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Athanasaki A, Melanis K, Tsantzali I, Stefanou MI, Ntymenou S, Paraskevas SG, Kalamatianos T, Boutati E, Lambadiari V, Voumvourakis KI, Stranjalis G, Giannopoulos S, Tsivgoulis G, Paraskevas GP. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer’s Disease: Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040778. [PMID: 35453527 PMCID: PMC9029855 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia, reaching 60–80% of case totals, and is one of the major global causes of the elderly population’s decline in functionality concerning daily life activities. Epidemiological research has already indicated that, in addition to several others metabolic factors, diabetes mellitus type 2 is a risk factor of Alzheimer’s disease. Many molecular pathways have been described, and at the same time, there are clues that suggest the connection between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease, through specific genes, autophagy, and even inflammatory pathways. A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted, and its main goal was to reveal the multilevel connection between these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Athanasaki
- Department of Neurology, Evangelismos Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece; (A.A.); (S.N.)
| | - Konstantinos Melanis
- 2nd Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (K.M.); (I.T.); (M.I.S.); (S.G.P.); (K.I.V.); (S.G.); (G.T.)
| | - Ioanna Tsantzali
- 2nd Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (K.M.); (I.T.); (M.I.S.); (S.G.P.); (K.I.V.); (S.G.); (G.T.)
| | - Maria Ioanna Stefanou
- 2nd Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (K.M.); (I.T.); (M.I.S.); (S.G.P.); (K.I.V.); (S.G.); (G.T.)
| | - Sofia Ntymenou
- Department of Neurology, Evangelismos Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece; (A.A.); (S.N.)
| | - Sotirios G. Paraskevas
- 2nd Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (K.M.); (I.T.); (M.I.S.); (S.G.P.); (K.I.V.); (S.G.); (G.T.)
| | - Theodosis Kalamatianos
- 1st Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece; (T.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Eleni Boutati
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (E.B.); (V.L.)
| | - Vaia Lambadiari
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (E.B.); (V.L.)
| | - Konstantinos I. Voumvourakis
- 2nd Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (K.M.); (I.T.); (M.I.S.); (S.G.P.); (K.I.V.); (S.G.); (G.T.)
| | - George Stranjalis
- 1st Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece; (T.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Sotirios Giannopoulos
- 2nd Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (K.M.); (I.T.); (M.I.S.); (S.G.P.); (K.I.V.); (S.G.); (G.T.)
| | - Georgios Tsivgoulis
- 2nd Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (K.M.); (I.T.); (M.I.S.); (S.G.P.); (K.I.V.); (S.G.); (G.T.)
| | - George P. Paraskevas
- 2nd Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (K.M.); (I.T.); (M.I.S.); (S.G.P.); (K.I.V.); (S.G.); (G.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2105832466
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Peripheral Aβ acts as a negative modulator of insulin secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117723119. [PMID: 35290109 PMCID: PMC8944757 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117723119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). While type 2 diabetes mellitus is known to be a risk factor for AD, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we demonstrate that plasma Aβ is produced from glucose- and insulin-susceptible peripheral tissues, such as the pancreas, adipose tissues, skeletal muscles, and liver, to inhibit insulin secretion from islet β-cells. Our findings suggest a physiological role of peripheral Aβ in glucose and insulin metabolism and a possible mechanism linking diabetes to AD. In addition, although plasma Aβ levels are currently used as a diagnostic biomarker of AD, our data suggest they should be used with caution. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is known to be a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In AD, the cerebral accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) triggers a pathological cascade leading to neurodegeneration. Plasma Aβ levels are thought to reflect the brain amyloid pathology and currently used as a diagnostic biomarker of AD. However, amyloid precursor protein and Aβ-generating enzymes, β- and γ-secretases, are widely expressed in various peripheral tissues. Previous reports have shown that glucose and insulin loading cause a transient increase of plasma Aβ in mice and humans. These findings led us to speculate that plasma Aβ is produced from glucose- and insulin-susceptible peripheral tissues to play a role in glucose and insulin metabolism. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of glucose and insulin on Aβ secretion and the effect of Aβ on insulin secretion in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro. Aβ was found to be secreted from β-cells of the pancreas along with insulin upon glucose stimulation. Upon insulin stimulation, Aβ was secreted from cells of insulin-targeted organs, such as adipose tissues, skeletal muscles, and the liver, along with their organokines. Furthermore, Aβ inhibited the glucose-triggered insulin secretion from β-cells, slowing down glucose clearance from the blood. These results suggest that peripheral Aβ acts as a negative modulator of insulin secretion. Our findings provide a possible mechanism linking diabetes to AD and call attention to how plasma Aβ levels are used in AD diagnosis.
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Al Adem K, Shanti A, Srivastava A, Homouz D, Thomas SA, Khair M, Stefanini C, Chan V, Kim TY, Lee S. Linking Alzheimer’s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes: Characterization and Inhibition of Cytotoxic Aβ and IAPP Hetero-Aggregates. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:842582. [PMID: 35372522 PMCID: PMC8968156 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.842582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic self-aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide and islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D), respectively. Increasing evidence, particularly the co-deposition of Aβ and IAPP in both brain and pancreatic tissues, suggests that Aβ and IAPP cross-interaction may be responsible for a pathological link between AD and T2D. Here, we examined the nature of IAPP-Aβ40 co-aggregation and its inhibition by small molecules. In specific, we characterized the kinetic profiles, morphologies, secondary structures and toxicities of IAPP-Aβ40 hetero-assemblies and compared them to those formed by their homo-assemblies. We demonstrated that monomeric IAPP and Aβ40 form stable hetero-dimers and hetero-assemblies that further aggregate into β-sheet-rich hetero-aggregates that are toxic (cell viability <50%) to both PC-12 cells, a neuronal cell model, and RIN-m5F cells, a pancreatic cell model for β-cells. We then selected polyphenolic candidates to inhibit IAPP or Aβ40 self-aggregation and examined the inhibitory effect of the most potent candidate on IAPP-Aβ40 co-aggregation. We demonstrated that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) form inter-molecular hydrogen bonds with each of IAPP and Aβ40. We also showed that EGCG reduced hetero-aggregate formation and resulted in lower β-sheets content and higher unordered structures in IAPP-Aβ40-EGCG samples. Importantly, we showed that EGCG is highly effective in reducing the toxicity of IAPP-Aβ40 hetero-aggregates on both cell models, specifically at concentrations that are equivalent to or are 2.5-fold higher than the mixed peptide concentrations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the inhibition of IAPP-Aβ40 co-aggregation by small molecules. We conclude that EGCG is a promising candidate to prevent co-aggregation and cytotoxicity of IAPP-Aβ40, which in turn, contribute to the pathological link between AD and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenana Al Adem
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aya Shanti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amit Srivastava
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dirar Homouz
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sneha Ann Thomas
- Core Technology Platforms, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mostafa Khair
- Core Technology Platforms, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Cesare Stefanini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vincent Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tae-Yeon Kim
- Department of Civil Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sungmun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Khalifa University’s Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Sungmun Lee,
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De Felice FG, Gonçalves RA, Ferreira ST. Impaired insulin signalling and allostatic load in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:215-230. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00558-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Cytotoxicity and Effects on the Synapsis Induced by Pure Cylindrospermopsin in an E17 Embryonic Murine Primary Neuronal Culture in a Concentration- and Time-Dependent Manner. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030175. [PMID: 35324672 PMCID: PMC8950865 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanotoxin whose incidence has been increasing in the last decades. Due to its capacity to exert damage at different levels of the organism, it is considered a cytotoxin. Although the main target organ is the liver, recent studies indicate that CYN has potential toxic effects on the nervous system, both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the aim of the present work was to study the effects of this cyanotoxin on neuronal viability and synaptic integrity in murine primary cultures of neurons exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (0–1 µg/mL CYN) for 12, 24, and 48 h. The results demonstrate a concentration- and time-dependent decrease in cell viability; no cytotoxicity was detected after exposure to the cyanotoxin for 12 h, while all of the concentrations assayed decreased this parameter after 48 h. Furthermore, CYN was also demonstrated to exert damage at the synaptic level in a murine primary neuronal culture in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. These data highlight the importance of studying the neurotoxic properties of this cyanotoxin in different experimental models.
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Rapaka D, Bitra VR, Challa SR, Adiukwu PC. mTOR signaling as a molecular target for the alleviation of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Neurochem Int 2022; 155:105311. [PMID: 35218870 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) belongs to the phosphatidylinositol kinase-related kinase (PIKK) family. mTOR signaling is required for the commencement of essential cell functions including autophagy. mTOR primarily governs cell growth in response to favourable nutrients and other growth stimuli. However, it also influences aging and other aspects of nutrient-related physiology such as protein synthesis, ribosome biogenesis, and cell proliferation in adults with very limited growth. The major processes for survival such as synaptic plasticity, memory storage and neuronal recovery involve a significant mTOR activity. mTOR dysregulation is becoming a prevalent motif in a variety of human diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and other metabolic syndromes. The use of rapamycin to prolong life in different animal models may be attributable to the multiple roles played by mTOR signaling in various processes involved in ageing, protein translation, autophagy, stem cell pool turnover, inflammation, and cellular senescence. mTOR activity was found to be altered in AD brains and rodent models, supporting the notion that aberrant mTOR activity is one of the key events contributing to the onset and progression of AD hallmarks This review assesses the molecular association between the mTOR signaling pathway and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The research data supporting this theme are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Rapaka
- A.U. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, 530003, India.
| | | | - Siva Reddy Challa
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, 61614, USA.
| | - Paul C Adiukwu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Botswana, Gaborone, 0022, Botswana.
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Gauvrit T, Benderradji H, Buée L, Blum D, Vieau D. Early-Life Environment Influence on Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:834661. [PMID: 35252195 PMCID: PMC8891536 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.834661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With the expand of the population's average age, the incidence of neurodegenerative disorders has dramatically increased over the last decades. Alzheimer disease (AD) which is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease is mostly sporadic and primarily characterized by cognitive deficits and neuropathological lesions such as amyloid -β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyper- and/or abnormally phosphorylated Tau protein. AD is considered a complex disease that arises from the interaction between environmental and genetic factors, modulated by epigenetic mechanisms. Besides the well-described cognitive decline, AD patients also exhibit metabolic impairments. Metabolic and cognitive perturbations are indeed frequently observed in the Developmental Origin of Health and Diseases (DOHaD) field of research which proposes that environmental perturbations during the perinatal period determine the susceptibility to pathological conditions later in life. In this review, we explored the potential influence of early environmental exposure to risk factors (maternal stress, malnutrition, xenobiotics, chemical factors … ) and the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms on the programming of late-onset AD. Animal models indicate that offspring exposed to early-life stress during gestation and/or lactation increase both AD lesions, lead to defects in synaptic plasticity and finally to cognitive impairments. This long-lasting epigenetic programming could be modulated by factors such as nutriceuticals, epigenetic modifiers or psychosocial behaviour, offering thus future therapeutic opportunity to protect from AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Gauvrit
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Université de Lille, Lille, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Hamza Benderradji
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Université de Lille, Lille, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Luc Buée
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Université de Lille, Lille, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - David Blum
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Université de Lille, Lille, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Didier Vieau
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Université de Lille, Lille, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
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Querfurth H, Marshall J, Parang K, Rioult-Pedotti MS, Tiwari R, Kwon B, Reisinger S, Lee HK. A PDK-1 allosteric agonist neutralizes insulin signaling derangements and beta-amyloid toxicity in neuronal cells and in vitro. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261696. [PMID: 35061720 PMCID: PMC8782417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Alzheimer's brain is affected by multiple pathophysiological processes, which include a unique, organ-specific form of insulin resistance that begins early in its course. An additional complexity arises from the four-fold risk of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) in type 2 diabetics, however there is no definitive proof of causation. Several strategies to improve brain insulin signaling have been proposed and some have been clinically tested. We report findings on a small allosteric molecule that reverses several indices of insulin insensitivity in both cell culture and in vitro models of AD that emphasize the intracellular accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβi). PS48, a chlorophenyl pentenoic acid, is an allosteric activator of PDK-1, which is an Akt-kinase in the insulin/PI3K pathway. PS48 was active at 10 nM to 1 μM in restoring normal insulin-dependent Akt activation and in mitigating Aβi peptide toxicity. Synaptic plasticity (LTP) in prefrontal cortical slices from normal rat exposed to Aβ oligomers also benefited from PS48. During these experiments, neither overstimulation of PI3K/Akt signaling nor toxic effects on cells was observed. Another neurotoxicity model producing insulin insensitivity, utilizing palmitic acid, also responded to PS48 treatment, thus validating the target and indicating that its therapeutic potential may extend outside of β-amyloid reliance. The described in vitro and cell based-in vitro coupled enzymatic assay systems proved suitable platforms to screen a preliminary library of new analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Querfurth
- Department of Neurology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - John Marshall
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Chapman University, School of Pharmacology, Irvine, CA United States of America
| | - Mengia S. Rioult-Pedotti
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurorehabilitation, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rakesh Tiwari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Chapman University, School of Pharmacology, Irvine, CA United States of America
| | - Bumsup Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | | | - Han-Kyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Gupta S, Singh V, Ganesh S, Singhal NK, Sandhir R. siRNA Mediated GSK3β Knockdown Targets Insulin Signaling Pathway and Rescues Alzheimer's Disease Pathology: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:69-93. [PMID: 34967205 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with dysfunctional insulin signaling and energy metabolism. Emerging evidence suggests impairments in brain insulin responsiveness, glucose utilization, and energy metabolism may be major causes of amyloid precursor protein mishandling. The support for this notion comes from the studies wherein streptozotocin (STZ) induced brain insulin resistance in rodent model resulted in sAD-like neuropathology with cognitive decline. Our previous study showed a compromised insulin signaling pathway, glucose uptake, glucose metabolism, and energy homeostasis in STZ-induced glial-neuronal coculture and in vivo model of sAD. Various components of insulin signaling pathway were examined to understand the metabolic correlation, and GSK3β was selected for gene knockdown strategy to reverse sAD pathology based on the data. In the present study, we have synthesized carboxylated graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets functionalized with PEG and subsequently with polyethylenimine (PEI) to provide attachment sites for GSK3β siRNA. Our results showed that siRNA mediated knockdown of the GSK3β gene reduced expression of amyloid pathway genes (APP and BACE1), which was further confirmed by reduced amyloid beta (Aβ) levels in the in vitro STZ-induced sAD model. GSK3β knockdown also restored insulin signaling, AMPK and Mapk3 pathway by restoring the expression of corresponding candidate genes in these pathways (IR, Glut1/3, Prkaa1/2, Mapk3, BDNF) that reflected improved cellular energy homeostasis, neuronal proliferation, differentiation, maturation, and repair. Behavioral data from Morris water maze (MWM), open field (OF), novel object recognition (NOR), Y maze, and radial arm maze (RAM) tests showed that 0.5 μg nanoformulation (GOc-PP-siRNAGSK3β) intranasally for 7 days improved spatial memory, rescued anxiety like behavior, improved visual and working memory, and rescued exploratory behavior in STZ-induced sAD rats. GSK3β silencing resulted in decreased BACE1 expression and prevented accumulation of Aβ in the cortex and hippocampus. These molecular findings with improved behavioral performances were further correlated with reduced amyloid beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangle (NFTs) formation in the cortex and hippocampus of GOc-PP-siRNAGSK3β administered sAD rats. Therefore, it is conceivable from the present study that nanoparticle-mediated targeting of GSK3β in the sAD appears to be a promising strategy to reverse sAD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Vishal Singh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Subramaniam Ganesh
- Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Nitin K Singhal
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Zhou AL, Sharda N, Sarma VV, Ahlschwede KM, Curran GL, Tang X, Poduslo JF, Kalari KR, Lowe VJ, Kandimalla KK. Age-Dependent Changes in the Plasma and Brain Pharmacokinetics of Amyloid-β Peptides and Insulin. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 85:1031-1044. [PMID: 34924382 PMCID: PMC10846947 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age is the most common risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the hallmarks of toxic amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau tangles. Moreover, sub-physiological brain insulin levels have emerged as a pathological manifestation of AD. OBJECTIVE Identify age-related changes in the plasma disposition and blood-brain barrier (BBB) trafficking of Aβ peptides and insulin in mice. METHODS Upon systemic injection of 125I-Aβ40, 125I-Aβ42, or 125I-insulin, the plasma pharmacokinetics and brain influx were assessed in wild-type (WT) or AD transgenic (APP/PS1) mice at various ages. Additionally, publicly available single-cell RNA-Seq data [GSE129788] was employed to investigate pathways regulating BBB transport in WT mice at different ages. RESULTS The brain influx of 125I-Aβ40, estimated as the permeability-surface area product, decreased with age, accompanied by an increase in plasma AUC. In contrast, the brain influx of 125I-Aβ42 increased with age, accompanied by a decrease in plasma AUC. The age-dependent changes observed in WT mice were accelerated in APP/PS1 mice. As seen with 125I-Aβ40, the brain influx of 125I-insulin decreased with age in WT mice, accompanied by an increase in plasma AUC. This finding was further supported by dynamic single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT/CT) imaging studies. RAGE and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways at the BBB, which are implicated in Aβ and insulin transcytosis, respectively, were upregulated with age in WT mice, indicating BBB insulin resistance. CONCLUSION Aging differentially affects the plasma pharmacokinetics and brain influx of Aβ isoforms and insulin in a manner that could potentially augment AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nidhi Sharda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vidur V. Sarma
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kristen M. Ahlschwede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, College of Pharmacy, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Geoffry L. Curran
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Xiaojia Tang
- Department of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joseph F. Poduslo
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Krishna R. Kalari
- Department of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Val J. Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karunya K. Kandimalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Ren X, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Sun L. Senegenin Inhibits Aβ 1-42-Induced PC12 Cells Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress via Activation of the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:513-524. [PMID: 35280979 PMCID: PMC8904946 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s346238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Apoptosis and oxidative stress have been considered as key events in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Senegenin (Sen), the major and most effective ingredient of Radix Polygalae, which has anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant effects of Sen on Aβ1-42-induced PC12 cells apoptosis and oxidative stress as well as its possible signaling pathway. METHODS Rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells were treated by 20 μM Aβ1-42 and then divided into 5 different treatment groups (Control; Aβ1-42 20 μM; Aβ1-42 20 μM + Sen 10 μM; Aβ1-42 20 μM + Sen 30 μM; Aβ1-42 20μM + Sen 60 μM). PC12 cells activity was detected by MTT assay. Colony formation assay was performed to assess the clonogenic ability of cells. The cell apoptosis was detected by Annexin-V/PI staining. The pro-apoptotic protein (Bax), anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2), anti-oxidative stress factor (HO-1, Nuclear Nrf2, Total Nrf2) and pathway-related protein (Akt, P-Akt, PI3K, P-PI3K) were tested by Western blot. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was assessed with a DCFH-DA probe. RESULTS The results indicated that Sen dose-dependently increased cell viability and reduced the number of apoptotic cells. The ratio of P-PI3K/PI3K and P-Akt/Akt increased in a dose-dependent manner under the treatment of Sen, suggesting that Sen might activate the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Moreover, Sen upregulates the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. Further study revealed that Sen can play an antioxidant role in enhancing HO-1, promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation and reducing ROS accumulation to reduce oxidative stress. CONCLUSION Sen is effective in inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress in Aβ1-42-induced PC12 cells, which likely contribute to the development of novel therapies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ren
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunnan Zhao
- Editorial Office of Journal of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingzhi Sun
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250011, People's Republic of China
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62
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Mohseni-Moghaddam P, Ghobadian R, Khaleghzadeh-Ahangar H. Dementia in Diabetes mellitus and Atherosclerosis; Two Interrelated Systemic Diseases. Brain Res Bull 2022; 181:87-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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63
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González LF, Bevilacqua LE, Naves R. Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Strategies to Repair the Mitochondrial Function in Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2055. [PMID: 34959337 PMCID: PMC8707316 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are vital organelles in eukaryotic cells that control diverse physiological processes related to energy production, calcium homeostasis, the generation of reactive oxygen species, and cell death. Several studies have demonstrated that structural and functional mitochondrial disturbances are involved in the development of different neuroinflammatory (NI) and neurodegenerative (ND) diseases (NI&NDDs) such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Remarkably, counteracting mitochondrial impairment by genetic or pharmacologic treatment ameliorates neurodegeneration and clinical disability in animal models of these diseases. Therefore, the development of nanosystems enabling the sustained and selective delivery of mitochondria-targeted drugs is a novel and effective strategy to tackle NI&NDDs. In this review, we outline the impact of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with unbalanced mitochondrial dynamics, altered mitophagy, oxidative stress, energy deficit, and proteinopathies in NI&NDDs. In addition, we review different strategies for selective mitochondria-specific ligand targeting and discuss novel nanomaterials, nanozymes, and drug-loaded nanosystems developed to repair mitochondrial function and their therapeutic benefits protecting against oxidative stress, restoring cell energy production, preventing cell death, inhibiting protein aggregates, and improving motor and cognitive disability in cellular and animal models of different NI&NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rodrigo Naves
- Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (L.F.G.); (L.E.B.)
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64
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Barone E, Di Domenico F, Perluigi M, Butterfield DA. The interplay among oxidative stress, brain insulin resistance and AMPK dysfunction contribute to neurodegeneration in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:16-33. [PMID: 34530075 PMCID: PMC8595768 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly followed by vascular dementia. In addition to clinically diagnosed dementia, cognitive dysfunction has been reported in diabetic patients. Recent studies are now beginning to recognize type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, as a risk factor for AD and other cognitive disorders. While studies on insulin action have remained traditionally in the domain of peripheral tissues, the detrimental effects of insulin resistance in the central nervous system on cognitive dysfunction are increasingly being reported in recent clinical and preclinical studies. Brain functions require continuous supply of glucose and oxygen and a tight regulation of metabolic processes. Loss of this metabolic regulation has been proposed to be a contributor to memory dysfunction associated with neurodegeneration. Within the above scenario, this review will focus on the interplay among oxidative stress (OS), insulin resistance and AMPK dysfunctions in the brain by highlighting how these neurotoxic events contribute to neurodegeneration. We provide an overview on the detrimental effects of OS on proteins regulating insulin signaling and how these alterations impact cell metabolic dysfunctions through AMPK dysregulation. Such processes, we assert, are critically involved in the molecular pathways that underlie AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0055, USA.
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Razani E, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Safaroghli-Azar A, Zoghi A, Shanaki-Bavarsad M, Bashash D. The PI3K/Akt signaling axis in Alzheimer's disease: a valuable target to stimulate or suppress? Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:871-887. [PMID: 34386944 PMCID: PMC8578535 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-021-01231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the long list of age-related complications, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has the most dreadful impact on the quality of life due to its devastating effects on memory and cognitive abilities. Although a plausible correlation between the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling and different processes involved in neurodegeneration has been evidenced, few articles reviewed the task. The current review aims to unravel the mechanisms by which the PI3K pathway plays pro-survival roles in normal conditions, and also to discuss the original data obtained from international research laboratories on this topic. Responses to questions on how alterations of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway affect Tau phosphorylation and the amyloid cascade are given. In addition, we provide a general overview of the association between oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, alterations of insulin signaling, and altered autophagy with aberrant activation of this axis in the AD brain. The last section provides a special focus on the therapeutic possibility of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR modulators, either categorized as chemicals or herbals, in AD. In conclusion, determining the correct timing for the administration of the drugs seems to be one of the most important factors in the success of these agents. Also, the role of the PI3K/Akt signaling axis in the progression or repression of AD widely depends on the context of the cells; generally speaking, while PI3K/Akt activation in neurons and neural stem cells is favorable, its activation in microglia cells may be harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Razani
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ava Safaroghli-Azar
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anahita Zoghi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Shanaki-Bavarsad
- Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Liu T, Li Y, Yang B, Wang H, Lu C, Chang AK, Huang X, Zhang X, Lu Z, Lu X, Gao B. Suppression of neuronal cholesterol biosynthesis impairs brain functions through insulin-like growth factor I-Akt signaling. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:3702-3716. [PMID: 34671194 PMCID: PMC8495388 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.63512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Some relationship between abnormal cholesterol content and impairment of insulin/insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) signaling has been reported in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the underlying mechanism of this correlation remains unclear. It is known that 3-β hydroxycholesterol Δ 24 reductase (DHCR24) catalyzes the last step of cholesterol biosynthesis. To explore the function of cholesterol in the pathogenesis of AD, we depleted cellular cholesterol by targeting DHCR24 with siRNA (siDHCR24) or U18666A, an inhibitor of DHCR24, and studied the effect of the loss of cholesterol on the IGF-1-Akt signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with U18666A reduced the cellular cholesterol level and blocked the anti-apoptotic function of IGF-1 by impairing the formation of caveolae and the localization of IGF-1 receptor in caveolae of the PC12 cells. Downregulation of the DHCR24 expression induced by siRNA against DHCR24 also yielded similar results. Furthermore, the phosphorylation levels of IGF-1 receptor, insulin receptor substrate (IRS), Akt, and Bad in response to IGF-1 were all found to decrease in the U18666A-treated cells. Rats treated with U18666A via intracerebral injection also exhibited a significant decrease in the cholesterol level and impaired activities of IGF-1-related signaling proteins in the hippocampus region. A significant accumulation of amyloid β and a decrease in the expression of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) was also observed in rats with U18666A. Finally, the Morris water maze experiment revealed that U18666A-treated rats showed a significant cognitive impairment. Our findings provide new evidence strongly supporting that a reduction in cholesterol level can result in neural apoptosis via the impairment of the IGF-1-Akt survival signaling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- The School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Chongshanzhong-lu No.66, Huanggu-qu, Shenyang 110036, China.,China Medical University-The Queen's University Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yang Li
- The School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Chongshanzhong-lu No.66, Huanggu-qu, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Baoyu Yang
- The School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Chongshanzhong-lu No.66, Huanggu-qu, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Haozhen Wang
- The School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Chongshanzhong-lu No.66, Huanggu-qu, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Chen Lu
- The School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Chongshanzhong-lu No.66, Huanggu-qu, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Alan K Chang
- The School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Chongshanzhong-lu No.66, Huanggu-qu, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Xiuting Huang
- The School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Chongshanzhong-lu No.66, Huanggu-qu, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Xiujin Zhang
- The School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Chongshanzhong-lu No.66, Huanggu-qu, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Ziyin Lu
- The School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Chongshanzhong-lu No.66, Huanggu-qu, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Xiuli Lu
- The School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Chongshanzhong-lu No.66, Huanggu-qu, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Bing Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, China
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Hayward GC, Caceres D, Copeland EN, Baranowski BJ, Mohammad A, Whitley KC, Fajardo VA, MacPherson REK. Characterization of Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathology in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy using the DBA/2J mdx mouse model. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 12:154-162. [PMID: 34668666 PMCID: PMC8727939 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive muscle wasting disorder caused by a mutation in the dystrophin gene. In addition to muscle pathology, some patients with DMD will exhibit cognitive impairments with severity being linked to age and type of genetic mutation. Likewise, some studies have shown that mdx mice display impairments in spatial memory compared with wild‐type (WT) controls, while others have not observed any such effect. Most studies have utilized the traditional C57BL/10 (C57) mdx mouse, which exhibits a mild disease phenotype. Recently, the DBA/2J (D2) mdx mouse has emerged as a more severe and perhaps clinically relevant DMD model; however, studies examining cognitive function in these mice are limited. Thus, in this study we examined cognitive function in age‐matched C57 and D2 mdx mice along with their respective WT controls. Our findings show that 8‐ to 12‐week‐old C57 mdx mice did not display any differences in exploration time when challenged with a novel object recognition test. Conversely, age‐matched D2 mdx mice spent less time exploring objects in total as a well as less time exploring the novel object, suggestive of impaired recognition memory. Biochemical analyses of the D2 mdx brain revealed higher soluble amyloid precursor protein β (APPβ) and APP in the prefrontal cortex of mdx mice compared with WT, and lower soluble APPα in the hippocampus, suggestive of a shift towards amyloidogenesis and a similar pathogenesis to Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, our study demonstrates the utility of the D2 mdx model in studying cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Caceres
- Faculty of Medicine, University of del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Emily N Copeland
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | | | - Ahmad Mohammad
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | | | - Val A Fajardo
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
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Madhu P, Mukhopadhyay S. Distinct types of amyloid-β oligomers displaying diverse neurotoxicity mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:1594-1608. [PMID: 34494298 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Soluble oligomers of amyloid-β (Aβ) are recognized as key pernicious species in Alzheimer's disease (AD) that cause synaptic dysfunction and memory impairments. Numerous studies have identified various types of Aβ oligomers having heterogeneous peptide length, size distribution, structure, appearance, and toxicity. Here, we review the characteristics of soluble Aβ oligomers based on their morphology, size, and structural reactivity toward the conformation-specific antibodies and then describe their formation, localization, and cellular effects in AD brains, in vivo and in vitro. We also summarize the mechanistic pathways by which these soluble Aβ oligomers cause proteasomal impairment, calcium dyshomeostasis, inhibition of long-term potentiation, apoptosis, mitochondrial damage, and cognitive decline. These cellular events include three distinct molecular mechanisms: (i) high-affinity binding with the receptors for Aβ oligomers such as N-methyl- d-aspartate receptors, cellular prion protein, nerve growth factor, insulin receptors, and frizzled receptors; (ii) the interaction of Aβ oligomers with the lipid membranes; (iii) intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ by α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, apolipoprotein E, and receptor for advanced glycation end products. These studies indicate that there is a pressing need to carefully examine the role of size, appearance, and the conformation of oligomers in identifying the specific mechanism of neurotoxicity that may uncover potential targets for designing AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Madhu
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, India.,Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, India
| | - Samrat Mukhopadhyay
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, India.,Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, India.,Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, India
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69
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Sim AY, Barua S, Kim JY, Lee YH, Lee JE. Role of DPP-4 and SGLT2 Inhibitors Connected to Alzheimer Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:708547. [PMID: 34489627 PMCID: PMC8417940 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.708547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. Additionally, abnormal extracellular amyloid plaques accumulation and nerve damage caused by intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and tau protein are characteristic of AD. Furthermore, AD is associated with oxidative stress, impaired mitochondrial structure and function, denormalization, and inflammatory responses. Recently, besides the amyloid β hypothesis, another hypothesis linking AD to systemic diseases has been put forth by multiple studies as a probable cause for AD. Particularly, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its features, including hyperinsulinemia, and chronic hyperglycemia with an inflammatory response, have been shown to be closely related to AD through insulin resistance. The brain cannot synthesize or store glucose, but it does require glucose, and the use of glucose in the brain is higher than that in any other organ in the mammalian body. One of the therapeutic drugs for T2DM, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, suppresses the degradation of incretins, glucagon-like peptides and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, recently used in T2DM treatment, have a unique mechanism of action via inhibition of renal glucose reabsorption, and which is different from the mechanisms of previously used medications. This manuscript reviews the pathophysiological relationship between the two diseases, AD and T2DM, and the pharmacological effects of therapeutic T2DM drugs, especially DPP-4 inhibitors, and SGLT2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Young Sim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sumit Barua
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Youl Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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70
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Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease: Might Mitochondrial Dysfunction Help Deciphering the Common Path? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081257. [PMID: 34439505 PMCID: PMC8389322 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of clinical and epidemiological studies support the hypothesis of a tight correlation between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the development risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Indeed, the proposed definition of Alzheimer's disease as type 3 diabetes (T3D) underlines the key role played by deranged insulin signaling to accumulation of aggregated amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in the senile plaques of the brain. Metabolic disturbances such as hyperglycemia, peripheral hyperinsulinemia, dysregulated lipid metabolism, and chronic inflammation associated with T2DM are responsible for an inefficient transport of insulin to the brain, producing a neuronal insulin resistance that triggers an enhanced production and deposition of Aβ and concomitantly contributes to impairment in the micro-tubule-associated protein Tau, leading to neural degeneration and cognitive decline. Furthermore, the reduced antioxidant capacity observed in T2DM patients, together with the impairment of cerebral glucose metabolism and the decreased performance of mitochondrial activity, suggests the existence of a relationship between oxidative damage, mitochondrial impairment, and cognitive dysfunction that could further reinforce the common pathophysiology of T2DM and AD. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms by which insulin-signaling dysregulation in T2DM can contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of AD, deepening the analysis of complex mechanisms involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production under oxidative stress and their possible influence in AD and T2DM. In addition, the role of current therapies as tools for prevention or treatment of damage induced by oxidative stress in T2DM and AD will be debated.
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71
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Yuen SC, Liang X, Zhu H, Jia Y, Leung SW. Prediction of differentially expressed microRNAs in blood as potential biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease by meta-analysis and adaptive boosting ensemble learning. Alzheimers Res Ther 2021; 13:126. [PMID: 34243793 PMCID: PMC8272278 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood circulating microRNAs that are specific for Alzheimer's disease (AD) can be identified from differentially expressed microRNAs (DEmiRNAs). However, non-reproducible and inconsistent reports of DEmiRNAs hinder biomarker development. The most reliable DEmiRNAs can be identified by meta-analysis. To enrich the pool of DEmiRNAs for potential AD biomarkers, we used a machine learning method called adaptive boosting for miRNA disease association (ABMDA) to identify eligible candidates that share similar characteristics with the DEmiRNAs identified from meta-analysis. This study aimed to identify blood circulating DEmiRNAs as potential AD biomarkers by augmenting meta-analysis with the ABMDA ensemble learning method. METHODS Studies on DEmiRNAs and their dysregulation states were corroborated with one another by meta-analysis based on a random-effects model. DEmiRNAs identified by meta-analysis were collected as positive examples of miRNA-AD pairs for ABMDA ensemble learning. ABMDA identified similar DEmiRNAs according to a set of predefined criteria. The biological significance of all resulting DEmiRNAs was determined by their target genes according to pathway enrichment analyses. The target genes common to both meta-analysis- and ABMDA-identified DEmiRNAs were collected to construct a network to investigate their biological functions. RESULTS A systematic database search found 7841 studies for an extensive meta-analysis, covering 54 independent comparisons of 47 differential miRNA expression studies, and identified 18 reliable DEmiRNAs. ABMDA ensemble learning was conducted based on the meta-analysis results and the Human MicroRNA Disease Database, which identified 10 additional AD-related DEmiRNAs. These 28 DEmiRNAs and their dysregulated pathways were related to neuroinflammation. The dysregulated pathway related to neuronal cell cycle re-entry (CCR) was the only statistically significant pathway of the ABMDA-identified DEmiRNAs. In the biological network constructed from 1865 common target genes of the identified DEmiRNAs, the multiple core ubiquitin-proteasome system, that is involved in neuroinflammation and CCR, was highly connected. CONCLUSION This study identified 28 DEmiRNAs as potential AD biomarkers in blood, by meta-analysis and ABMDA ensemble learning in tandem. The DEmiRNAs identified by meta-analysis and ABMDA were significantly related to neuroinflammation, and the ABMDA-identified DEmiRNAs were related to neuronal CCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Chung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078 Macao China
| | - Xiaonan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078 Macao China
| | - Hongmei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078 Macao China
| | - Yongliang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078 Macao China
- BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Siu-wai Leung
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, Shenzhen, China
- Edinburgh Bayes Centre for AI Research in Shenzhen, College of Science and Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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Querfurth H, Lee HK. Mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes in neurodegeneration. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:44. [PMID: 34215308 PMCID: PMC8252260 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel targets to arrest neurodegeneration in several dementing conditions involving misfolded protein accumulations may be found in the diverse signaling pathways of the Mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). As a nutrient sensor, mTOR has important homeostatic functions to regulate energy metabolism and support neuronal growth and plasticity. However, in Alzheimer's disease (AD), mTOR alternately plays important pathogenic roles by inhibiting both insulin signaling and autophagic removal of β-amyloid (Aβ) and phospho-tau (ptau) aggregates. It also plays a role in the cerebrovascular dysfunction of AD. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase residing at the core in either of two multiprotein complexes termed mTORC1 and mTORC2. Recent data suggest that their balanced actions also have implications for Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD), Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Beyond rapamycin; an mTOR inhibitor, there are rapalogs having greater tolerability and micro delivery modes, that hold promise in arresting these age dependent conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Querfurth
- Department of Neurology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Han-Kyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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73
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Wang K, Na L, Duan M. The Pathogenesis Mechanism, Structure Properties, Potential Drugs and Therapeutic Nanoparticles against the Small Oligomers of Amyloid-β. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:151-167. [PMID: 32938351 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200916123000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that affects millions of people in the world. The abnormal aggregation of amyloid β protein (Aβ) is regarded as the key event in AD onset. Meanwhile, the Aβ oligomers are believed to be the most toxic species of Aβ. Recent studies show that the Aβ dimers, which are the smallest form of Aβ oligomers, also have the neurotoxicity in the absence of other oligomers in physiological conditions. In this review, we focus on the pathogenesis, structure and potential therapeutic molecules against small Aβ oligomers, as well as the nanoparticles (NPs) in the treatment of AD. In this review, we firstly focus on the pathogenic mechanism of Aβ oligomers, especially the Aβ dimers. The toxicity of Aβ dimer or oligomers, which attributes to the interactions with various receptors and the disruption of membrane or intracellular environments, were introduced. Then the structure properties of Aβ dimers and oligomers are summarized. Although some structural information such as the secondary structure content is characterized by experimental technologies, detailed structures are still absent. Following that, the small molecules targeting Aβ dimers or oligomers are collected; nevertheless, all of these ligands have failed to come into the market due to the rising controversy of the Aβ-related "amyloid cascade hypothesis". At last, the recent progress about the nanoparticles as the potential drugs or the drug delivery for the Aβ oligomers are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Liu Na
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Mojie Duan
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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74
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Rojas M, Chávez-Castillo M, Pirela D, Parra H, Nava M, Chacín M, Angarita L, Añez R, Salazar J, Ortiz R, Durán Agüero S, Gravini-Donado M, Bermúdez V, Díaz-Camargo E. Metabolic Syndrome: Is It Time to Add the Central Nervous System? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072254. [PMID: 34208833 PMCID: PMC8308252 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a set of cardio-metabolic risk factors that includes central obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemias. The syndrome affects 25% of adults worldwide. The definition of MS has evolved over the last 80 years, with various classification systems and criteria, whose limitations and benefits are currently the subject of some controversy. Likewise, hypotheses regarding the etiology of MS add more confusion from clinical and epidemiological points of view. The leading suggestion for the pathophysiology of MS is insulin resistance (IR). IR can affect multiple tissues and organs, from the classic “triumvirate” (myocyte, adipocyte, and hepatocyte) to possible effects on organs considered more recently, such as the central nervous system (CNS). Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may be clinical expressions of CNS involvement. However, the association between MCI and MS is not understood. The bidirectional relationship that seems to exist between these factors raises the questions of which phenomenon occurs first and whether MCI can be a precursor of MS. This review explores shared pathophysiological mechanisms between MCI and MS and establishes a hypothesis of a possible MCI role in the development of IR and the appearance of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagros Rojas
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela; (M.R.); (D.P.); (H.P.); (M.N.); (J.S.)
| | | | - Daniela Pirela
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela; (M.R.); (D.P.); (H.P.); (M.N.); (J.S.)
| | - Heliana Parra
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela; (M.R.); (D.P.); (H.P.); (M.N.); (J.S.)
| | - Manuel Nava
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela; (M.R.); (D.P.); (H.P.); (M.N.); (J.S.)
| | - Maricarmen Chacín
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 08002, Colombia;
| | - Lissé Angarita
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Sede Concepción 4260000, Chile;
| | - Roberto Añez
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan Salazar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela; (M.R.); (D.P.); (H.P.); (M.N.); (J.S.)
| | - Rina Ortiz
- Posgrado, Carrera de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cantón de Cuenca 010101, Ecuador;
| | - Samuel Durán Agüero
- Facultad de Ciencias Para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Los Leones 8420524, Chile;
| | - Marbel Gravini-Donado
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia;
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta 540006, Colombia;
| | - Edgar Díaz-Camargo
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta 540006, Colombia;
- Correspondence:
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75
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Pharmacological relevance of CDK inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105115. [PMID: 34182065 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that cell cycle activation plays a role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, terminal neurodegenerative disease that affects memory and other important mental functions. Intracellular deposition of Tau protein, a hyperphosphorylated form of a microtubule-associated protein, and extracellular aggregation of Amyloid β protein, which manifests as neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and senile plaques, respectively, characterize this condition. In recent years, however, several studies have concluded that cell cycle re-entry is one of the key causes of neuronal death in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The eukaryotic cell cycle is well-coordinated machinery that performs critical functions in cell replenishment, such as DNA replication, cell creation, repair, and the birth of new daughter cells from the mother cell. The complex interplay between the levels of various cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) at different checkpoints is needed for cell cycle synchronization. CDKIs (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors) prevent cyclin degradation and CDK inactivation. Different external and internal factors regulate them differently, and they have different tissue expression and developmental functions. The checkpoints ensure that the previous step is completed correctly before starting the new cell cycle phase, and they protect against the transfer of defects to the daughter cells. Due to the development of more selective and potent ATP-competitive CDK inhibitors, CDK inhibitors appear to be on the verge of having a clinical impact. This avenue is likely to yield new and effective medicines for the treatment of cancer and other neurodegenerative diseases. These new methods for recognizing CDK inhibitors may be used to create non-ATP-competitive agents that target CDK4, CDK5, and other CDKs that have been recognized as important therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease treatment.
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76
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Sciaccaluga M, Megaro A, Bellomo G, Ruffolo G, Romoli M, Palma E, Costa C. An Unbalanced Synaptic Transmission: Cause or Consequence of the Amyloid Oligomers Neurotoxicity? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115991. [PMID: 34206089 PMCID: PMC8199544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) 1-40 and 1-42 peptides are key mediators of synaptic and cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whereas in AD, Aβ is found to act as a pro-epileptogenic factor even before plaque formation, amyloid pathology has been detected among patients with epilepsy with increased risk of developing AD. Among Aβ aggregated species, soluble oligomers are suggested to be responsible for most of Aβ's toxic effects. Aβ oligomers exert extracellular and intracellular toxicity through different mechanisms, including interaction with membrane receptors and the formation of ion-permeable channels in cellular membranes. These damages, linked to an unbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, often result in neuronal hyperexcitability and neural circuit dysfunction, which in turn increase Aβ deposition and facilitate neurodegeneration, resulting in an Aβ-driven vicious loop. In this review, we summarize the most representative literature on the effects that oligomeric Aβ induces on synaptic dysfunction and network disorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Sciaccaluga
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (C.C.); Tel.: +39-0755858180 (M.S.); +39-0755784233 (C.C.)
| | - Alfredo Megaro
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Giovanni Bellomo
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Gabriele Ruffolo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (E.P.)
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Romoli
- Neurology Unit, Rimini “Infermi” Hospital—AUSL Romagna, 47923 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Eleonora Palma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (E.P.)
| | - Cinzia Costa
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (C.C.); Tel.: +39-0755858180 (M.S.); +39-0755784233 (C.C.)
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77
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Burillo J, Marqués P, Jiménez B, González-Blanco C, Benito M, Guillén C. Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Mellitus in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:1236. [PMID: 34069890 PMCID: PMC8157600 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a progressive disease that is characterized by the appearance of insulin resistance. The term insulin resistance is very wide and could affect different proteins involved in insulin signaling, as well as other mechanisms. In this review, we have analyzed the main molecular mechanisms that could be involved in the connection between type 2 diabetes and neurodegeneration, in general, and more specifically with the appearance of Alzheimer's disease. We have studied, in more detail, the different processes involved, such as inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Burillo
- Department of Biochemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.B.); (P.M.); (B.J.); (C.G.-B.); (M.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance (MOIR2), General Direction of Universities and Investigation (CCMM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Marqués
- Department of Biochemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.B.); (P.M.); (B.J.); (C.G.-B.); (M.B.)
- Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance (MOIR2), General Direction of Universities and Investigation (CCMM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Jiménez
- Department of Biochemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.B.); (P.M.); (B.J.); (C.G.-B.); (M.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance (MOIR2), General Direction of Universities and Investigation (CCMM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos González-Blanco
- Department of Biochemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.B.); (P.M.); (B.J.); (C.G.-B.); (M.B.)
- Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance (MOIR2), General Direction of Universities and Investigation (CCMM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Benito
- Department of Biochemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.B.); (P.M.); (B.J.); (C.G.-B.); (M.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance (MOIR2), General Direction of Universities and Investigation (CCMM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Guillén
- Department of Biochemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.B.); (P.M.); (B.J.); (C.G.-B.); (M.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance (MOIR2), General Direction of Universities and Investigation (CCMM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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78
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Alves SS, Silva-Junior RMPD, Servilha-Menezes G, Homolak J, Šalković-Petrišić M, Garcia-Cairasco N. Insulin Resistance as a Common Link Between Current Alzheimer's Disease Hypotheses. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:71-105. [PMID: 34024838 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Almost 115 years ago, Alois Alzheimer described Alzheimer's disease (AD) for the first time. Since then, many hypotheses have been proposed. However, AD remains a severe health public problem. The current medical approaches for AD are limited to symptomatic interventions and the complexity of this disease has led to a failure rate of approximately 99.6%in AD clinical trials. In fact, no new drug has been approved for AD treatment since 2003. These failures indicate that we are failing in mimicking this disease in experimental models. Although most studies have focused on the amyloid cascade hypothesis of AD, the literature has made clear that AD is rather a multifactorial disorder. Therefore, the persistence in a single theory has resulted in lost opportunities. In this review, we aim to present the striking points of the long scientific path followed since the description of the first AD case and the main AD hypotheses discussed over the last decades. We also propose insulin resistance as a common link between many other hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suélen Santos Alves
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Milton Patrício da Silva-Junior
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School -University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Servilha-Menezes
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jan Homolak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Melita Šalković-Petrišić
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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79
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Morales-Zavala F, Jara-Guajardo P, Chamorro D, Riveros AL, Chandia-Cristi A, Salgado N, Pismante P, Giralt E, Sánchez-Navarro M, Araya E, Vasquez R, Acosta G, Albericio F, Alvarez R A, Kogan MJ. In vivo micro computed tomography detection and decrease in amyloid load by using multifunctionalized gold nanorods: a neurotheranostic platform for Alzheimer's disease. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:4178-4190. [PMID: 33982040 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01825b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The development and use of nanosystems is an emerging strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of a broad number of diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we developed a neurotheranostic nanosystem based on gold nanorods (GNRs) that works as a therapeutic peptide delivery system and can be detected in vivo for microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), being a diagnostic tool. GNRs functionalized with the peptides Ang2 (a shuttle to the Central Nervous System) and D1 (that binds to the Aβ peptide, also inhibiting its aggregation) allowed detecting differences in vivo between wild type and AD mice (APPswe/PSEN1dE9) 15 minutes after a single dose by micro-CT. Moreover, after a recurrent treatment for one month with GNRs-D1/Ang2, we observed a diminution of amyloid load and inflammatory markers in the brain. Thus, this new designed nanosystem exhibits promising properties for neurotheranostics of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Morales-Zavala
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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80
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Brain Insulin Resistance: Focus on Insulin Receptor-Mitochondria Interactions. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11030262. [PMID: 33810179 PMCID: PMC8005009 DOI: 10.3390/life11030262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current hypotheses implicate insulin resistance of the brain as a pathogenic factor in the development of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, Parkinson’s disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, major depression, and traumatic brain injury. A variety of genetic, developmental, and metabolic abnormalities that lead to disturbances in the insulin receptor signal transduction may underlie insulin resistance. Insulin receptor substrate proteins are generally considered to be the node in the insulin signaling system that is critically involved in the development of insulin insensitivity during metabolic stress, hyperinsulinemia, and inflammation. Emerging evidence suggests that lower activation of the insulin receptor (IR) is another common, while less discussed, mechanism of insulin resistance in the brain. This review aims to discuss causes behind the diminished activation of IR in neurons, with a focus on the functional relationship between mitochondria and IR during early insulin signaling and the related roles of oxidative stress, mitochondrial hypometabolism, and glutamate excitotoxicity in the development of IR insensitivity to insulin.
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81
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Chambers A, Bury JJ, Minett T, Richardson CD, Brayne C, Ince PG, Shaw PJ, Garwood CJ, Heath PR, Simpson JE, Matthews FE, Wharton SB. Advanced Glycation End Product Formation in Human Cerebral Cortex Increases With Alzheimer-Type Neuropathologic Changes but Is Not Independently Associated With Dementia in a Population-Derived Aging Brain Cohort. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 79:950-958. [PMID: 32766675 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for dementia, and nonenzymatic glycosylation of macromolecules results in formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). We determined the variation in AGE formation in brains from the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study population-representative neuropathology cohort. AGEs were measured on temporal neocortex by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and cell-type specific expression on neurons, astrocytes and endothelium was detected by immunohistochemistry and assessed semiquantitatively. Fifteen percent of the cohort had self-reported diabetes, which was not significantly associated with dementia status at death or neuropathology measures. AGEs were expressed on neurons, astrocytes and endothelium and overall expression showed a positively skewed distribution in the population. AGE measures were not significantly associated with dementia. AGE measured by ELISA increased with Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) neurofibrillary tangle score (p = 0.03) and Thal Aβ phase (p = 0.04), while AGE expression on neurons (and astrocytes), detected immunohistochemically, increased with increasing Braak tangle stage (p < 0.001), CERAD tangle score (p = 0.002), and neuritic plaques (p = 0.01). Measures of AGE did not show significant associations with cerebral amyloid angiopathy, microinfarcts or neuroinflammation. In conclusion, AGE expression increases with Alzheimer's neuropathology, particular later stages but is not independently associated with dementia. AGE formation is likely to be important for impaired brain cell function in aging and Alzheimer's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Chambers
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Joanna J Bury
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Thais Minett
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Connor D Richardson
- Population Health Sciences Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK
| | - Carol Brayne
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul G Ince
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Claire J Garwood
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul R Heath
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Julie E Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Fiona E Matthews
- Population Health Sciences Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK
| | - Stephen B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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82
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The Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042022. [PMID: 33670754 PMCID: PMC7922832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. Histopathologically, AD presents with two hallmarks: neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and aggregates of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) both in the brain parenchyma as neuritic plaques, and around blood vessels as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). According to the vascular hypothesis of AD, vascular risk factors can result in dysregulation of the neurovascular unit (NVU) and hypoxia. Hypoxia may reduce Aβ clearance from the brain and increase its production, leading to both parenchymal and vascular accumulation of Aβ. An increase in Aβ amplifies neuronal dysfunction, NFT formation, and accelerates neurodegeneration, resulting in dementia. In recent decades, therapeutic approaches have attempted to decrease the levels of abnormal Aβ or tau levels in the AD brain. However, several of these approaches have either been associated with an inappropriate immune response triggering inflammation, or have failed to improve cognition. Here, we review the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets associated with dysfunction of the NVU in AD.
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83
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Pomytkin I, Pinelis V. Insulin Receptors and Intracellular Ca 2+ Form a Double-Negative Regulatory Feedback Loop Controlling Insulin Sensitivity. F1000Res 2021; 9:598. [PMID: 33552476 PMCID: PMC7845146 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.24558.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of insulin and insulin receptors (IR) in the brain in 1978, numerous studies have revealed a fundamental role of IR in the central nervous system and its implication in regulating synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation and depression, neuroprotection, learning and memory, and energy balance. Central insulin resistance has been found in diverse brain disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Impaired insulin signaling in AD is evident in the activation states of IR and downstream signaling molecules. This is mediated by Aβ oligomer-evoked Ca
2+ influx by activating N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) with Aβ oligomers directly, or indirectly through Aβ-induced release of glutamate, an endogenous NMDAR ligand. In the present opinion article, we highlight evidence that IR activity and free intracellular Ca
2+ concentration [Ca
2+]
i form a double-negative regulatory feedback loop controlling insulin sensitivity, in which mitochondria play a key role, being involved in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and IR activation. We found recently that the glutamate-evoked rise in [Ca
2+]
i inhibits activation of IR and, vice versa, insulin-induced activation of IR inhibits the glutamate-evoked rise in [Ca
2+]
i. In theory, such a double-negative regulatory feedback loop predicts that any condition leading to an increase of [Ca
2+]
i may trigger central insulin resistance and explains why central insulin resistance is implicated in the pathogenesis of AD, with which glutamate excitotoxicity is a comorbid condition. This model also predicts that any intervention aiming to maintain low [Ca
2+]
i may be useful for treating central insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pomytkin
- Department of Advanced Cell Technologies, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vsevolod Pinelis
- National Medical Research Center for Children's Health, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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84
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Hayward GC, Baranowski BJ, Marko DM, MacPherson REK. Examining the effects of ovarian hormone loss and diet-induced obesity on Alzheimer's disease markers of amyloid-β production and degradation. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:1068-1078. [PMID: 33534663 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00489.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
After menopause, women experience declines in ovarian sex hormones, an event that has recently been associated with increased amyloid-β peptides, a main feature of Alzheimer's disease. Diet-induced insulin resistance also increases amyloid-β peptides; however, whether this process is exacerbated with ovarian sex hormone loss remains unknown. Female C57BL6/J mice received either bilateral ovariectomy (OVX; n = 20) or remained intact (n = 20) at 24 wk of age and were placed on either a low- or high-fat diet (LFD, n = 10 for OVX and intact; HFD, n = 10 for OVX and intact) for 10 wk. Independently, OVX led to increases in the amyloidogenic marker, soluble amyloid precursor protein β (sAPPβ). The HFD in combination with OVX led to lower insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) protein content and activity in the prefrontal cortex, indicative of decreased amyloid-β degradation; however, no differences in amyloid-β content were observed. Data from this study provide novel evidence of independent effects of peripheral insulin resistance and ovarian sex hormone loss in decreasing brain markers of amyloid-β degradation. Furthermore, findings indicate how the loss of ovarian sex hormones can promote the formation of amyloidogenic APP cleavage products, independent of diet-induced insulin resistance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides novel insight into the effect of peripheral insulin resistance and ovarian hormone loss in decreasing brain markers of amyloid-β degradation. Results demonstrate that ovarian hormone loss through ovariectomy increased the amyloidogenic marker, sAPPβ, while the high-fat diet in combination with ovariectomy led to lower IDE protein content and activity in the prefrontal cortex, indicative of decreased amyloid-β degradation. These original results provide important information for future targets in early AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant C Hayward
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bradley J Baranowski
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel M Marko
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca E K MacPherson
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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85
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Tyagi A, Pugazhenthi S. Targeting Insulin Resistance to Treat Cognitive Dysfunction. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2672-2691. [PMID: 33483903 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dementia is a devastating disease associated with aging. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, followed by vascular dementia. In addition to clinically diagnosed dementia, cognitive dysfunction has been reported in diabetic patients. Recent studies are now beginning to recognize type 2 diabetes mellitus, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders. While studies on insulin action have remained traditionally in the domain of peripheral tissues, the detrimental effects of insulin resistance in the central nervous system on cognitive dysfunction are increasingly being reported by recent clinical and preclinical studies. The findings from these studies suggest that antidiabetic drugs have the potential to be used to treat dementia. In this review, we discuss the physiological functions of insulin in the brain, studies on the evaluation of cognitive function under conditions of insulin resistance, and reports on the beneficial actions of antidiabetic drugs in the brain. This review covers clinical studies as well as investigations in animal models and will further highlight the emerging link between insulin resistance and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anit Tyagi
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Subbiah Pugazhenthi
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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86
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Liraglutide Has Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Amyloid Properties in Streptozotocin-Induced and 5xFAD Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020860. [PMID: 33467075 PMCID: PMC7829894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical and epidemiological studies support the contention that diabetes mellitus (DM) is a strong risk factor for the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The use of insulin cell toxin, streptozotocin (STZ), when injected into the lateral ventricles, develops an insulin resistant brain state (IRBS) and represents a non-transgenic, or sporadic AD model (SAD), with several AD-like neuropathological features. The present study explored the effects of an anti-diabetic drug, liraglutide (LIR), in reversing major pathological hallmarks in the prodromal disease stage of both the 5xFAD transgenic and SAD mouse models of AD. Three-month-old 5xFAD and age-matched wild type mice were given a single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) injection of STZ or vehicle (saline) and were subsequently treated with LIR, intraperitoneally (IP), once a day for 30 days. The extent of neurodegeneration, Aβ plaque load, and key proteins associated with the insulin signaling pathways were measured using Western blot and neuroinflammation (via immunohistological assays) in the cortical and hippocampal regions of the brain were assessed following a series of behavioral tests used to measure cognitive function after LIR or vehicle treatments. Our results indicated that STZ significantly increased neuroinflammation, Aβ plaque deposition and disrupted insulin signaling pathway, while 25 nmol/kg LIR, when injected IP, significantly decreased neuroinflammatory responses in both SAD and 5xFAD mice before significant cognitive changes were observed, suggesting LIR can reduce early neuropathology markers prior to the emergence of overt memory deficits. Our results indicate that LIR has neuroprotective effects and has the potential to serve as an anti-inflammatory and anti-amyloid prophylactic therapy in the prodromal stages of AD.
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87
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Bury JJ, Chambers A, Heath PR, Ince PG, Shaw PJ, Matthews FE, Brayne C, Simpson JE, Wharton SB. Type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated transcriptome alterations in cortical neurones and associated neurovascular unit cells in the ageing brain. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:5. [PMID: 33407907 PMCID: PMC7788898 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), characterised by peripheral insulin resistance, is a risk factor for dementia. In addition to its contribution to small and large vessel disease, T2D may directly damage cells of the brain neurovascular unit. In this study, we investigated the transcriptomic changes in cortical neurones, and associated astrocytes and endothelial cells of the neurovascular unit, in the ageing brain. Neurone, astrocyte, and endothelial cell-enriched mRNA, obtained by immuno-laser capture microdissection of temporal cortex (Brodmann area 21/22) from 6 cases with self-reported T2D in the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study neuropathology cohort, and an equal number of age and sex-matched controls, was assessed by microarray analysis. Integrated Molecular Pathway Level Analysis was performed using the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes database on significantly differentially expressed genes, defined as P < 0.05 and fold-change ± 1.2. Hub genes identified from Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis were validated in neurones using the NanoString nCounter platform. The expression and cellular localisation of proteins encoded by selected candidate genes were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. 912, 2202, and 1227 genes were significantly differentially expressed between cases with self-reported T2D and controls in neurones, astrocytes, and endothelial cells respectively. Changes in cortical neurones included alterations in insulin and other signalling pathways, cell cycle, cellular senescence, inflammatory mediators, and components of the mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain. Impaired insulin signalling was shared by neurovascular unit cells with, additionally, apoptotic pathway changes in astrocytes and dysregulation of advanced glycation end-product signalling in endothelial cells. Transcriptomic analysis identified changes in key cellular pathways associated with T2D that may contribute to neuronal damage and dysfunction. These effects on brain cells potentially contribute to a diabetic dementia, and may provide novel approaches for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna J Bury
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Annabelle Chambers
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Paul R Heath
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Paul G Ince
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Fiona E Matthews
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carol Brayne
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julie E Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Stephen B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK.
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88
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Medinas DB, Hazari Y, Hetz C. Disruption of Endoplasmic Reticulum Proteostasis in Age-Related Nervous System Disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 59:239-278. [PMID: 34050870 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67696-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a prominent cellular alteration of diseases impacting the nervous system that are associated to the accumulation of misfolded and aggregated protein species during aging. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is the main pathway mediating adaptation to ER stress, but it can also trigger deleterious cascades of inflammation and cell death leading to cell dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Genetic and pharmacological studies in experimental models shed light into molecular pathways possibly contributing to ER stress and the UPR activation in human neuropathies. Most of experimental models are, however, based on the overexpression of mutant proteins causing familial forms of these diseases or the administration of neurotoxins that induce pathology in young animals. Whether the mechanisms uncovered in these models are relevant for the etiology of the vast majority of age-related sporadic forms of neurodegenerative diseases is an open question. Here, we provide a systematic analysis of the current evidence linking ER stress to human pathology and the main mechanisms elucidated in experimental models. Furthermore, we highlight the recent association of metabolic syndrome to increased risk to undergo neurodegeneration, where ER stress arises as a common denominator in the pathogenic crosstalk between peripheral organs and the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo B Medinas
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Younis Hazari
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile. .,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
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89
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Walker KA, Chawla S, Nogueras-Ortiz C, Coresh J, Sharrett AR, Wong DF, Jack CR, Spychalla AJ, Gottesman RF, Kapogiannis D. Neuronal insulin signaling and brain structure in nondemented older adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 97:65-72. [PMID: 33160263 PMCID: PMC7736127 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We used plasma neuronal extracellular vesicles to examine how neuronal insulin signaling proteins relate cross-sectionally to brain structure in nondemented older adults with varying levels of cortical amyloid. Extracellular vesicles enriched for neuronal origin by anti-L1CAM immunoabsorption were isolated from plasma of Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities-Positron Emission Tomography study participants (n = 88; mean age: 77 years [standard deviation: 6]). Neuronal extracellular vesicle levels of phosphorylated insulin signaling cascade proteins were quantified. Brain volume and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume were assessed using 3T magnetic resonance imaging. After adjusting for demographic variables and extracellular vesicle marker Alix, higher levels of a neuronal insulin signaling composite measure were associated with lower WMH and greater temporal lobe volume. Secondary analyses found the levels of downstream protein kinases involved in cell survival (p70S6K) and tau phosphorylation/neuroinflammation (GSK-3β) to be most strongly associated with WMH and temporal lobe volume, respectively. Associations between neuronal insulin signaling and lower WMH volume were attenuated in participants with elevated cortical amyloid. These results suggest that enhanced neuronal proximal insulin signaling is associated with preserved brain structure in nondemented older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenan A Walker
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sahil Chawla
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carlos Nogueras-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Richey Sharrett
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dean F Wong
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MS, USA
| | | | | | - Rebecca F Gottesman
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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90
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Brzecka A, Madetko N, Nikolenko VN, Ashraf GM, Ejma M, Leszek J, Daroszewski C, Sarul K, Mikhaleva LM, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Bachurin SO, Aliev G. Sleep Disturbances and Cognitive Impairment in the Course of Type 2 Diabetes-A Possible Link. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 19:78-91. [PMID: 32148197 PMCID: PMC7903492 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200309101750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing number of patients worldwide with sleep disturbances and diabetes. Various sleep disorders, including long or short sleep duration and poor sleep quality of numerous causes, may increase the risk of diabetes. Some symptoms of diabetes, such as painful peripheral neuropathy and nocturia, or associated other sleep disorders, such as sleep breathing disorders or sleep movement disorders, may influence sleep quality and quantity. Both sleep disorders and diabetes may lead to cognitive impairment. The risk of development of cognitive impairment in diabetic patients may be related to vascular and non-vascular and other factors, such as hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, central insulin resistance, amyloid and tau deposits and other causes. Numerous sleep disorders, e.g., sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, insomnia, and poor sleep quality are most likely are also associated with cognitive impairment. Adequate functioning of the system of clearance of the brain from toxic substances, such as amyloid β, i.e. glymphatic system, is related to undisturbed sleep and prevents cognitive impairment. In the case of coexistence, sleep disturbances and diabetes either independently lead to and/or mutually aggravate cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Brzecka
- Department of Pulmonology and Lung Cancer, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Madetko
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Vladimir N Nikolenko
- I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Ghulam M Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Ejma
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Leszek
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Cyryl Daroszewski
- Department of Pulmonology and Lung Cancer, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Sarul
- Department of Pulmonology and Lung Cancer, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Liudmila M Mikhaleva
- Research Institute of Human Morphology,3 Tsyurupy Street, Moscow, 117418, Russian Federation
| | - Siva G Somasundaram
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, 26426, United States
| | - Cecil E Kirkland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, 26426, United States
| | - Sergey O Bachurin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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91
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Reich N, Hölscher C. Acylated Ghrelin as a Multi-Targeted Therapy for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:614828. [PMID: 33381011 PMCID: PMC7767977 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.614828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Much thought has been given to the impact of Amyloid Beta, Tau and Alpha-Synuclein in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the clinical failures of the recent decades indicate that there are further pathological mechanisms at work. Indeed, besides amyloids, AD and PD are characterized by the culminative interplay of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and hyperfission, defective autophagy and mitophagy, systemic inflammation, BBB and vascular damage, demyelination, cerebral insulin resistance, the loss of dopamine production in PD, impaired neurogenesis and, of course, widespread axonal, synaptic and neuronal degeneration that leads to cognitive and motor impediments. Interestingly, the acylated form of the hormone ghrelin has shown the potential to ameliorate the latter pathologic changes, although some studies indicate a few complications that need to be considered in the long-term administration of the hormone. As such, this review will illustrate the wide-ranging neuroprotective properties of acylated ghrelin and critically evaluate the hormone's therapeutic benefits for the treatment of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Reich
- Biomedical & Life Sciences Division, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Neurology Department, A Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Research and Experimental Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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92
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Curtis D, Bandyopadhyay S. Mini-review: Role of the PI3K/Akt pathway and tyrosine phosphatases in Alzheimer's disease susceptibility. Ann Hum Genet 2020; 85:1-6. [PMID: 33258115 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A variety of findings from in vitro experiments and animal models support the hypothesis that one contribution to pathogenesis in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is enhanced phosphorylation of tau protein, which may be triggered by amyloid β (Aβ) and mediated by impaired activity of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. A number of tyrosine phosphatases act to reduce PI3K/Akt activity, and inhibition of tyrosine phosphatases is protective against Aβ toxicity in cell cultures and whole animals. Results from analysis of exome sequenced late onset AD cases and controls similarly show that rare coding variants predicted to damage PI3K functioning increase AD risk, whereas those which are predicted to damage genes for tyrosine phosphatase genes are protective. Taken together, these results support the proposition that tyrosine phosphatase antagonists might be trialed as therapeutic agents to protect against the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Curtis
- UCL Genetics Institute, UCL, London, UK.,Centre for Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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93
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Sun Y, Wu A, Li X, Qin D, Jin B, Liu J, Tang Y, Wu J, Yu C. The seed of Litchi chinensis fraction ameliorates hippocampal neuronal injury in an Aβ 25-35-induced Alzheimer's disease rat model via the AKT/GSK-3β pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:35-43. [PMID: 31881157 PMCID: PMC6968628 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1697298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Context: The seed of Litchi chinensis Sonn., a famous traditional Chinese medicine, was recently reported to enhance cognitive function by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis in rats.Objective: We determined whether the seed of Litchi chinensis fraction (SLF) can ameliorate hippocampal neuronal injury via the AKT/GSK-3β pathway.Materials and methods: We established Alzheimer's disease (AD) model by infusing Aβ25-35 into the lateral ventricle of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and randomly divided into five groups (n = 10): sham, donepezil and SLF (120, 240 and 480 mg/kg/d). Rats were treated by intragastric administration for 28 consecutive days. Spatial learning and memory were evaluated with Morris water maze, while protein expression of AKT, GSK-3β and tau in the hippocampal neurons was measured by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry.Results: On the fifth day, escape latency of the AD model group was 45.78 ± 2.52 s and that of the sham operative group was 15.98 ± 2.32 s. SLF could improve cognitive functions by increasing the number of rats that crossed the platform (p < 0.01), and their platform quadrant dwell time (p < 0.05). The protein expression level of AKT was upregulated (p < 0.001), while that of GSK-3β and tau (p < 0.01) was remarkably downregulated in the hippocampal CA1 area.Discussion and conclusions: To our knowledge, the present study is the first to show that SLF may exert neuroprotective effect in AD rats via the AKT/GSK-3β signalling pathway, thereby serving as evidence for the potential utility of SLF as an effective drug against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueshan Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Anguo Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Dalian Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Bingjin Jin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Chengdu Medical Collage, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianming Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chonglin Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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94
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Martínez-Cué C, Rueda N. Signalling Pathways Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease Neurodegeneration in Individuals with and without Down Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6906. [PMID: 32962300 PMCID: PMC7555886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), the most common cause of intellectual disability of genetic origin, is characterized by alterations in central nervous system morphology and function that appear from early prenatal stages. However, by the fourth decade of life, all individuals with DS develop neuropathology identical to that found in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), including the development of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles due to hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, loss of neurons and synapses, reduced neurogenesis, enhanced oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation. It has been proposed that DS could be a useful model for studying the etiopathology of AD and to search for therapeutic targets. There is increasing evidence that the neuropathological events associated with AD are interrelated and that many of them not only are implicated in the onset of this pathology but are also a consequence of other alterations. Thus, a feedback mechanism exists between them. In this review, we summarize the signalling pathways implicated in each of the main neuropathological aspects of AD in individuals with and without DS as well as the interrelation of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martínez-Cué
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain;
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95
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Edison P. Neuroinflammation, microglial activation, and glucose metabolism in neurodegenerative diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 154:325-344. [PMID: 32739010 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by aggregated amyloid beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Apart from the plaques and tangles, microglial activation plays a significant role in neurodegeneration and neuronal function. This review discusses the way in which microglial activation influences neurodegeneration and how systemic inflammation, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and hypercholesterolemia influence neuroinflammation. Also reviewed is how systemic inflammation influences microglial activation along with the relationship between microglial activation and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Edison
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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96
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Griffith CM, Macklin LN, Cai Y, Sharp AA, Yan XX, Reagan LP, Strader AD, Rose GM, Patrylo PR. Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Reduced Plasma Insulin Precede Decreased AKT Phosphorylation and GLUT3 Translocation in the Hippocampus of Old 3xTg-AD Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:809-837. [PMID: 30775979 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) can exhibit impaired peripheral glucose tolerance. Further, in the APP/PS1 mouse model, this is observed prior to the appearance of AD-related neuropathology (e.g., amyloid-β plaques; Aβ) or cognitive impairment. In the current study, we examined whether impaired glucose tolerance also preceded AD-like changes in the triple transgenic model of AD (3xTg-AD). Glucose tolerance testing (GTT), insulin ELISAs, and insulin tolerance testing (ITT) were performed at ages prior to (1-3 months and 6-8 months old) and post-pathology (16-18 months old). Additionally, we examined for altered insulin signaling in the hippocampus. Western blots were used to evaluate the two-primary insulin signaling pathways: PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK. Since the PI3K/AKT pathway affects several downstream targets associated with metabolism (e.g., GSK3, glucose transporters), western blots were used to examine possible alterations in the expression, translocation, or activation of these targets. We found that 3xTg-AD mice display impaired glucose tolerance as early as 1 month of age, concomitant with a decrease in plasma insulin levels well prior to the detection of plaques (∼14 months old), aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau (∼18 months old), and cognitive decline (≥18 months old). These alterations in peripheral metabolism were seen at all time points examined. In comparison, PI3K/AKT, but not MAPK/ERK, signaling was altered in the hippocampus only in 18-20-month-old 3xTg-AD mice, a time point at which there was a reduction in GLUT3 translocation to the plasma membrane. Taken together, our results provide further evidence that disruptions in energy metabolism may represent a foundational step in the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M Griffith
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Lauren N Macklin
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Yan Cai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Andrew A Sharp
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lawrence P Reagan
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,WJB Dorn Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - April D Strader
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Gregory M Rose
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Peter R Patrylo
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
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97
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Dierssen M, Fructuoso M, Martínez de Lagrán M, Perluigi M, Barone E. Down Syndrome Is a Metabolic Disease: Altered Insulin Signaling Mediates Peripheral and Brain Dysfunctions. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:670. [PMID: 32733190 PMCID: PMC7360727 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most frequent chromosomal abnormality that causes intellectual disability, resulting from the presence of an extra complete or segment of chromosome 21 (HSA21). In addition, trisomy of HSA21 contributes to altered energy metabolism that appears to be a strong determinant in the development of pathological phenotypes associated with DS. Alterations include, among others, mitochondrial defects, increased oxidative stress levels, impaired glucose, and lipid metabolism, finally resulting in reduced energy production and cellular dysfunctions. These molecular defects seem to account for a high incidence of metabolic disorders, i.e., diabetes and/or obesity, as well as a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in DS. A dysregulation of the insulin signaling with reduced downstream pathways represents a common pathophysiological aspect in the development of both peripheral and central alterations leading to diabetes/obesity and AD. This is further strengthened by evidence showing that the molecular mechanisms responsible for such alterations appear to be similar between peripheral organs and brain. Considering that DS subjects are at high risk to develop either peripheral or brain metabolic defects, this review will discuss current knowledge about the link between trisomy of HSA21 and defects of insulin and insulin-related pathways in DS. Drawing the molecular signature underlying these processes in DS is a key challenge to identify novel drug targets and set up new prevention strategies aimed to reduce the impact of metabolic disorders and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Dierssen
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Fructuoso
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Martínez de Lagrán
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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98
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Mejido DC, Peny JA, Vieira MN, Ferreira ST, De Felice FG. Insulin and leptin as potential cognitive enhancers in metabolic disorders and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2020; 171:108115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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99
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Liu JYH, Sun MYY, Sommerville N, Ngan MP, Ponomarev ED, Lin G, Rudd JA. Soy flavonoids prevent cognitive deficits induced by intra-gastrointestinal administration of beta-amyloid. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 141:111396. [PMID: 32417364 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Alzheimer's diseases, beta-amyloid may act as prion-like protein and migrate from the gastrointestinal tract towards the brain. Soy flavonoids have been identified as neuroprotective against cognitive loss in human. Diet with soy flavonoids may be used to slow down the progression of Alzheimer's diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed in-vitro tissue culture experiments using myenteric plexus longitudinal muscle layers isolated from the ileum and colon of ICR mice. Beta-amyloid can be taken up into myenteric neurons and induce neuron degeneration, which is protected by flavonoids compounds, including daidzein, genistein, glycitein and luteolin. We also administered oligomeric beta-amyloid (1-42) (total dose: 8 μg) into the gastrointestinal walls of ICR mice and conducted memory tests and gastrointestinal function assessments after 6 and 12 months. Mice treated with beta-amyloid exhibited minor learning deficits in a T-maze memory test at 6 months and significant memory impairment in a novel object recognition task at 12 months. These impairments were prevented by soy flavonoids. Tracking studies performed using fluorescently tagged beta-amyloid found that, beta-amyloid injected at the stomach can aggregate within the layer of myenteric neurons and migrate to the jejunum or via the vagus nerves to the brain after 1 month. Reductions in the gastrointestinal tissue weight and the spontaneous ileal contraction frequency were also observed at 6 and 12 months, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that beta-amyloid can migrate from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain to induce cognitive impairments. Furthermore, chronic soy flavonoids in drinking water have protective actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Y H Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Michelle Y Y Sun
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Nerina Sommerville
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Man Piu Ngan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Eugene D Ponomarev
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - John A Rudd
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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100
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Mild Cognitive Impairment Subtypes and Type 2 Diabetes in Elderly Subjects. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9072055. [PMID: 32629878 PMCID: PMC7408775 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is correlated to amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and to non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment (naMCI). This study evaluated whether the T2D variable characterizes a peculiar cognitive profile in elderly patients. Moreover, it explores the association between glycated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c), T2D duration, insulin and oral hypoglycemic agent treatment, and cognition in elderly diabetic patients. Methods: Detailed neuropsychological battery was used to diagnose MCI subtypes. A total of 39 MCI subjects with T2D (T2D-MCI) and 37 MCI subjects without T2D (ND-MCI), matched for age, educational level, and Mini-Mental State Examination score, were included. Results: ND-MCI performed worse in memory and language domains than T2D-MCI. The amnestic subtype is more frequent among ND-MCI and non-amnestic subtype in T2D-MCI. In T2D-MCI, high HbA1c levels correlate with episodic memory (immediate recall) and T2D duration. Some indexes of episodic memory (immediate recall), attention, and visual-spatial ability correlate with insulin treatment. Conclusions: An association between T2D and non-amnestic MCI is suggested. In the T2D-MCI group, significant associations between insulin treatment and memory (immediate recall), complex figure copy, and attention were found.
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