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Ramos-Zaldívar HM, Polakovicova I, Salas-Huenuleo E, Corvalán AH, Kogan MJ, Yefi CP, Andia ME. Extracellular vesicles through the blood-brain barrier: a review. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:60. [PMID: 35879759 PMCID: PMC9310691 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00359-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles naturally released from cells that are delimited by a lipid bilayer and are unable to replicate. How the EVs cross the Blood–Brain barrier (BBB) in a bidirectional manner between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma remains poorly understood. Most in vitro models that have evaluated this event have relied on monolayer transwell or microfluidic organ-on-a-chip techniques that do not account for the combined effect of all cellular layers that constitute the BBB at different sites of the Central Nervous System. There has not been direct transcytosis visualization through the BBB in mammals in vivo, and evidence comes from in vivo experiments in zebrafish. Literature is scarce on this topic, and techniques describing the mechanisms of EVs motion through the BBB are inconsistent. This review will focus on in vitro and in vivo methodologies used to evaluate EVs transcytosis, how EVs overcome this fundamental structure, and discuss potential methodological approaches for future analyses to clarify these issues. Understanding how EVs cross the BBB will be essential for their future use as vehicles in pharmacology and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor M Ramos-Zaldívar
- Doctoral Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
| | - Iva Polakovicova
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Alejandro H Corvalán
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo J Kogan
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Química Farmacológica Y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Y Farmacéuticas, Laboratorio de Nanobiotecnología, Universidad de Chile, Carlos Lorca 964, Independencia, Chile
| | - Claudia P Yefi
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía E Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo E Andia
- Biomedical Imaging Center, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute for Intelligent Healthcare Engineering, Santiago, Chile
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52
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Smith-Cohn MA, Burley NB, Grossman SA. Transient Opening of the Blood-Brain Barrier by Vasoactive Peptides to Increase CNS Drug Delivery: Reality Versus Wishful Thinking? Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1383-1399. [PMID: 35100958 PMCID: PMC9881081 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20999220131163504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blood-brain barrier inhibits the central nervous system penetration of 98% of small molecule drugs and virtually all biologic agents, which has limited progress in treating neurologic disease. Vasoactive peptides have been shown in animal studies to transiently disrupt the blood-brain barrier and regadenoson is currently being studied in humans to determine if it can improve drug delivery to the brain. However, many other vasoactive peptides could potentially be used for this purpose. METHODS We performed a review of the literature evaluating the physiologic effects of vasoactive peptides on the vasculature of the brain and systemic organs. To assess the likelihood that a vasoactive peptide might transiently disrupt the blood-brain barrier, we devised a four-tier classification system to organize the available evidence. RESULTS We identified 32 vasoactive peptides with potential blood-brain barrier permeabilityaltering properties. To date, none of these are shown to open the blood-brain barrier in humans. Twelve vasoactive peptides increased blood-brain barrier permeability in rodents. The remaining 20 had favorable physiologic effects on blood vessels but lacked specific information on permeability changes to the blood-brain barrier. CONCLUSION Vasoactive peptides remain an understudied class of drugs with the potential to increase drug delivery and improve treatment in patients with brain tumors and other neurologic diseases. Dozens of vasoactive peptides have yet to be formally evaluated for this important clinical effect. This narrative review summarizes the available data on vasoactive peptides, highlighting agents that deserve further in vitro and in vivo investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Smith-Cohn
- Ben & Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; ,Address correspondence to these authors at the The Ben & Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Health Services, 500 17th Ave, James Tower, Suite 540, Seattle, WA 98122, USA; Tel: 206-320-2300; Fax: 206-320-8149; E-mail: , Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Skip Viragh Building, 201 North Broadway, 9th Floor (Mailbox #3), Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; E-mail:
| | - Nicholas B. Burley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA;
| | - Stuart A. Grossman
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA,Address correspondence to these authors at the The Ben & Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Health Services, 500 17th Ave, James Tower, Suite 540, Seattle, WA 98122, USA; Tel: 206-320-2300; Fax: 206-320-8149; E-mail: , Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Skip Viragh Building, 201 North Broadway, 9th Floor (Mailbox #3), Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; E-mail:
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53
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Lubanska D, Alrashed S, Mason GT, Nadeem F, Awada A, DiPasquale M, Sorge A, Malik A, Kojic M, Soliman MAR, deCarvalho AC, Shamisa A, Kulkarni S, Marquardt D, Porter LA, Rondeau-Gagné S. Impairing proliferation of glioblastoma multiforme with CD44+ selective conjugated polymer nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12078. [PMID: 35840697 PMCID: PMC9287456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive types of cancer with success of therapy being hampered by the existence of treatment resistant populations of stem-like Tumour Initiating Cells (TICs) and poor blood-brain barrier drug penetration. Therapies capable of effectively targeting the TIC population are in high demand. Here, we synthesize spherical diketopyrrolopyrrole-based Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles (CPNs) with an average diameter of 109 nm. CPNs were designed to include fluorescein-conjugated Hyaluronic Acid (HA), a ligand for the CD44 receptor present on one population of TICs. We demonstrate blood-brain barrier permeability of this system and concentration and cell cycle phase-dependent selective uptake of HA-CPNs in CD44 positive GBM-patient derived cultures. Interestingly, we found that uptake alone regulated the levels and signaling activity of the CD44 receptor, decreasing stemness, invasive properties and proliferation of the CD44-TIC populations in vitro and in a patient-derived xenograft zebrafish model. This work proposes a novel, CPN- based, and surface moiety-driven selective way of targeting of TIC populations in brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Lubanska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Sami Alrashed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Gage T Mason
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Fatima Nadeem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Angela Awada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Mitchell DiPasquale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Alexandra Sorge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Aleena Malik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Monika Kojic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Mohamed A R Soliman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ana C deCarvalho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Abdalla Shamisa
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Swati Kulkarni
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Drew Marquardt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Lisa A Porter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Simon Rondeau-Gagné
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada.
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Simöes Da Gama C, Morin-Brureau M. Study of BBB Dysregulation in Neuropathogenicity Using Integrative Human Model of Blood-Brain Barrier. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:863836. [PMID: 35755780 PMCID: PMC9226644 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.863836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a cellular and physical barrier with a crucial role in homeostasis of the brain extracellular environment. It controls the imports of nutrients to the brain and exports toxins and pathogens. Dysregulation of the blood-brain barrier increases permeability and contributes to pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and ischemia. It remains unclear how a dysregulated BBB contributes to these different syndromes. Initial studies on the role of the BBB in neurological disorders and also techniques to permit the entry of therapeutic molecules were made in animals. This review examines progress in the use of human models of the BBB, more relevant to human neurological disorders. In recent years, the functionality and complexity of in vitro BBB models have increased. Initial efforts consisted of static transwell cultures of brain endothelial cells. Human cell models based on microfluidics or organoids derived from human-derived induced pluripotent stem cells have become more realistic and perform better. We consider the architecture of different model generations as well as the cell types used in their fabrication. Finally, we discuss optimal models to study neurodegenerative diseases, brain glioma, epilepsies, transmigration of peripheral immune cells, and brain entry of neurotrophic viruses and metastatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coraly Simöes Da Gama
- Inserm, Sorbonne University, UMRS 938 Saint-Antoine Research Center, Immune System and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Morin-Brureau
- Inserm, Sorbonne University, UMRS 938 Saint-Antoine Research Center, Immune System and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
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55
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Khan I, Baig MH, Mahfooz S, Imran MA, Khan MI, Dong JJ, Cho JY, Hatiboglu MA. Nanomedicine for Glioblastoma: Progress and Future Prospects. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:172-186. [PMID: 35760272 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive form of brain tumor, accounting for the highest mortality and morbidity rates. Current treatment for patients with glioblastoma includes maximal safe tumor resection followed by radiation therapy with concomitant temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy. The addition of TMZ to the conformal radiation therapy has improved the median survival time only from 12 months to 16 months in patients with glioblastoma. Despite these aggressive treatment strategies, patients' prognosis remains poor. This therapeutic failure is primarily attributed to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that restricts the transport of TMZ from reaching the tumor site. In recent years, nanomedicine has gained considerable attention among researchers and shown promising developments in clinical applications, including the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of glioblastoma tumors. This review sheds light on the morphological and physiological complexity of the BBB. It also explains the development of nanomedicine strategies to enhance the permeability of drug molecules across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Yalıköy St., Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Hassan Baig
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Sadaf Mahfooz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Yalıköy St., Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Azhar Imran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohd Imran Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-June Dong
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yong Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mustafa Aziz Hatiboglu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Yalıköy St., Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurosurgery, Bezmialem Vakif University Medical School, Vatan Street, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.
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56
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Löscher W. Dogs as a Natural Animal Model of Epilepsy. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:928009. [PMID: 35812852 PMCID: PMC9257283 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.928009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disease in both humans and domestic dogs, making dogs an ideal translational model of epilepsy. In both species, epilepsy is a complex brain disease characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate spontaneous recurrent epileptic seizures. Furthermore, as in humans, status epilepticus is one of the more common neurological emergencies in dogs with epilepsy. In both species, epilepsy is not a single disease but a group of disorders characterized by a broad array of clinical signs, age of onset, and underlying causes. Brain imaging suggests that the limbic system, including the hippocampus and cingulate gyrus, is often affected in canine epilepsy, which could explain the high incidence of comorbid behavioral problems such as anxiety and cognitive alterations. Resistance to antiseizure medications is a significant problem in both canine and human epilepsy, so dogs can be used to study mechanisms of drug resistance and develop novel therapeutic strategies to benefit both species. Importantly, dogs are large enough to accommodate intracranial EEG and responsive neurostimulation devices designed for humans. Studies in epileptic dogs with such devices have reported ictal and interictal events that are remarkably similar to those occurring in human epilepsy. Continuous (24/7) EEG recordings in a select group of epileptic dogs for >1 year have provided a rich dataset of unprecedented length for studying seizure periodicities and developing new methods for seizure forecasting. The data presented in this review substantiate that canine epilepsy is an excellent translational model for several facets of epilepsy research. Furthermore, several techniques of inducing seizures in laboratory dogs are discussed as related to therapeutic advances. Importantly, the development of vagus nerve stimulation as a novel therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy in people was based on a series of studies in dogs with induced seizures. Dogs with naturally occurring or induced seizures provide excellent large-animal models to bridge the translational gap between rodents and humans in the development of novel therapies. Furthermore, because the dog is not only a preclinical species for human medicine but also a potential patient and pet, research on this species serves both veterinary and human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Wolfgang Löscher
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57
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Matsuoka RL, Buck LD, Vajrala KP, Quick RE, Card OA. Historical and current perspectives on blood endothelial cell heterogeneity in the brain. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:372. [PMID: 35726097 PMCID: PMC9209386 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic brain activity requires timely communications between the brain parenchyma and circulating blood. Brain-blood communication is facilitated by intricate networks of brain vasculature, which display striking heterogeneity in structure and function. This vascular cell heterogeneity in the brain is fundamental to mediating diverse brain functions and has long been recognized. However, the molecular basis of this biological phenomenon has only recently begun to be elucidated. Over the past century, various animal species and in vitro systems have contributed to the accumulation of our fundamental and phylogenetic knowledge about brain vasculature, collectively advancing this research field. Historically, dye tracer and microscopic observations have provided valuable insights into the anatomical and functional properties of vasculature across the brain, and these techniques remain an important approach. Additionally, recent advances in molecular genetics and omics technologies have revealed significant molecular heterogeneity within brain endothelial and perivascular cell types. The combination of these conventional and modern approaches has enabled us to identify phenotypic differences between healthy and abnormal conditions at the single-cell level. Accordingly, our understanding of brain vascular cell states during physiological, pathological, and aging processes has rapidly expanded. In this review, we summarize major historical advances and current knowledge on blood endothelial cell heterogeneity in the brain, and discuss important unsolved questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota L Matsuoka
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Luke D Buck
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Keerti P Vajrala
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Kansas City University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA
| | - Rachael E Quick
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Olivia A Card
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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An In Vivo Model of Echovirus-Induced Meningitis Defines the Differential Roles of Type I and Type III Interferon Signaling in Central Nervous System Infection. J Virol 2022; 96:e0033022. [PMID: 35699446 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00330-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Echoviruses are among the most common worldwide causes of aseptic meningitis, which can cause long-term sequelae and death, particularly in neonates. However, the mechanisms by which these viruses induce meningeal inflammation are poorly understood, owing at least in part to the lack of in vivo models that recapitulate this aspect of echovirus pathogenesis. Here, we developed an in vivo neonatal mouse model that recapitulates key aspects of echovirus-induced meningitis. We show that expression of the human homologue of the primary echovirus receptor, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), is not sufficient for infection of the brains of neonatal mice. However, ablation of type I, but not III, interferon (IFN) signaling in mice expressing human FcRn permitted high levels of echovirus replication in the brain, with corresponding clinical symptoms, including delayed motor skills and hind-limb weakness. Using this model, we defined the immunological response of the brain to echovirus infection and identified key cytokines, such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), that were induced by this infection. Lastly, we showed that echoviruses specifically replicate in the leptomeninges, where they induce profound inflammation and cell death. Together, this work establishes an in vivo model of aseptic meningitis associated with echovirus infections that delineates the differential roles of type I and type III IFNs in echovirus-associated neuronal disease and defines the specificity of echoviral infections within the meninges. IMPORTANCE Echoviruses are among the most common worldwide causes of aseptic meningitis, which can cause long-term sequelae or even death. The mechanisms by which echoviruses infect the brain are poorly understood, largely owing to the lack of robust in vivo models that recapitulate this aspect of echovirus pathogenesis. Here, we establish a neonatal mouse model of echovirus-induced aseptic meningitis and show that expression of the human homologue of the FcRn, the primary receptor for echoviruses, and ablation of type I IFN signaling are required to recapitulate echovirus-induced meningitis and clinical disease. These findings provide key insights into the host factors that control echovirus-induced meningitis and a model that could be used to test anti-echovirus therapeutics.
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Li Y, Wang C, Zhang L, Chen B, Mo Y, Zhang J. Claudin-5a is essential for the functional formation of both zebrafish blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:40. [PMID: 35658877 PMCID: PMC9164509 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mammalian Claudin-5 is the main endothelial tight junction component maintaining blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, while Claudin-1 and -3 seal the paracellular space of choroid plexus (CP) epithelial cells contributing to the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). In zebrafish, two paralogs of claudin-5a and -5b are expressed while their roles in the formation of BBB and BCSFB are unclear. Methods The expression patterns of Claudin-5a and -5b in zebrafish brains were systematically analyzed by immunofluorescence (IF) assay. The developmental functions of Claudin-5a and -5b were characterized by generating of claudin-5a and -5b mutants respectively. Meanwhile, the cerebral inflammation and cell apoptosis in claudin-5a-/- were assessed by live imaging of transgenic zebrafish, RT-qPCR, IF, and TUNEL assay. The integrity of BBB and BCSFB was evaluated by in vivo angiographic and dye permeation assay. Finally, RT-qPCR, whole-mount RNA in situ hybridization (WISH), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses were performed to investigate the development of cerebral vessels and choroid plexus. Results We showed that Claudin-5a and -5b are both expressed in zebrafish cerebrovascular endothelial cells (ECs). In addition, Claudin-5a was strongly expressed in CP epithelial cells. Loss of Claudin-5b showed no effect on zebrafish vasculogenesis or BBB function. In contrast, the knockout of claudin-5a caused a lethal phenotype of severe whole-brain oedema, ventricular dilatation, and cerebral hernia in zebrafish larvae, although the cerebral vasculogenesis and the development of CP were not altered. In claudin-5a-/- , although ultrastructural analysis of CP and cerebral capillary showed intact integrity of epithelial and endothelial tight junctions, permeability assay indicated a disruption of both BBB and BCSFB functions. On the molecular level, it was found that ZO-1 was upregulated in the CP epithelium of claudin-5a-/-, while the notch and shh pathway responsible for CP development was not affected due to loss of Claudin-5a. Conclusions Our findings verified a non-functional role of zebrafish Claudin-5b in the BBB and identified Claudin-5a as the ortholog of mammalian Claudin-5, contributing to the development and the functional maintenance of both BBB and BCSFB. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-022-00337-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Chunchun Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Yuqian Mo
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.,School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China. .,The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
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60
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Simplified in vitro 3D co-culture-based blood-brain barrier model using transwell. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 620:63-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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61
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Jung O, Thomas A, Burks SR, Dustin ML, Frank JA, Ferrer M, Stride E. Neuroinflammation associated with ultrasound-mediated permeabilization of the blood-brain barrier. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:459-470. [PMID: 35461727 PMCID: PMC9117477 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) continues to represent one of the most significant challenges for successful drug-based treatments of neurological disease. Mechanical modulation of the BBB using focused ultrasound (FUS) and microbubbles (MBs) has shown considerable promise in enhancing the delivery of therapeutics to the brain, but questions remain regarding possible long-term effects of such forced disruption. This review examines the evidence for inflammation associated with ultrasound-induced BBB disruption and potential strategies for managing such inflammatory effects to improve both the efficacy and safety of therapeutic ultrasound in neurological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olive Jung
- Biomedical Ultrasonics, Biotherapy, and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; 3D Tissue Bioprinting Laboratory, Department of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alec Thomas
- Biomedical Ultrasonics, Biotherapy, and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Scott R Burks
- The Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joseph A Frank
- The Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marc Ferrer
- 3D Tissue Bioprinting Laboratory, Department of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eleanor Stride
- Biomedical Ultrasonics, Biotherapy, and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Gao X, Xu J, Yao T, Liu X, Zhang H, Zhan C. Peptide-decorated nanocarriers penetrating the blood-brain barrier for imaging and therapy of brain diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 187:114362. [PMID: 35654215 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is one of the most important physiological barriers strictly restricting the substance exchange between blood and brain tissues. While the BBB protects the brain from infections and toxins and maintains brain homeostasis, it is also recognized as the main obstacle to the penetration of therapeutics and imaging agents into the brain. Due to high specificity and affinity, peptides are frequently exploited to decorate nanocarriers across the BBB for diagnosis and/or therapy purposes. However, there are still some challenges that restrict their clinical application, such as stability, safety and immunocompatibility. In this review, we summarize the biological and pathophysiological characteristics of the BBB, strategies across the BBB, and recent progress on peptide decorated nanocarriers for brain diseases diagnosis and therapy. The challenges and opportunities for their translation are also discussed.
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Nadeem T, Bommareddy A, Bolarinwa L, Cuervo H. Pericyte dynamics in the mouse germinal matrix angiogenesis. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22339. [PMID: 35506590 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200120r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GM-IVH) is the most devastating neurological complication in premature infants. GM-IVH usually begins in the GM, a highly vascularized region of the developing brain where glial and neuronal precursors reside underneath the lateral ventricular ependyma. Previous studies using human fetal tissue have suggested increased angiogenesis and paucity of pericytes as key factors contributing to GM-IVH pathogenesis. Yet, despite its relevance, the mechanisms underlying the GM vasculature's susceptibility to hemorrhage remain poorly understood. To gain better understanding on the vascular dynamics of the GM, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the mouse GM vascular endothelium and pericytes during development. We hypothesize that vascular development of the mouse GM will provide a good model for studies of human GM vascularization and provide insights into the role of pericytes in GM-IVH pathogenesis. Our findings show that the mouse GM presents significantly greater vascular area and vascular branching compared to the developing cortex (CTX). Analysis of pericyte coverage showed abundance in PDGFRβ-positive and NG2-positive pericyte coverage in the GM similar to the developing CTX. However, we found a paucity in Desmin-positive pericyte coverage of the GM vasculature. Our results underscore the highly angiogenic nature of the GM and reveal that pericytes in the developing mouse GM exhibit distinct phenotypical and likely functional characteristics compared to other brain regions which might contribute to the high susceptibility of the GM vasculature to hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taliha Nadeem
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Apoorva Bommareddy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lolade Bolarinwa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Henar Cuervo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Cerebroventricular Injection of Pgk1 Attenuates MPTP-Induced Neuronal Toxicity in Dopaminergic Cells in Zebrafish Brain in a Glycolysis-Independent Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084150. [PMID: 35456967 PMCID: PMC9025024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. While extracellular Pgk1 (ePgk1) is reported to promote neurite outgrowth, it remains unclear if it can affect the survival of dopaminergic cells. To address this, we employed cerebroventricular microinjection (CVMI) to deliver Pgk1 into the brain of larvae and adult zebrafish treated with methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) as a PD-like model. The number of dopamine-producing cells in ventral diencephalon clusters of Pgk1-injected, MPTP-treated embryos increased over that of MPTP-treated embryos. Swimming distances of Pgk1-injected, MPTP-treated larvae and adult zebrafish were much longer compared to MPTP-treated samples. The effect of injected Pgk1 on both dopamine-producing cells and locomotion was time- and dose-dependent. Indeed, injected Pgk1 could be detected, located on dopamine neurons. When the glycolytic mutant Pgk1, Pgk1-T378P, was injected into the brain of MPTP-treated zebrafish groups, the protective ability of dopaminergic neurons did not differ from that of normal Pgk1. Therefore, ePgk1 is functionally independent from intracellular Pgk1 serving as an energy supplier. Furthermore, when Pgk1 was added to the culture medium for culturing dopamine-like SH-SY5Y cells, it could reduce the ROS pathway and apoptosis caused by the neurotoxin MPP+. These results show that ePgk1 benefits the survival of dopamine-producing cells and decreases neurotoxin damage.
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65
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Szalanczy AM, Key CCC, Woods LCS. Genetic variation in satiety signaling and hypothalamic inflammation: merging fields for the study of obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 101:108928. [PMID: 34936921 PMCID: PMC8959400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although obesity has been a longstanding health crisis, the genetic architecture of the disease remains poorly understood. Genome-wide association studies have identified many genomic loci associated with obesity, with genes being enriched in the brain, particularly in the hypothalamus. This points to the role of the central nervous system (CNS) in predisposition to obesity, and we emphasize here several key genes along the satiety signaling pathway involved in genetic susceptibility. Interest has also risen regarding the chronic, low-grade obesity-associated inflammation, with a growing concern toward inflammation in the hypothalamus as a precursor to obesity. Recent studies have found that genetic variation in inflammatory genes play a role in obesity susceptibility, and we highlight here several key genes. Despite the interest in the genetic variants of these pathways individually, there is a lack of research that investigates the relationship between the two. Understanding the interplay between genetic variation in obesity genes enriched in the CNS and inflammation genes will advance our understanding of obesity etiology and heterogeneity, improve genetic risk prediction analyses, and highlight new drug targets for the treatment of obesity. Additionally, this increased knowledge will assist in physician's ability to develop personalized nutrition and medication strategies for combating the obesity epidemic. Though it often seems to present universally, obesity is a highly individual disease, and there remains a need in the field to develop methods to treat at the individual level.
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66
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Menendez M, Drozd A, Borawska K, Chmielewska JJ, Wu ML, Griffin CT. IL-1β Impacts Vascular Integrity and Lymphatic Function in the Embryonic Omentum. Circ Res 2022; 130:366-383. [PMID: 34986653 PMCID: PMC8813910 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.319032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chromatin-remodeling enzyme BRG1 (brahma-related gene 1) regulates gene expression in a variety of rapidly differentiating cells during embryonic development. However, the critical genes that BRG1 regulates during lymphatic vascular development are unknown. METHODS We used genetic and imaging techniques to define the role of BRG1 in murine embryonic lymphatic development, although this approach inadvertently expanded our study to multiple interacting cell types. RESULTS We found that omental macrophages fine-tune an unexpected developmental process by which erythrocytes escaping from naturally discontinuous omental blood vessels are collected by nearby lymphatic vessels. Our data indicate that circulating fibrin(ogen) leaking from gaps in omental blood vessels can trigger inflammasome-mediated IL-1β (interleukin-1β) production and secretion from nearby macrophages. IL-1β destabilizes adherens junctions in omental blood and lymphatic vessels, contributing to both extravasation of erythrocytes and their uptake by lymphatics. BRG1 regulates IL-1β production in omental macrophages by transcriptionally suppressing the inflammasome trigger RIPK3 (receptor interacting protein kinase 3). CONCLUSIONS Genetic deletion of Brg1 in embryonic macrophages leads to excessive IL-1β production, erythrocyte leakage from blood vessels, and blood-filled lymphatics in the developing omentum. Altogether, these results highlight a novel context for epigenetically regulated crosstalk between macrophages, blood vessels, and lymphatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Menendez
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Anna Drozd
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA,Present address: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N., Denmark
| | - Katarzyna Borawska
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Joanna J. Chmielewska
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA,Present address: Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Meng-Ling Wu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Courtney T. Griffin
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
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67
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Cader Z. Human Blood-Brain-Barrier In Vitro Models: Overview and Applications. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 273:205-222. [PMID: 34935086 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The human blood-brain-barrier (BBB) is a vital structure for brain health. Conversely it represents a challenge in drug development programmes that require breaching of the barrier in order to access the central nervous system. Very often brain disorders have early dysfunction of the BBB implicating an important role in pathogenesis and disease progression. The development of human in vitro models is a major advance to allow experimental studies and screening assays, although there remain outstanding questions for the field. In this chapter, the current state of the art will be reviewed, with the complementary innovative approaches to in vitro modelling described, from simple 2D-cultures to more complex multi-cell type micro-physiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zameel Cader
- Translational Molecular Neuroscience Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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68
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Contreras EG, Sierralta J. The Fly Blood-Brain Barrier Fights Against Nutritional Stress. Neurosci Insights 2022; 17:26331055221120252. [PMID: 36225749 PMCID: PMC9549514 DOI: 10.1177/26331055221120252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the wild, animals face different challenges including multiple events of food
scarcity. How they overcome these conditions is essential for survival. Thus,
adaptation mechanisms evolved to allow the development and survival of an
organism during nutrient restriction periods. Given the high energy demand of
the nervous system, the molecular mechanisms of adaptation to malnutrition are
of great relevance to fuel the brain. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the
interface between the central nervous system (CNS) and the circulatory system.
The BBB mediates the transport of macromolecules in and out of the CNS, and
therefore, it can buffer changes in nutrient availability. In this review, we
collect the current evidence using the fruit fly, Drosophila
melanogaster, as a model of the role of the BBB in the adaptation
to starvation. We discuss the role of the Drosophila BBB during
nutrient deprivation as a potential sensor for circulating nutrients, and
transient nutrient storage as a regulator of the CNS neurogenic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban G Contreras
- Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jimena Sierralta
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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69
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Blood-Brain Barrier Overview: Structural and Functional Correlation. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:6564585. [PMID: 34912450 PMCID: PMC8668349 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6564585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a semipermeable and extremely selective system in the central nervous system of most vertebrates, that separates blood from the brain's extracellular fluid. It plays a vital role in regulating the transport of necessary materials for brain function, furthermore, protecting it from foreign substances in the blood that could damage it. In this review, we searched in Google Scholar, Pubmed, Web of Science, and Saudi Digital Library for the various cells and components that support the development and function of this barrier, as well as the different pathways to transport the various molecules between blood and the brain. We also discussed the aspects that lead to BBB dysfunction and its neuropathological consequences, with the identification of some of the most important biomarkers that might be used as a biomarker to predict the BBB disturbances. This comprehensive overview of BBB will pave the way for future studies to focus on developing more specific targeting systems in material delivery as a future approach that assists in combinatorial therapy or nanotherapy to destroy or modify this barrier in pathological conditions such as brain tumors and brain stem cell carcinomas.
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70
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Characterization and tissue localization of zebrafish homologs of the human ABCB1 multidrug transporter. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24150. [PMID: 34921178 PMCID: PMC8683423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary endothelial cells of the human blood–brain barrier (BBB) express high levels of P-glycoprotein (P-gp, encoded by ABCB1) and ABCG2 (encoded by ABCG2). However, little information is available regarding ATP-binding cassette transporters expressed at the zebrafish BBB, which has emerged as a potential model system. We report the characterization and tissue localization of two genes that are similar to ABCB1, zebrafish abcb4 and abcb5. When stably expressed in HEK293 cells, both Abcb4 and Abcb5 conferred resistance to P-gp substrates; however, Abcb5 poorly transported doxorubicin and mitoxantrone compared to zebrafish Abcb4. Additionally, Abcb5 did not transport the fluorescent P-gp probes BODIPY-ethylenediamine or LDS 751, while they were transported by Abcb4. High-throughput screening of 90 human P-gp substrates confirmed that Abcb4 has an overlapping substrate specificity profile with P-gp. In the brain vasculature, RNAscope probes for abcb4 colocalized with staining by the P-gp antibody C219, while abcb5 was not detected. The abcb4 probe also colocalized with claudin-5 in brain endothelial cells. Abcb4 and Abcb5 had different tissue localizations in multiple zebrafish tissues, potentially indicating different functions. The data suggest that zebrafish Abcb4 functionally phenocopies P-gp and that the zebrafish may serve as a model to study the role of P-gp at the BBB.
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71
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Amiri M, Jafari S, Kurd M, Mohamadpour H, Khayati M, Ghobadinezhad F, Tavallaei O, Derakhshankhah H, Sadegh Malvajerd S, Izadi Z. Engineered Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as New Generations of Blood-Brain Barrier Transmitters. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4475-4490. [PMID: 34841846 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is considered as the most challenging barrier in brain drug delivery. Indeed, there is a definite link between the BBB integrity defects and central nervous systems (CNS) disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancers, increasing concerns in the contemporary era because of the inability of most therapeutic approaches. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have already been identified as having several advantages in facilitating the transportation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic agents across the BBB. This review first explains BBB functions and its challenges in brain drug delivery, followed by a brief description of nanoparticle-based drug delivery for brain diseases. A detailed presentation of recent progressions in optimizing SLNs and NLCs for controlled release drug delivery, gene therapy, targeted drug delivery, and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancers is approached. Finally, the problems, challenges, and future perspectives in optimizing these carriers for potential clinical application were described briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Amiri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
| | - Samira Jafari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Kurd
- Trita Nanomedicine Research Center (TNRC), Trita Third Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Tehran 15469-13111, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohamadpour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 45139-56184, Iran
| | - Maryam Khayati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 45139-56184, Iran
| | - Farbod Ghobadinezhad
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- Student’s Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
| | - Omid Tavallaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
| | - Hossein Derakhshankhah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
| | - Soroor Sadegh Malvajerd
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Zhila Izadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
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Wevers NR, Nair AL, Fowke TM, Pontier M, Kasi DG, Spijkers XM, Hallard C, Rabussier G, van Vught R, Vulto P, de Vries HE, Lanz HL. Modeling ischemic stroke in a triculture neurovascular unit on-a-chip. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:59. [PMID: 34906183 PMCID: PMC8670153 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In ischemic stroke, the function of the cerebral vasculature is impaired. This vascular structure is formed by the so-called neurovascular unit (NVU). A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in NVU dysfunction and recovery may lead to new insights for the development of highly sought therapeutic approaches. To date, there remains an unmet need for complex human in vitro models of the NVU to study ischemic events seen in the human brain. METHODS We here describe the development of a human NVU on-a-chip model using a platform that allows culture of 40 chips in parallel. The model comprises a perfused vessel of primary human brain endothelial cells in co-culture with induced pluripotent stem cell derived astrocytes and neurons. Ischemic stroke was mimicked using a threefold approach that combines chemical hypoxia, hypoglycemia, and halted perfusion. RESULTS Immunofluorescent staining confirmed expression of endothelial adherens and tight junction proteins, as well as astrocytic and neuronal markers. In addition, the model expresses relevant brain endothelial transporters and shows spontaneous neuronal firing. The NVU on-a-chip model demonstrates tight barrier function, evidenced by retention of small molecule sodium fluorescein in its lumen. Exposure to the toxic compound staurosporine disrupted the endothelial barrier, causing reduced transepithelial electrical resistance and increased permeability to sodium fluorescein. Under stroke mimicking conditions, brain endothelial cells showed strongly reduced barrier function (35-fold higher apparent permeability) and 7.3-fold decreased mitochondrial potential. Furthermore, levels of adenosine triphosphate were significantly reduced on both the blood- and the brain side of the model (4.8-fold and 11.7-fold reduction, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The NVU on-a-chip model presented here can be used for fundamental studies of NVU function in stroke and other neurological diseases and for investigation of potential restorative therapies to fight neurological disorders. Due to the platform's relatively high throughput and compatibility with automation, the model holds potential for drug compound screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke R Wevers
- MIMETAS BV, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Arya Lekshmi Nair
- MIMETAS BV, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Xandor M Spijkers
- MIMETAS BV, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gwenaëlle Rabussier
- MIMETAS BV, Leiden, The Netherlands.,CARIM School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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73
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Stranahan AM. Visceral adiposity, inflammation, and hippocampal function in obesity. Neuropharmacology 2021; 205:108920. [PMID: 34902347 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The 'apple-shaped' anatomical pattern that accompanies visceral adiposity increases risk for multiple chronic diseases, including conditions that impact the brain, such as diabetes and hypertension. However, distinguishing between the consequences of visceral obesity, as opposed to visceral adiposity-associated metabolic and cardiovascular pathologies, presents certain challenges. This review summarizes current literature on relationships between adipose tissue distribution and cognition in preclinical models and highlights unanswered questions surrounding the potential role of tissue- and cell type-specific insulin resistance in these effects. While gaps in knowledge persist related to insulin insensitivity and cognitive impairment in obesity, several recent studies suggest that cells of the neurovascular unit contribute to hippocampal synaptic dysfunction, and this review interprets those findings in the context of progressive metabolic dysfunction in the CNS. Signalling between cerebrovascular endothelial cells, astrocytes, microglia, and neurons has been linked with memory deficits in visceral obesity, and this article describes the cellular changes in each of these populations with respect to their role in amplification or diminution of peripheral signals. The picture emerging from these studies, while incomplete, implicates pro-inflammatory cytokines, insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia in various stages of obesity-induced hippocampal dysfunction. As in the parable of the five blind wanderers holding different parts of an elephant, considerable work remains in order to assemble a model for the underlying mechanisms linking visceral adiposity with age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Stranahan
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1462 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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74
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Ceyhun SB. Comment on "Distribution of Nanoparticles in the See-through Medaka ( Oryzias latipes)". ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:128002. [PMID: 34855470 PMCID: PMC8638815 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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75
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Wang HL, Zhang CL, Qiu YM, Chen AQ, Li YN, Hu B. Dysfunction of the Blood-brain Barrier in Cerebral Microbleeds: from Bedside to Bench. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1898-1919. [PMID: 34881076 PMCID: PMC8612614 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are a disorder of cerebral microvessels that are characterized as small (<10 mm), hypointense, round or ovoid lesions seen on T2*-weighted gradient echo MRI. There is a high prevalence of CMBs in community-dwelling healthy older people. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated the significance of CMBs in stroke, dementia, Parkinson's disease, gait disturbances and late-life depression. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is considered to be the event that initializes CMBs development. However, the pathogenesis of CMBs has not yet been clearly elucidated. In this review, we introduce the pathogenesis of CMBs, hypertensive vasculopathy and cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and review recent research that has advanced our understanding of the mechanisms underlying BBB dysfunction and CMBs presence. CMBs-associated risk factors can exacerbate BBB breakdown through the vulnerability of BBB anatomical and functional changes. Finally, we discuss potential pharmacological approaches to target the BBB as therapy for CMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - An-qi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ya-nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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76
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Vore AS, Deak T. Alcohol, inflammation, and blood-brain barrier function in health and disease across development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 161:209-249. [PMID: 34801170 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is the most commonly used drug of abuse in the world and binge drinking is especially harmful to the brain, though the mechanisms by which alcohol compromises overall brain health remain somewhat elusive. A number of brain diseases and pathological states are accompanied by perturbations in Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) function, ultimately exacerbating disease progression. The BBB is critical for coordinating activity between the peripheral immune system and the brain. Importantly, BBB integrity is responsive to circulating cytokines and other immune-related signaling molecules, which are powerfully modulated by alcohol exposure. This review will highlight key cellular components of the BBB; discuss mechanisms by which permeability is achieved; offer insight into methodological approaches for assessing BBB integrity; and forecast how alcohol-induced changes in the peripheral and central immune systems might influence BBB function in individuals with a history of binge drinking and ultimately Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD).
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Vore
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - T Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton, NY, United States.
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77
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Dunton AD, Göpel T, Ho DH, Burggren W. Form and Function of the Vertebrate and Invertebrate Blood-Brain Barriers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212111. [PMID: 34829989 PMCID: PMC8618301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to protect neural tissue from toxins or other substances is as old as neural tissue itself. Early recognition of this need has led to more than a century of investigation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Many aspects of this important neuroprotective barrier have now been well established, including its cellular architecture and barrier and transport functions. Unsurprisingly, most research has had a human orientation, using mammalian and other animal models to develop translational research findings. However, cell layers forming a barrier between vascular spaces and neural tissues are found broadly throughout the invertebrates as well as in all vertebrates. Unfortunately, previous scenarios for the evolution of the BBB typically adopt a classic, now discredited 'scala naturae' approach, which inaccurately describes a putative evolutionary progression of the mammalian BBB from simple invertebrates to mammals. In fact, BBB-like structures have evolved independently numerous times, complicating simplistic views of the evolution of the BBB as a linear process. Here, we review BBBs in their various forms in both invertebrates and vertebrates, with an emphasis on the function, evolution, and conditional relevance of popular animal models such as the fruit fly and the zebrafish to mammalian BBB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia D. Dunton
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (T.G.); (W.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Torben Göpel
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (T.G.); (W.B.)
| | - Dao H. Ho
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96859, USA;
| | - Warren Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (T.G.); (W.B.)
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78
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Cai W, Wu Q, Yan ZZ, He WZ, Zhou XM, Zhou LJ, Zhang JY, Zhang X. Neuroprotective Effect of Ultrasound Triggered Astaxanthin Release Nanoparticles on Early Brain Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Front Chem 2021; 9:775274. [PMID: 34778220 PMCID: PMC8581801 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.775274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a fatal disease. Within 72 h of SAH, the intracranial blood-brain barrier (BBB) is destroyed, and the nerve cells have responses such as autophagy, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Antioxidation is an essential treatment of SAH. Astaxanthin (ATX) induces cells' antioxidant behaviors by regulating related signal pathways to reduce the damage of brain oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Because of its easy degradability and low bioavailability, ATX is mainly encapsulated with stimulus-responsive nanocarriers to improve its stability, making it rapidly release in the brain and efficiently enter the lesion tissue. In this study, the ultrasonic cavitation agent perfluorocarbon (PFH), ATX, and fluorescent dye IR780 were loaded with polydopamine (PDA) to prepare a US triggered release nanoparticles (AUT NPs). The core-shell structure of AUT NPs formed a physical barrier to improve the bioavailability of ATX. AUT NPs have high ATX loading capacity and US responsiveness. The experimental results show that the AUT NPs have high stability in the physiological environment. Both US and pH stimuli can trigger the release. Under US, PFH breaks through the rigid shell. The structure of AUT NPs is destroyed in situ, releasing the loaded drugs into neuronal cells to realize the antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects. The in vivo experiment results show that the AUT NPs have good biosafety. They release the drugs in the brain under stimuli. The in vivo treatment results also show that AUT NPs have an excellent therapeutic effect. This approach presents an experimental basis for the establishment of Innovative SAH treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Suqian First People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Zhong Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei-Zhen He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Long-Jiang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Yong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Suqian First People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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79
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Kugler EC, Greenwood J, MacDonald RB. The "Neuro-Glial-Vascular" Unit: The Role of Glia in Neurovascular Unit Formation and Dysfunction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:732820. [PMID: 34646826 PMCID: PMC8502923 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.732820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a complex multi-cellular structure consisting of endothelial cells (ECs), neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and pericytes. Each component is closely linked to each other, establishing a structural and functional unit, regulating central nervous system (CNS) blood flow and energy metabolism as well as forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and inner blood-retina barrier (BRB). As the name suggests, the “neuro” and “vascular” components of the NVU are well recognized and neurovascular coupling is the key function of the NVU. However, the NVU consists of multiple cell types and its functionality goes beyond the resulting neurovascular coupling, with cross-component links of signaling, metabolism, and homeostasis. Within the NVU, glia cells have gained increased attention and it is increasingly clear that they fulfill various multi-level functions in the NVU. Glial dysfunctions were shown to precede neuronal and vascular pathologies suggesting central roles for glia in NVU functionality and pathogenesis of disease. In this review, we take a “glio-centric” view on NVU development and function in the retina and brain, how these change in disease, and how advancing experimental techniques will help us address unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth C Kugler
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Greenwood
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan B MacDonald
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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80
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Kim J, Chuang HC, Wolf NK, Nicolai CJ, Raulet DH, Saijo K, Bilder D. Tumor-induced disruption of the blood-brain barrier promotes host death. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2712-2721.e4. [PMID: 34496290 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer patients often die from symptoms that manifest at a distance from any tumor. Mechanisms underlying these systemic physiological perturbations, called paraneoplastic syndromes, may benefit from investigation in non-mammalian systems. Using a non-metastatic Drosophila adult model, we find that malignant-tumor-produced cytokines drive widespread host activation of JAK-STAT signaling and cause premature lethality. STAT activity is particularly high in cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), where it induces aberrant BBB permeability. Remarkably, inhibiting STAT in the BBB not only rescues barrier function but also extends the lifespan of tumor-bearing hosts. We identify BBB damage in other pathological conditions that cause elevated inflammatory signaling, including obesity and infection, where BBB permeability also regulates host survival. IL-6-dependent BBB dysfunction is further seen in a mouse tumor model, and it again promotes host morbidity. Therefore, BBB alterations constitute a conserved lethal tumor-host interaction that also underlies other physiological morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hsiu-Chun Chuang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Natalie K Wolf
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christopher J Nicolai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David H Raulet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kaoru Saijo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David Bilder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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81
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Hennigs JK, Matuszcak C, Trepel M, Körbelin J. Vascular Endothelial Cells: Heterogeneity and Targeting Approaches. Cells 2021; 10:2712. [PMID: 34685692 PMCID: PMC8534745 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Forming the inner layer of the vascular system, endothelial cells (ECs) facilitate a multitude of crucial physiological processes throughout the body. Vascular ECs enable the vessel wall passage of nutrients and diffusion of oxygen from the blood into adjacent cellular structures. ECs regulate vascular tone and blood coagulation as well as adhesion and transmigration of circulating cells. The multitude of EC functions is reflected by tremendous cellular diversity. Vascular ECs can form extremely tight barriers, thereby restricting the passage of xenobiotics or immune cell invasion, whereas, in other organ systems, the endothelial layer is fenestrated (e.g., glomeruli in the kidney), or discontinuous (e.g., liver sinusoids) and less dense to allow for rapid molecular exchange. ECs not only differ between organs or vascular systems, they also change along the vascular tree and specialized subpopulations of ECs can be found within the capillaries of a single organ. Molecular tools that enable selective vascular targeting are helpful to experimentally dissect the role of distinct EC populations, to improve molecular imaging and pave the way for novel treatment options for vascular diseases. This review provides an overview of endothelial diversity and highlights the most successful methods for selective targeting of distinct EC subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan K. Hennigs
- ENDomics Lab, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Christiane Matuszcak
- ENDomics Lab, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Martin Trepel
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany;
| | - Jakob Körbelin
- ENDomics Lab, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
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82
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Cable J, Elowitz MB, Domingos AI, Habib N, Itzkovitz S, Hamidzada H, Balzer MS, Yanai I, Liberali P, Whited J, Streets A, Cai L, Stergachis AB, Hong CKY, Keren L, Guilliams M, Alon U, Shalek AK, Hamel R, Pfau SJ, Raj A, Quake SR, Zhang NR, Fan J, Trapnell C, Wang B, Greenwald NF, Vento-Tormo R, Santos SDM, Spencer SL, Garcia HG, Arekatla G, Gaiti F, Arbel-Goren R, Rulands S, Junker JP, Klein AM, Morris SA, Murray JI, Galloway KE, Ratz M, Romeike M. Single cell biology-a Keystone Symposia report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1506:74-97. [PMID: 34605044 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Single cell biology has the potential to elucidate many critical biological processes and diseases, from development and regeneration to cancer. Single cell analyses are uncovering the molecular diversity of cells, revealing a clearer picture of the variation among and between different cell types. New techniques are beginning to unravel how differences in cell state-transcriptional, epigenetic, and other characteristics-can lead to different cell fates among genetically identical cells, which underlies complex processes such as embryonic development, drug resistance, response to injury, and cellular reprogramming. Single cell technologies also pose significant challenges relating to processing and analyzing vast amounts of data collected. To realize the potential of single cell technologies, new computational approaches are needed. On March 17-19, 2021, experts in single cell biology met virtually for the Keystone eSymposium "Single Cell Biology" to discuss advances both in single cell applications and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael B Elowitz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Ana I Domingos
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.,The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York
| | - Naomi Habib
- Cell Circuits Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Edmond & Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shalev Itzkovitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Homaira Hamidzada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network; Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research and Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael S Balzer
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Itai Yanai
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Prisca Liberali
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Whited
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron Streets
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California
| | - Long Cai
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Andrew B Stergachis
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Clarice Kit Yee Hong
- Edison Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Leeat Keren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Martin Guilliams
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Biology in Tissue Homeostasis and Regeneration, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, and Unit of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Uri Alon
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Regan Hamel
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J Pfau
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Arjun Raj
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Nancy R Zhang
- Graduate Group in Genomics and Computational Biology and Department of Statistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jean Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cole Trapnell
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine; and Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, Washington
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Noah F Greenwald
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | | | - Sabrina L Spencer
- Department of Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Hernan G Garcia
- Department of Physics; Biophysics Graduate Group; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology; and Institute for Quantitative Biosciences-QB3, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | | | - Federico Gaiti
- New York Genome Center and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Rinat Arbel-Goren
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Steffen Rulands
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, and Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Junker
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Allon M Klein
- Department of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samantha A Morris
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Developmental Biology and Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - John I Murray
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kate E Galloway
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Ratz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Merrit Romeike
- Max Perutz Laboratories Vienna, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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83
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Ando K, Ishii T, Fukuhara S. Zebrafish Vascular Mural Cell Biology: Recent Advances, Development, and Functions. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1041. [PMID: 34685412 PMCID: PMC8537713 DOI: 10.3390/life11101041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of mural cells to the vascular wall is essential for forming the vasculature as well as maintaining proper vascular functions. In recent years, zebrafish genetic tools for mural cell biology have improved substantially. Fluorescently labeled zebrafish mural cell reporter lines enable us to study, with higher spatiotemporal resolution than ever, the processes of mural cell development from their progenitors. Furthermore, recent phenotypic analysis of platelet-derived growth factor beta mutant zebrafish revealed well-conserved organotypic mural cell development and functions in vertebrates with the unique features of zebrafish. However, comprehensive reviews of zebrafish mural cells are lacking. Therefore, herein, we highlight recent advances in zebrafish mural cell tools. We also summarize the fundamental features of zebrafish mural cell development, especially at early stages, and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ando
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113 8602, Japan; (T.I.); (S.F.)
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84
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Kubick N, Klimovich P, Bieńkowska I, Poznanski P, Łazarczyk M, Sacharczuk M, Mickael ME. Investigation of Evolutionary History and Origin of the Tre1 Family Suggests a Role in Regulating Hemocytes Cells Infiltration of the Blood-Brain Barrier. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12100882. [PMID: 34680651 PMCID: PMC8540695 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Understanding the evolutionary association between immune cells and the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is vital to develop therapeutic approaches. In Drosophila, glial cells form the BBB that regulates the access of hemocytes to the brain. It is still not known which diapedesis route hemocytes cells follow. In vertebrates, paracellular migration is dependent on PECAM1, while transcellular migration is dependent on the expression of CAV1. The drosophila genome lacks both genes. The Tre1 family (Tre1, moody, and Dmel_CG4313) contribute to regulating transepithelial migration in Drosophila. However, its evolutionary history is not known. We performed phylogenetic analysis to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the Tre1 family. We found Dmel_CG4313 only in insects. Tre1 exists only in invertebrates and is highly conserved. moody evolutionary history is more spread as it appears from Cnidaria up to mammals and is less conserved. The Tre1 family origin seems to be related to opsins. We have identified an SH3 motif in Tre1, moody, and Dmel_CG4313. SH3 regulates actin movement in a Rho-dependent manner in PECAM1. Our results suggest that the Tre1 family could be playing an important role in paracellular diapedesis in Drosophila. Thus, targeting the Tre1 family could help us regulate access to the brain. Abstract Understanding the evolutionary relationship between immune cells and the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is important to devise therapeutic strategies. In vertebrates, immune cells follow either a paracellular or a transcellular pathway to infiltrate the BBB. In Drosophila, glial cells form the BBB that regulates the access of hemocytes to the brain. However, it is still not known which diapedesis route hemocytes cells follow. In vertebrates, paracellular migration is dependent on PECAM1, while transcellular migration is dependent on the expression of CAV1. Interestingly Drosophila genome lacks both genes. Tre1 family (Tre1, moody, and Dmel_CG4313) play a diverse role in regulating transepithelial migration in Drosophila. However, its evolutionary history and origin are not yet known. We performed phylogenetic analysis, together with HH search, positive selection, and ancestral reconstruction to investigate the Tre1 family. We found that Tre1 exists in Mollusca, Arthropoda, Ambulacraria, and Scalidophora. moody is shown to be a more ancient protein and it has existed since Cnidaria emergence and has a homolog (e.g., GPCR84) in mammals. The third family member (Dmel_CG4313) seems to only exist in insects. The origin of the family seems to be related to the rhodopsin-like family and in particular family α. We found that opsin is the nearest receptor to have a common ancestor with the Tre1 family that has diverged in sponges. We investigated the positive selection of the Tre1 family using PAML. Tre1 seems to have evolved under negative selection, whereas moody has evolved during positive selection. The sites that we found under positive selection are likely to play a role in the speciation of function in the case of moody. We have identified an SH3 motif, in Tre1 and, moody and Dmel_CG4313. SH3 is known to play a fundamental role in regulating actin movement in a Rho-dependent manner in PECAM1. Our results suggest that the Tre1 family could be playing an important role in paracellular diapedesis in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norwin Kubick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology (IBMZ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Pavel Klimovich
- Department of Immunology, PM Forskningscentreum, 17854 Ekerö, Sweden;
| | - Irmina Bieńkowska
- Department of Experimental Genomics, Institute of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Polish Academy of Science, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Subcarpathia, Poland; (I.B.); (P.P.); (M.Ł.); (M.S.)
| | - Piotr Poznanski
- Department of Experimental Genomics, Institute of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Polish Academy of Science, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Subcarpathia, Poland; (I.B.); (P.P.); (M.Ł.); (M.S.)
| | - Marzena Łazarczyk
- Department of Experimental Genomics, Institute of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Polish Academy of Science, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Subcarpathia, Poland; (I.B.); (P.P.); (M.Ł.); (M.S.)
| | - Mariusz Sacharczuk
- Department of Experimental Genomics, Institute of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Polish Academy of Science, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Subcarpathia, Poland; (I.B.); (P.P.); (M.Ł.); (M.S.)
| | - Michel-Edwar Mickael
- Department of Immunology, PM Forskningscentreum, 17854 Ekerö, Sweden;
- Department of Experimental Genomics, Institute of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Polish Academy of Science, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Subcarpathia, Poland; (I.B.); (P.P.); (M.Ł.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
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85
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Exploring the systemic delivery of a poorly water-soluble model drug to the retina using PLGA nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 164:105905. [PMID: 34116175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During the drug development process, many pharmacologically active compounds are discarded because of poor water solubility, but nanoparticle-based formulations are increasingly proposed as a solution for this problem. We therefore studied the distribution of nanoparticulate carriers and the delivery of their poorly water-soluble cargo to a structure of the central nervous system, the retina, under naive and pathological conditions. The lipophilic fluorescent dye coumarin 6 (Cou6) was encapsulated into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) PLGA nanoparticles (NPs). After intravenous administration in rats, we analyzed the distribution of cargo Cou6 and of the NP carrier covalently labeled with Cy5.5 in healthy animals and animals with optic nerve crush (ONC). In vivo real-time retina imaging revealed that Cou6 was rapidly released from PLGA NPs and penetrated the inner blood-retina barrier (BRB) within 15 min and PLGA NPs were gradually eliminated from the retinal blood circulation. Ex vivo microscopy of retinal flat mounts indicated that the Cou6 accumulated predominantly in the extracellular space and to a lesser extent in neurons. While the distribution of Cou6 in healthy animals and post ONC was comparable at early time point post-operation, the elimination of the NPs from the vessels was faster on day 7 post ONC. These results demonstrate the importance of considering different kinetics of nano-carrier and poorly water-soluble cargo, emphasizing the critical role of their parenchymal distribution, i.e. cellular/extracellular, and function of different physiological and pathological conditions.
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Nanoparticle shell structural cues drive in vitro transport properties, tissue distribution and brain accessibility in zebrafish. Biomaterials 2021; 277:121085. [PMID: 34461457 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterion polymers with strong antifouling properties have been suggested as the prime alternative to polyethylene glycol (PEG) for drug nanocarriers surface coating. It is believed that PEG coating shortcomings, such as immune responses and incomplete protein repellency, could be overcome by zwitterionic polymers. However, no systematic study has been conducted so far to complete a comparative appraisal of PEG and zwitterionic-coating effects on nanoparticles (NPs) stealthness, cell uptake, cell barrier translocation and biodistribution in the context of nanocarriers brain targeting. Core-shell polymeric particles with identical cores and a shell of either PEG or poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (PMPC) were prepared by impinging jet mixer nanoprecipitation. NPs with similar size and surface potential were systematically compared using in vitro and in vivo assays. NPs behavior differences were rationalized based on their protein-particles interactions. PMPC-coated NPs were significantly more endocytosed by mouse macrophages or brain resident macrophages compared to PEGylated NPs but exhibited the remarkable ability to cross the blood-brain barrier in in vitro models. Nanoscale flow cytometry assays showed significantly more adsorbed proteins on PMPC-coated NPs than PEG-coated NPs. In vivo, distribution in zebrafish larvae, showed a strong propensity for PMPC-coated NPs to adhere to the vascular endothelium, while PEG-coated NPs were able to circulate for a longer time and escape the bloodstream to penetrate deep into the cerebral tissue. The stark differences between these two types of particles, besides their similarities in size and surface potential, points towards the paramount role of surface chemistry in controlling NPs fate likely via the formation of distinct protein corona for each coating.
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Muniz MS, Halbach K, Alves Araruna IC, Martins RX, Seiwert B, Lechtenfeld O, Reemtsma T, Farias D. Moxidectin toxicity to zebrafish embryos: Bioaccumulation and biomarker responses. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117096. [PMID: 33866217 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Moxidectin is an antiparasitic drug belonging to the class of the macrocyclic lactones, subgroup mylbemicins. It is used worldwide in veterinary practice, but little is known about its potential environmental risks. Thus, we used the zebrafish embryo as a model system to study the potential effects of moxidectin on aquatic non-target organisms. The analyses were performed in two experimental sets: (1) acute toxicity and apical endpoints were characterized, with biomarker assays providing information on the activity levels of catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE); and (2) internal concentration and spatial distribution of moxidectin were determined using ultraperformance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-MS imaging (MALDI-MSi). The acute toxicity to zebrafish embryos (96 hpf) appeared mainly as a decrease in hatching rates (EC50 = 20.75 μg/L). It also altered the enzymatic activity of biomarker enzymes related to xenobiotic processing, anaerobic metabolism, and oxidative stress (GST, LDH, and CAT, respectively) and strongly accumulated in the embryos, as internal concentrations were 4 orders of magnitude higher than those detected in exposure solutions. MALDI-MSi revealed accumulations of the drug mainly in the head and eyes of the embryos (72 and 96 hpf). Thus, our results show that exposure to moxidectin decreases hatching success by 96 h and alters biochemical parameters in the early life stages of zebrafish while accumulating in the head and eye regions of the animals, demonstrating the need to prioritize this compound for environmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Silva Muniz
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Katharina Halbach
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Igor Cauê Alves Araruna
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Rafael Xavier Martins
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Bettina Seiwert
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver Lechtenfeld
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Davi Farias
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil.
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Li J, Zheng M, Shimoni O, Banks WA, Bush AI, Gamble JR, Shi B. Development of Novel Therapeutics Targeting the Blood-Brain Barrier: From Barrier to Carrier. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101090. [PMID: 34085418 PMCID: PMC8373165 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly specialized neurovascular unit, initially described as an intact barrier to prevent toxins, pathogens, and potentially harmful substances from entering the brain. An intact BBB is also critical for the maintenance of normal neuronal function. In cerebral vascular diseases and neurological disorders, the BBB can be disrupted, contributing to disease progression. While restoration of BBB integrity serves as a robust biomarker of better clinical outcomes, the restrictive nature of the intact BBB presents a major hurdle for delivery of therapeutics into the brain. Recent studies show that the BBB is actively engaged in crosstalk between neuronal and the circulatory systems, which defines another important role of the BBB: as an interfacing conduit that mediates communication between two sides of the BBB. This role has been subject to extensive investigation for brain-targeted drug delivery and shows promising results. The dual roles of the BBB make it a unique target for drug development. Here, recent developments and novel strategies to target the BBB for therapeutic purposes are reviewed, from both barrier and carrier perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- School of PharmacyHenan UniversityKaifeng475001China
- Centre for Motor Neuron DiseaseDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Medicine & Health SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South Wales2109Australia
| | - Meng Zheng
- Henan‐Macquarie University Joint Center for Biomedical InnovationSchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
| | - Olga Shimoni
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and DevicesSchool of Mathematical and Physical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNew South Wales2007Australia
| | - William A. Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWA98108USA
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research CenterThe Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3052Australia
| | - Jennifer R. Gamble
- Center for the EndotheliumVascular Biology ProgramCentenary InstituteThe University of SydneySydneyNew South Wales2042Australia
| | - Bingyang Shi
- School of PharmacyHenan UniversityKaifeng475001China
- Centre for Motor Neuron DiseaseDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Medicine & Health SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South Wales2109Australia
- Henan‐Macquarie University Joint Center for Biomedical InnovationSchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
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Abstract
Clasmatodendrosis derives from the Greek for fragment (klasma), tree (dendron), and condition (- osis). Cajal first used the term in 1913: he observed disintegration of the distal cell processes of astrocytes, along with a fragmentation or beading of proximal processes closer to the astrocyte cell body. In contemporary clinical and experimental reports, clasmatodendrosis has been observed in models of cerebral ischemia and seizures (including status epilepticus), in elderly brains, in white matter disease, in hippocampal models and cell cultures associated with amyloid plaques, in head trauma, toxic exposures, demyelinating diseases, encephalitides and infection-associated encephalopathies, and in the treatment of cancer using immune effector cells. We examine evidence to support a claim that clasmatodendrotic astrocyte cell processes overtly bead (truncate) as a morphological sign of ongoing damage premortem. In grey and white matter and often in relationship to vascular lumina, beading becomes apparent with immunohistochemical staining of glial fibrillary acidic protein when specimens are examined at reasonably high magnification, but demonstration of distal astrocytic loss of processes may require additional marker study and imaging. Proposed mechanisms for clasmatodendrotic change have examined hypoxic-ischemic, osmotic-demyelinating, and autophagic models. In these models as well as in neuropathological reports, parenchymal swelling, vessel-wall leakage, or disturbed clearance of toxins can occur in association with clasmatodendrosis. Clasmatodendrotic features may serve as a marker for gliovascular dysregulation either acutely or chronically. We review correlative evidence for blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction associated with astrocytic structural change, with attention to interactions between endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytic endfeet.
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90
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The Serine Protease Homolog, Scarface, Is Sensitive to Nutrient Availability and Modulates the Development of the Drosophila Blood-Brain Barrier. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6430-6448. [PMID: 34210781 PMCID: PMC8318086 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0452-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptable transcriptional response to changes in food availability not only ensures animal survival but also lets embryonic development progress. Interestingly, the CNS is preferentially protected from periods of malnutrition, a phenomenon known as “brain sparing.” However, the mechanisms that mediate this response remain poorly understood. To get a better understanding of this, we used Drosophila melanogaster as a model, analyzing the transcriptional response of neural stem cells (neuroblasts) and glia of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) from larvae of both sexes during nutrient restriction using targeted DamID. We found differentially expressed genes in both neuroblasts and glia of the BBB, although the effect of nutrient deficiency was primarily observed in the BBB. We characterized the function of a nutritional sensitive gene expressed in the BBB, the serine protease homolog, scarface (scaf). Scaf is expressed in subperineurial glia in the BBB in response to nutrition. Tissue-specific knockdown of scaf increases subperineurial glia endoreplication and proliferation of perineurial glia in the blood–brain barrier. Furthermore, neuroblast proliferation is diminished on scaf knockdown in subperineurial glia. Interestingly, reexpression of Scaf in subperineurial glia is able to enhance neuroblast proliferation and brain growth of animals in starvation. Finally, we show that loss of scaf in the blood–brain barrier increases sensitivity to drugs in adulthood, suggesting a physiological impairment. We propose that Scaf integrates the nutrient status to modulate the balance between neurogenesis and growth of the BBB, preserving the proper equilibrium between the size of the barrier and the brain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The Drosophila BBB separates the CNS from the open circulatory system. The BBB glia are not only acting as a physical segregation of tissues but participate in the regulation of the metabolism and neurogenesis during development. Here we analyze the transcriptional response of the BBB glia to nutrient deprivation during larval development, a condition in which protective mechanisms are switched on in the brain. Our findings show that the gene scarface reduces growth in the BBB while promoting the proliferation of neural stem, assuring the balanced growth of the larval brain. Thus, Scarface would link animal nutrition with brain development, coordinating neurogenesis with the growth of the BBB.
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91
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Zhang T, Xu Z, Wen L, Lei D, Li S, Wang J, Huang J, Wang N, Durkan C, Liao X, Wang G. Cadmium-induced dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier depends on ROS-mediated inhibition of PTPase activity in zebrafish. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125198. [PMID: 33550130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has demonstrated that cadmium accumulation in the blood increases the risk of neurological diseases. However, how cadmium breaks through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and is transferred from the blood circulation into the central nervous system is still unclear. In this study, we examined the toxic effect of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) on the development and function of BBB in zebrafish. CdCl2 exposure induced cerebral hemorrhage, increased BBB permeability and promoted abnormal vascular formation by promoting VEGF production in zebrafish brain. Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that CdCl2 altered cell-cell junctional morphology by disrupting the proper localization of VE-cadherin and ZO-1. The potential mechanism involved in the inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) mediated by cadmium-induced ROS was confirmed with diphenylene iodonium (DPI), a ROS production inhibitor. Together, these data indicate that BBB is a critical target of cadmium toxicity and provide in vivo etiological evidence of cadmium-induced neurovascular disease in a zebrafish BBB model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Material and Device, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Zichen Xu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Lin Wen
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Daoxi Lei
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Shuyu Li
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Jinxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Jinxia Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Material and Device, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Nan Wang
- The Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge, 11 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB30FF, UK.
| | - Colm Durkan
- The Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge, 11 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB30FF, UK.
| | - Xiaoling Liao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Material and Device, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
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92
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Linville RM, Komin A, Lan X, DeStefano JG, Chu C, Liu G, Walczak P, Hristova K, Searson PC. Reversible blood-brain barrier opening utilizing the membrane active peptide melittin in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120942. [PMID: 34147718 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) tightly controls entry of molecules and cells into the brain, restricting the delivery of therapeutics. Blood-brain barrier opening (BBBO) utilizes reversible disruption of cell-cell junctions between brain microvascular endothelial cells to enable transient entry into the brain. Here, we demonstrate that melittin, a membrane active peptide present in bee venom, supports transient BBBO. From endothelial and neuronal viability studies, we first identify the accessible concentration range for BBBO. We then use a tissue-engineered model of the human BBB to optimize dosing and elucidate the mechanism of opening. Melittin and other membrane active variants transiently increase paracellular permeability via disruption of cell-cell junctions that result in transient focal leaks. To validate the results from the tissue-engineered model, we then demonstrate that transient BBBO can be reproduced in a mouse model. We identify a minimum clinically effective intra-arterial dose of 3 μM min melittin, which is reversible within one day and neurologically safe. Melittin-induced BBBO represents a novel technology for delivery of therapeutics into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raleigh M Linville
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Komin
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Lan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jackson G DeStefano
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chengyan Chu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guanshu Liu
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter C Searson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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93
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Pellerino A, Brastianos PK, Rudà R, Soffietti R. Leptomeningeal Metastases from Solid Tumors: Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Molecular Approaches. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2888. [PMID: 34207653 PMCID: PMC8227730 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptomeningeal metastases (LM) from solid tumors represent an unmet need of increasing importance due to an early use of MRI for diagnosis and improvement of outcome of some molecular subgroups following targeted agents and immunotherapy. In this review, we first discussed factors limiting the efficacy of targeted agents in LM, such as the molecular divergence between primary tumors and CNS lesions and CNS barriers at the level of the normal brain, brain tumors and CSF. Further, we reviewed pathogenesis and experimental models and modalities, such as MRI (with RANO and ESO/ESMO criteria), CSF cytology and liquid biopsy, to improve diagnosis and monitoring following therapy. Efficacy and limitations of targeted therapies for LM from EGFR-mutant and ALK-rearranged NSCLC, HER2-positive breast cancer and BRAF-mutated melanomas are reported, including the use of intrathecal administration or modification of traditional cytotoxic compounds. The efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors in LM from non-druggable tumors, in particular triple-negative breast cancer, is discussed. Last, we focused on some recent techniques to improve drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Pellerino
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University and City of Health and Science Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (R.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Priscilla K. Brastianos
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Roberta Rudà
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University and City of Health and Science Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (R.R.); (R.S.)
- Department of Neurology, Castelfranco Veneto and Brain Tumor Board Treviso Hospital, 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Riccardo Soffietti
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University and City of Health and Science Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (R.R.); (R.S.)
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94
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Groblewska M, Mroczko B. Pro- and Antiangiogenic Factors in Gliomas: Implications for Novel Therapeutic Possibilities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116126. [PMID: 34200145 PMCID: PMC8201226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, a complex, multistep process of forming new blood vessels, plays crucial role in normal development, embryogenesis, and wound healing. Malignant tumors characterized by increased proliferation also require new vasculature to provide an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients for developing tumor. Gliomas are among the most frequent primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by increased new vessel formation. The processes of neoangiogenesis, necessary for glioma development, are mediated by numerous growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and other proteins. In contrast to other solid tumors, some biological conditions, such as the blood–brain barrier and the unique interplay between immune microenvironment and tumor, represent significant challenges in glioma therapy. Therefore, the objective of the study was to present the role of various proangiogenic factors in glioma angiogenesis as well as the differences between normal and tumoral angiogenesis. Another goal was to present novel therapeutic options in oncology approaches. We performed a thorough search via the PubMed database. In this paper we describe various proangiogenic factors in glioma vasculature development. The presented paper also reviews various antiangiogenic factors necessary in maintaining equilibrium between pro- and antiangiogenic processes. Furthermore, we present some novel possibilities of antiangiogenic therapy in this type of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Groblewska
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital in Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital in Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-858318785
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95
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Patel B, Yang PH, Kim AH. The effect of thermal therapy on the blood-brain barrier and blood-tumor barrier. Int J Hyperthermia 2021; 37:35-43. [PMID: 32672118 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2020.1783461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain and blood-tumor barriers represent highly specialized structures responsible for tight regulation of molecular transit into the central nervous system. Under normal circumstances, the relative impermeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain from circulating toxins and contributes to a brain microenvironment necessary for optimal neuronal function. However, in the context of tumors and other diseases of central nervous system, the BBB and the more recently appreciated blood-tumor barrier (BTB) represent barriers that prevent effective drug delivery. Overcoming both barriers to optimize treatment of central nervous system diseases remains the subject of intense scientific investigation. Although many newer technologies have been developed to overcome these barriers, thermal therapy, which dates back to the 1890 s, has been known to disrupt the BBB since at least the early 1980s. Recently, as a result of several technological advances, laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT), a method of delivering targeted thermal therapy, has gained widespread use as a surgical technique to ablate brain tumors. In addition, accumulating evidence indicates that laser ablation may also increase local BBB/BTB permeability after treatment. We herein review the structure and function of the BBB and BTB and the impact of thermal injury, including LITT, on barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvic Patel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Peter H Yang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Albert H Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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96
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Advancing Diabetic Retinopathy Research: Analysis of the Neurovascular Unit in Zebrafish. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061313. [PMID: 34070439 PMCID: PMC8228394 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most important microvascular complications associated with diabetes mellitus, and a leading cause of vision loss or blindness worldwide. Hyperglycaemic conditions disrupt microvascular integrity at the level of the neurovascular unit. In recent years, zebrafish (Danio rerio) have come into focus as a model organism for various metabolic diseases such as diabetes. In both mammals and vertebrates, the anatomy and the function of the retina and the neurovascular unit have been highly conserved. In this review, we focus on the advances that have been made through studying pathologies associated with retinopathy in zebrafish models of diabetes. We discuss the different cell types that form the neurovascular unit, their role in diabetic retinopathy and how to study them in zebrafish. We then present new insights gained through zebrafish studies. The advantages of using zebrafish for diabetic retinopathy are summarised, including the fact that the zebrafish has, so far, provided the only animal model in which hyperglycaemia-induced retinal angiogenesis can be observed. Based on currently available data, we propose potential investigations that could advance the field further.
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97
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Hotz JM, Thomas JR, Katz EN, Robey RW, Horibata S, Gottesman MM. ATP-binding cassette transporters at the zebrafish blood-brain barrier and the potential utility of the zebrafish as an in vivo model. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2021; 4:620-633. [PMID: 34308273 PMCID: PMC8297714 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2021.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The brain is protected from toxins by a tightly regulated network of specialized cells, including endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocyes, and neurons, known collectively as the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This selectively permeable barrier permits only the most crucial molecules essential for brain function to enter and employs a number of different mechanisms to prevent the entry of potentially harmful toxins and pathogens. In addition to a physical barrier comprised of endothelial cells that form tight junctions to restrict paracellular transport, there is an active protective mechanism made up of energy-dependent transporters that efflux compounds back into the bloodstream. Two of these ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are highly expressed at the BBB: P-glycoprotein (P-gp, encoded by the ABCB1 gene) and ABCG2 (encoded by the ABCG2 gene). Although a number of in vitro and in vivo systems have been developed to examine the role that ABC transporters play in keeping compounds out of the brain, all have inherent advantages and disadvantages. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have become a model of interest for studies of the BBB due to the similarities between the zebrafish and mammalian BBB systems. In this review, we discuss what is known about ABC transporters in zebrafish and what information is still needed before the zebrafish can be recommended as a model to elucidate the role of ABC transporters at the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Hotz
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joanna R Thomas
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Emily N Katz
- Zebrafish Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert W Robey
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sachi Horibata
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael M Gottesman
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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98
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Astrocyte-Endotheliocyte Axis in the Regulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2538-2550. [PMID: 33961207 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of blood-brain barrier paralleled centralisation of the nervous system: emergence of neuronal masses required control over composition of the interstitial fluids. The barriers were initially created by glial cells, which employed septate junctions to restrict paracellular diffusion in the invertebrates and tight junctions in some early vertebrates. The endothelial barrier, secured by tight and adherent junctions emerged in vertebrates and is common in mammals. Astrocytes form the parenchymal part of the blood-brain barrier and commutate with endothelial cells through secretion of growth factors, morphogens and extracellular vesicles. These secreted factors control the integrity of the blood-brain barrier through regulation of expression of tight junction proteins. The astrocyte-endotheliocyte communications are particularly important in various neurological diseases associated with impairments to the blood-brain barrier. Molecular mechanisms supporting astrocyte-endotheliocyte axis in health and disease are in need of detailed characterisation.
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99
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Santos C, Martinez CBDR. Multixenobiotic resistance mechanism: Organ-specific characteristics in the fish Prochilodus lineatus and its role as a protection against genotoxic agents. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 243:108996. [PMID: 33548546 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.108996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The multixenobiotic resistance mechanism (MXR) can decrease intracellular genotoxic pressure through the efflux of compounds out of the cell. Thus, this work presents a temporal approach to evaluate the MXR activity and the occurrence of genotoxic damage in different organs of the fish Prochilodus lineatus after an intraperitoneal injection of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). Although the liver and brain demonstrated rapid MXR induction (6 h), the occurrence of DNA damage was not prevented. However, these organs presented some return to DNA integrity after MXR activity. The kidney demonstrated the slowest response in the MXR induction (24 h), which may be related to the preferential excretion of B[a]P metabolites by this route. Moreover, the kidney MXR reduction at 96 h may be related to its role in the excretion of metabolites from all other metabolizing organs. The gills did not appear to play an essential role in xenobiotics efflux; however, their participation in biotransformation is exhibited through the occurrence of DNA damage. The integrated response of the organs in the dynamics for the maintenance of the organism integrity could be promoted by the circulation of the xenobiotic through the bloodstream, which corroborates the increase in the DNA damage in the erythrocytes at 6 h. Therefore, the ability to induce MXR was linked to the preservation of DNA integrity in the presence of B[a]P, since MXR acts to avoid the accumulation of xenobiotics inside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Santos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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100
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Zhang W, Mehta A, Tong Z, Esser L, Voelcker NH. Development of Polymeric Nanoparticles for Blood-Brain Barrier Transfer-Strategies and Challenges. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003937. [PMID: 34026447 PMCID: PMC8132167 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and brain cancers are difficult to treat with current drugs as their delivery efficacy to the brain is severely hampered by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Drug delivery systems have been extensively explored in recent decades aiming to circumvent this barrier. In particular, polymeric nanoparticles have shown enormous potentials owing to their unique properties, such as high tunability, ease of synthesis, and control over drug release profile. However, careful analysis of their performance in effective drug transport across the BBB should be performed using clinically relevant testing models. In this review, polymeric nanoparticle systems for drug delivery to the central nervous system are discussed with an emphasis on the effects of particle size, shape, and surface modifications on BBB penetration. Moreover, the authors critically analyze the current in vitro and in vivo models used to evaluate BBB penetration efficacy, including the latest developments in the BBB-on-a-chip models. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives for the development of polymeric nanoparticles to combat neurological disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisen Zhang
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and DynamicsMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
| | - Ami Mehta
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and DynamicsMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- IITB Monash Research AcademyBombayMumbai400076India
| | - Ziqiu Tong
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and DynamicsMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
| | - Lars Esser
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and DynamicsMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)ClaytonVIC3168Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and DynamicsMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)ClaytonVIC3168Australia
- Melbourne Centre for NanofabricationVictorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication FacilityClaytonVIC3168Australia
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMonash UniversityClaytonVIC3800Australia
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