate gene to functional validation in a vertebrate model system, and reveals Isthmin 1 as both a new human clefting locus as well as a key craniofacial patterning gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Lansdon
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Biology
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics
| | - Benjamin W Darbro
- Department of Pediatrics
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics
| | - Aline L Petrin
- Department of Pediatrics
- College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa 52242 and
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert A Cornell
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and
| | - Jeffrey C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Biology
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics
- College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa 52242 and
| | | | - J Robert Manak
- Department of Pediatrics,
- Department of Biology
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics
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70
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Bartzela TN, Carels C, Maltha JC. Update on 13 Syndromes Affecting Craniofacial and Dental Structures. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1038. [PMID: 29311971 PMCID: PMC5735950 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Care of individuals with syndromes affecting craniofacial and dental structures are mostly treated by an interdisciplinary team from early childhood on. In addition to medical and dental specialists that have a vivid interest in these syndromes and for whom these syndromes are of evident interest, experts of scientific background-like molecular and developmental geneticists, but also computational biologists and bioinformaticians-, become more frequently involved in the refined diagnostic and etiological processes of these patients. Early diagnosis is often crucial for the effective treatment of functional and developmental aspects. However, not all syndromes can be clinically identified early, especially in cases of absence of known family history. Moreover, the treatment of these patients is often complicated because of insufficient medical knowledge, and because of the dental and craniofacial developmental variations. The role of the team is crucial for the prevention, proper function, and craniofacial development which is often combined with orthognathic surgery. Although the existing literature does not provide considerable insight into this topic, this descriptive review aims to provide tools for the interdisciplinary team by giving an update on the genetics and general features, and the oral and craniofacial manifestations for early diagnosis. Clinical phenotyping together with genetic data and pathway information will ultimately pave the way for preventive strategies and therapeutic options in the future. This will improve the prognosis for better functional and aesthetic outcome for these patients and lead to a better quality of life, not only for the patients themselves but also for their families. The aim of this review is to promote interdisciplinary interaction and mutual understanding among all specialists involved in the diagnosis and therapeutic guidance of patients with these syndromal conditions in order to provide optimal personalized care in an integrated approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodosia N Bartzela
- Department of Orthodontics, Dentofacial Orthopedics and Pedodontics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Orthodontics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Carine Carels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaap C Maltha
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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71
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Tischfield MA, Robson CD, Gilette NM, Chim SM, Sofela FA, DeLisle MM, Gelber A, Barry BJ, MacKinnon S, Dagi LR, Nathans J, Engle EC. Cerebral Vein Malformations Result from Loss of Twist1 Expression and BMP Signaling from Skull Progenitor Cells and Dura. Dev Cell 2017; 42:445-461.e5. [PMID: 28844842 PMCID: PMC5595652 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dural cerebral veins (CV) are required for cerebrospinal fluid reabsorption and brain homeostasis, but mechanisms that regulate their growth and remodeling are unknown. We report molecular and cellular processes that regulate dural CV development in mammals and describe venous malformations in humans with craniosynostosis and TWIST1 mutations that are recapitulated in mouse models. Surprisingly, Twist1 is dispensable in endothelial cells but required for specification of osteoprogenitor cells that differentiate into preosteoblasts that produce bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Inactivation of Bmp2 and Bmp4 in preosteoblasts and periosteal dura causes skull and CV malformations, similar to humans harboring TWIST1 mutations. Notably, arterial development appears normal, suggesting that morphogens from the skull and dura establish optimal venous networks independent from arterial influences. Collectively, our work establishes a paradigm whereby CV malformations result from primary or secondary loss of paracrine BMP signaling from preosteoblasts and dura, highlighting unique cellular interactions that influence tissue-specific angiogenesis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max A Tischfield
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Caroline D Robson
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicole M Gilette
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shek Man Chim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Folasade A Sofela
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michelle M DeLisle
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alon Gelber
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brenda J Barry
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Sarah MacKinnon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Linda R Dagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeremy Nathans
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Engle
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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72
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Milstone ZJ, Lawson G, Trivedi CM. Histone deacetylase 1 and 2 are essential for murine neural crest proliferation, pharyngeal arch development, and craniofacial morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:1015-1026. [PMID: 28791750 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Craniofacial anomalies involve defective pharyngeal arch development and neural crest function. Copy number variation at 1p35, containing histone deacetylase 1 (Hdac1), or 6q21-22, containing Hdac2, are implicated in patients with craniofacial defects, suggesting an important role in guiding neural crest development. However, the roles of Hdac1 and Hdac2 within neural crest cells remain unknown. RESULTS The neural crest and its derivatives express both Hdac1 and Hdac2 during early murine development. Ablation of Hdac1 and Hdac2 within murine neural crest progenitor cells cause severe hemorrhage, atrophic pharyngeal arches, defective head morphogenesis, and complete embryonic lethality. Embryos lacking Hdac1 and Hdac2 in the neural crest exhibit decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis in both the neural tube and the first pharyngeal arch. Mechanistically, loss of Hdac1 and Hdac2 upregulates cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors Cdkn1a, Cdkn1b, Cdkn1c, Cdkn2b, Cdkn2c, and Tp53 within the first pharyngeal arch. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that Hdac1 and Hdac2 function redundantly within the neural crest to regulate proliferation and the development of the pharyngeal arches by means of repression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Developmental Dynamics 246:1015-1026, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Milstone
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Grace Lawson
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Chinmay M Trivedi
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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73
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Jia S, Zhou J, Wee Y, Mikkola ML, Schneider P, D'Souza RN. Anti-EDAR Agonist Antibody Therapy Resolves Palate Defects in Pax9 -/- Mice. J Dent Res 2017; 96:1282-1289. [PMID: 28813171 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517726073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, surgical interventions are the only means by which craniofacial anomalies can be corrected so that function, esthetics, and the sense of well-being are restored in affected individuals. Unfortunately, for patients with cleft palate-one of the most common of congenital birth defects-treatment following surgery is prolonged over a lifetime and often involves multidisciplinary regimens. Hence, there is a need to understand the molecular pathways that control palatogenesis and to translate such information for the development of noninvasive therapies that can either prevent or correct cleft palates in humans. Here, we use the well-characterized model of the Pax9-/- mouse, which displays a consistent phenotype of a secondary cleft palate, to test a novel therapeutic. Specifically, we demonstrate that the controlled intravenous delivery of a novel mouse monoclonal antibody replacement therapy, which acts as an agonist for the ectodysplasin (Eda) pathway, can resolve cleft palate defects in Pax9-/- embryos in utero. Such pharmacological interventions did not reverse the arrest in tooth, thymus, and parathyroid gland development, suggesting that the relationship of Pax9 to the Eda/Edar pathway is both unique and essential for palatogenesis. Expression analyses and unbiased gene expression profiling studies offer a molecular explanation for the resolution of palatal defects, showing that Eda and Edar-related genes are expressed in normal palatal tissues and that the Eda/Edar signaling pathway is downstream of Pax9 in palatogenesis. Taken together, our data uncover a unique relationship between Pax9 and the Eda/Edar signaling pathway that can be further exploited for the development of noninvasive, safe, and effective therapies for the treatment of cleft palate conditions and other single-gene disorders affecting the craniofacial complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jia
- 1 School of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J Zhou
- 1 School of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Y Wee
- 1 School of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - M L Mikkola
- 2 Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Schneider
- 3 Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - R N D'Souza
- 1 School of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,4 Departments of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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74
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Quintana AM, Hernandez JA, Gonzalez CG. Functional analysis of the zebrafish ortholog of HMGCS1 reveals independent functions for cholesterol and isoprenoids in craniofacial development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180856. [PMID: 28686747 PMCID: PMC5501617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are 8 different human syndromes caused by mutations in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. A subset of these disorders such as Smith-Lemli-Opitz disorder, are associated with facial dysmorphia. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying such facial deficits are not fully understood, primarily because of the diverse functions associated with the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Recent evidence has demonstrated that mutation of the zebrafish ortholog of HMGCR results in orofacial clefts. Here we sought to expand upon these data, by deciphering the cholesterol dependent functions of the cholesterol synthesis pathway from the cholesterol independent functions. Moreover, we utilized loss of function analysis and pharmacological inhibition to determine the extent of sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling in animals with aberrant cholesterol and/or isoprenoid synthesis. Our analysis confirmed that mutation of hmgcs1, which encodes the first enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway, results in craniofacial abnormalities via defects in cranial neural crest cell differentiation. Furthermore targeted pharmacological inhibition of the cholesterol synthesis pathway revealed a novel function for isoprenoid synthesis during vertebrate craniofacial development. Mutation of hmgcs1 had no effect on Shh signaling at 2 and 3 days post fertilization (dpf), but did result in a decrease in the expression of gli1, a known Shh target gene, at 4 dpf, after morphological deficits in craniofacial development and chondrocyte differentiation were observed in hmgcs1 mutants. These data raise the possibility that deficiencies in cholesterol modulate chondrocyte differentiation by a combination of Shh independent and Shh dependent mechanisms. Moreover, our results describe a novel function for isoprenoids in facial development and collectively suggest that cholesterol regulates craniofacial development through versatile mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita M. Quintana
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States of America
- Border Biomedical Research Center, NeuroModulation Cluster, University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jose A. Hernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States of America
| | - Cesar G. Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States of America
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75
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Hooper JE, Feng W, Li H, Leach SM, Phang T, Siska C, Jones KL, Spritz RA, Hunter LE, Williams T. Systems biology of facial development: contributions of ectoderm and mesenchyme. Dev Biol 2017; 426:97-114. [PMID: 28363736 PMCID: PMC5530582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The rapid increase in gene-centric biological knowledge coupled with analytic approaches for genomewide data integration provides an opportunity to develop systems-level understanding of facial development. Experimental analyses have demonstrated the importance of signaling between the surface ectoderm and the underlying mesenchyme are coordinating facial patterning. However, current transcriptome data from the developing vertebrate face is dominated by the mesenchymal component, and the contributions of the ectoderm are not easily identified. We have generated transcriptome datasets from critical periods of mouse face formation that enable gene expression to be analyzed with respect to time, prominence, and tissue layer. Notably, by separating the ectoderm and mesenchyme we considerably improved the sensitivity compared to data obtained from whole prominences, with more genes detected over a wider dynamic range. From these data we generated a detailed description of ectoderm-specific developmental programs, including pan-ectodermal programs, prominence- specific programs and their temporal dynamics. The genes and pathways represented in these programs provide mechanistic insights into several aspects of ectodermal development. We also used these data to identify co-expression modules specific to facial development. We then used 14 co-expression modules enriched for genes involved in orofacial clefts to make specific mechanistic predictions about genes involved in tongue specification, in nasal process patterning and in jaw development. Our multidimensional gene expression dataset is a unique resource for systems analysis of the developing face; our co-expression modules are a resource for predicting functions of poorly annotated genes, or for predicting roles for genes that have yet to be studied in the context of facial development; and our analytic approaches provide a paradigm for analysis of other complex developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan E Hooper
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Weiguo Feng
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Sonia M Leach
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
| | - Tzulip Phang
- Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Charlotte Siska
- Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Richard A Spritz
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Lawrence E Hunter
- Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Trevor Williams
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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76
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Kim S, Twigg SR, Scanlon VA, Chandra A, Hansen TJ, Alsubait A, Fenwick AL, McGowan SJ, Lord H, Lester T, Sweeney E, Weber A, Cox H, Wilkie AO, Golden A, Corsi AK. Localized TWIST1 and TWIST2 basic domain substitutions cause four distinct human diseases that can be modeled in Caenorhabditis elegans. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2118-2132. [PMID: 28369379 PMCID: PMC5438873 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Twist transcription factors, members of the basic helix-loop-helix family, play crucial roles in mesoderm development in all animals. Humans have two paralogous genes, TWIST1 and TWIST2, and mutations in each gene have been identified in specific craniofacial disorders. Here, we describe a new clinical entity, Sweeney-Cox syndrome, associated with distinct de novo amino acid substitutions (p.Glu117Val and p.Glu117Gly) at a highly conserved glutamic acid residue located in the basic DNA binding domain of TWIST1, in two subjects with frontonasal dysplasia and additional malformations. Although about one hundred different TWIST1 mutations have been reported in patients with the dominant haploinsufficiency Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (typically associated with craniosynostosis), substitutions uniquely affecting the Glu117 codon were not observed previously. Recently, subjects with Barber-Say and Ablepharon-Macrostomia syndromes were found to harbor heterozygous missense substitutions in the paralogous glutamic acid residue in TWIST2 (p.Glu75Ala, p.Glu75Gln and p.Glu75Lys). To study systematically the effects of these substitutions in individual cells of the developing mesoderm, we engineered all five disease-associated alleles into the equivalent Glu29 residue encoded by hlh-8, the single Twist homolog present in Caenorhabditis elegans. This allelic series revealed that different substitutions exhibit graded severity, in terms of both gene expression and cellular phenotype, which we incorporate into a model explaining the various human disease phenotypes. The genetic analysis favors a predominantly dominant-negative mechanism for the action of amino acid substitutions at this highly conserved glutamic acid residue and illustrates the value of systematic mutagenesis of C. elegans for focused investigation of human disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephen R.F. Twigg
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Victoria A. Scanlon
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - Aditi Chandra
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tyler J. Hansen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arwa Alsubait
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - Aimee L. Fenwick
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Simon J. McGowan
- Computational Biology Research Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Helen Lord
- Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Tracy Lester
- Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Elizabeth Sweeney
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK
| | - Astrid Weber
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK
| | - Helen Cox
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - Andrew O.M. Wilkie
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Andy Golden
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ann K. Corsi
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
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77
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Teng CS, Yen HY, Barske L, Smith B, Llamas J, Segil N, Go J, Sanchez-Lara PA, Maxson RE, Crump JG. Requirement for Jagged1-Notch2 signaling in patterning the bones of the mouse and human middle ear. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2497. [PMID: 28566723 PMCID: PMC5451394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas Jagged1-Notch2 signaling is known to pattern the sensorineural components of the inner ear, its role in middle ear development has been less clear. We previously reported a role for Jagged-Notch signaling in shaping skeletal elements derived from the first two pharyngeal arches of zebrafish. Here we show a conserved requirement for Jagged1-Notch2 signaling in patterning the stapes and incus middle ear bones derived from the equivalent pharyngeal arches of mammals. Mice lacking Jagged1 or Notch2 in neural crest-derived cells (NCCs) of the pharyngeal arches display a malformed stapes. Heterozygous Jagged1 knockout mice, a model for Alagille Syndrome (AGS), also display stapes and incus defects. We find that Jagged1-Notch2 signaling functions early to pattern the stapes cartilage template, with stapes malformations correlating with hearing loss across all frequencies. We observe similar stapes defects and hearing loss in one patient with heterozygous JAGGED1 loss, and a diversity of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss in nearly half of AGS patients, many of which carry JAGGED1 mutations. Our findings reveal deep conservation of Jagged1-Notch2 signaling in patterning the pharyngeal arches from fish to mouse to man, despite the very different functions of their skeletal derivatives in jaw support and sound transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla S Teng
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Hai-Yun Yen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,Fulgent Diagnostics, Temple City, CA, 91780, USA
| | - Lindsey Barske
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Bea Smith
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Juan Llamas
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,USC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Neil Segil
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,USC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - John Go
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Pedro A Sanchez-Lara
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Robert E Maxson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - J Gage Crump
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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78
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Lattanzi W, Barba M, Di Pietro L, Boyadjiev SA. Genetic advances in craniosynostosis. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:1406-1429. [PMID: 28160402 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis, the premature ossification of one or more skull sutures, is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous congenital anomaly affecting approximately one in 2,500 live births. In most cases, it occurs as an isolated congenital anomaly, that is, nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (NCS), the genetic, and environmental causes of which remain largely unknown. Recent data suggest that, at least some of the midline NCS cases may be explained by two loci inheritance. In approximately 25-30% of patients, craniosynostosis presents as a feature of a genetic syndrome due to chromosomal defects or mutations in genes within interconnected signaling pathways. The aim of this review is to provide a detailed and comprehensive update on the genetic and environmental factors associated with NCS, integrating the scientific findings achieved during the last decade. Focus on the neurodevelopmental, imaging, and treatment aspects of NCS is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Lattanzi
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Latium Musculoskeletal Tıssue Bank, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Barba
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorena Di Pietro
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Simeon A Boyadjiev
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Davis Medical Center, University of California, Sacramento, California
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79
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Effects of In Utero Thyroxine Exposure on Murine Cranial Suture Growth. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167805. [PMID: 27959899 PMCID: PMC5154521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Large scale surveillance studies, case studies, as well as cohort studies have identified the influence of thyroid hormones on calvarial growth and development. Surveillance data suggests maternal thyroid disorders (hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism with pharmacological replacement, and Maternal Graves Disease) are linked to as much as a 2.5 fold increased risk for craniosynostosis. Craniosynostosis is the premature fusion of one or more calvarial growth sites (sutures) prior to the completion of brain expansion. Thyroid hormones maintain proper bone mineral densities by interacting with growth hormone and aiding in the regulation of insulin like growth factors (IGFs). Disruption of this hormonal control of bone physiology may lead to altered bone dynamics thereby increasing the risk for craniosynostosis. In order to elucidate the effect of exogenous thyroxine exposure on cranial suture growth and morphology, wild type C57BL6 mouse litters were exposed to thyroxine in utero (control = no treatment; low ~167 ng per day; high ~667 ng per day). Thyroxine exposed mice demonstrated craniofacial dysmorphology (brachycranic). High dose exposed mice showed diminished area of the coronal and widening of the sagittal sutures indicative of premature fusion and compensatory growth. Presence of thyroid receptors was confirmed for the murine cranial suture and markers of proliferation and osteogenesis were increased in sutures from exposed mice. Increased Htra1 and Igf1 gene expression were found in sutures from high dose exposed individuals. Pathways related to the HTRA1/IGF axis, specifically Akt and Wnt, demonstrated evidence of increased activity. Overall our data suggest that maternal exogenous thyroxine exposure can drive calvarial growth alterations and altered suture morphology.
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80
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Exploring the Underlying Genetics of Craniofacial Morphology through Various Sources of Knowledge. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3054578. [PMID: 28053980 PMCID: PMC5178329 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3054578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The craniofacial complex is the billboard of sorts containing information about sex, health, ancestry, kinship, genes, and environment. A thorough knowledge of the genes underlying craniofacial morphology is fundamental to understanding craniofacial biology and evolution. These genes can also provide an important foundation for practical efforts like predicting faces from DNA and phenotype-based facial diagnostics. In this work, we focus on the various sources of knowledge regarding the genes that affect patterns of craniofacial development. Although tremendous successes recently have been made using these sources in both methodology and biology, many challenges remain. Primary among these are precise phenotyping techniques and efficient modeling methods.
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81
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Array comparative genomic hybridization and genomic sequencing in the diagnostics of the causes of congenital anomalies. J Appl Genet 2016; 58:185-198. [PMID: 27858254 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-016-0376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide the current state of knowledge about the usefulness of modern genetic technologies in uncovering the causality of isolated and multiple congenital anomalies. Array comparative genomic hybridization and next-generation sequencing have revolutionized the clinical approach to patients with these phenotypes. Both technologies enable early diagnosis, especially in clinically challenging newborn populations, and help to uncover genetic defects associated with various phenotypes. The application of both complementary methods could assist in identifying many variants that may simultaneously be involved in the development of a number of isolated or multiple congenital anomalies. Both technologies carry serious variant misinterpretation risks as well. Therefore, the methods of variant classification and accessible variant databases are mentioned. A useful strategy of clinical genetic testing with the application of both methodologies is presented. Finally, future directions and challenges are briefly commented on in this review.
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82
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Topczewska JM, Shoela RA, Tomaszewski JP, Mirmira RB, Gosain AK. The Morphogenesis of Cranial Sutures in Zebrafish. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165775. [PMID: 27829009 PMCID: PMC5102434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Using morphological, histological, and TEM analyses of the cranium, we provide a detailed description of bone and suture growth in zebrafish. Based on expression patterns and localization, we identified osteoblasts at different degrees of maturation. Our data confirm that, unlike in humans, zebrafish cranial sutures maintain lifelong patency to sustain skull growth. The cranial vault develops in a coordinated manner resulting in a structure that protects the brain. The zebrafish cranial roof parallels that of higher vertebrates and contains five major bones: one pair of frontal bones, one pair of parietal bones, and the supraoccipital bone. Parietal and frontal bones are formed by intramembranous ossification within a layer of mesenchyme positioned between the dermal mesenchyme and meninges surrounding the brain. The supraoccipital bone has an endochondral origin. Cranial bones are separated by connective tissue with a distinctive architecture of osteogenic cells and collagen fibrils. Here we show RNA in situ hybridization for col1a1a, col2a1a, col10a1, bglap/osteocalcin, fgfr1a, fgfr1b, fgfr2, fgfr3, foxq1, twist2, twist3, runx2a, runx2b, sp7/osterix, and spp1/ osteopontin, indicating that the expression of genes involved in suture development in mammals is preserved in zebrafish. We also present methods for examining the cranium and its sutures, which permit the study of the mechanisms involved in suture patency as well as their pathological obliteration. The model we develop has implications for the study of human disorders, including craniosynostosis, which affects 1 in 2,500 live births.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta M. Topczewska
- Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ramy A. Shoela
- Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joanna P. Tomaszewski
- Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rupa B. Mirmira
- Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Arun K. Gosain
- Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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83
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Jaroonwitchawan T, Muangchan P, Noisa P. Inhibition of FGF signaling accelerates neural crest cell differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 481:176-181. [PMID: 27816457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) is a transient population, arising during embryonic development and capable of differentiating into various somatic cells. The defects of neural crest development leads to neurocristopathy. Several signaling pathways were revealed their significance in NC cell specification. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is recognized as an important signaling during NC development, for instance Xenopus and avian; however, its contributions in human species are remained elusive. Here we used human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to investigate the consequences of FGF inhibition during NC cell differentiation. The specific-FGF receptor inhibitor, SU5402, was used in this investigation. The inhibition of FGF did not found to affect the proliferation or death of hPSC-derived NC cells, but promoted hPSCs to commit NC cell fate. NC-specific genes, including PAX3, SLUG, and TWIST1, were highly upregulated, while hPSC genes, such as OCT4, and E-CAD, rapidly reduced upon FGF signaling blockage. Noteworthy, TFAP-2α, a marker of migratory NC cells, abundantly presented in SU5402-induced cells. This accelerated NC cell differentiation could be due to the activation of Notch signaling upon the blockage of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, since NICD was increased by SU5402. Altogether, this study proposed the contributions of FGF signaling in controlling human NC cell differentiation from hPSCs, the crosstalk between FGF and Notch, and might imply to the influences of FGF signaling in neurocristophatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiranut Jaroonwitchawan
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Pattamon Muangchan
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Parinya Noisa
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
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84
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Regulation of the CUL3 Ubiquitin Ligase by a Calcium-Dependent Co-adaptor. Cell 2016; 167:525-538.e14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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85
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Viable Ednra Y129F mice feature human mandibulofacial dysostosis with alopecia (MFDA) syndrome due to the homologue mutation. Mamm Genome 2016; 27:587-598. [PMID: 27671791 PMCID: PMC5110705 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-016-9664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Animal models resembling human mutations are valuable tools to research the features of complex human craniofacial syndromes. This is the first report on a viable dominant mouse model carrying a non-synonymous sequence variation within the endothelin receptor type A gene (Ednra c.386A>T, p.Tyr129Phe) derived by an ENU mutagenesis program. The identical amino acid substitution was reported recently as disease causing in three individuals with the mandibulofacial dysostosis with alopecia (MFDA, OMIM 616367) syndrome. We performed standardized phenotyping of wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous EdnraY129F mice within the German Mouse Clinic. Mutant mice mimic the craniofacial phenotypes of jaw dysplasia, micrognathia, dysplastic temporomandibular joints, auricular dysmorphism, and missing of the squamosal zygomatic process as described for MFDA-affected individuals. As observed in MFDA-affected individuals, mutant EdnraY129F mice exhibit hearing impairment in line with strong abnormalities of the ossicles and further, reduction of some lung volumetric parameters. In general, heterozygous and homozygous mice demonstrated inter-individual diversity of expression of the craniofacial phenotypes as observed in MFDA patients but without showing any cleft palates, eyelid defects, or alopecia. Mutant EdnraY129F mice represent a valuable viable model for complex human syndromes of the first and second pharyngeal arches and for further studies and analysis of impaired endothelin 1 (EDN1)–endothelin receptor type A (EDNRA) signaling. Above all, EdnraY129F mice model the recently published human MFDA syndrome and may be helpful for further disease understanding and development of therapeutic interventions.
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86
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Benítez-Burraco A, Lattanzi W, Murphy E. Language Impairments in ASD Resulting from a Failed Domestication of the Human Brain. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:373. [PMID: 27621700 PMCID: PMC5002430 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders entailing social and cognitive deficits, including marked problems with language. Numerous genes have been associated with ASD, but it is unclear how language deficits arise from gene mutation or dysregulation. It is also unclear why ASD shows such high prevalence within human populations. Interestingly, the emergence of a modern faculty of language has been hypothesized to be linked to changes in the human brain/skull, but also to the process of self-domestication of the human species. It is our intention to show that people with ASD exhibit less marked domesticated traits at the morphological, physiological, and behavioral levels. We also discuss many ASD candidates represented among the genes known to be involved in the “domestication syndrome” (the constellation of traits exhibited by domesticated mammals, which seemingly results from the hypofunction of the neural crest) and among the set of genes involved in language function closely connected to them. Moreover, many of these genes show altered expression profiles in the brain of autists. In addition, some candidates for domestication and language-readiness show the same expression profile in people with ASD and chimps in different brain areas involved in language processing. Similarities regarding the brain oscillatory behavior of these areas can be expected too. We conclude that ASD may represent an abnormal ontogenetic itinerary for the human faculty of language resulting in part from changes in genes important for the “domestication syndrome” and, ultimately, from the normal functioning of the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wanda Lattanzi
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome, Italy
| | - Elliot Murphy
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London London, UK
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87
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Yeh E, Atique R, Fanganiello RD, Sunaga DY, Ishiy FAA, Passos-Bueno MR. Cell Type-Dependent Nonspecific Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling in Apert Syndrome. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1249-60. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Yeh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Rodrigo Atique
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Dalto Fanganiello
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele Yumi Sunaga
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Augusto André Ishiy
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Rita Passos-Bueno
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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88
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Werren JH, Cohen LB, Gadau J, Ponce R, Baudry E, Lynch JA. Dissection of the complex genetic basis of craniofacial anomalies using haploid genetics and interspecies hybrids in Nasonia wasps. Dev Biol 2016; 415:391-405. [PMID: 26721604 PMCID: PMC4914427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The animal head is a complex structure where numerous sensory, structural and alimentary structures are concentrated and integrated, and its ontogeny requires precise and delicate interactions among genes, cells, and tissues. Thus, it is perhaps unsurprising that craniofacial abnormalities are among the most common birth defects in people, or that these defects have a complex genetic basis involving interactions among multiple loci. Developmental processes that depend on such epistatic interactions become exponentially more difficult to study in diploid organisms as the number of genes involved increases. Here, we present hybrid haploid males of the wasp species pair Nasonia vitripennis and Nasonia giraulti, which have distinct male head morphologies, as a genetic model of craniofacial development that possesses the genetic advantages of haploidy, along with many powerful genomic tools. Viable, fertile hybrids can be made between the species, and quantitative trail loci related to shape differences have been identified. In addition, a subset of hybrid males show head abnormalities, including clefting at the midline and asymmetries. Crucially, epistatic interactions among multiple loci underlie several developmental differences and defects observed in the F2 hybrid males. Furthermore, we demonstrate an introgression of a chromosomal region from N. giraulti into N. vitripennis that shows an abnormality in relative eye size, which maps to a region containing a major QTL for this trait. Therefore, the genetic sources of head morphology can, in principle, be identified by positional cloning. Thus, Nasonia is well positioned to be a uniquely powerful model invertebrate system with which to probe both development and complex genetics of craniofacial patterning and defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Werren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States.
| | - Lorna B Cohen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States
| | - Juergen Gadau
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85285, United States
| | - Rita Ponce
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Emmanuelle Baudry
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States; Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Jeremy A Lynch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States.
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89
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Tabler JM, Rice CP, Liu KJ, Wallingford JB. A novel ciliopathic skull defect arising from excess neural crest. Dev Biol 2016; 417:4-10. [PMID: 27395007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The skull is essential for protecting the brain from damage, and birth defects involving disorganization of skull bones are common. However, the developmental trajectories and molecular etiologies by which many craniofacial phenotypes arise remain poorly understood. Here, we report a novel skull defect in ciliopathic Fuz mutant mice in which only a single bone pair encases the forebrain, instead of the usual paired frontal and parietal bones. Through genetic lineage analysis, we show that this defect stems from a massive expansion of the neural crest-derived frontal bone. This expansion occurs at the expense of the mesodermally-derived parietal bones, which are either severely reduced or absent. A similar, though less severe, phenotype was observed in Gli3 mutant mice, consistent with a role for Gli3 in cilia-mediated signaling. Excess crest has also been shown to drive defective palate morphogenesis in ciliopathic mice, and that defect is ameliorated by reduction of Fgf8 gene dosage. Strikingly, skull defects in Fuz mutant mice are also rescued by loss of one allele of fgf8, suggesting a potential route to therapy. In sum, this work is significant for revealing a novel skull defect with a previously un-described developmental etiology and for suggesting a common developmental origin for skull and palate defects in ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Tabler
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Christopher P Rice
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Karen J Liu
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, UK.
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, United States.
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90
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Adhikari K, Fuentes-Guajardo M, Quinto-Sánchez M, Mendoza-Revilla J, Camilo Chacón-Duque J, Acuña-Alonzo V, Jaramillo C, Arias W, Lozano RB, Pérez GM, Gómez-Valdés J, Villamil-Ramírez H, Hunemeier T, Ramallo V, Silva de Cerqueira CC, Hurtado M, Villegas V, Granja V, Gallo C, Poletti G, Schuler-Faccini L, Salzano FM, Bortolini MC, Canizales-Quinteros S, Cheeseman M, Rosique J, Bedoya G, Rothhammer F, Headon D, González-José R, Balding D, Ruiz-Linares A. A genome-wide association scan implicates DCHS2, RUNX2, GLI3, PAX1 and EDAR in human facial variation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11616. [PMID: 27193062 PMCID: PMC4874031 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a genome-wide association scan for facial features in ∼6,000 Latin Americans. We evaluated 14 traits on an ordinal scale and found significant association (P values<5 × 10−8) at single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in four genomic regions for three nose-related traits: columella inclination (4q31), nose bridge breadth (6p21) and nose wing breadth (7p13 and 20p11). In a subsample of ∼3,000 individuals we obtained quantitative traits related to 9 of the ordinal phenotypes and, also, a measure of nasion position. Quantitative analyses confirmed the ordinal-based associations, identified SNPs in 2q12 associated to chin protrusion, and replicated the reported association of nasion position with SNPs in PAX3. Strongest association in 2q12, 4q31, 6p21 and 7p13 was observed for SNPs in the EDAR, DCHS2, RUNX2 and GLI3 genes, respectively. Associated SNPs in 20p11 extend to PAX1. Consistent with the effect of EDAR on chin protrusion, we documented alterations of mandible length in mice with modified Edar funtion. Humans show great diversity in facial appearance and this variation is highly heritable. Here, Andres Ruiz-Linares and colleagues examined facial features in admixed Latin Americans and identify genome-wide associations for 14 facial traits, including four gene loci (RUNX2, GLI3, DCHS2 and PAX1) influencing nose morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustubh Adhikari
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Macarena Fuentes-Guajardo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000009, Chile
| | - Mirsha Quinto-Sánchez
- Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Unidad de Diversidad, Sistematica y Evolucion, Puerto Madryn U912OACD, Argentina
| | - Javier Mendoza-Revilla
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - Juan Camilo Chacón-Duque
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Victor Acuña-Alonzo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, México City 14030, México
| | - Claudia Jaramillo
- GENMOL (Genética Molecular), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 5001000, Colombia
| | - William Arias
- GENMOL (Genética Molecular), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 5001000, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo Barquera Lozano
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, México City 14030, México.,Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, México City 4510, México
| | - Gastón Macín Pérez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, México City 14030, México.,Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, México City 4510, México
| | - Jorge Gómez-Valdés
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City 04510, México
| | - Hugo Villamil-Ramírez
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, México City 4510, México
| | - Tábita Hunemeier
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brasil
| | - Virginia Ramallo
- Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Unidad de Diversidad, Sistematica y Evolucion, Puerto Madryn U912OACD, Argentina.,Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brasil
| | - Caio C Silva de Cerqueira
- Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Unidad de Diversidad, Sistematica y Evolucion, Puerto Madryn U912OACD, Argentina.,Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brasil
| | - Malena Hurtado
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - Valeria Villegas
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - Vanessa Granja
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - Carla Gallo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - Giovanni Poletti
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - Lavinia Schuler-Faccini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brasil
| | - Francisco M Salzano
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brasil
| | - Maria-Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brasil
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, México City 4510, México
| | - Michael Cheeseman
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Javier Rosique
- Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 5001000, Colombia
| | - Gabriel Bedoya
- GENMOL (Genética Molecular), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 5001000, Colombia
| | | | - Denis Headon
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Rolando González-José
- Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Unidad de Diversidad, Sistematica y Evolucion, Puerto Madryn U912OACD, Argentina
| | - David Balding
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Schools of BioSciences and Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrés Ruiz-Linares
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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