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Dugo L, Collin M, Thiemermann C. Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta as a target for the therapy of shock and inflammation. Shock 2007; 27:113-23. [PMID: 17224784 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000238059.23837.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
After the discovery that glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3beta plays a fundamental role in the regulation of the activity of nuclear factor kappaB, a number of studies have investigated the effects of this protein kinase in the regulation of the inflammatory process. The GSK-3beta inhibition, using genetically modified cells and chemically different pharmacological inhibitors, affects the regulation of various inflammatory mediators in vitro and in vivo. Insulin, an endogenous inhibitor of GSK-3 in the pathway leading to the regulation of glycogen synthase activity, has recently been clinically used in the therapy for septic shock. The beneficial anti-inflammatory effects of insulin in preclinical and clinical studies could possibly be due, at least in part, to the inhibition of GSK-3 and not directly correlated to the regulation of blood glucose. We describe the latest studies describing the effects of GSK-3 inhibition as potential target of the therapy for diseases associated with inflammation, ischemia/reperfusion, and shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dugo
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
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Testelmans D, Maes K, Wouters P, Powers SK, Decramer M, Gayan-Ramirez G. Infusions of rocuronium and cisatracurium exert different effects on rat diaphragm function. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33:872-879. [PMID: 17361387 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-007-0584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aminosteroidal and benzylisoquinoline neuromuscular blocking agents are used in the intensive care unit to facilitate mechanical ventilation. The use of these agents has been associated with development of critical illness myopathy; however, the relative frequency of myopathy development among agents is not known. The aim of our study was to compare the effects of 24 h infusion of rocuronium or cisatracurium on the diaphragm in mechanically ventilated rats. DESIGN Randomized, controlled experiment. SETTING Basic animal science laboratory. SUBJECTS Male Wistar rats, 14 weeks old. INTERVENTIONS Rats were divided into four groups to receive either saline, rocuronium (low dose) or cisatracurium (low or high dose). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS After 24 h, in vitro diaphragm tetanic force was decreased after rocuronium (-33% vs. saline), while the force was more preserved after cisatracurium, even in the high-dose group. Cross-sectional areas of the different diaphragm and gastrocnemius fibers were unaltered. Diaphragmatic MURF-1 mRNA was increased after rocuronium (+44% vs. saline), while unchanged in both cisatracurium groups. Calpain activity was increased after rocuronium (+75% vs. saline) and unchanged in the cisatracurium groups. MURF-1 mRNA expression and calpain activity were negatively correlated with diaphragm force. CONCLUSIONS Cisatracurium infusion during controlled mechanical ventilation exerted less detrimental effects on diaphragm function and proteolytic activity than infusion of rocuronium, even with the higher effective dose. These data suggest that increased calpain activity and increased activation of the ubiquitin proteasome system play a role in the different effects of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dries Testelmans
- Respiratory Muscle Research Unit, Laboratory of Pneumology and Respiratory Division, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, O&N 1, bus 706, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Maes
- Respiratory Muscle Research Unit, Laboratory of Pneumology and Respiratory Division, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, O&N 1, bus 706, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Wouters
- Department of Anesthesiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, UZ Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Scott K Powers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marc Decramer
- Respiratory Muscle Research Unit, Laboratory of Pneumology and Respiratory Division, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, O&N 1, bus 706, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislaine Gayan-Ramirez
- Respiratory Muscle Research Unit, Laboratory of Pneumology and Respiratory Division, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, O&N 1, bus 706, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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53
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Giuliani D, Mioni C, Bazzani C, Zaffe D, Botticelli AR, Capolongo S, Sabba A, Galantucci M, Iannone A, Grieco P, Novellino E, Colombo G, Tomasi A, Catania A, Guarini S. Selective melanocortin MC4 receptor agonists reverse haemorrhagic shock and prevent multiple organ damage. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 150:595-603. [PMID: 17245369 PMCID: PMC2189765 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In circulatory shock, melanocortins have life-saving effects likely to be mediated by MC4 receptors. To gain direct insight into the role of melanocortin MC4 receptors in haemorrhagic shock, we investigated the effects of two novel selective MC4 receptor agonists. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Severe haemorrhagic shock was produced in rats under general anaesthesia. Rats were then treated with either the non-selective agonist [Nle4, D-Phe7]-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (NDP--MSH) or with the selective MC4 agonists RO27-3225 and PG-931. Cardiovascular and respiratory functions were continuously monitored for 2 h; survival rate was recorded up to 24 h. Free radicals in blood were measured using electron spin resonance spectrometry; tissue damage was evaluated histologically 25 min or 24 h after treatment. KEY RESULTS All shocked rats treated with saline died within 30-35 min. Treatment with NDP--MSH, RO27-3225 and PG-931 produced a dose-dependent (13-108 nmol kg-1 i.v.) restoration of cardiovascular and respiratory functions, and improved survival. The three melanocortin agonists also markedly reduced circulating free radicals relative to saline-treated shocked rats. All these effects were prevented by i.p. pretreatment with the selective MC4 receptor antagonist HS024. Moreover, treatment with RO27-3225 prevented morphological and immunocytochemical changes in heart, lung, liver, and kidney, at both early (25 min) and late (24 h) intervals. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Stimulation of MC4 receptors reversed haemorrhagic shock, reduced multiple organ damage and improved survival. Our findings suggest that selective MC4 receptor agonists could have a protective role against multiple organ failure following circulatory shock.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Free Radicals/blood
- Heart Rate/drug effects
- Kidney/drug effects
- Kidney/pathology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/pathology
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/pathology
- Multiple Organ Failure/metabolism
- Multiple Organ Failure/pathology
- Multiple Organ Failure/physiopathology
- Multiple Organ Failure/prevention & control
- Myocardium/pathology
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Peptides, Cyclic/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/agonists
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
- Respiratory Mechanics
- Severity of Illness Index
- Shock, Hemorrhagic/drug therapy
- Shock, Hemorrhagic/metabolism
- Shock, Hemorrhagic/pathology
- Shock, Hemorrhagic/physiopathology
- Time Factors
- alpha-MSH/analogs & derivatives
- alpha-MSH/pharmacology
- alpha-MSH/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- D Giuliani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
| | - C Mioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
| | - C Bazzani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
| | - D Zaffe
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
| | - A R Botticelli
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - S Capolongo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
| | - A Sabba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
| | - M Galantucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
| | - A Iannone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of General Pathology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
| | - P Grieco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Napoli ‘Federico II' Napoli, Italy
| | - E Novellino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Napoli ‘Federico II' Napoli, Italy
| | - G Colombo
- Center for Preclinical Investigation, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena Milano, Italy
| | - A Tomasi
- Department of Diagnostic Services, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
| | - A Catania
- Center for Preclinical Investigation, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena Milano, Italy
| | - S Guarini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
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Rose R, Banerjee A, Ramaiah SK. Calpain inhibition attenuates iNOS production and midzonal hepatic necrosis in a repeat dose model of endotoxemia in rats. Toxicol Pathol 2007; 34:785-94. [PMID: 17162536 DOI: 10.1080/01926230600932497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Systemic exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) induces hypotension, disseminated intravascular coagulation and neutrophil infiltration in various organs including the lung, kidney and liver. A rat endotoxemic neutrophilic hepatitis model (repeat dose LPS, 10 mg/kg, i.v. 24 hours apart) was developed exhibiting hepatic neutrophil infiltration and mid-zonal hepatic necrosis. The goal of the study was to investigate the role of the intracellular enzyme calpain in the development of neutrophilic hepatitis with midzonal necrosis in this model. A second goal was to compare the observed protective effects of calpain inhibition with a relatively selective inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor aminoguanidine (AG) and an inhibitor of coagulation, heparin. When compared to rats administered LPS alone, administration of calpain 1 inhibitor prior to LPS significantly reduced hepatic iNOS expression, hepatic neutrophil infiltration and attenuated midzonal hepatic necrosis. Administration of AG or heparin prior to LPS also decreased liver iNOS expression, hepatic neutrophil infiltration and liver pathology comparable to calpain inhibition. Blood neutrophil activation, as measured by the neutrophil adhesion molecule CD11b integrin, was upregulated in all the LPS treated groups regardless of inhibitor administration. We conclude that amelioration of liver pathology via calpain inhibition is likely dependent on the down-regulation of iNOS expression in the rat model of LPS-mediated hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Rose
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467, USA
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55
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Moshal KS, Singh M, Sen U, Rosenberger DSE, Henderson B, Tyagi N, Zhang H, Tyagi SC. Homocysteine-mediated activation and mitochondrial translocation of calpain regulates MMP-9 in MVEC. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291:H2825-35. [PMID: 16877562 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00377.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is associated with atherosclerosis, stroke, and dementia. Hcy causes extracellular matrix remodeling by the activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), in part, by inducing redox signaling and modulating the intracellular calcium dynamics. Calpains are the calcium-dependent cysteine proteases that are implicated in mitochondrial damage via oxidative burst. Mitochondrial abnormalities have been identified in HHcy. The mechanism of Hcy-induced extracellular matrix remodeling by MMP-9 activation via mitochondrial pathway is largely unknown. We report a novel role of calpains in mitochondrial-mediated MMP-9 activation by Hcy in cultured rat heart microvascular endothelial cells. Our observations suggested that calpain regulates Hcy-induced MMP-9 expression and activity. We showed that Hcy activates calpain-1, but not calpain-2, in a calcium-dependent manner. Interestingly, the enhanced calpain activity was not mirrored by the decreased levels of its endogenous inhibitor calpastatin. We presented evidence that Hcy induces the translocation of active calpain from cytosol to mitochondria, leading to MMP-9 activation, in part, by causing intramitochondrial oxidative burst. Furthermore, studies with pharmacological inhibitors of calpain (calpeptin and calpain-1 inhibitor), ERK (PD-98059) and the mitochondrial uncoupler FCCP suggested that calpain and ERK-1/2 are the major events within the Hcy/MMP-9 signal axis and that intramitochondrial oxidative stress regulates MMP-9 via ERK-1/2 signal cascade. Taken together, these findings determine the novel role of mitochondrial translocation of calpain-1 in MMP-9 activation during HHcy, in part, by increasing mitochondrial oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karni S Moshal
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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56
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Tan Y, Wu C, De Veyra T, Greer PA. Ubiquitous calpains promote both apoptosis and survival signals in response to different cell death stimuli. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:17689-98. [PMID: 16632474 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601978200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The mu- and m-calpain proteases have been implicated in both pro- or anti-apoptotic functions. Here we compared cell death responses and apoptotic or survival signaling pathways in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from wild type or capn4 knock-out mice which lack both mu- and m-calpain activities. Capn4(-/-) MEFs displayed resistance to puromycin, camptothecin, etoposide, hydrogen peroxide, ultraviolet light, and serum starvation, which was consistent with pro-apoptotic roles for calpain. In contrast, capn4(-/-) MEFs were more susceptible to staurosporine (STS) and tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced cell death, which provided evidence for anti-apoptotic signaling roles for calpain. Bax activation, release of cytochrome c, and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 all correlated with the observed cell death responses of wild type or capn4(-/-) MEFs to the various challenges, suggesting that calpain might play distinct roles in transducing different death signals to the mitochondria. There was no evidence that calpain cleaved Bcl-2 family member proteins that regulate mitochondrial membrane permeability including Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bad, Bak, Bid, or Bim. However, activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3)-kinase/Akt survival signaling pathway was compromised in capn4(-/-) MEFs under all challenges regardless of the cell death outcome, and blocking Akt activation using the PI3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 abolished the protective effect of calpain to STS challenge. We conclude that the anti-apoptotic function of calpain in tumor necrosis factor alpha- and STS-challenged cells relates to a novel role in activating the PI3-kinase/Akt survival pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfei Tan
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Botterall Hall Rm. A309, Kingston, Ontario K7L-3N6, Canada
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Bizat N, Galas MC, Jacquard C, Boyer F, Hermel JM, Schiffmann SN, Hantraye P, Blum D, Brouillet E. Neuroprotective effect of zVAD against the neurotoxin 3-nitropropionic acid involves inhibition of calpain. Neuropharmacology 2005; 49:695-702. [PMID: 15998526 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2005.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of calpains and caspases to cell death has been widely studied using pharmacological inhibitors. Among them, the caspase inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl-fluoromethylketone (zVAD) has been used as a specific caspase inhibitor in nearly 1000 published studies. However, several studies showed that zVAD also behaves as a calpain inhibitor in peripheral cells. The effects of zVAD as a calpain inhibitor have never been assessed in neurodegeneration models. We examined here whether zVAD could reduce neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease models using the mitochondrial inhibitor 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP). In these models, 3NP toxicity has been shown to require calpain activation. In rats, intra-cerebro-ventricular infusion of zVAD significantly reduced 3NP-induced striatal degeneration, and decreased the 3NP-induced activation of calpain and calpain-dependent cleavage of fodrin. zVAD (100 microM) also blocked 3NP-induced death of cultured striatal neurons. In vitro, zVAD inhibited purified mu-calpain with high affinity (IC50=10 nM). The present data demonstrate that zVAD protects neurons against 3NP through calpain inhibition. This suggests that, in certain models of neuronal death where zVAD showed protective effects, caspases but also calpains may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bizat
- URA CEA-CNRS 2210, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot and Program ImaGene, DRM, DSV, CEA, 4 place du Général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay, France
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58
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Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Endothelial dysfunction with impaired endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) activity is a widely accepted cause of diabetic vasculopathy. The mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in diabetes remain elusive, thus limiting effective therapeutic interventions. We report novel evidence demonstrating that the calcium-dependent protease calpain causes endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation in the microcirculation of the ZDF (Zucker diabetic fatty) rat, a genetic rat model of type 2 diabetes. We found evidence of increased calpain activity and leukocyte trafficking in the microcirculation of ZDF rats. Inhibition of calpain activity significantly attenuated leukocyte-endothelium interactions in the vasculature of ZDF rats. Expression of cell adhesion molecules in the vascular endothelium of ZDF rats was consistently increased, and it was suppressed by calpain inhibition. In vivo measurement of endothelial NO availability demonstrated a 60% decrease in NO levels in the microcirculation of diabetic rats, which was also prevented by calpain inhibition. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed calpain-dependent loss of association between eNOS and the regulatory protein heat shock protein 90. Collectively, these data provide evidence for a novel mechanism of endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation in diabetes. Calpains may represent a new molecular target for the prevention and treatment of diabetic vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Stalker
- Department of Physiology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust St., Philadelphia, PA 19107-6799, USA
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59
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Duffy JY, Schwartz SM, Lyons JM, Bell JH, Wagner CJ, Zingarelli B, Pearl JM. Calpain inhibition decreases endothelin-1 levels and pulmonary hypertension after cardiopulmonary bypass with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest*. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:623-8. [PMID: 15753756 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000156243.44845.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiopulmonary bypass in infants and children can result in cardiopulmonary dysfunction through ischemia and reperfusion injury. Pulmonary hypertension and injury are particularly common and morbid complications of neonatal cardiac surgery. Inhibition of calpain, a cysteine protease, has been shown to inhibit reperfusion injury in adult organ systems. The hypothesis is that calpain inhibition can alleviate the cardiopulmonary dysfunction seen in immature animals following ischemia and reperfusion with cardiopulmonary bypass. DESIGN Animal case study. SETTING Medical laboratory. SUBJECTS Crossbred piglets (5-7 kg). INTERVENTIONS Piglets were cooled with cardiopulmonary bypass to 18 degrees C followed by deep hypothermic circulatory arrest for 120 mins. Animals were rewarmed to 38 degrees C on cardiopulmonary bypass and maintained for 120 mins. Six animals were administered calpain inhibitor (Z-Leu-Leu-Tyr-fluoromethyl ketone; 1 mg/kg, intravenously) 60 mins before cardiopulmonary bypass. Nine animals were administered saline as a control. Plasma endothelin-1, pulmonary and hemodynamic function, and markers of leukocyte activity and injury were measured. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Calpain inhibition prevented the increased pulmonary vascular resistance seen in control animals (95.7 +/- 39.4 vs. 325.3 +/- 83.6 dyne.sec/cm, respectively, 120 mins after cardiopulmonary bypass and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, p = .05). The attenuation in pulmonary vascular resistance was associated with a blunted plasma endothelin-1 response (4.91 +/- 1.72 pg/mL with calpain inhibition vs. 10.66 +/- 6.21 pg/mL in controls, p < .05). Pulmonary function after cardiopulmonary bypass was better maintained after calpain inhibition compared with controls: Po2/Fio2 ratio (507.2 +/- 46.5 vs. 344.7 +/- 140.5, respectively, p < .05) and alveolar-arterial gradient (40.0 +/- 17.2 vs. 128.1 +/- 85.2 mm Hg, respectively, p < .05). Systemic oxygen delivery was higher after calpain inhibition compared with controls (759 +/- 171 vs. 277 +/- 46 mL/min, respectively, p < .001). In addition, endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity in lung tissue was maintained with calpain inhibition. CONCLUSIONS The reduction in plasma endothelin-1 and maintenance of lung endothelial nitric oxide levels after cardiopulmonary bypass and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with calpain inhibition were associated with reduced pulmonary vascular resistance. Improved gas exchange and higher systemic oxygen delivery suggest that calpain inhibition may be advantageous for reducing postoperative cardiopulmonary dysfunction commonly associated with pediatric heart surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Y Duffy
- Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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61
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Huang CJ, Tsai PS, Yang CH, Su TH, Stevens BR, Skimming JW, Pan WHT. Pulmonary transcription of CAT-2 and CAT-2B but not CAT-1 and CAT-2A were upregulated in hemorrhagic shock rats. Resuscitation 2004; 63:203-12. [PMID: 15531073 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2004.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Revised: 05/24/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic shock stimulates nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis through upregulation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression. Trans-membrane l-arginine transportation mediated by the isozymes of cationic amino acid transporters (e.g. CAT-1, CAT-2, CAT-2A, and CAT-2B) is one crucial regulatory mechanism that regulates iNOS activity. We sought to assess the effects of hemorrhage and resuscitation on the expression of these regulatory enzymes in hemorrhage-stimulated rat lungs. Twenty-four rats were randomized to a sham-instrumented group, a sustained shock group, a shock with blood resuscitation group, or a shock with normal saline resuscitation group. Hemorrhagic shock was induced by withdrawing blood to maintain MAP between 40 and 45mmHg for 60min. Resuscitation by infusing blood/saline mixtures (blood resuscitation group) or saline alone (saline resuscitation group) was then performed. At the end of the experiment (300min after hemorrhage began), rats were sacrificed and enzymes expression as well as pulmonary NO biosynthesis and lung injuries were assayed. Our data revealed that hemorrhage-induced pulmonary iNOS, CAT-2, and CAT-2B transcription which was associated with pulmonary NO overproduction and subsequent lung injury. Resuscitation significantly attenuated the hemorrhage-induced enzyme upregulation, pulmonary NO overproduction, and lung injury. Blood/saline mixtures were superior to saline as a resuscitation solution in treating hemorrhage-induced pulmonary NO overproduction and lung injury. Hemorrhage and/or resuscitation, however, did not affect the expression of pulmonary CAT-1 and CAT-2A. It is, therefore, concluded that the expression of pulmonary iNOS, CAT-2, and CAT-2B is inducible and that of CAT-1 and CAT-2A is constitutive in hemorrhagic shock rat lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jen Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Mackay Junior College of Nursing, Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, 92 Sec. 2, Chung San N. Rd., Taipei 104, Taiwan
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Yang L, Sugama S, Mischak RP, Kiaei M, Bizat N, Brouillet E, Joh TH, Beal MF. A novel systemically active caspase inhibitor attenuates the toxicities of MPTP, malonate, and 3NP in vivo. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 17:250-9. [PMID: 15474362 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Revised: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular machinery involved in apoptosis plays a role in neuronal death in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). Several caspase inhibitors, such as the well-known peptidyl inhibitor carbobenzoxy-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (zVADfmk), can protect neurons from apoptotic death caused by mitochondrial toxins. However, the poor penetrability of zVADfmk into brain and toxicity limits its use therapeutically. In the present study, a novel peptidyl broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor, Q-VD-OPH, which offers improvements in potency, stability, and toxicity over zVADfmk, showed significant protection against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP), and malonate toxicities. Q-VD-OPH significantly reduced dopamine depletion in striatum produced by MPTP administration and prevented MPTP-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. It significantly reduced the size of striatal lesions produced by intrastriatal malonate injections and systemic administration of 3NP. Western blots performed on tissues from the midbrain following administration of MPTP or the striatum in 3NP-treated animals showed increases of the active forms of caspase-9 and caspase-8, as well as the caspase-8-mediated proapoptotic protein Bid, which were inhibited Q-VD-OPH treatment. These findings suggest that systematically active broad-spectrum caspase inhibitors maybe useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as PD and HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichuan Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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63
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Aleyasin H, Cregan SP, Iyirhiaro G, O'Hare MJ, Callaghan SM, Slack RS, Park DS. Nuclear factor-(kappa)B modulates the p53 response in neurons exposed to DNA damage. J Neurosci 2004; 24:2963-73. [PMID: 15044535 PMCID: PMC6729853 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0155-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that DNA damage-evoked death of primary cortical neurons occurs in a p53 and cyclin-dependent kinase-dependent (CDK) manner. The manner by which these signals modulate death is unclear. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is a group of transcription factors that potentially interact with these pathways. Presently, we show that NF-kappaB is activated shortly after induction of DNA damage in a manner independent of the classic IkappaB kinase (IKK) activation pathway, CDKs, ATM, and p53. Acute inhibition of NF-kappaB via expression of a stable IkappaB mutant, downregulation of the p65 NF-kappaB subunit by RNA interference (RNAi), or pharmacological NF-kappaB inhibitors significantly protected against DNA damage-induced neuronal death. NF-kappaB inhibition also reduced p53 transcripts and p53 activity as measured by the p53-inducible messages, Puma and Noxa, implicating the p53 tumor suppressor in the mechanism of NF-kappaB-mediated neuronal death. Importantly, p53 expression still induces death in the presence of NF-kappaB inhibition, indicating that p53 acts downstream of NF-kappaB. Interestingly, neurons cultured from p65 or p50 NF-kappaB-deficient mice were not resistant to death and did not show diminished p53 activity, suggesting compensatory processes attributable to germline deficiencies, which allow p53 activation still to occur. In contrast to acute NF-kappaB inhibition, prolonged NF-kappaB inhibition caused neuronal death in the absence of DNA damage. These results uniquely define a signaling paradigm by which NF-kappaB serves both an acute p53-dependent pro-apoptotic function in the presence of DNA damage and an anti-apoptotic function in untreated normal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Aleyasin
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, Neurosciences, East Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
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64
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Abstract
Numerous lines of evidence demonstrate that calpains, a family of 14 Ca(2+)-activated neutral cysteine proteases, are involved in oncotic cell death in a variety of models. At this time, the biochemistry of most calpains and the specific roles of different calpains in physiology and pathology remain to be determined. A number of calpain substrates have been identified in cellular systems, including cytoskeletal proteins, and recent studies suggest that calpains mediate the increase in plasma membrane permeability to ions and the progressive breakdown of the plasma membrane observed in oncosis through the proteolysis of cystokeletal and plasma membrane proteins. Further, a number of reports provide evidence that the mitochondrial dysfunction observed in oncosis may be mediated by a mitochondrial calpain of unknown identity. Finally, a number of diverse calpain inhibitors have been developed that show cytoprotective properties in cellular systems and in vivo following diverse insults. It is suggested that future research be directed toward elucidation of the role(s) of specific calpain isozymes in physiological and pathological conditions; identifying and linking specific calpain substrates with altered cellular functions; and developing cell-permeable, potent, isozyme-selective calpain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA.
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65
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Tissier S, Lancel S, Marechal X, Mordon S, Depontieu F, Scherpereel A, Chopin C, Neviere R. CALPAIN INHIBITORS IMPROVE MYOCARDIAL DYSFUNCTION AND INFLAMMATION INDUCED BY ENDOTOXIN IN RATS. Shock 2004; 21:352-7. [PMID: 15179136 DOI: 10.1097/00024382-200404000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Excessive activation of calpains has been implicated in the pathophysiology of inflammation, trauma, and ischemia reperfusion injury. Here, we investigated the effects of calpain inhibition on myocardial dysfunction and inflammation induced by endotoxin in rats. Rats were treated i.v. with endotoxin (10 mg/kg) or endotoxin plus calpain inhibitors and were then prepared after 4 h for myocardial contractility assessment, detection of endothelium leukocyte interactions, and plasma TNF-alpha, nitrite/nitrate, and endocan levels. Compared with vehicle-treated rats, hearts from endotoxin-treated rats had reduced systolic performance that was partially prevented by calpain inhibitors, i.e., acetyl-leucyl-leucyl-arginal (leupeptin), carbobenzoxy-valyl-phenylalanial (calpain inhibitor III), and N-acetyl-leucinyl-leucinyl-norleucinal (ALLN). Leupeptin and calpain inhibitor III reduced plasma TNF-alpha levels in endotoxin-treated rats. ALLN reduced plasma TNF-alpha and nitrite/nitrate levels in endotoxin-treated rats. Endotoxin treatment increased mesenteric venule leukocyte rolling (10 +/- 3 leukocytes/min vs. 44 +/- 10 leukocytes/min; P < 0.01) and adhesion (2 +/- 2 leukocytes/min vs. 15 +/- 3 leukocytes/min; P < 0.01), which was reduced by calpain inhibitors. Attenuation of leukocyte endothelium interactions observed in calpain inhibitor-treated rats with sepsis was associated with increases in plasma anti-adhesion molecule endocan. In conclusion, calpain inhibitors improved endotoxin-induced cardiac dysfunction, which may be attributed to the modulation of endothelium leukocyte interactions in the inflamed vasculature.
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66
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Gurel A, Armutcu F, Sahin S, Sogut S, Ozyurt H, Gulec M, Kutlu NO, Akyol O. Protective role of alpha-tocopherol and caffeic acid phenethyl ester on ischemia-reperfusion injury via nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase in rat kidneys. Clin Chim Acta 2004; 339:33-41. [PMID: 14687891 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2003.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the acute effects of antioxidant caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) on nitric oxide (NO) production, neutrophil infiltration, and antioxidant enzyme activities on an in vivo model of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS Rats were divided into five equal groups each consisting six rats: sham operation, ischemia, ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), I/R plus CAPE, and I/R plus vitamin E groups. CAPE or vitamin E was administered intraperitoneally before reperfusion. After experimental procedure, rats were sacrificed and both ipsilateral and contralateral kidneys were removed and prepared for NO concentrations, myeloperoxidase (MPO), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. RESULTS Acute administration of vitamin E decreased NO concentrations in both ipsilateral and contralateral renal tissues compared to I/R group. SOD activity was increased in I/R and I/R + CAPE groups compared to sham operation group. The most prominent results were encountered in MPO activities, which did not change in contralateral kidneys in both ischemia and I/R groups. There was a significant decrease in ipsilateral MPO activity in ischemia group and a significant increase in I/R group compared to sham operation group. Pretreatment with intraperitoneal CAPE significantly diminished the tissue MPO activity indicating the prevention of the neutrophil sequestration into the kidney. CONCLUSION There is a role for CAPE in attenuation in renal damage after I/R injury of the kidney, in part at least by inhibition of neutrophil sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Gurel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Zonguldak, Turkey
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67
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Cuzzocrea S, Pisano B, Dugo L, Ianaro A, Patel NSA, Di Paola R, Genovese T, Chatterjee PK, Fulia F, Cuzzocrea E, Di Rosa M, Caputi AP, Thiemermann C. Rosiglitazone, a ligand of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, reduces the development of nonseptic shock induced by zymosan in mice. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:457-66. [PMID: 14758164 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000109446.38675.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors that are related to retinoid, steroid, and thyroid hormone receptors. The PPAR-gamma receptor subtype appears to play a pivotal role in the regulation of cellular proliferation and inflammation. Rosiglitazone (Avandia) is a PPAR-gamma agonist (the most potent PPAR-gamma agonist of the thiazolidinedione antidiabetics). In the present study, we investigated the effects of rosiglitazone on the development of nonseptic shock caused by zymosan in mice. DESIGN Experimental study. SETTING University laboratory. SUBJECTS Male CD mice. INTERVENTIONS We investigated the effects of rosiglitazone (3 mg/kg) on the development of nonseptic shock caused by zymosan (500 mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally as a suspension in saline) in mice. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Organ failure and systemic inflammation in rats were assessed 18 hrs after administration of zymosan and/or rosiglitazone and monitored for 12 days (for loss of body weight and mortality rate). Treatment of mice with rosiglitazone (3 mg/kg intraperitoneally, 1 and 6 hrs after zymosan) attenuated the peritoneal exudation and the migration of polymorphonuclear cells caused by zymosan. Rosiglitazone also attenuated the lung, liver, and pancreatic injury and renal dysfunction caused by zymosan as well as the increase in myeloperoxidase activity and malondialdehyde concentrations caused by zymosan in the lung and intestine. Immunohistochemical analysis for inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine, and poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) revealed positive staining in lung and intestine tissues obtained from zymosan-treated mice. The degree of staining for nitrotyrosine, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) was markedly reduced in tissue sections obtained from zymosan-treated mice that received rosiglitazone. To elucidate whether the protective effects of rosiglitazone are related to activation of the PPAR-gamma receptor, we also investigated the effect of a PPAR-gamma antagonist, GW 9662, on the protective effects of rosiglitazone. GW 9662 (1 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally 30 mins before treatment with rosiglitazone) significantly antagonized the effect of the PPAR-gamma agonist and thus abolished the protective effect. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence, for the first time, that rosiglitazone attenuates the degree of zymosan-induced nonseptic shock in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, Policlinico Universitario, Messina, Italy
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68
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Clohisy JC, Hirayama T, Frazier E, Han SK, Abu-Amer Y. NF-kB signaling blockade abolishes implant particle-induced osteoclastogenesis. J Orthop Res 2004; 22:13-20. [PMID: 14656654 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-0266(03)00156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the effect of NF-kB signaling blockade on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) particle-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro. We first established effective blockade of NF-kB activity as tested by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). Particle-induced NF-kB activation in murine osteoclast precursor cells (CSF-1-dependent bone marrow macrophages) was markedly reduced by co-treatment of the cells with the NF-kB inhibitors N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) and Calpain Inhibitor I (CPI). This inhibition of NF-kB activity was associated with blockade of p50 NF-kB subunit nuclear translocation. We then established a direct NF-kB inhibition approach by utilizing a TAT-bound, mutant IkB (TAT:IkB(46-317)), and demonstrated an inhibitory effect evidenced by decreased NF-kB DNA binding activity. Having established that these strategies (TPCK, CPI, TAT: IkB(46-317)) effectively block NF-kB activation, we next investigated the effect of these agents on particle-stimulated osteoclast formation. PMMA particle stimulation of mature osteoclast formation from RANKL-primed osteoclast precursor cells was blocked by all three inhibitors. To further test the efficacy of NF-kB blockade, experiments were performed with the TAT:IkB(46-317) mutant peptide in whole bone marrow cultures that contain supporting stromal cells. Again, this inhibitor efficiently blocked particle-induced osteoclastogenesis. Thus, we have shown that pharmaceutical and molecular blockade of NF-kB activation inhibits PMMA particle-directed osteoclastogenesis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Clohisy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Barnes-Jewish Hospital at Washington University School of Medicine, One Barnes-Jewish Hospital Plaza, Suite 11300, West Pavillion, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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69
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Jarrar D, Wang P, Chaudry IH. Metabolic disturbances in shock, and the role of ATP-MgCl2 and sex steroids. Med Princ Pract 2004; 13:2-9. [PMID: 14657611 DOI: 10.1159/000074043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2002] [Accepted: 05/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhage following accidental injuries is a common cause of death in the industrialized world. Moreover, the impact of elective surgery and solid organ transplantation sometimes results in low flow conditions similar to those seen following hemorrhagic shock. A shortage in O(2) availability, or hypoxia, leads to sequential changes in cell metabolism and morphology, including inflammatory responses and the expression of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1, which controls the cellular adaptation to hypoxia. These endogenous adaptive responses show that O(2) deprivation is not an unforeseen event for cells. The purpose of this review article is to discuss the pathophysiologic principles of shock and the metabolic alterations that cells undergo during low flow conditions. Moreover, the rationale for therapeutic intervention by administering ATP-MgCl(2) and sex steroids following shock and trauma will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doraid Jarrar
- Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala. 35294-0019, USA
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70
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Marzocco S, Di Paola R, Autore G, Mazzon E, Pinto A, Caputi AP, Thiemermann C, Cuzzocrea S. Calpain Inhibitor I Reduces Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in the Rat. Shock 2004; 21:38-44. [PMID: 14676682 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000095056.62263.b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study we evaluated the effect of calpain inhibitor I on splanchnic artery occlusion (SAO) shock-mediated injury. SAO shock was induced in rats by clamping both the superior mesenteric artery and the celiac trunk for 45 min. After 1 h of reperfusion, SAO-shocked rats developed a significant fall in mean arterial blood pressure. Western blot analysis of ileum revealed a marked decrease in of IkappaB-alpha expression, and immunohistochemical examination of necrotic ileum demonstrated a marked increase in the immunoreactivity to P-selectin, intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), nitrotyrosine formation, and nuclear enzyme poly[adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose] synthase (PARS) activation. An increase in myeloperoxidase activity (143 +/- 22 4.5 U/100 mg wet tissue vs. 4.5 +/- 2.5 U/100 mg wet tissue of sham-operated rats) and in malondialdehyde levels (13.12 +/- 1.2 micromol/100 mg wet tissue vs. 3.9 +/- 1.1 micromol/100 mg wet tissue of sham-operated rats) was also observed in rats subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Calpain inhibitor I, given intraperitoneally 30 min before ischemia at a dose of 15 mg/kg, significantly improved mean arterial blood pressure, markedly reduced IkappaB-alpha degradation and the intensity of P-selectin and ICAM-1 in the reperfused ileum. Calpain inhibitor I also significantly prevented neutrophil infiltration (32.95 +/- 9.82 U/100 mg wet tissue), reduced malondialdehyde levels (6.76 +/- 0.98 micromol/100 mg wet tissue) and markedly improved the histological status of the reperfused tissue. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that calpain inhibitor I exerts multiple protective effects in splanchnic artery occlusion-reperfusion shock and suggests that calpain inhibitor I may be a candidate for consideration as a therapeutic intervention for ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Marzocco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno, Fisciano-Salerno, Italy
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71
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Chatterjee PK, di Villa Bianca RD, Sivarajah A, McDonald MC, Cuzzocrea S, Thiemermann C. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate reduces renal dysfunction and injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion of the rat kidney. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 482:271-80. [PMID: 14660032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dithiocarbamates can modulate the expression of genes associated with inflammation or development of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Here, we investigate the effects of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, an inhibitor of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation, on the renal dysfunction and injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion of the rat kidney. Bilateral clamping of renal pedicles (45 min) followed by reperfusion (6 h) caused significant renal dysfunction and marked renal injury. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (100 mg/kg, administered i.v.) significantly reduced biochemical and histological evidence of renal dysfunction and injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion of the rat kidney. Furthermore, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate markedly reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein and significantly reduced serum levels of nitric oxide. Finally, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate inhibited the activation of NF-kappaB by preventing its translocation from the cytoplasm into the nuclei of renal cells. These results demonstrate that pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate reduces renal ischemia/reperfusion injury and that dithiocarbamates may provide beneficial actions against ischemic acute renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabal K Chatterjee
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Nephrology and Critical Care, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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72
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Chatterjee PK, Patel NSA, Kvale EO, Brown PAJ, Stewart KN, Britti D, Cuzzocrea S, Mota-Filipe H, Thiemermann C. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin AG126 reduces renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat. Kidney Int 2003; 64:1605-19. [PMID: 14531792 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigate the effects of tyrphostin AG126, an inhibitor of tyrosine kinase activity, on the renal dysfunction and injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) of the kidney. METHODS Tyrphostin AG126 (5 mg/kg intraperitoneally) was administered to male Wistar rats 30 minutes prior to bilateral renal ischemia for 45 minutes followed by reperfusion for up to 48 hours. Biochemical markers of renal dysfunction and injury were measured and renal sections assessed for renal injury. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and formation of nitrotyrosine and poly (ADP) ribose (PAR) were assessed using immunohistochemistry. Rat proximal tubular cells (PTCs) were incubated with interferon-gamma (100 IU/mL), bacterial lipopolysaccharide (10 microg/mL), and with increasing concentrations of tyrphostin AG126 (0.0001-1 mmol/L) for 24 hours. Nitric oxide production was measured in both plasma from rats subjected to I/R and in incubation medium from PTCs. RESULTS After 6 hours of reperfusion, tyrphostin AG126 significantly reduced the increase in serum and urinary indicators of renal dysfunction and injury caused by I/R and reduced histologic evidence of renal injury. Tyrphostin AG126 also improved renal function (after 24 and 48 hours of reperfusion) and reduced the histologic signs of renal injury (after 48 hours of reperfusion). Tyrphostin AG126 reduced the expression of iNOS and nitric oxide levels in both rat plasma and in PTC cultures, as well as expression of COX-2. Tyrphostin AG126 also reduced nitrotyrosine and PAR formation, suggesting reduction of nitrosative stress and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation, respectively. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results show that tyrphostin AG126 significantly reduces the renal dysfunction and injury caused by I/R of the kidney. We propose that inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity may be useful against renal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabal K Chatterjee
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Nephrology & Critical Care, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary - University of London, London, United Kingdom
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73
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Bizat N, Hermel JM, Humbert S, Jacquard C, Créminon C, Escartin C, Saudou F, Krajewski S, Hantraye P, Brouillet E. In vivo calpain/caspase cross-talk during 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal degeneration: implication of a calpain-mediated cleavage of active caspase-3. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:43245-53. [PMID: 12917435 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m305057200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of caspases and calpains in neurodegeneration remains unclear. In this study, we focused on these proteases in a rat model of Huntington's disease using the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP). Results showed that 3NP-induced death of striatal neurons was preceded by cytochrome c redistribution, transient caspase-9 processing, and activation of calpain, whereas levels of the active/processed form of caspase-3 remained low and were even reduced as compared with control animals. We evidenced here that this decrease in active caspase-3 levels could be attributed to calpain activation. Several observations supported this conclusion. 1) Pharmacological blockade of calpain in 3NP-treated rats increased the levels of endogenous processed caspase-9 and caspase-3. 2) Cell-free extracts prepared from the striatum of 3NP-treated rats degraded in vitro the p34 and p20 subunits of active recombinant caspase-9 and caspase-3, respectively. 3) This degradation of p34 and p20 could be mimicked by purified mu-calpain and was prevented by calpain inhibitors. 4) mu-Calpain produced a loss of the DEVDase (Asp-Glu-Val-Asp) activity of active caspase-3. 5) Western blot analysis and experiments with 35S-radiolabeled caspase-3 showed that mu-calpain cleaved the p20 subunit of active caspase-3 near its catalytic site. 6) mu-Calpain activity was selectively inhibited (IC50 of 100 mum) by a 12 amino acid peptide corresponding to the C terminus of p20. Our results showed that calpain can down-regulate the caspase-9/caspase-3 cell death pathway during neurodegeneration due to chronic mitochondrial defects in vivo and that this effect may involve, at least in part, direct cleavage of the caspase-3 p20 subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bizat
- Unité de Recherche Associée Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA)-CNRS 2210, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Département de Recherches Médicales (DRM), Direction des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Orsay Cedex, France
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74
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McDonald M, Abdelrahman M, Cuzzocrea S, Thiemermann C. Tyrphostin reduces the organ injury in haemorrhagic shock: role of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Resuscitation 2003; 58:349-61. [PMID: 12969613 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9572(03)00156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, tyrphostin AG126 on the organ injury and dysfunction (kidney, liver, pancreas, muscle and or brain) associated with haemorrhagic shock in the anaesthetised rat. Haemorrhage (sufficient to lower mean arterial blood pressure to 45 mmHg for 90 min) and subsequent resuscitation with the shed blood resulted (within 4 h after resuscitation) in expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (iNOS), positive staining for nitrotyrosine (liver), renal, liver and pancreatic injury, and injury to the muscle and brain. Pre-treatment (30 min prior to the onset of haemorrhage) with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin AG126 reduced the iNOS expression, nitrotyrosine formation, hepatic, brain or muscular injury, and to a lesser extent, the renal injury caused by haemorrhage and resuscitation. Selective inhibition of iNOS activity with N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl) acetamidine (1400 W, 10 mg kg(-1) i.v., 5 min prior to the onset of resuscitation), also attenuated nitrotyrosine formation, renal dysfunction, liver injury and brain or muscular injury associated with haemorrhagic shock. The expression of iNOS protein was unaffected by 1400 W. We propose that the activation of tyrosine kinases and the induction of iNOS contribute to the multiple organ injury caused by severe haemorrhage and resuscitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle McDonald
- The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, EC1M 6BQ London, UK
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75
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Calpain is a major cell death effector in selective striatal degeneration induced in vivo by 3-nitropropionate: implications for Huntington's disease. J Neurosci 2003. [PMID: 12832525 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-12-05020.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatal cell death in Huntington's Disease (HD) may involve mitochondrial defects, NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity, and activation of death effector proteases such as caspases and calpain. However, the precise contribution of mitochondrial defects in the activation of these proteases in HD is unknown. Here, we addressed this question by studying the mechanism of striatal cell death in rat models of HD using the mitochondrial complex II inhibitor 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP). The neurotoxin was either given by intraperitoneal injections (acute model) or over 5 d by constant systemic infusion using osmotic pumps (chronic model) to produce either transient or sustained mitochondrial deficits. Caspase-9 activation preceded neurodegeneration in both cases. However, caspase-8 and caspase-3 were activated in the acute model, but not in the chronic model, showing that 3-NP does not require activation of these caspases to produce striatal degeneration. In contrast, activation of calpain was specifically detected in the striatum in both models and this was associated with a calpain-dependent cleavage of huntingtin. Finally, in the chronic model, which mimics a steady blockade of complex II activity reminiscent of HD, selective calpain inhibition prevented the abnormal calpain-dependent processing of huntingtin, reduced the size of the striatal lesions, and almost completely abolished the 3-NP-induced DNA fragmentation in striatal cells. The present results demonstrate that calpain is a predominant effector of striatal cell death associated with mitochondrial defects in vivo. This suggests that calpain may play an important role in HD pathogenesis and could be a potential therapeutic target to slow disease progression.
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76
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Stalker TJ, Skvarka CB, Scalia R. A novel role for calpains in the endothelial dysfunction of hyperglycemia. FASEB J 2003; 17:1511-3. [PMID: 12824289 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-1213fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that the activity of the calcium-dependent protease calpain is increased in acute inflammatory processes of the cardiovascular system. Because diabetes is associated with vascular inflammation, we hypothesized that increased calpain activity in response to hyperglycemia may play a role in diabetic cardiovascular disease. The effects of calpain inhibition on leukocyte-endothelium interactions induced by hyperglycemia were examined by intravital microscopy. Intraperitoneal administration of the selective calpain inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-leucyl-leucinal (5 micromol/L) prevented the up-regulation of leukocyte-endothelium interactions in response to 25 mmol/L D-glucose via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, treatment of rats with D-glucose significantly decreased basal endothelial NO release in mesenteric post-capillary venules, a phenomenon prevented by inhibition of calpain activity. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that glucose induces loss of NO via a calpain-dependent decrease in the association of hsp90 with endothelial nitric oxide synthase. In addition, inhibition of calpain activity decreased endothelial cell surface expression of the pro-inflammatory adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 during hyperglycemia. These data demonstrate that calpains contribute to important inflammatory events during hyperglycemia and that pharmacological inhibition of calpain activity attenuates leukocyte-endothelium interactions and preserves eNOS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Stalker
- Department of Physiology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust St., Philadelphia, PA 19107-6799, USA.
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Sedarous M, Keramaris E, O'Hare M, Melloni E, Slack RS, Elce JS, Greer PA, Park DS. Calpains mediate p53 activation and neuronal death evoked by DNA damage. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:26031-8. [PMID: 12721303 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302833200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage is an initiator of neuronal death implicated in neuropathological conditions such as stroke. Previous evidence has shown that apoptotic death of embryonic cortical neurons treated with the DNA damaging agent camptothecin is dependent upon the tumor suppressor p53, an upstream death mediator, and more distal death effectors such as caspases. We show here that the calcium-regulated cysteine proteases, calpains, are activated during DNA damage induced by camptothecin treatment. Moreover, calpain deficiency, calpastatin expression, or pharmacological calpain inhibitors prevent the death of embryonic cortical neurons, indicating the important role of calpain in DNA damage-induced death. Calpain inhibition also significantly reduced and delayed the induction of p53. Consistent with the actions of calpains upstream of p53 and the proximal nature of p53 death signaling, calpain inhibition inhibited cytochrome c release and DEVD-AFC cleavage activity. Taken together, our results indicate that calpains are a key mediator of p53 induction and consequent caspase-dependent neuronal death due to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Sedarous
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, Neuroscience Group, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
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78
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Zoetis T, Hurtt ME. Species comparison of anatomical and functional renal development. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART B, DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY 2003; 68:111-20. [PMID: 12866702 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.10013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Zoetis
- Millstone Biomedical Associates, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Harwood SM, Allen DA, Chesser AMS, New DI, Raftery MJ, Yaqoob MM. Calpain is activated in experimental uremia: is calpain a mediator of uremia-induced myocardial injury? Kidney Int 2003; 63:866-77. [PMID: 12631067 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cysteine proteases calpain and caspase-3 are known mediators of cell death. The aim of this study was to assess their contribution to the tissue damage found in experimental uremia. METHODS Calpain and caspase-3 activities were measured in the hearts of rats that were sham-operated (control), sham-operated and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), and those rendered uremic by 5/6 nephrectomy (uremic). In an in vitro study, heart myoblasts (Girardi) were incubated with human serum from healthy subjects (control serum conditioned media, CSCM) or uremic patients (uremic serum conditioned media, USCM), in the presence and absence of calpain and caspase-3 inhibitors. After 48 hours the activity of calpain and caspase-3 was measured, and cell injury determined by DNA fragmentation (ELISA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. An in situ assay was designed to study how USCM affects calpain activity over time. RESULTS In the in vivo study, mean calpain activities were almost identical in the control and SHR groups, but calpain and caspase-3 activities were much elevated in the uremic group (P < 0.01 and 0.001 respectively vs. control). The SHR group had significantly higher mean arterial blood pressure (P < 0.001 vs. control, 0.01 vs. uremic). In the in vitro study calpain activity and DNA fragmentation were markedly higher in USCM treated cells compared to CSCM (both P<0.05). Both were reduced in USCM cells containing calpain inhibitors (E64d, calpastatin, or PD 150606). LDH release was raised also in USCM treated cultures (P < 0.05), which only the E64d treatment could significantly reduce (P < 0.02). Caspase-3 activities were similar in USCM and CSCM groups. The in situ assay showed significant increases in calpain activity in USCM treated cells compared to CSCM after just 3.5 hours (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS In vivo results suggest that the increases in calpain and caspase-3 activity in uremic rat hearts were primarily due to uremia and not to hypertension. In vitro data demonstrate that uremia-induced cell injury can be attenuated by calpain inhibition. Therefore, it is likely that calpain is a mediator of uremia-induced myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Harwood
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Nephrology, St Bartholomew's, and Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, England, United Kingdom.
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80
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Chatterjee PK, Patel NSA, Sivarajah A, Kvale EO, Dugo L, Cuzzocrea S, Brown PAJ, Stewart KN, Mota-Filipe H, Britti D, Yaqoob MM, Thiemermann C. GW274150, a potent and highly selective inhibitor of iNOS, reduces experimental renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Kidney Int 2003; 63:853-65. [PMID: 12631066 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generation of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) may contribute to renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GW274150, a novel, highly selective, potent and long-acting inhibitor of iNOS activity in rat and mouse models of renal I/R. METHODS Rats were administered GW274150 (5 mg/kg intravenous bolus administered 30 minutes prior to I/R) and subjected to bilateral renal ischemia (45 minutes) followed by reperfusion (6 hours). Serum and urinary indicators of renal dysfunction, tubular and reperfusion injury were measured, specifically, serum urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) enzymuria. In addition, renal sections were used for histologic scoring of renal injury and for immunologic evidence of nitrotyrosine formation and poly [adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose] (PAR). Nitrate levels were measured in rat plasma using the Griess assay. Mice (wild-type, administered 5 mg/kg GW274150, and iNOS-/-) were subjected to bilateral renal ischemia (30 minutes) followed by reperfusion (24 hours) after which renal dysfunction (serum urea, creatinine), renal myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured. RESULTS GW274150, administered prior to I/R, significantly reduced serum urea, serum creatinine, AST, and NAG indicating reduction of renal dysfunction and injury caused by I/R. GW274150 reduced histologic evidence of tubular injury and markedly reduced immunohistochemical evidence of nitrotyrosine and PAR formation, indicating reduced peroxynitrite formation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation, respectively. GW274150 abolished the rise in the plasma levels of nitrate (indicating reduced NO production). GW274150 also reduced the renal dysfunction in wild-type mice to levels similar to that observed in iNOS-/- mice subjected to I/R. Renal MPO activity and MDA levels were significantly reduced in wild-type mice administered GW274150 and iNOS-/- mice subjected to renal I/R, indicating reduced polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) infiltration and lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that (1). an enhanced formation of NO by iNOS contributes to the pathophysiology of renal I/R injury and (2). GW274150 reduces I/R injury of the kidney. We propose that selective inhibitors of iNOS activity may be useful against renal dysfunction and injury associated with I/R of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabal K Chatterjee
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Nephrology, The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom.
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81
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Thiemermann C. Protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors as novel therapeutics for systemic inflammation, shock, and organ injury. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:652-3. [PMID: 12576987 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000049942.70689.c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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82
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Baud L, Fouqueray B, Bellocq A, Peltier J. [Calpains participate in inflammatory reaction development]. Med Sci (Paris) 2003; 19:71-6. [PMID: 12836194 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/200319171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are cysteine proteases first identified 50 years ago. Because they are present in the cytosol of mammalian cells and because they are activated in response to Ca2+ mobilization, they are thought to be involved mainly in cell signalling pathways. They could participate in cellular responses such as apoptosis, proliferation, extracellular matrix adhesion and motility, that have relevance to pathophysiological issues in ischemia, inflammation, repair and tumor progression. Here we consider calpain functions in inflammatory reaction. We report the recent observation that calpain inhibitors reduce the development of acute and chronic inflammation. This has opened the door for understanding how these enzymes are effective in inflammation. We present data suggesting that calpains are primarily responsible for the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B, a transcription factor with a pivotal role in inflammation. They are involved in inflammatory cell adhesion and migration, pro-inflammatory mediator release and anti-inflammatory hormone resistance as well. In addition, we emphasize the intriguing possibility that calpains are externalized during inflammatory process and that they play a role in the microenvironment of inflammatory cells. Thus, both intracellular and extracellular calpains would offer novel therapeutic targets in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Baud
- Inserm U.489 et Service d'explorations fonctionnelles multidisciplinaires, Hôpital Tenon, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France.
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83
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Cuzzocrea S, Chatterjee PK, Mazzon E, Serraino I, Dugo L, Centorrino T, Barbera A, Ciccolo A, Fulia F, McDonald MC, Caputi AP, Thiemermann C. Effects of calpain inhibitor I on multiple organ failure induced by zymosan in the rat. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:2284-94. [PMID: 12394957 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200210000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Zymosan enhances the formation of reactive oxygen species, which contributes to the pathophysiology of multiple organ failure. We investigated the effects of calpain inhibitor I (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg) on the multiple organ failure caused by zymosan (500 mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally as a suspension in saline) in rats. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS Male Sprague-Dawley rats.INTERVENTIONS Multiple organ failure in rats was assessed 18 hrs after administration of zymosan and/or calpain inhibitor I and was monitored for 12 days (for loss of body weight and mortality rate). MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS Treatment of rats with calpain inhibitor I (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally, 1 and 6 hrs after zymosan) attenuated the peritoneal exudation and the migration of polymorphonuclear cells caused by zymosan in a dose-dependent fashion. Calpain inhibitor I also attenuated the lung, liver, and intestinal injury (histology) as well as the increase in myeloperoxidase activity and malondialdehyde concentrations caused by zymosan in the lung, liver, and intestine. Immunohistochemical analysis for nitrotyrosine and for poly(adenosine-disphosphate-ribose) revealed positive staining in lung, liver, and intestine from zymosan-treated rats. The degree of staining for nitrotyrosine and poly(adenosine-disphosphate-ribose) was reduced markedly in tissue sections obtained from zymosan-treated rats administered calpain inhibitor I (20 mg/kg intraperitoneally). Furthermore, treatment of rats with calpain inhibitor I significantly reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in lung, liver, and intestine. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence that calpain inhibitor I attenuates the degree of zymosan-induced multiple organ failure in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Italy.
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84
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Yang R, Gallo DJ, Baust JJ, Uchiyama T, Watkins SK, Delude RL, Fink MP. Ethyl pyruvate modulates inflammatory gene expression in mice subjected to hemorrhagic shock. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002; 283:G212-21. [PMID: 12065309 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00022.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Administration of pyruvate, an effective scavenger of reactive oxygen species, has been shown to be salutary in numerous models of redox-mediated tissue or organ injury. Pyruvate, however, is unstable in solution and, hence, is not attractive for development as a therapeutic agent. Herein, ethyl pyruvate, which is thought to be more stable than the parent compound, was formulated in a calcium-containing balanced salt solution [Ringer ethyl pyruvate solution (REPS)] and evaluated in a murine model of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (HS/R). Resuscitation with REPS instead of Ringer lactate solution (RLS) significantly improved survival at 24 h and abrogated bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes and the development of increased ileal mucosal permeability to FITC-labeled dextran (4,000 Da) at 4 h. Mice treated with REPS instead of RLS also had lower circulating levels of alanine aminotransferase at 4 h. Treatment with REPS instead of RLS decreased activation of nuclear factor-kappaB in liver and colonic mucosa after HS/R and also decreased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor, cyclooxygenase-2, and interleukin-6 mRNA in liver, ileal mucosa, and/or colonic mucosa. These data support the view that resuscitation with REPS modulates the inflammatory response and decreases hepatocellular and gut mucosal injury in mice subjected to HS/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runkuan Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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85
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Harriman JF, Liu XL, Aleo MD, Machaca K, Schnellmann RG. Endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) signaling and calpains mediate renal cell death. Cell Death Differ 2002; 9:734-41. [PMID: 12058278 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2001] [Revised: 01/08/2002] [Accepted: 01/16/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of the current study was to determine the roles of ATP content, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) stores, cytosolic free Ca(2+) (Ca(2+)(f)) and calpain activity in the signaling of rabbit renal proximal tubular (RPT) cell death (oncosis). Increasing concentrations (0.3-10 microM) of the mitochondrial inhibitor antimycin A produced rapid ATP depletion that correlated to a rapid and sustained increase in Ca(2+)(f), but not phospholipase C activation. The ER Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitors thapsigargin (5 microM) or cyclopiazonic acid (100 microM) alone produced similar but transient increases in Ca(2+)(f). Pretreatment with thapsigargin prevented antimycin A-induced increases in Ca(2+)(f) and antimycin A pretreatment prevented thapsigargin-induced increases in Ca(2+)(f). Calpain activity increased in conjunction with ER Ca(2+) release. Pretreatment, but not post-treatment, with thapsigargin or cyclopiazonic acid prevented antimycin A-induced cell death. These data demonstrate that extensive ATP depletion signals oncosis through ER Ca(2+) release, a sustained increase in Ca(2+)(f) and calpain activation. Depletion of ER Ca(2+) stores prior to toxicant exposure prevents increases in Ca(2+)(f) and oncosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Harriman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 638, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199, USA
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86
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Liu X, Harriman JF, Schnellmann RG. Cytoprotective properties of novel nonpeptide calpain inhibitors in renal cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 302:88-94. [PMID: 12065704 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.302.1.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Calpains are cytosolic, Ca(2+)-activated, neutral cysteine proteases. Rabbit renal proximal tubule (RPT) cells express both mu- and m-calpain. Although multiple calpain inhibitors protect against RPT cell death, most calpain inhibitors lack specificity, membrane permeability, and/or potency. A group of novel catalytic site-directed calpain inhibitors, including chloroacetic acid N'-[6,7-dichloro-4-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl]hydrazide (SJA7019) and chloroacetic acid N'-(6,7-dichloro-4-phenyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl) hydrazide (SJA7029), were identified to be potent calpain inhibitors in vitro. The goals of this study were to determine the action of these two compounds on 1) RPT calpain activity using fluorescein isothiocyanate-casein zymography, 2) antimycin A-induced RPT extracellular (45)Ca(2+) influx and cell death, and 3) hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced RPT cellular dysfunction and death. The results showed that the SJA compounds inhibited RPT mu- and m-calpain with equal potency (approximate IC(50), 30 microM) and efficacy, and blocked antimycin A-induced extracellular Ca(2+) influx and cell death. In addition, SJA7029 blocked cell death and allowed the recovery of mitochondrial function and active Na(+) transport in RPTs subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation. In summary, the SJA compounds 1) were more potent inhibitors of calpains than catalytic site-directed peptide inhibitors in this model, 2) prevented extracellular Ca(2+) influx during the late phase of cell death, and 3) are true cytoprotectants and allow recovery of RPT cellular functions after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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87
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Ikeda Y, Young LH, Lefer AM. Attenuation of neutrophil-mediated myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by a calpain inhibitor. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 282:H1421-6. [PMID: 11893579 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00626.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Calpains are ubiquitous neutral cysteine proteases. Although their physiological role has yet to be clarified, calpains seem to be involved in the expression of cell adhesion molecules. Therefore, we hypothesized that a selective calpain inhibitor could attenuate polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte-induced myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We examined the effects of the calpain inhibitor Z-Leu-Leu-CHO in isolated ischemic (20 min) and reperfused (45 min) rat hearts perfused with PMNs. Z-Leu-Leu-CHO (10 and 20 microM, respectively) significantly improved left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) (P < 0.01) and the maximal rate of development of LVDP (P < 0.01) compared with I/R hearts perfused without Z-Leu-Leu-CHO. In addition, Z-Leu-Leu-CHO significantly reduced PMN adherence to the vascular endothelium and subsequent infiltration into the postischemic myocardium (P < 0.01). Moreover, Z-Leu-Leu-CHO significantly inhibited expression of P-selectin on the rat coronary microvascular endothelium (P < 0.01). These results provide evidence that Z-Leu-Leu-CHO significantly attenuates PMN-mediated I/R injury in the isolated perfused rat heart to a significant extent via downregulation of P-selectin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Ikeda
- Department of Physiology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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88
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Rajnik M, Salkowski CA, Thomas KE, Li YY, Rollwagen FM, Vogel SN. Induction of early inflammatory gene expression in a murine model of nonresuscitated, fixed-volume hemorrhage. Shock 2002; 17:322-8. [PMID: 11954835 DOI: 10.1097/00024382-200204000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of many end-organ problems associated with hemorrhage has been attributed to the inflammatory response to hemorrhage. In a murine model of nonresuscitated, fixed-volume hemorrhage, we sought to elucidate the role that hemorrhagic insult alone plays in the generation of the early inflammatory cascade. Differences could be appreciated as early as 1 h post-hemorrhage, with consistent differences detected by 3 h in all of the major cytokine genes studied. Significant upregulation of IL-1beta , IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-10 mRNA expression was observed in both the liver and lung samples of mice subjected to fixed-volume hemorrhage when compared with sham-hemorrhaged mice. The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) genes also were upregulated in the livers and lungs of hemorrhaged mice. Finally, expression of the genes that encode the Toll-like receptors (TLR)-2 and -4 was increased by hemorrhage. Taken collectively, these data demonstrate that the initial inflammatory cascade associated with hemorrhage occurs within hours after the initial hemorrhagic event, and can be associated with significant modulation of expression of key pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine, enzyme, and TLR genes, suggesting that these may be possible new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rajnik
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA
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89
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Caba E, Brown QB, Kawasaki B, Bahr BA. Peptidyl alpha-keto amide inhibitor of calpain blocks excitotoxic damage without affecting signal transduction events. J Neurosci Res 2002; 67:787-94. [PMID: 11891793 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cysteine protease calpain is activated by calcium and has a wide range of substrates. Calpain-mediated cellular damage is associated with many neuropathologies, and calpain also plays a role in signal transduction events that are essential for cell maintenance, including the activation of important kinases and transcription factors. In the present study, the hippocampal slice culture was used as a model of excitotoxicity to test whether the neuroprotection elicited by selective calpain inhibition is associated with changes in cell signaling. Peptidyl alpha-keto amide and alpha-keto acid inhibitors reduced both calpain-mediated cytoskeletal damage and the concomitant synaptic deterioration resulting from an N-methyl-D-aspartate exposure. The alpha-keto amide CX295 was protective when infused into slice cultures before or after the excitotoxic episode. The slices protected with CX295 exhibited normal activation levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase and the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB. Thus, selective inhibition of calpain provides neuroprotection without influencing critical signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Caba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Neurosciences Program, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-2092, USA
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90
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Chatterjee PK, Patel NSA, Kvale EO, Cuzzocrea S, Brown PAJ, Stewart KN, Mota-Filipe H, Thiemermann C. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase reduces renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Kidney Int 2002; 61:862-71. [PMID: 11849439 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO), produced via inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), is implicated in the pathophysiology of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the iNOS inhibitors L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)lysine (L-NIL) and aminoethyl-isothiourea (AE-ITU) on (a) renal dysfunction and injury mediated by bilateral I/R of rat kidneys in vivo and (b) cytokine-stimulated NO production by primary cultures of rat proximal tubule (PT) cells. METHODS Male Wistar rats subjected to bilateral renal ischemia (45 min) followed by reperfusion (6 h). Rats were administered either L-NIL (3 mg/kg IV bolus 15 min prior to I/R followed by 1 mg/kg/h throughout I/R) or AE-ITU (1 mg/kg IV bolus 15 min prior to I/R followed by 1 mg/kg/h throughout I/R). Serum and urinary biochemical indicators of renal dysfunction and injury were measured; serum creatinine (SCr, glomerular dysfunction), fractional excretion of Na+ (FENa, tubular dysfunction), serum aspartate aminotransferase (sAST, I/R injury) and urinary N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase (uNAG, tubular injury). Additionally, renal sections were used for histological grading of renal injury and for immunological evidence of nitrotyrosine formation. Nitrate/nitrate levels in plasma were measured using the Griess assay and used as an indicator of NO production. Primary cultures of rat PT cells were incubated with interferon-gamma(IFN-gamma, 100 IU/mL) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 microg/mL) for 24 h, either in the absence or presence of increasing concentrations of L-NIL or AE-ITU (0.001 to 1 mmol/L) after which nitrite/nitrate levels were measured using the Griess assay. RESULTS L-NIL and AE-ITU significantly reduced the I/R-mediated increases in SCr, FENa, sAST and uNAG, indicating attenuation of I/R-mediated renal dysfunction and injury. Specifically, L-NIL and AE-ITU reduced the I/R-mediated glomerular and tubular dysfunction and biochemical and histological evidence of tubular injury. Both L-NIL and AE-ITU attenuated the plasma levels of nitrate (indicating reduced NO production) and the immunohistochemical evidence of the formation of nitrotyrosine. In vitro, L-NIL and AE-ITU both significantly reduced cytokine-stimulated NO production by primary cultures of rat PT cells in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that L-NIL and AE-ITU reduce the renal dysfunction and injury associated with I/R of the kidney, via inhibition of iNOS activity and subsequent reduction of NO (and peroxynitrite) generation. We propose that selective and specific inhibitors of iNOS activity may be useful against the NO-mediated renal dysfunction and injury associated with I/R of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabal K Chatterjee
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Nephrology, The William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew's, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ England, United Kingdom.
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91
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Cuzzocrea S, Chatterjee PK, Mazzon E, Dugo L, Serraino I, Britti D, Mazzullo G, Caputi AP, Thiemermann C. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate attenuates the development of acute and chronic inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 135:496-510. [PMID: 11815386 PMCID: PMC1573136 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is a transcription factor which plays a pivotal role in the induction of genes involved in physiological processes as well as in the response to injury and inflammation. Dithiocarbamates are antioxidants which are potent inhibitors of NF-kappaB. We postulated that pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) would attenuate inflammation. In the present study we investigate the effects of PDTC in animal models of acute and chronic inflammation (carrageenan-induced pleurisy and collagen-induced arthritis). We report here for the first time that PDTC (given at 100, 30 or 10 mg kg(-1) i.p. in the pleurisy model or at 10 mg kg(-1) i.p. every 48 h in the arthritis model) exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects (e.g. significant reduction of (A) pleural exudate formation, (B) polymorphonuclear cell infiltration, (C) lipid peroxidation, (D) inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity and nitric oxide production (E) plasma and pleural exudates levels of interleukin-1beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha, (F) histological injury and (G) delayed development of clinical indicators). Furthermore, PDTC reduced immunohistochemical evidence of (A) formation of nitrotyrosine, (B) activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), (C) expression of iNOS and (D) expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the lungs of carrageenan-treated mice and in the joints from collagen-treated mice. Additionally, Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis of lung tissue revealed that PDTC prevented degradation of IKB-alpha and translocation of NF-kappaB from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that prevention of the activation of NF-kappaB by PDTC reduces the development of acute and chronic inflammation. Therefore, inhibition of NF-kappaB may represent a novel approach for the therapy of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine,University of Messina, Gazzi, Italy.
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92
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Chatterjee PK, Brown PA, Cuzzocrea S, Zacharowski K, Stewart KN, Mota-Filipe H, McDonald MC, Thiemermann C. Calpain inhibitor-1 reduces renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat. Kidney Int 2001; 59:2073-83. [PMID: 11380809 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of the cysteine protease calpain has been implicated in renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of calpain inhibitor-1 (Cal I-1) in an in vivo model of renal I/R injury. METHODS Male Wistar rats were administered Cal I-1 (10 mg/kg, IP) 30 minutes before undergoing bilateral renal ischemia (45 minutes) followed by reperfusion (6 hours). Plasma concentrations of urea, creatinine, Na(+), gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma GT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and urinary Na(+), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) were measured for the assessment of renal dysfunction and I/R injury. Creatinine clearance (C(Cr)) and fractional excretion of Na(+) (FE(Na)) were used as indicators of glomerular and tubular function, respectively. Kidney myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured for assessment of neutrophil infiltration and lipid peroxidation, respectively. Renal sections were used for histologic grading of renal injury and for immunohistochemical localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). RESULTS Cal I-1 significantly reduced I/R-mediated increases in urea, creatinine, gamma GT, AST, NAG, and FE(Na) and significantly improved C(Cr). Cal I-1 also significantly reduced kidney MPO activity and MDA levels. Cal I-1 also reduced histologic evidence of I/R-mediated renal damage and caused a substantial reduction in the expression of iNOS and COX-2, both of which involve activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B). CONCLUSIONS : These results suggest that Cal I-1 reduces the renal dysfunction and injury associated with I/R of the kidney. We suggest that the mechanism could involve the inhibition of I/R-mediated activation of NF-kappa B.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Chatterjee
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Nephrology, The William Harvey Research Institute, and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, England, United Kingdom.
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