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Chen G, Chen H, Shi K, Raza MA, Bawa G, Sun X, Pu T, Yong T, Liu W, Liu J, Du J, Yang F, Yang W, Wang X. Heterogeneous Light Conditions Reduce the Assimilate Translocation Towards Maize Ears. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9080987. [PMID: 32759776 PMCID: PMC7465644 DOI: 10.3390/plants9080987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The border row crop in strip intercropped maize is often exposed to heterogeneous light conditions, resulting in increased photosynthesis and yield decreased. Previous studies have focused on photosynthetic productivity, whereas carbon allocation could also be one of the major causes of decreased yield. However, carbon distribution remains unclear in partially shaded conditions. In the present study, we applied heterogeneous light conditions (T), and one side of plants was shaded (T-30%), keeping the other side fully exposed to light (T-100%), as compared to control plants that were exposed entirely to full-light (CK). Dry weight, carbon assimilation, 13C abundance, and transport tissue structure were analyzed to clarify the carbon distribution in partial shading of plants. T caused a marked decline in dry weight and harvest index (HI), whereas dry weight in unshaded and shaded leaves did not differ. Net photosynthesis rate (Pn), the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase enzymes (SPS), and sucrose concentration increased in unshaded leaves. Appropriately, 5.7% of the 13C from unshaded leaves was transferred to shaded leaves. Furthermore, plasmodesma density in the unshaded (T-100%) and shaded (T-30%) leaves in T was not significantly different but was lower than that of CK. Similarly, the vascular bundle total area of T was decreased. 13C transfer from unshaded leaves to ear in T was decreased by 18.0% compared with that in CK. Moreover, 13C and sucrose concentration of stem in T were higher than those in CK. Our results suggested that, under heterogeneous light, shaded leaves as a sink imported the carbohydrates from the unshaded leaves. Ear and shaded leaf competed for carbohydrates, and were not conducive to tissue structure of sucrose transport, resulting in a decrease in the carbon proportion in the ear, harvest index, and ear weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guopeng Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Kai Shi
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - George Bawa
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tian Pu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Taiwen Yong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junbo Du
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-028-8629-0906
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Schiessl SV, Quezada-Martinez D, Orantes-Bonilla M, Snowdon RJ. Transcriptomics reveal high regulatory diversity of drought tolerance strategies in a biennial oil crop. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 297:110515. [PMID: 32563455 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Spring droughts are expected to become more frequent in Central Europe as a result of climate change. Their coincidence with flowering of biennial crops like winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) can cause major impact for yield development. However, no data is available on the diversity of genetic regulation of drought tolerance during this stage under realistic conditions. Here, we assessed the phenotypic plasticity of drought response for eight diverse B. napus accessions under field-like conditions and linked their stress response to gene and miRNA expression during early and late stress. We observed highly diverse responses, both on the phenotypic and on the gene expression level. Our data suggest that drought tolerant accessions have more effective molecular protection mechanisms like ROS scavenging, source/sink ratio and regulation of developmental timing, compared to otherwise phenotypically similar accessions. Bna.MAP3K13.C05 expression was found to be protective independently of the tolerance mechanism, indicating cross-talk to nitrogen signaling. Moreover, we identified putative miRNA genes in the B. napus genome which respond to stress and may also be involved in protective mechanisms, representing possible breeding targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah V Schiessl
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Daniela Quezada-Martinez
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Mauricio Orantes-Bonilla
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Rod J Snowdon
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Dingkuhn M, Luquet D, Fabre D, Muller B, Yin X, Paul MJ. The case for improving crop carbon sink strength or plasticity for a CO 2-rich future. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 56:259-272. [PMID: 32682621 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 concentration [CO2] has increased from 260 to 280μmolmol-1 (level during crop domestication up to the industrial revolution) to currently 400 and will reach 550μmolmol-1 by 2050. C3 crops are expected to benefit from elevated [CO2] (e-CO2) thanks to photosynthesis responsiveness to [CO2] but this may require greater sink capacity. We review recent literature on crop e-CO2 responses, related source-sink interactions, how abiotic stresses potentially interact, and prospects to improve e-CO2 response via breeding or genetic engineering. Several lines of evidence suggest that e-CO2 responsiveness is related either to sink intrinsic capacity or adaptive plasticity, for example, involving enhanced branching. Wild relatives and old cultivars mostly showed lower photosynthetic rates, less downward acclimation of photosynthesis to e-CO2 and responded strongly to e-CO2 due to greater phenotypic plasticity. While reverting to such archaic traits would be an inappropriate strategy for breeding, we argue that substantial enhancement of vegetative sink vigor, inflorescence size and/or number and root sinks will be necessary to fully benefit from e-CO2. Potential ideotype features based on enhanced sinks are discussed. The generic 'feast-famine' sugar signaling pathway may be suited to engineer sink strength tissue-specifically and stage-specifically and help validate ideotype concepts. Finally, we argue that models better accounting for acclimation to e-CO2 are needed to predict which trait combinations should be targeted by breeders for a CO2-rich world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Denis Fabre
- CIRAD, UMR 108 AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Bertrand Muller
- INRAE, UMR 759 LEPSE, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Dept. Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew J Paul
- Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
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Thi Nong H, Tateishi R, Suriyasak C, Kobayashi T, Oyama Y, Chen WJ, Matsumoto R, Hamaoka N, Iwaya-Inoue M, Ishibashi Y. Effect of Seedling Nitrogen Condition on Subsequent Vegetative Growth Stages and Its Relationship to the Expression of Nitrogen Transporter Genes in Rice. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E861. [PMID: 32646051 PMCID: PMC7412562 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) deficiency is one of the most common problems in soils, limiting crop growth and production. However, the effects of N limitation in seedlings on vegetative growth remain poorly understood. Here, we show that N limitation in rice seedlings restricted vegetative growth but not yield. Aboveground parts were affected mainly during the period of tillering, but belowground parts were sensitive throughout vegetative growth, especially during panicle development. At the tillering stage, N-limited plants had a significantly lower N content in shoots, but not in roots. On the other hand, N content in roots during the panicle development stage was significantly lower in N-limited plants. This distinct response was driven by significant changes in expression of N transporter genes during growth. Under N limitation, N translocation from roots to shoots was greatly sped up by systemic expression of N transporter genes to obtain balanced growth. N limitation during the seedling stage did not reduce any yield components. We conclude that the N condition during the seedling stage affects physiological responses such as N translocation through the expression of N transporter genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yushi Ishibashi
- Graduate school of Bioresource and Bioenviromental Sciences, Kyushu University, Mootoka 774, Fukuoka 819–0395, Japan; (H.T.N.); (R.T.); (C.S.); (T.K.); (Y.O.); (W.J.C.); (R.M.); (N.H.); (M.I.-I.)
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55
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Lv X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Fan S, Kong L. Source-sink modifications affect leaf senescence and grain mass in wheat as revealed by proteomic analysis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:257. [PMID: 32503423 PMCID: PMC7275590 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The grain yield of cereals is determined by the synergistic interaction between source activity and sink capacity. However, source-sink interactions are far from being fully understood. Therefore, a field experiment was performed in wheat to investigate the responses of flag leaves and grains to sink/source manipulations. RESULTS Half-degraining delayed but partial defoliation enhanced leaf senescence. Sink/source manipulations influenced the content of reactive oxygen species in the flag leaf and the concentration of phytohormones, including cytokinins, indoleacetic 3-acid and jasmonic acid, in the flag leaves (LDef) and grains (GDef) in defoliated plants and flag leaves (LDG) and grain (GDG) in de-grained plants. Isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomic analysis indicated that at 16 days after manipulation, a total of 97 and 59 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) from various functional categories were observed in the LDG and LDef groups, respectively, compared with the control, and 115 and 121 DEPs were observed in the GDG and GDef groups, respectively. The gene ontology annotation terms of the DEPs mainly included carbon fixation, hydrogen peroxide catabolic process, chloroplast and cytoplasm, oxidoreductase activity and glutamate synthase activity in the flag leaves of manipulated plants and organonitrogen compound metabolic process, cytoplasm, vacuolar membrane, CoA carboxylase activity, starch synthase activity and nutrient reservoir activity in the grains of manipulated plants. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that photosynthesis, carbon, nitrogen and pyruvate metabolism and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis were the processes most affected by sink/source manipulations. Sink/source manipulations affected the activities of amylase and proteinases and, ultimately, changed the mass per grain. CONCLUSIONS Manipulations to change the sink/source ratio affect hormone levels; hydrolytic enzyme activities; metabolism of carbon, nitrogen and other main compounds; stress resistance; and leaf senescence and thus influence grain mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Lv
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yunxiu Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Shoujin Fan
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Lingan Kong
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China.
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Lo Piccolo E, Landi M, Massai R, Remorini D, Guidi L. Girled-induced anthocyanin accumulation in red-leafed Prunus cerasifera: Effect on photosynthesis, photoprotection and sugar metabolism. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 294:110456. [PMID: 32234225 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The feedback regulation of photosynthesis depends on the cooperation of multiple signals, including sugars. Herein, the effect of shoot girdling was monitored on a daily basis for three days in green- and red-leafed Prunus cerasifera plants (GLP and RLP, respectively). The effect of anthocyanin presence was investigated in terms of photosynthesis, sugar metabolism and photoprotection. Net photosynthesis (A390) and stomatal conductance were reduced on the first day at 12:00 only in the girdled GLP (29 and 33 %, respectively). Moreover, the girdled GLP displayed at 12:00 higher sucrose, glucose and fructose concentrations than control leaves. Conversely, girdled RLP showed the first reduction of A390 at 18:00, with no significant differences at 12:00 in sucrose and glucose concentrations. The increased biosynthesis of anthocyanins that was only detected in girdled RLP contributed to lowering the accumulation of hexoses. Overall, these results revealed a sugar-buffering role exerted by anthocyanins that positively influence the feedback regulation of photosynthesis. Moreover, non-photochemical quenching, namely pNPQ, revealed the ability of anthocyanins to photoprotect photosystem II from supernumerary photons reaching the chloroplast, whose function was compromised by girdling. The present study provides a starting point to understand the possible link between photosynthesis regulation through sugar signalling and anthocyanin upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermes Lo Piccolo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Rossano Massai
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Damiano Remorini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Zhu XG, Ort DR, Parry MAJ, von Caemmerer S. A wish list for synthetic biology in photosynthesis research. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2219-2225. [PMID: 32060550 PMCID: PMC7134917 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This perspective summarizes the presentations and discussions at the ' International Symposium on Synthetic Biology in Photosynthesis Research', which was held in Shanghai in 2018. Leveraging the current advanced understanding of photosynthetic systems, the symposium brain-stormed about the redesign and engineering of photosynthetic systems for translational goals and evaluated available new technologies/tools for synthetic biology as well as technological obstacles and new tools that would be needed to overcome them. Four major research areas for redesigning photosynthesis were identified: (i) mining natural variations of photosynthesis; (ii) coordinating photosynthesis with pathways utilizing photosynthate; (iii) reconstruction of highly efficient photosynthetic systems in non-host species; and (iv) development of new photosynthetic systems that do not exist in nature. To expedite photosynthesis synthetic biology research, an array of new technologies and community resources need to be developed, which include expanded modelling capacities, molecular engineering toolboxes, model species, and phenotyping tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Guang Zhu
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology and Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Donald R Ort
- Departments of Plant Biology and Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Martin A J Parry
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Susanne von Caemmerer
- Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
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Mannerheim N, Blessing CH, Oren I, Grünzweig JM, Bachofen C, Buchmann N. Carbon allocation to the root system of tropical tree Ceiba pentandra using 13C pulse labelling in an aeroponic facility. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:350-366. [PMID: 31976538 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the important role of tropical forest ecosystems in the uptake and storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), the carbon (C) dynamics of tropical tree species remains poorly understood, especially regarding belowground roots. This study assessed the allocation of newly assimilated C in the fast-growing pioneer tropical tree species Ceiba pentandra (L.), with a special focus on different root categories. During a 5-day pulse-labelling experiment, 9-month-old (~3.5-m-tall) saplings were labelled with 13CO2 in a large-scale aeroponic facility, which allowed tracing the label in bulk biomass and in non-structural carbohydrates (sugars and starch) as well as respiratory CO2 from the canopy to the root system, including both woody and non-woody roots. A combined logistic and exponential model was used to evaluate 13C mean transfer time and mean residence time (MRT) to the root systems. We found 13C in the root phloem as early as 2 h after the labelling, indicating a mean C transfer velocity of 2.4 ± 0.1 m h-1. Five days after pulse labelling, 27% of the tracers taken up by the trees were found in the leaves and 13% were recovered in the woody tissue of the trunk, 6% in the bark and 2% in the root systems, while 52% were lost, most likely by respiration and exudation. Larger amounts of 13C were found in root sugars than in starch, the former also demonstrating shorter MRT than starch. Of all investigated root categories, non-woody white roots (NRW) showed the largest 13C enrichment and peaked in the deepest NRW (2-3.5 m) as early as 24 ± 2 h after labelling. In contrast to coarse woody brown roots, the sink strength of NRW increased with root depth. The findings of this study improve the understanding of C allocation in young tropical trees and provide unique insights into the changing contributions of woody and non-woody roots to C sink strengths with depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neringa Mannerheim
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carola H Blessing
- Landwirtschaftliches Technologiezentrum Augustenberg, Kutschenweg 20, 76287 Rheinstetten-Forchheim, Germany
| | - Israel Oren
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - José M Grünzweig
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Christoph Bachofen
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Fabre D, Dingkuhn M, Yin X, Clément-Vidal A, Roques S, Soutiras A, Luquet D. Genotypic variation in source and sink traits affects the response of photosynthesis and growth to elevated atmospheric CO 2. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:579-593. [PMID: 31961455 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the response of photosynthesis and growth to e-CO2 conditions (800 vs. 400 μmol mol-1 ) of rice genotypes differing in source-sink relationships. A proxy trait called local C source-sink ratio was defined as the ratio of flag leaf area to the number of spikelets on the corresponding panicle, and five genotypes differing in this ratio were grown in a controlled greenhouse. Differential CO2 resources were applied either during the 2 weeks following heading (EXP1) or during the whole growth cycle (EXP2). Under e-CO2 , low source-sink ratio cultivars (LSS) had greater gains in photosynthesis, and they accumulated less nonstructural carbohydrate in the flag leaf than high source-sink ratio cultivars (HSS). In EXP2, grain yield and biomass gain was also greater in LSS probably caused by their strong sink. Photosynthetic capacity response to e-CO2 was negatively correlated across genotypes with local C source-sink ratio, a trait highly conserved across environments. HSS were sink-limited under e-CO2 , probably associated with low triose phosphate utilization (TPU) capacity. We suggest that the local C source-sink ratio is a potential target for selecting more CO2 -responsive cultivars, pending validation for a broader genotypic spectrum and for field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Fabre
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael Dingkuhn
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Anne Clément-Vidal
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Roques
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Armelle Soutiras
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Luquet
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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Glanz-Idan N, Tarkowski P, Turečková V, Wolf S. Root-shoot communication in tomato plants: cytokinin as a signal molecule modulating leaf photosynthetic activity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:247-257. [PMID: 31504736 PMCID: PMC6913696 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic activity is affected by exogenous and endogenous inputs, including source-sink balance. Reducing the source to sink ratio by partial defoliation or heavy shading resulted in significant elevation of the photosynthetic rate in the remaining leaf of tomato plants within 3 d. The remaining leaf turned deep green, and its area increased by almost 3-fold within 7 d. Analyses of photosynthetic activity established up-regulation due to increased carbon fixation activity in the remaining leaf, rather than due to altered water balance. Moreover, senescence of the remaining leaf was significantly inhibited. As expected, carbohydrate concentration was lower in the remaining leaf than in the control leaves; however, expression of genes involved in sucrose export was significantly lower. These results suggest that the accumulated fixed carbohydrates were primarily devoted to increasing the size of the remaining leaf. Detailed analyses of the cytokinin content indicated that partial defoliation alters cytokinin biosynthesis in the roots, resulting in a higher concentration of trans-zeatin riboside, the major xylem-translocated molecule, and a higher concentration of total cytokinin in the remaining leaf. Together, our findings suggest that trans-zeatin riboside acts as a signal molecule that traffics from the root to the remaining leaf to alter gene expression and elevate photosynthetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Glanz-Idan
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Turečková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Shmuel Wolf
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Guo J, Li H, Zhou C, Yang Y. Effects of Flag Leaf and Number of Vegetative Ramets on Sexual Reproductive Performance in the Clonal Grass Leymus chinensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:534278. [PMID: 33193474 PMCID: PMC7661390 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.534278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction is vital for population adaptation in clonal plants. The flag leaf is considered to be the primary contributor to sexual reproduction in cereal crops, and there is no unified conclusion on the effect of the number of vegetative ramets on grain yield. However, what effects of the flag leaf and the number of vegetative ramets on sexual reproductive performance of clonal grasses are largely unknown. To test this, under field natural conditions, we grew the rhizomatous grass Leymus chinensis in a homogeneous environment and conducted studies concerning the growth, reproduction and physiology of reproductive ramets in clonal populations. We measured the growth characteristics of different aged leaves, dynamically measured the net photosynthetic rate of different aged leaves and organ biomass, measured the sexual reproductive characteristics of reproductive ramets that had different numbers of connecting vegetative ramets, and performed isotope (15N) labeling of ramet pairs at the seed-filling stage. In L. chinensis clonal populations, from the heading stage, the photosynthetic contribution of the functional leaves to seed production was much greater than that of the flag leaf; the photosynthetic capacity of both the functional leaves and the flag leaf all gradually declined. Vegetative ramets translocated their own resources to the connected reproductive ramets, and a large proportion of translocated resources were allocated to the leaf and stem to sustain life activities; increase in the number of connecting vegetative ramets increased floret number, seed number, seed-setting rate, inflorescence biomass, seed biomass, and reproductive allocation of reproductive ramets, and these parameters significantly and positively correlated with the biomass of connecting vegetative ramets. We conclude that the functional leaf rather than the flag leaf of L. chinensis is the primary contributor to seed production. Reproductive ramets adopt a strategy of growth first and reproduction later to allocate the translocated resources between the organs, but vegetative ramets are very advantageous for sexual reproduction under the tillering node connection form in L. chinensis. Overall, our study implies that vegetative ramets not only play an important role in the spatial expansion but also in the sexual reproduction of clonal plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Haiyan Li,
| | - Chan Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunfei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Yunfei Yang,
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Garcia-Molina A, Leister D. Accelerated relaxation of photoprotection impairs biomass accumulation in Arabidopsis. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:9-12. [PMID: 31907400 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0572-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Faster onset of photoprotection could potentially increase biomass accumulation. Indeed, this has been realized in tobacco VPZ lines by overexpression of three photoprotective proteins in parallel. To explore the range of application of this approach, we generated Arabidopsis VPZ lines. These lines triggered photoprotection more rapidly, but growth rate and biomass accumulation were impaired under fluctuating light. This implies that the strategy might interfere with other mechanisms controlling excitation energy distribution, or with source-sink relationships or plastid signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Garcia-Molina
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Erel R, T. Le T, Eshel A, Cohen S, Offenbach R, Strijker T, Shtein I. Root Development of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) as Affected by Water Salinity and Sink Strength. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E35. [PMID: 31881669 PMCID: PMC7020163 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fruits are the dominant sinks for assimilates. At optimal conditions, assimilates supply can meet the demand of fruits and those of the vegetative organs; however, extreme circumstances such as strong sink strength or an environmental stress may disturb this fine balance. While most studies focus on aboveground parameters, information regarding root growth dynamics under variable sink strength are scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sink strength (represented by fruit load) and salinity on bell-pepper root development. Three levels of fruit load were combined with two salinity levels in plants grown in an aeroponic system. Root growth was determined both by root capacitance and destructive measurements. Salinity and sink strength significantly affected root, shoot and fruit growth dynamics. Root growth was less affected by fruit load. Salinity stress was negatively associated with shoot growth, but after an acclimation period, salinity enhanced root development. Additionally, this study shows for the first time that root capacitance is a valid approach for non-destructive measurement of root development in aeroponic systems. The good correlation measured by us (r2 0.86) opens new opportunities for continuous root growth monitoring in aeroponic systems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Erel
- Gilat Research Center, Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Negev 85-280, Israel;
| | - Thuc T. Le
- Gilat Research Center, Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Negev 85-280, Israel;
- Yair Station, Central and Northern Arava R&D Center, Hazeva 8681500, Israel; (S.C.); (R.O.); (T.S.)
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
| | - Amram Eshel
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
| | - Shabtai Cohen
- Yair Station, Central and Northern Arava R&D Center, Hazeva 8681500, Israel; (S.C.); (R.O.); (T.S.)
| | - Rivka Offenbach
- Yair Station, Central and Northern Arava R&D Center, Hazeva 8681500, Israel; (S.C.); (R.O.); (T.S.)
| | - Tobias Strijker
- Yair Station, Central and Northern Arava R&D Center, Hazeva 8681500, Israel; (S.C.); (R.O.); (T.S.)
| | - Ilana Shtein
- Department of Oenology and Agriculture, Eastern R&D Center, Ariel 40700, Israel;
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64
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Yuan J, Sun N, Du H, Muhammad U, Kang H, Du B, Yin S, Liu C. Correlated metabolic and elemental variations between the leaves and seeds of oak trees at contrasting geologically derived phosphorus sites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:178-186. [PMID: 31319254 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The leaves and seeds of plants frequently function as the source and sink organs for distinct metabolites, which can interactively vary in response to adverse site conditions. Subtropical soils are typically characterized as having deficient phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), with enriched aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe), while Al and manganese (Mn) are toxic at low pH. It remains largely unknown how leaf- and seed-sourced metabolites are synergistically linked to adapt to P-variable soils for trees in subtropical areas. Here we quantified the metabolic and elemental profiling in the mature leaves and immature seeds of Quercus variabilis at contrasting geologically-derived phosphorus sites in subtropical China. The results revealed that carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) based metabolites (primarily sugars and organic acids), as well as enzyme- and protein/nucleic acid-related elements (N, P, Mg, and Mn) played important roles toward characterizing the profiling of metabolites and ionomes in leaves and seeds at two site types, respectively. These metabolites (sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids) and elements (N, P, Mg, and Mn) of seeds were closely related to the sugars, organic acids, and elements (N, P, Mg, and Mn) of leaves at the two site types. For the most part, the content of N and P in the soil affected the accumulation of materials (such as, starchs and proteins) in seeds, as well as N and P assimilation in leaves, by influencing C- and N-containing metabolites in leaves. These results suggested that correlated disparities of C- and N-containing metabolites, along with enzyme- and protein/nucleic acid-related elements in both leaves and seeds played important roles in plants to facilitate their adaptation to nutrient-variable sites in subtropical zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yuan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China
| | - Ningxiao Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Research Station, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China
| | - Hongmei Du
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China
| | - Umair Muhammad
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhang Kang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Research Station, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China
| | - Baoming Du
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Research Station, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Yin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Research Station, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China
| | - Chunjiang Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Research Station, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China.
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Ševčíková H, Lhotáková Z, Hamet J, Lipavská H. Mixotrophic in vitro cultivations: the way to go astray in plant physiology. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:365-377. [PMID: 30536419 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Rate of photosynthesis and related plant carbohydrate status are crucial factors affecting plant vigor. Sugars providing carbon and energy sources serve also as important signaling molecules governing plant growth and development through a complex regulatory network. These facts are often neglected when mixotrophic cultivation of plants in vitro is used, where artificial exogenous sugar supply hinders studies of metabolism as well as sugar-driven developmental processes. We compared the growth, selected gas-exchange parameters and sugar metabolism characteristics in four model plants, potato (Solanum tuberosum 'Lada'), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum 'Samsun'), rapeseed (Brassica napus 'Asgard') and strawberry (Fragaria vesca), under both photomixotrophic (PM) and photoautotrophic (PA) conditions. To ensure PA conditions, we used our improved sun caps that serve as gas and light permeable covers for cultivation vessels. We found bigger biomass accumulation, larger leaf areas, higher stomatal conductance and higher instantaneous water use efficiency and lower root sugar contents in PA plants compared to PM ones. However, for other characteristics (root biomass, root/shoot ratio, pigment contents, leaf sugar and starch levels and transpiration rates), a strong species-dependent reactions to the exogenous sugar supply was noted, which does not allow to create a general view on the overall impact of PM nutrition under in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Ševčíková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12843, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Lhotáková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12843, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Hamet
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12843, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Lipavská
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12843, Prague, Czech Republic
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66
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Lee DW, Lee SK, Rahman MM, Kim YJ, Zhang D, Jeon JS. The Role of Rice Vacuolar Invertase2 in Seed Size Control. Mol Cells 2019; 42:711-720. [PMID: 31607684 PMCID: PMC6821455 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sink strength optimizes sucrose import, which is fundamental to support developing seed grains and increase crop yields, including those of rice (Oryza sativa). In this regard, little is known about the function of vacuolar invertase (VIN) in controlling sink strength and thereby seed size. Here, in rice we analyzed mutants of two VINs, OsVIN1 and OsVIN2, to examine their role during seed development. In a phenotypic analysis of the T-DNA insertion mutants, only the OsVIN2 mutant osvin2-1 exhibited reduced seed size and grain weight. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the small seed grains of osvin2-1 can be attributed to a reduction in spikelet size. A significant decrease in VIN activity and hexose level in the osvin2-1 spikelets interfered with spikelet growth. In addition, significant reduction in starch and increase in sucrose, which are characteristic features of reduced turnover and flux of sucrose due to impaired sink strength, were evident in the pre-storage stage of osvin2-1 developing grains. In situ hybridization analysis found that expression of OsVIN2 was predominant in the endocarp of developing grains. A genetically complemented line with a native genomic clone of OsVIN2 rescued reduced VIN activity and seed size. Two additional mutants, osvin2-2 and osvin2-3 generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 method, exhibited phenotypes similar to those of osvin2-1 in spikelet and seed size, VIN activity, and sugar metabolites. These results clearly demonstrate an important role of OsVIN2 as sink strength modulator that is critical for the maintenance of sucrose flux into developing seed grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Woo Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104,
Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104,
Korea
| | - Md Mizanor Rahman
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104,
Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104,
Korea
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240,
China
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240,
China
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104,
Korea
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67
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Fabre D, Yin X, Dingkuhn M, Clément-Vidal A, Roques S, Rouan L, Soutiras A, Luquet D. Is triose phosphate utilization involved in the feedback inhibition of photosynthesis in rice under conditions of sink limitation? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5773-5785. [PMID: 31269202 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the physiological basis of rice photosynthetic response to C source-sink imbalances, focusing on the dynamics of the photosynthetic parameter triose phosphate utilization (TPU). Here, rice (Oriza sativa L.) indica cultivar IR64 were grown in controlled environment chambers under current ambient CO2 concentration until heading, and thereafter two CO2 treatments (400 and 800 μmol mol-1) were compared in the presence and absence of a panicle-pruning treatment modifying the C sink. At 2 weeks after heading, photosynthetic parameters derived from CO2 response curves, and non-structural carbohydrate content of flag leaf and internodes were measured three to four times of day. Spikelet number per panicle and flag leaf area on the main culm were recorded. Net C assimilation and TPU decreased progressively after midday in panicle-pruned plants, especially under 800 μmol mol-1 CO2. This TPU reduction was explained by sucrose accumulation in the flag leaf resulting from the sink limitation. Taking together, our findings suggest that TPU is involved in the regulation of photosynthesis in rice under elevated CO2 conditions, and that sink limitation effects should be considered in crop models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Fabre
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michael Dingkuhn
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Clément-Vidal
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Roques
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Lauriane Rouan
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Armelle Soutiras
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Luquet
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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68
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Lee J, Dong X, Choi K, Song H, Yi H, Hur Y. Identification of source-sink tissues in the leaf of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) by carbohydrate content and transcriptomic analysis. Genes Genomics 2019; 42:13-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00873-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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69
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de Ï Vila Silva L, Condori-Apfata JA, Costa PMDA, Martino PBO, Tavares ACA, Marcelino MM, Raimundi SBCJR, Picoli EADT, Araï Jo WL, Zsï Gï N A, Sulpice R, Nunes-Nesi A. Source Strength Modulates Fruit Set by Starch Turnover and Export of Both Sucrose and Amino Acids in Pepper. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2319-2330. [PMID: 31268146 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fruit set is an important yield-related parameter, which varies drastically due to genetic and environmental factors. Here, two commercial cultivars of Capsicum chinense (Biquinho and Habanero) were evaluated in response to light intensity (unshaded and shaded) and N supply (deficiency and sufficiency) to understand the role of source strength on fruit set at the metabolic level. We assessed the metabolic balance of primary metabolites in source leaves during the flowering period. Furthermore, we investigated the metabolic balance of the same metabolites in flowers to gain more insights into their influence on fruit set. Genotype and N supply had a strong effect on fruit set and the levels of primary metabolites, whereas light intensity had a moderate effect. Higher fruit set was mainly related to the export of both sucrose and amino acids from source leaves to flowers. Additionally, starch turnover in source leaves, but not in flowers, had a central role on the sucrose supply to sink organs at night. In flowers, our results not only confirmed the role of the daily supply of carbohydrates on fruit set but also indicated a potential role of the balance of amino acids and malate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Ï Vila Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Vi�osa, Vi�osa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jorge A Condori-Apfata
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Vi�osa, Vi�osa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Brandï O Martino
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Vi�osa, Vi�osa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana C Azevedo Tavares
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Vi�osa, Vi�osa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Wagner L Araï Jo
- Max-Planck Partner Group, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Vi�osa, Vi�osa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsï Gï N
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Vi�osa, Vi�osa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Vi�osa, Vi�osa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Nada RM, Abo-Hegazy SE, Budran EG, Abogadallah GM. The interaction of genes controlling root traits is required for the developmental acquisition of deep and thick root traits and improving root architecture in response to low water or nitrogen content in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 141:122-132. [PMID: 31151078 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Most of the hot spots about rice research are related to roots; increasing rice yield is mainly associated with improving root traits. Understanding phenotype-gene regulation relationship in different rice cultivars can contribute to the genetic improvement of root system. The expression pattern of root genes in moroberekan (deep and thick roots and high root/shoot ratio "R/S") was compared to that in Giza178 and PM12 (numerous but shallow roots) and IR64 (fewer but deeper roots than the latter ones). In contrast to the other genotypes, moroberekan did not cease developing deep and thick roots even after 60 days from sowing, perhaps because of not only the consistent upregulation but also the interaction of root genes. Xylem sap flow was significantly higher even under drought (low water content) in moroberekan. Auxin signaling-related ARF12 and PIN1 genes could play key roles in improving root traits in response to low water or nitrogen content. Their concurrent upregulation was coincided with developing 1) deeper roots in moroberekan under drought, 2) thicker and deeper roots in PM12 under low nitrogen content (LN) and 3) new roots with thicker and deeper characteristics in the four genotypes after root trimming. The upregulation of PIN1 or ARF12 in Giza178 at LN, PM12 at drought or in IR64 under drought or LN did not greatly change the root traits. Hierarchical analysis showed that ARF12 and PIN1 were distantly related, but overlapped with other genes controlling root traits. Overexpression of ARF12 and PIN1 could improve root traits in rice cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham M Nada
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, 34517, Egypt.
| | - Sara E Abo-Hegazy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, 34517, Egypt
| | - Enas G Budran
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, 34517, Egypt
| | - Gaber M Abogadallah
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, 34517, Egypt
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71
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Rodrigues J, Inzé D, Nelissen H, Saibo NJM. Source-Sink Regulation in Crops under Water Deficit. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:652-663. [PMID: 31109763 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To meet the food demands of an increasing world population, it is necessary to improve crop production; a task that is made more challenging by the changing climate. Several recent reports show that increasing the capacity of plants to assimilate carbon (source strength), or to tap into the internal carbon reservoir (sink strength), has the potential to improve plant productivity in the field under water-deficit conditions. Here, we review the effects of water deficit on the source-sink communication, as well as the respective regulatory mechanisms underpinning plant productivity. We also highlight stress-tolerant traits that can contribute to harness source and sink strengths towards producing high-yielding and drought-tolerant crops, depending on the drought scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Rodrigues
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, UNL, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nelson J M Saibo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, UNL, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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72
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Chang TG, Zhao H, Wang N, Song QF, Xiao Y, Qu M, Zhu XG. A three-dimensional canopy photosynthesis model in rice with a complete description of the canopy architecture, leaf physiology, and mechanical properties. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2479-2490. [PMID: 30801123 PMCID: PMC6487591 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In current rice breeding programs, morphological parameters such as plant height, leaf length and width, leaf angle, panicle architecture, and tiller number during the grain filling stage are used as major selection targets. However, so far, there is no robust approach to quantitatively define the optimal combinations of parameters that can lead to increased canopy radiation use efficiency (RUE). Here we report the development of a three-dimensional canopy photosynthesis model (3dCAP), which effectively combines three-dimensional canopy architecture, canopy vertical nitrogen distribution, a ray-tracing algorithm, and a leaf photosynthesis model. Concurrently, we developed an efficient workflow for the parameterization of 3dCAP. 3dCAP predicted daily canopy RUE for different nitrogen treatments of a given rice cultivar under different weather conditions. Using 3dCAP, we explored the influence of three canopy architectural parameters-tiller number, tiller angle and leaf angle-on canopy RUE. Under different weather conditions and different nitrogen treatments, canopy architecture optimized by manipulating these parameters can increase daily net canopy photosynthetic CO2 uptake by 10-52%. Generally, a smaller tiller angle was predicted for most elite rice canopy architectures, especially under scattered light conditions. Results further show that similar canopy RUE can be obtained by multiple different parameter combinations; these combinations share two common features of high light absorption by leaves in the canopy and a high level of coordination between the nitrogen concentration and the light absorbed by each leaf within the canopy. Overall, this new model has potential to be used in rice ideotype design for improved canopy RUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Gen Chang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglong Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wang
- CAS MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Feng Song
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingnan Qu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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73
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Nowicka B. Target genes for plant productivity improvement. J Biotechnol 2019; 298:21-34. [PMID: 30978366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, as well as the development of high-yielding varieties enabled substantial increase in crop productivity during the 20th century. However, the increase in yield over the last two decades has been slower. It is thought that further improvement in productivity of the major crop species using traditional cultivation methods is limited. Therefore, the use of genetic engineering seems to be a promising approach. There is ongoing research concerning genes that have an impact on plant growth, development and yield. The proteins and miRNAs encoded by these genes participate in a variety of processes, such as growth regulation, assimilate transport and partitioning as well as macronutrient uptake and metabolism. This paper presents the major directions in research concerning genes that may be targets of genetic engineering aimed to improve plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrycze Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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74
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Simkin AJ, López-Calcagno PE, Raines CA. Feeding the world: improving photosynthetic efficiency for sustainable crop production. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1119-1140. [PMID: 30772919 PMCID: PMC6395887 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A number of recent studies have provided strong support demonstrating that improving the photosynthetic processes through genetic engineering can provide an avenue to improve yield potential. The major focus of this review is on improvement of the Calvin-Benson cycle and electron transport. Consideration is also given to how altering regulatory process may provide an additional route to increase photosynthetic efficiency. Here we summarize some of the recent successes that have been observed through genetic manipulation of photosynthesis, showing that, in both the glasshouse and the field, yield can be increased by >40%. These results provide a clear demonstration of the potential for increasing yield through improvements in photosynthesis. In the final section, we consider the need to stack improvement in photosynthetic traits with traits that target the yield gap in order to provide robust germplasm for different crops across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Simkin
- NIAB EMR, New Road, East Malling, Kent, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Wivenhoe Park, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | | | - Christine A Raines
- School of Biological Sciences, Wivenhoe Park, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
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75
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Handakumbura PP, Stanfill B, Rivas-Ubach A, Fortin D, Vogel JP, Jansson C. Metabotyping as a Stopover in Genome-to-Phenome Mapping. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1858. [PMID: 30755686 PMCID: PMC6372633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting phenotypic expression from genomic and environmental information is arguably the greatest challenge in today's biology. Being able to survey genomic content, e.g., as single-nucleotide polymorphism data, within a diverse population and predict the phenotypes of external traits, represents the holy grail across genome-informed disciplines, from personal medicine and nutrition to plant breeding. In the present study, we propose a two-step procedure in bridging the genome to phenome gap where external phenotypes are viewed as emergent properties of internal phenotypes, such as molecular profiles, in interaction with the environment. Using biomass accumulation and shoot-root allometry as external traits in diverse genotypes of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon, we established correlative models between genotypes and metabolite profiles (metabotypes) as internal phenotypes, and between metabotypes and external phenotypes under two contrasting watering regimes. Our results demonstrate the potential for employing metabotypes as an integrator in predicting external phenotypes from genomic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pubudu P Handakumbura
- The Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Washington, WA, 99352, USA.
| | - Bryan Stanfill
- Advanced Computing, Computing and Analytics Division, PNNL, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Albert Rivas-Ubach
- The Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Washington, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Dan Fortin
- Advanced Computing, Computing and Analytics Division, PNNL, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - John P Vogel
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute (JGI), Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Christer Jansson
- The Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Washington, WA, 99352, USA.
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76
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Sadka A, Shlizerman L, Kamara I, Blumwald E. Primary Metabolism in Citrus Fruit as Affected by Its Unique Structure. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1167. [PMID: 31611894 PMCID: PMC6775482 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Citrus is one of the world's most important fruit crops, contributing essential nutrients, such as vitamin C and minerals, to the human diet. It is characterized by two important traits: first, its major edible part is composed of juice sacs, a unique structure among fruit, and second, relatively high levels of citric acid are accumulated in the vacuole of the juice sac cell. Although the major routes of primary metabolism are generally the same in citrus fruit and other plant systems, the fruit's unique structural features challenge our understanding of carbon flow into the fruit and its movement through all of its parts. In fact, acid metabolism and accumulation have only been summarized in a few reviews. Here we present a comprehensive view of sugar, acid and amino acid metabolism and their connections within the fruit, all in relation to the fruit's unique structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Sadka
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- *Correspondence: Avi Sadka,
| | - Lyudmila Shlizerman
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Itzhak Kamara
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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77
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Chang TG, Chang S, Song QF, Perveen S, Zhu XG. Systems models, phenomics and genomics: three pillars for developing high-yielding photosynthetically efficient crops. IN SILICO PLANTS 2019; 1:ISP-01-01-diy003. [PMID: 33381682 PMCID: PMC7731669 DOI: 10.1093/insilicoplants/diy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent years witnessed a stagnation in yield enhancement in major staple crops, which leads plant biologists and breeders to focus on an urgent challenge to dramatically increase crop yield to meet the growing food demand. Systems models have started to show their capacity in guiding crops improvement for greater biomass and grain yield production. Here we argue that systems models, phenomics and genomics combined are three pillars for the future breeding for high-yielding photosynthetically efficient crops (HYPEC). Briefly, systems models can be used to guide identification of breeding targets for a particular cultivar and define optimal physiological and architectural parameters for a particular crop to achieve high yield under defined environments. Phenomics can support collection of architectural, physiological, biochemical and molecular parameters in a high-throughput manner, which can be used to support both model validation and model parameterization. Genomic techniques can be used to accelerate crop breeding by enabling more efficient mapping between genotypic and phenotypic variation, and guide genome engineering or editing for model-designed traits. In this paper, we elaborate on these roles and how they can work synergistically to support future HYPEC breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Gen Chang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shuoqi Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, HHRRC, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Qing-Feng Song
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shahnaz Perveen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Corresponding author’s e-mail address:
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78
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Nowicka B, Ciura J, Szymańska R, Kruk J. Improving photosynthesis, plant productivity and abiotic stress tolerance - current trends and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 231:415-433. [PMID: 30412849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
With unfavourable climate changes and an increasing global population, there is a great need for more productive and stress-tolerant crops. As traditional methods of crop improvement have probably reached their limits, a further increase in the productivity of crops is expected to be possible using genetic engineering. The number of potential genes and metabolic pathways, which when genetically modified could result in improved photosynthesis and biomass production, is multiple. Photosynthesis, as the only source of carbon required for the growth and development of plants, attracts much attention is this respect, especially the question concerning how to improve CO2 fixation and limit photorespiration. The most promising direction for increasing CO2 assimilation is implementating carbon concentrating mechanisms found in cyanobacteria and algae into crop plants, while hitherto performed experiments on improving the CO2 fixation versus oxygenation reaction catalyzed by Rubisco are less encouraging. On the other hand, introducing the C4 pathway into C3 plants is a very difficult challenge. Among other points of interest for increased biomass production is engineering of metabolic regulation, certain proteins, nucleic acids or phytohormones. In this respect, enhanced sucrose synthesis, assimilate translocation to sink organs and starch synthesis is crucial, as is genetic engineering of the phytohormone metabolism. As abiotic stress tolerance is one of the key factors determining crop productivity, extensive studies are being undertaken to develop transgenic plants characterized by elevated stress resistance. This can be accomplished due to elevated synthesis of antioxidants, osmoprotectants and protective proteins. Among other promising targets for the genetic engineering of plants with elevated stress resistance are transcription factors that play a key role in abiotic stress responses of plants. In this review, most of the approaches to improving the productivity of plants that are potentially promising and have already been undertaken are described. In addition to this, the limitations faced, potential challenges and possibilities regarding future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrycze Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Joanna Ciura
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Renata Szymańska
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Reymonta 19, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Kruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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79
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Burnett AC, Rogers A, Rees M, Osborne CP. Nutrient sink limitation constrains growth in two barley species with contrasting growth strategies. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00094. [PMID: 31245695 PMCID: PMC6508780 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mineral nutrients exert important limitations on plant growth. Growth is limited by the nutrient source when it is constrained by nutrient availability and uptake, which may simultaneously limit investment in photosynthetic proteins, leading to carbon source limitation. However, growth may also be limited by nutrient utilization in sink tissue. The relative importance of these processes is contested, with crop and vegetation models typically assuming source limitations of carbon and mineral nutrients (especially nitrogen). This study compared the importance of source and sink limitation on growth in a slower-growing wild perennial barley (Hordeum bulbosum) and a faster-growing domesticated annual barley (Hordeum vulgare), by applying a mineral nutrient treatment and measuring nitrogen uptake, growth, allocation, and carbon partitioning. We found that nitrogen uptake, growth, tillering, shoot allocation, and nitrogen storage were restricted by low nutrient treatments. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that low nutrient levels do not limit growth via carbon acquisition: (a) Carbohydrate storage does not increase at high nutrient levels. (b) Ratio of free amino acids to sucrose increases at high nutrient levels. (c) Shoot allocation increases at high nutrient levels. These data indicate that barley productivity is limited by the capacity for nutrient use in growth. Models must explicitly account for sink processes in order to properly simulate this mineral nutrient limitation of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C. Burnett
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Present address:
Environmental and Climate Sciences DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNew York11973
| | - Alistair Rogers
- Environmental and Climate Sciences DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNew York
| | - Mark Rees
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Colin P. Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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80
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Jansson C, Vogel J, Hazen S, Brutnell T, Mockler T. Climate-smart crops with enhanced photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3801-3809. [PMID: 30032188 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The potential of enhanced photosynthetic efficiency to help achieve the sustainable yield increases required to meet future demands for food and energy has spurred intense research towards understanding, modeling, and engineering photosynthesis. These current efforts, largely focused on the C3 model Arabidopsis thaliana or crop plants (e.g. rice, sorghum, maize, and wheat), could be intensified and broadened using model systems closely related to our food, feed, and energy crops and that allow rapid design-build-test-learn cycles. In this outlooking Opinion, we advocate for a concerted effort to expand our understanding and improve our ability to redesign carbon uptake, allocation, and utilization. We propose two specific research directions that combine enhanced photosynthesis with climate-smart metabolic attributes: (i) engineering pathways for flexible (facultative) C3-C4 metabolism where plants will operate either C3 or C4 photosynthesis based on environmental conditions such as temperature, light, and atmospheric CO2 levels; and (ii) increasing rhizospheric sink strength for carbon utilization, including strategies that allow for augmented transport of carbon to the soil for improved soil properties and carbon storage without jeopardizing aboveground crop biomass. We argue that such ambitious undertakings be first approached and demonstrated by exploring the full genomic potential of two model grasses, the C3Brachypodium distachyon and the C4Setaria viridis. The development of climate-smart crops could provide novel and bold solutions to increase crop productivity while reducing atmospheric carbon and nitrogen emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christer Jansson
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - John Vogel
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Walnut Creek CA, USA
| | - Samuel Hazen
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Todd Mockler
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
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81
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Sonnewald U, Fernie AR. Next-generation strategies for understanding and influencing source-sink relations in crop plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 43:63-70. [PMID: 29428477 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Whether plants are source or sink limited, that is, whether carbon assimilation or rather assimilate usage is ultimately responsible for crop yield, has been the subject of intense debate over several decades. Here we provide a short review of this debate before focusing on the use of transgenic intervention as a means to influence yield by modifying either source or sink function (or both). Given the relatively low success rates of strategies targeting single genes we highlight the success of multi-target transformations. The emergence of whole plant models and the potential impact that these will have in aiding yield improvement strategies are then discussed. We end by providing our perspective for next generation strategies for improving crop plants by means of manipulating their source-sink relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Sonnewald
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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