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Van Hout CV, Tachmazidou I, Backman JD, Hoffman JD, Liu D, Pandey AK, Gonzaga-Jauregui C, Khalid S, Ye B, Banerjee N, Li AH, O'Dushlaine C, Marcketta A, Staples J, Schurmann C, Hawes A, Maxwell E, Barnard L, Lopez A, Penn J, Habegger L, Blumenfeld AL, Bai X, O'Keeffe S, Yadav A, Praveen K, Jones M, Salerno WJ, Chung WK, Surakka I, Willer CJ, Hveem K, Leader JB, Carey DJ, Ledbetter DH, Cardon L, Yancopoulos GD, Economides A, Coppola G, Shuldiner AR, Balasubramanian S, Cantor M, Nelson MR, Whittaker J, Reid JG, Marchini J, Overton JD, Scott RA, Abecasis GR, Yerges-Armstrong L, Baras A. Exome sequencing and characterization of 49,960 individuals in the UK Biobank. Nature 2020; 586:749-756. [PMID: 33087929 PMCID: PMC7759458 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2853-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The UK Biobank is a prospective study of 502,543 individuals, combining extensive phenotypic and genotypic data with streamlined access for researchers around the world1. Here we describe the release of exome-sequence data for the first 49,960 study participants, revealing approximately 4 million coding variants (of which around 98.6% have a frequency of less than 1%). The data include 198,269 autosomal predicted loss-of-function (LOF) variants, a more than 14-fold increase compared to the imputed sequence. Nearly all genes (more than 97%) had at least one carrier with a LOF variant, and most genes (more than 69%) had at least ten carriers with a LOF variant. We illustrate the power of characterizing LOF variants in this population through association analyses across 1,730 phenotypes. In addition to replicating established associations, we found novel LOF variants with large effects on disease traits, including PIEZO1 on varicose veins, COL6A1 on corneal resistance, MEPE on bone density, and IQGAP2 and GMPR on blood cell traits. We further demonstrate the value of exome sequencing by surveying the prevalence of pathogenic variants of clinical importance, and show that 2% of this population has a medically actionable variant. Furthermore, we characterize the penetrance of cancer in carriers of pathogenic BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants. Exome sequences from the first 49,960 participants highlight the promise of genome sequencing in large population-based studies and are now accessible to the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joshua D Hoffman
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA.,Foresite Labs, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daren Liu
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Bin Ye
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Claudia Schurmann
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, NY, USA.,Digital Health Center, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - John Penn
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, NY, USA.,DNANexus, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Kristian Hveem
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthew R Nelson
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA.,Deerfield, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aris Baras
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, NY, USA.
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53
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Chen MH, Raffield LM, Mousas A, Sakaue S, Huffman JE, Moscati A, Trivedi B, Jiang T, Akbari P, Vuckovic D, Bao EL, Zhong X, Manansala R, Laplante V, Chen M, Lo KS, Qian H, Lareau CA, Beaudoin M, Hunt KA, Akiyama M, Bartz TM, Ben-Shlomo Y, Beswick A, Bork-Jensen J, Bottinger EP, Brody JA, van Rooij FJA, Chitrala K, Cho K, Choquet H, Correa A, Danesh J, Di Angelantonio E, Dimou N, Ding J, Elliott P, Esko T, Evans MK, Floyd JS, Broer L, Grarup N, Guo MH, Greinacher A, Haessler J, Hansen T, Howson JMM, Huang QQ, Huang W, Jorgenson E, Kacprowski T, Kähönen M, Kamatani Y, Kanai M, Karthikeyan S, Koskeridis F, Lange LA, Lehtimäki T, Lerch MM, Linneberg A, Liu Y, Lyytikäinen LP, Manichaikul A, Martin HC, Matsuda K, Mohlke KL, Mononen N, Murakami Y, Nadkarni GN, Nauck M, Nikus K, Ouwehand WH, Pankratz N, Pedersen O, Preuss M, Psaty BM, Raitakari OT, Roberts DJ, Rich SS, Rodriguez BAT, Rosen JD, Rotter JI, Schubert P, Spracklen CN, Surendran P, Tang H, Tardif JC, Trembath RC, Ghanbari M, Völker U, Völzke H, Watkins NA, Zonderman AB, Wilson PWF, Li Y, Butterworth AS, Gauchat JF, Chiang CWK, Li B, Loos RJF, Astle WJ, Evangelou E, van Heel DA, Sankaran VG, Okada Y, Soranzo N, Johnson AD, Reiner AP, Auer PL, Lettre G. Trans-ethnic and Ancestry-Specific Blood-Cell Genetics in 746,667 Individuals from 5 Global Populations. Cell 2020; 182:1198-1213.e14. [PMID: 32888493 PMCID: PMC7480402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Most loci identified by GWASs have been found in populations of European ancestry (EUR). In trans-ethnic meta-analyses for 15 hematological traits in 746,667 participants, including 184,535 non-EUR individuals, we identified 5,552 trait-variant associations at p < 5 × 10-9, including 71 novel associations not found in EUR populations. We also identified 28 additional novel variants in ancestry-specific, non-EUR meta-analyses, including an IL7 missense variant in South Asians associated with lymphocyte count in vivo and IL-7 secretion levels in vitro. Fine-mapping prioritized variants annotated as functional and generated 95% credible sets that were 30% smaller when using the trans-ethnic as opposed to the EUR-only results. We explored the clinical significance and predictive value of trans-ethnic variants in multiple populations and compared genetic architecture and the effect of natural selection on these blood phenotypes between populations. Altogether, our results for hematological traits highlight the value of a more global representation of populations in genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Huei Chen
- The Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA 01702, USA; Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Laura M Raffield
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Abdou Mousas
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Saori Sakaue
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Jennifer E Huffman
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Arden Moscati
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bhavi Trivedi
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Tao Jiang
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Parsa Akbari
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK; Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Erik L Bao
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02446, USA
| | - Xue Zhong
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Regina Manansala
- Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Véronique Laplante
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Minhui Chen
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ken Sin Lo
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Huijun Qian
- Department of Statistics and Operation Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Caleb A Lareau
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02446, USA
| | | | - Karen A Hunt
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Masato Akiyama
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Department of Ocular Pathology and Imaging Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Traci M Bartz
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Andrew Beswick
- Translational Health Sciences, Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam 14469, Germany
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Frank J A van Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3015, the Netherlands
| | - Kumaraswamynaidu Chitrala
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging/NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kelly Cho
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Medicine, Division on Aging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hélène Choquet
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA 94612, USA
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - John Danesh
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK; National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Emanuele Di Angelantonio
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK; National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Niki Dimou
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon 69008, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Jingzhong Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College London and Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Medical Research Council-Public Health England Centre for Environment, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Health Data Research UK - London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02446, USA
| | - Michele K Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging/NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - James S Floyd
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Linda Broer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3015, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Michael H Guo
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02446, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andreas Greinacher
- Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Jeff Haessler
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Joanna M M Howson
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Innovation Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Qin Qin Huang
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Genetics, Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center and Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute (SITI), Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Eric Jorgenson
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA 94612, USA
| | - Tim Kacprowski
- Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany; Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, Research Group Computational Systems Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33521, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kanai
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Savita Karthikeyan
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Fotis Koskeridis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Leslie A Lange
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33520, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Markus M Lerch
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg 2000, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33520, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Hilary C Martin
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nina Mononen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33520, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Yoshinori Murakami
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Girish N Nadkarni
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Matthias Nauck
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany; Institue of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Kjell Nikus
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33521, Finland; Department of Cardiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Willem H Ouwehand
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK; National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Nathan Pankratz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Michael Preuss
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku 20521, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20521, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20521, Finland
| | - David J Roberts
- The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Department of Haematology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; NHS Blood and Transplant - Oxford Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Benjamin A T Rodriguez
- The Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA 01702, USA; Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Jonathan D Rosen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation (formerly Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Petra Schubert
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Cassandra N Spracklen
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Praveen Surendran
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; Rutherford Fund Fellow, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Hua Tang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Richard C Trembath
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3015, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Nicholas A Watkins
- National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging/NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | - Yun Li
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jean-François Gauchat
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Charleston W K Chiang
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Quantitative and Computational Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Bingshan Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - William J Astle
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Strangeways Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina 45110, Greece; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - David A van Heel
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Vijay G Sankaran
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02446, USA
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Andrew D Johnson
- The Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA 01702, USA; Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Alexander P Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Paul L Auer
- Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA.
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
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