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Camañes G, Scalschi L, Vicedo B, González-Bosch C, García-Agustín P. An untargeted global metabolomic analysis reveals the biochemical changes underlying basal resistance and priming in Solanum lycopersicum, and identifies 1-methyltryptophan as a metabolite involved in plant responses to Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:125-39. [PMID: 26270176 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have used untargeted global metabolomic analysis to determine and compare the chemical nature of the metabolites altered during the infection of tomato plants (cv. Ailsa Craig) with Botrytis cinerea (Bot) or Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst), pathogens that have different invasion mechanisms and lifestyles. We also obtained the metabolome of tomato plants primed using the natural resistance inducer hexanoic acid and then infected with these pathogens. By contrasting the metabolomic profiles of infected, primed, and primed + infected plants, we determined not only the processes or components related directly to plant defense responses, but also inferred the metabolic mechanisms by which pathogen resistance is primed. The data show that basal resistance and hexanoic acid-induced resistance to Bot and Pst are associated with a marked metabolic reprogramming. This includes significant changes in amino acids, sugars and free fatty acids, and in primary and secondary metabolism. Comparison of the metabolic profiles of the infections indicated clear differences, reflecting the fact that the plant's chemical responses are highly adapted to specific attackers. The data also indicate involvement of signaling molecules, including pipecolic and azelaic acids, in response to Pst and, interestingly, to Bot. The compound 1-methyltryptophan was shown to be associated with the tomato-Pst and tomato-Bot interactions as well as with hexanoic acid-induced resistance. Root application of this Trp-derived metabolite also demonstrated its ability to protect tomato plants against both pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Camañes
- Grup de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Àrea de Fisiologa Vegetal, Departament de Ciències Agràries y del Medi Natural, Escola Superior de Tecnología i Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Grup de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Àrea de Fisiologa Vegetal, Departament de Ciències Agràries y del Medi Natural, Escola Superior de Tecnología i Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Begonya Vicedo
- Grup de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Àrea de Fisiologa Vegetal, Departament de Ciències Agràries y del Medi Natural, Escola Superior de Tecnología i Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Bosch
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de València, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Agustín
- Grup de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Àrea de Fisiologa Vegetal, Departament de Ciències Agràries y del Medi Natural, Escola Superior de Tecnología i Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
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Liang X, Yu X, Dong W, Guo S, Xu S, Wang J, Zhou M. Two thiadiazole compounds promote rice defence against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae by suppressing the bacterium's production of extracellular polysaccharides. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:882-92. [PMID: 25727092 PMCID: PMC6638481 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Thiazole, isothiazole, thiadiazole, and their derivatives are used to control various human, animal and plant diseases. In addition to having direct anti-microbial and anti-fungal properties, these compounds are thought to induce host defences, but the mechanism of defence induction remains poorly understood. This article reports that the thiadiazoles of zinc thiazole and bismerthiazol induce H2 O2 accumulation, up-regulation of defence-related genes, callose deposition and hypersensitive response-like cell death in rice leaves infected with Xanthomonas oryaze pv. oryzae (Xoo) strain ZJ173, but not in non-infected leaves. These defence responses in Xoo-infected leaves were suppressed by the exogenous application of catalase, which reduces H2 O2 accumulation. The application of extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) extracted from strain ZJ173 significantly compromised rice defence against ZJ173 with or without thiadiazole treatment. The EPS-deficient Xoo mutant ∆gumH triggered a stronger defence than its parent strain ZJ173. The thiadiazole treatments reduced EPS production by strain ZJ173, but not by the thiadiazole-resistant strain 2-1-1, which is thiadiazole resistant in vivo, but not in vitro; moreover, enhanced defence was not detected in thiadiazole-treated rice inoculated with 2-1-1. Based on these data, we infer that zinc thiazole and bismerthiazol promote rice defence against Xoo by inhibiting the production of bacterial EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyue Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Wenxia Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Shijian Guo
- Zhejiang XinNong Chemical Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310000, China
| | - Shu Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
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Response of direct or priming defense against Botrytis cinerea to methyl jasmonate treatment at different concentrations in grape berries. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 194:32-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Salicylic Acid Signaling in Plant Innate Immunity. PLANT HORMONE SIGNALING SYSTEMS IN PLANT INNATE IMMUNITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9285-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Gamir J, Sánchez-Bel P, Flors V. Molecular and physiological stages of priming: how plants prepare for environmental challenges. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:1935-49. [PMID: 25113544 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Being sessile organisms, plants must respond to various challenges in the environment. The priming process consists of three clear stages. The first stage includes all the cellular changes in the absence of the challenge so-called pre-challenge priming stage. These changes are expected to be rather subtle, affecting the preparation of the plant to properly manage subsequent responses to pathogens with no major fitness costs. Most of the research that has been conducted at this stage has been dedicated to the study of changes in gene expression and protein phosphorylation. However, the metabolic changes that occur during the pre-challenge priming stage are poorly understood. The second stage affects the early to late stages of the defence response, which occurs after the interaction with a pathogen has been established. Most studies involving priming are dedicated to the molecular events that take place during this stage. Most studies have shown that defence priming is strongly hormonally regulated; however, there is also evidence of the involvement of phenolic derivative compounds and many other secondary metabolites, leading to stronger and faster plant responses. The third priming phase ranges from long lasting defence priming to trans-generational acquired resistance. Long-term metabolic transitions, that occur in the offspring of primed plants, remain to be elucidated. Here we review existing information in the literature that relates to the metabolic changes that occur during all three defence priming stages and highlight the metabolic transitions that are associated with the stimulation of priming and the characteristics of the pathogens whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gamir
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Group, Plant Physiology Section, Department of CAMN, Universitat Jaume I, Avd Vicente Sos Baynat, 12071, Castellón, Spain
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Gauthier A, Trouvelot S, Kelloniemi J, Frettinger P, Wendehenne D, Daire X, Joubert JM, Ferrarini A, Delledonne M, Flors V, Poinssot B. The sulfated laminarin triggers a stress transcriptome before priming the SA- and ROS-dependent defenses during grapevine's induced resistance against Plasmopara viticola. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88145. [PMID: 24516597 PMCID: PMC3916396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is susceptible to many pathogens which cause significant losses to viticulture worldwide. Chemical control is available, but agro-ecological concerns have raised interest in alternative methods, especially in triggering plant immunity by elicitor treatments. The β-glucan laminarin (Lam) and its sulfated derivative (PS3) have been previously demonstrated to induce resistance in grapevine against downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola). However, if Lam elicits classical grapevine defenses such as oxidative burst, pathogenesis-related (PR)-proteins and phytoalexin production, PS3 triggered grapevine resistance via a poorly understood priming phenomenon. The aim of this study was to identify the molecular mechanisms of the PS3-induced resistance. For this purpose we studied i) the signaling events and transcriptome reprogramming triggered by PS3 treatment on uninfected grapevine, ii) grapevine immune responses primed by PS3 during P. viticola infection. Our results showed that i) PS3 was unable to elicit reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration variations, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation but triggered a long lasting plasma membrane depolarization in grapevine cells, ii) PS3 and Lam shared a common stress-responsive transcriptome profile that partly overlapped the salicylate- (SA) and jasmonate-(JA)-dependent ones. After P. viticola inoculation, PS3 specifically primed the SA- and ROS-dependent defense pathways leading to grapevine induced resistance against this biotroph. Interestingly pharmacological approaches suggested that the plasma membrane depolarization and the downstream ROS production are key events of the PS3-induced resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Gauthier
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | | | - Jani Kelloniemi
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Alberto Ferrarini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Delledonne
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Victor Flors
- Plant Physiology Section, University of Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Benoit Poinssot
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- * E-mail:
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Aranega-Bou P, de la O Leyva M, Finiti I, García-Agustín P, González-Bosch C. Priming of plant resistance by natural compounds. Hexanoic acid as a model. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:488. [PMID: 25324848 PMCID: PMC4181288 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Some alternative control strategies of currently emerging plant diseases are based on the use of resistance inducers. This review highlights the recent advances made in the characterization of natural compounds that induce resistance by a priming mechanism. These include vitamins, chitosans, oligogalacturonides, volatile organic compounds, azelaic and pipecolic acid, among others. Overall, other than providing novel disease control strategies that meet environmental regulations, natural priming agents are valuable tools to help unravel the complex mechanisms underlying the induced resistance (IR) phenomenon. The data presented in this review reflect the novel contributions made from studying these natural plant inducers, with special emphasis placed on hexanoic acid (Hx), proposed herein as a model tool for this research field. Hx is a potent natural priming agent of proven efficiency in a wide range of host plants and pathogens. It can early activate broad-spectrum defenses by inducing callose deposition and the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) pathways. Later it can prime pathogen-specific responses according to the pathogen's lifestyle. Interestingly, Hx primes redox-related genes to produce an anti-oxidant protective effect, which might be critical for limiting the infection of necrotrophs. Our Hx-IR findings also strongly suggest that it is an attractive tool for the molecular characterization of the plant alarmed state, with the added advantage of it being a natural compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paz Aranega-Bou
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de Valencia, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasValencia, Spain
| | - Maria de la O Leyva
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de Valencia, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasValencia, Spain
| | - Ivan Finiti
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de Valencia, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasValencia, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Agustín
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Escola Superior de Tecnologia i Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume ICastellón, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Bosch
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de Valencia, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasValencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Carmen González-Bosch, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de Valencia, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain e-mail:
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Pastor V, Gamir J, Camañes G, Cerezo M, Sánchez-Bel P, Flors V. Disruption of the ammonium transporter AMT1.1 alters basal defenses generating resistance against Pseudomonas syringae and Plectosphaerella cucumerina. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:231. [PMID: 24910636 PMCID: PMC4038795 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the high-affinity nitrate transporter NRT2.1 activates the priming defense against Pseudomonas syringae, resulting in enhanced resistance. In this study, it is demonstrated that the high-affinity ammonium transporter AMT1.1 is a negative regulator of Arabidopsis defense responses. The T-DNA knockout mutant amt1.1 displays enhanced resistance against Plectosphaerella cucumerina and reduced susceptibility to P. syringae. The impairment of AMT1.1 induces significant metabolic changes in the absence of challenge, suggesting that amt1.1 retains constitutive defense responses. Interestingly, amt1.1 combats pathogens differently depending on the lifestyle of the pathogen. In addition, N starvation enhances the susceptibility of wild type plants and the mutant amt1.1 to P. syringae whereas it has no effect on P. cucumerina resistance. The metabolic changes of amt1.1 against P. syringae are subtler and are restricted to the phenylpropanoid pathway, which correlates with its reduced susceptibility. By contrast, the amt1.1 mutant responds by activating higher levels of camalexin and callose against P. cucumerina. In addition, amt1.1 shows altered levels of aliphatic and indolic glucosinolates and other Trp-related compounds following infection by the necrotroph. These observations indicate that AMT1.1 may play additional roles that affect N uptake and plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Pastor
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Faculté des Sciences, Institut de Biologie, Universite de NeuchatelNeuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Gamir
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume ICastellón, Spain
| | - Gemma Camañes
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume ICastellón, Spain
| | - Miguel Cerezo
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume ICastellón, Spain
- *Correspondence: Miguel Cerezo and Victor Flors, Area de Fisiologia Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, Campus Riu Sec, 12071 Castellón, Spain e-mail: ;
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Bel
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume ICastellón, Spain
| | - Victor Flors
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume ICastellón, Spain
- *Correspondence: Miguel Cerezo and Victor Flors, Area de Fisiologia Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, Campus Riu Sec, 12071 Castellón, Spain e-mail: ;
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Spence CA, Raman V, Donofrio NM, Bais HP. Global gene expression in rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae treated with a natural rice soil isolate. PLANTA 2014; 239:171-85. [PMID: 24126723 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1974-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The rhizospheric microbiome is comprised of many microbes, some of which reduce the virulence of their phytopathogenic neighbors; however, the mechanisms underlying these interactions are largely unknown. Rice soil isolate Pseudomonas chlororaphis EA105 strongly inhibits Magnaporthe oryzae's in vitro growth by restricting fungal diameter as well as inhibiting the formation of the appressorium, required for penetration. We were interested in elucidating M. oryzae's response to EA105 treatment, and utilized a microarray approach to obtain a global perspective of EA105 elicited changes in this pathogen. Based on this analysis, three genes of interest were knocked out in M. oryzae 70-15, and their sensitivity to EA105 treatment as well as their ability to infect rice was determined. Priming rice plants with EA105 prior to M. oryzae infection decreased lesion size, and the mutants were tested to see if this effect was retained. A null 70-15 mutant in a trichothecene biosynthesis gene showed less susceptibility to bacterial treatment, forming more appressoria than the parental type 70-15. A similar pattern was seen in a null mutant for a stress-inducible protein, MGG_03098. In addition, when this mutant was inoculated onto the leaves of EA105-primed rice plants, lesions were reduced to a greater extent than in 70-15, implicating the lack of this gene with an increased ISR response in rice. Understanding the global effect of biocontrol bacteria on phytopathogens is a key for developing successful and lasting solutions to crop loss caused by plant diseases and has the potential to greatly increase food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Spence
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA,
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60
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Plant amino acid-derived vitamins: biosynthesis and function. Amino Acids 2013; 46:809-24. [PMID: 24368523 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1653-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitamins are essential organic compounds for humans, having lost the ability to de novo synthesize them. Hence, they represent dietary requirements, which are covered by plants as the main dietary source of most vitamins (through food or livestock's feed). Most vitamins synthesized by plants present amino acids as precursors (B1, B2, B3, B5, B7, B9 and E) and are therefore linked to plant nitrogen metabolism. Amino acids play different roles in their biosynthesis and metabolism, either incorporated into the backbone of the vitamin or as amino, sulfur or one-carbon group donors. There is a high natural variation in vitamin contents in crops and its exploitation through breeding, metabolic engineering and agronomic practices can enhance their nutritional quality. While the underlying biochemical roles of vitamins as cosubstrates or cofactors are usually common for most eukaryotes, the impact of vitamins B and E in metabolism and physiology can be quite different on plants and animals. Here, we first aim at giving an overview of the biosynthesis of amino acid-derived vitamins in plants, with a particular focus on how this knowledge can be exploited to increase vitamin contents in crops. Second, we will focus on the functions of these vitamins in both plants and animals (and humans in particular), to unravel common and specific roles for vitamins in evolutionary distant organisms, in which these amino acid-derived vitamins play, however, an essential role.
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Boubakri H, Wahab MA, Chong J, Gertz C, Gandoura S, Mliki A, Bertsch C, Soustre-Gacougnolle I. Methionine elicits H2O2 generation and defense gene expression in grapevine and reduces Plasmopara viticola infection. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:1561-1568. [PMID: 23859561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Methionine (Met) is a nutritionally essential sulfur-containing amino acid (SAA) known for its preponderant role as initiator in protein synthesis. However, other functions for Met in plants are not well described. The implication of this SAA in oxidative stress tolerance has been recently reported, however the mode of action of Met is still poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the elicitor activity of Met in grapevine as well as its effect on Plasmopara viticola resistance. The results show that Met induces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation, a key element in plant defense signaling, and upregulates the expression of a battery of defense-related genes. Transcript levels of these genes were not further modulated by P. viticola inoculation of Met-pretreated plants, suggesting an elicitor role rather than a priming role for Met in grapevine. Met treatment also reduces P. viticola development in grapevine plants grown under glasshouse controlled-conditions. Fungitoxicity assays revealed that Met possesses a moderate antifungal activity compared with cysteine (Cys), another SAA known for its toxic effect to a large spectrum of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Boubakri
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131, Université de Strasbourg, INRA - Colmar, 28 Rue de Herrlisheim, F68021 Colmar, France; Laboratoire de Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cédria, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia.
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Hamada AM, Jonsson LMV. Thiamine treatments alleviate aphid infestations in barley and pea. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 94:135-41. [PMID: 23787153 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of plants with thiamine (Vitamin B1) has before been shown to activate plant defence against microorganisms. Here, we have studied the effects of thiamine treatments of plants on aphid reproduction and behaviour. The work was mainly carried out with bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Aphid population growth and aphid acceptance on plants grown from seeds soaked in a 150μM thiamine solution were reduced to ca. 60% of that on control plants. R. padi life span and the total number of offspring were reduced on barley plants treated with thiamine. Healthy aphids and aphids infected with the R. padi virus were similarly affected. Spraying or addition of thiamine at 150μM to nutrient solutions likewise resulted in reduced aphid population growth to ca. 60%, as did plant exposure to thiamine odour at 4mM. Thiamine treatments resulted in reduced aphid population growth also when tested with grain aphid (Sitobion avenae F.) on barley and pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum H.) on pea (Pisum sativum L.). There was no direct effect of thiamine on aphid reproduction or thiamine odour on aphid behaviour, as evaluated using artificial diets and by olfactometer tests, respectively. Two gene sequences regulated by salicylic acid showed higher transcript abundance and one gene sequence regulated by methyl jasmonate showed lower transcript abundance in thiamine-treated plants but not in control plants after aphid infestation. These results suggest that the aphid antibiosis and antixenosis effects may be related to priming of defence, but more studies are needed to explain the effects against aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf M Hamada
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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63
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Cheong H, Kim CY, Jeon JS, Lee BM, Sun Moon J, Hwang I. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae type III effector XopN targets OsVOZ2 and a putative thiamine synthase as a virulence factor in rice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73346. [PMID: 24019919 PMCID: PMC3760903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonasoryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is spread systemically through the xylem tissue and causes bacterial blight in rice. We evaluated the roles of Xanthomonas outer proteins (Xop) in the Xoo strain KXO85 in a Japonica-type rice cultivar, Dongjin. Five xop gene knockout mutants (xopQKXO85, xopXKXO85, xopP1KXO85, xopP2KXO85, and xopNKXO85) were generated by EZ-Tn5 mutagenesis, and their virulence was assessed in 3-month-old rice leaves. Among these mutants, the xopNKXO85 mutant appeared to be less virulent than the wild-type KXO85; however, the difference was not statistically significant. In contrast, the xopNKXO85 mutant exhibited significantly less virulence in flag leaves after flowering than the wild-type KXO85. These observations indicate that the roles of Xop in Xoo virulence are dependent on leaf stage. We chose the xopN gene for further characterization because the xopNKXO85 mutant showed the greatest influence on virulence. We confirmed that XopNKXO85 is translocated into rice cells, and its gene expression is positively regulated by HrpX. Two rice proteins, OsVOZ2 and a putative thiamine synthase (OsXNP), were identified as targets of XopNKXO85 by yeast two-hybrid screening. Interactions between XopNKXO85 and OsVOZ2 and OsXNP were further confirmed in planta by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and in vivo pull-down assays. To investigate the roles of OsVOZ2 in interactions between rice and Xoo, we evaluated the virulence of the wild-type KXO85 and xopNKXO85 mutant in the OsVOZ2 mutant line PFG_3A-07565 of Dongjin. The wild-type KXO85 and xopNKXO85 mutant were significantly less virulent in the mutant rice line. These results indicate that XopNKXO85 and OsVOZ2 play important roles both individually and together for Xoo virulence in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Cheong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chi-Yeol Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Byoung-Moo Lee
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jae Sun Moon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ingyu Hwang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Zhou J, Sun A, Xing D. Modulation of cellular redox status by thiamine-activated NADPH oxidase confers Arabidopsis resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3261-72. [PMID: 23814275 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum can initially suppress host oxidative burst to aid infection establishment, but later promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation as proliferation advances. Here, it was shown that the cellular redox status can be modulated by thiamine to protect Arabidopsis thaliana against Sclerotinia at the early stages of infection. The initial inhibition of host ROS generation by Sclerotinia-secreted oxalate could effectively be alleviated by thiamine. Thiamine pre-treatment and subsequent wild-type Sclerotinia invasion induced an increase of ascorbate peroxidase activity concomitant with decreased ascorbate/dehydroascorbate ratios, which led to the cellular transition towards oxidative status in infected tissues. Particularly, it was observed that wild-type Sclerotinia, but not oxalate-deficient A2 mutant, could suppress the activity of NADPH oxidase (NOX), which might be an important mechanism underlying the early inhibition of ROS burst. Nevertheless, thiamine pre-treatment followed by wild-type Sclerotinia infection promoted NOX-derived ROS accumulation. Further studies showed that cytosolic Ca(2+) and staurosporine-sensitive protein kinase(s) participated in thiamine-induced activation of NOX. Moreover, thiamine-induced tissue defence responses including callose/lignin deposition and stomatal closure were closely correlated with NOX-derived ROS generation. Additionally, studies with Brassica species indicated that the regulation of thiamine is largely conserved upon Sclerotinia infection. Collectively, it was concluded that thiamine reverses the initial reducing status through activating NOX-dependent ROS signalling to perturb the disease progress of Sclerotinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
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Obrępalska-Stęplowska A, Wieczorek P, Budziszewska M, Jeszke A, Renaut J. How can plant virus satellite RNAs alter the effects of plant virus infection? A study of the changes in the Nicotiana benthamiana proteome after infection by peanut stunt virus in the presence or absence of its satellite RNA. Proteomics 2013; 13:2162-75. [PMID: 23580405 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Peanut stunt virus (PSV), which belongs to the Cucumovirus genus, is a pathogen of legumes. Certain PSV strains associated with a satellite RNA (satRNA) modify the symptoms of infected plants and interfere with plant metabolism. We used PSV-P genomic transcripts (GTs) with and without PSV-P satRNA and a comparative proteomic 2D-DIGE/MS study to assess their effects on Nicotiana benthamiana infection. When the proteomes of the PSV-P genomic transcripts-infected (no satRNA present) and mock-inoculated plants were compared 29 differentially regulated proteins were found. When comparisons were made for plants infected with PSV-P-GT in the presence or absence of satRNA, and for mock-infected plants and those infected with the satRNA-associated PSV-P-GT, 40 and 60 such proteins, respectively, were found. The presence of satRNA mostly decreased the amounts of the affected host proteins. Proteins involved in photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism, for example ferredoxin-NADP-reductase and malate dehydrogenase, are among the identified affected proteins in all comparisons. Proteins involved in protein synthesis and degradation were also affected. Such proteins include chaperonin 60β--whose abundance of the proteins changed for all comparisons--and aminopeptidase that is a satRNA- or PSV-P-GT/satRNA-responsive protein. Additionally, the levels of the stress-related proteins superoxide dismutase and acidic endochitinase Q increased in the PSV-P-GT- and PSV-P-GT/satRNA-infected plants. This study appears to be the first report on plant proteome changes in response to a satRNA presence during viral infection and, as such, may provide a reference for future studies concerning the influence of satRNAs during viral infections.
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Ramegowda V, Senthil-Kumar M, Ishiga Y, Kaundal A, Udayakumar M, Mysore KS. Drought stress acclimation imparts tolerance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Pseudomonas syringae in Nicotiana benthamiana. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9497-513. [PMID: 23644883 PMCID: PMC3676796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acclimation of plants with an abiotic stress can impart tolerance to some biotic stresses. Such a priming response has not been widely studied. In particular, little is known about enhanced defense capacity of drought stress acclimated plants to fungal and bacterial pathogens. Here we show that prior drought acclimation in Nicotiana benthamiana plants imparts tolerance to necrotrophic fungus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and also to hemi-biotrophic bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. S. sclerotiorum inoculation on N. benthamiana plants acclimated with drought stress lead to less disease-induced cell death compared to non-acclimated plants. Furthermore, inoculation of P. syringae pv. tabaci on N. benthamiana plants acclimated to moderate drought stress showed reduced disease symptoms. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in drought acclimated plants were highly correlated with disease resistance. Further, in planta growth of GFPuv expressing P. syringae pv. tabaci on plants pre-treated with methyl viologen showed complete inhibition of bacterial growth. Taken together, these experimental results suggested a role for ROS generated during drought acclimation in imparting tolerance against S. sclerotiorum and P. syringae pv. tabaci. We speculate that the generation of ROS during drought acclimation primed a defense response in plants that subsequently caused the tolerance against the pathogens tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkategowda Ramegowda
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA; E-Mails: (M.S.-K.); (Y.I.); (A.K.)
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Science, GKVK, Bangalore 560065, India; E-Mail:
| | - Muthappa Senthil-Kumar
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA; E-Mails: (M.S.-K.); (Y.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Yasuhiro Ishiga
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA; E-Mails: (M.S.-K.); (Y.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Amita Kaundal
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA; E-Mails: (M.S.-K.); (Y.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Makarla Udayakumar
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Science, GKVK, Bangalore 560065, India; E-Mail:
| | - Kirankumar S. Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA; E-Mails: (M.S.-K.); (Y.I.); (A.K.)
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Song GC, Choi HK, Ryu CM. The folate precursor para-aminobenzoic acid elicits induced resistance against Cucumber mosaic virus and Xanthomonas axonopodis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:925-34. [PMID: 23471007 PMCID: PMC3631333 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The use of vitamins including vitamin B1, B2 and K3 for the induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to protect crops against plant pathogens has been evaluated previously. The use of vitamins is beneficial because it is cost effective and safe for the environment. The use of folate precursors, including ortho-aminobenzoic acid, to induce SAR against a soft-rot pathogen in tobacco has been reported previously. METHODS In the present study, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA, also referred to as vitamin Bx) was selected owing to its effect on the induction of SAR against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria in pepper plants through greenhouse screening. KEY RESULTS Dipping of pepper seedlings in a 1 mm PABA solution in field trials induced SAR against artificially infiltrated X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria and naturally occurring cucumber mosaic virus. Expression of the Capsicum annuum pathogenesis-related 4 gene was primed in response to pathogen infection as assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. The accumulation of cucumber mosaic virus RNA was reduced in PABA-treated pepper plants at 40 and 105 d post-treatment. Unexpectedly, fruit yield was increased in PABA-treated plants, indicating that PABA-mediated SAR successfully protected pepper plants from infection by bacterial and viral pathogens without significant fitness allocation costs. CONCLUSIONS The present study is the first to demonstrate the effective elicitation of SAR by a folate precursor under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Cheol Song
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Systems & Synthetic Biology Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-350, South Korea
| | - Hye Kyung Choi
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Systems & Synthetic Biology Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Systems & Synthetic Biology Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-350, South Korea
- * For correspondence. E-mail
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Boubakri H, Poutaraud A, Wahab MA, Clayeux C, Baltenweck-Guyot R, Steyer D, Marcic C, Mliki A, Soustre-Gacougnolle I. Thiamine modulates metabolism of the phenylpropanoid pathway leading to enhanced resistance to Plasmopara viticola in grapevine. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:31. [PMID: 23442597 PMCID: PMC3599452 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we have reported the ability of thiamine (vitamin B1) to induce resistance against Plasmopara viticola in a susceptible grapevine cv. Chardonnay. However, mechanisms underlying vitamins, especially, thiamine-induced disease resistance in grapevine are still largely unknown. Here, we assessed whether thiamine could modulate phenylpropanoid pathway-derived phytoalexins in grapevine plants, as well as, the role of such secondary metabolites in thiamine-induced resistance process to P. viticola. RESULTS Our data show that thiamine treatment elicited the expression of phenylpropanoid pathway genes in grapevine plants. The expression of these genes correlated with an accumulation of stilbenes, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and lignin. Furthermore, the total anti-oxidant potential of thiamine-treaded plants was increased by 3.5-fold higher level as compared with untreated-control plants. Four phenolic compounds are responsible of 97% of the total anti-oxidant potential of thiamine-treated plants. Among these compounds, is the caftaric acid, belonging to the hydroxy-cinnamic acids family. This element contributed, by its own, by 20% of this total anti-oxidant potential. Epifluorescence microscopy analysis revealed a concomitant presence of unbranched-altered P. viticola mycelia and stilbenes production in the leaf mesophyll of thiamine-treated inoculated plants, suggesting that stilbenes are an important component of thiamine-induced resistance in grapevine. CONCLUSION This work is the first to show the role of thiamine, as a vitamin, in the modulation of grapevine plant secondary metabolism contributing to an enhanced resistance to P. viticola, the most destructive fungal disease in vineyards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Boubakri
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cédria, 2050, Hammam Lif, Tunisie
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131, Université de Strasbourg /INRA-Colmar, 28 Rue de Herrlisheim, F68021, Colmar, France
| | - Anne Poutaraud
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131, Université de Strasbourg /INRA-Colmar, 28 Rue de Herrlisheim, F68021, Colmar, France
| | | | - Celine Clayeux
- Twistaroma, 28 Rue de Herrlisheim, 68021, Colmar, France
- Equipe de Chimie Analytique des Molécules BioActives, UMR 7178, IPHC, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Raymonde Baltenweck-Guyot
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131, Université de Strasbourg /INRA-Colmar, 28 Rue de Herrlisheim, F68021, Colmar, France
| | - Damien Steyer
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131, Université de Strasbourg /INRA-Colmar, 28 Rue de Herrlisheim, F68021, Colmar, France
- Twistaroma, 28 Rue de Herrlisheim, 68021, Colmar, France
| | - Christophe Marcic
- Equipe de Chimie Analytique des Molécules BioActives, UMR 7178, IPHC, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Ahmed Mliki
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cédria, 2050, Hammam Lif, Tunisie
| | - Isabelle Soustre-Gacougnolle
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement (LVBE, EA3991), Université de Haute Alsace, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, 68000, Colmar, France
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69
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Sun A, Li Z. Regulatory role of nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharides-triggered plant innate immunity. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e22554. [PMID: 23221762 PMCID: PMC3745562 DOI: 10.4161/psb.22554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induce nitric oxide (NO) production and defense gene expression in plants. Our current work investigated the signaling mechanism of NO and the role of NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1 (NPR1) in LPS-induced innate immunity of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We have provided evidence that LPS-elicited NO generation as well as increased antioxidant enzyme activities capable of maintaining the redox state could be important to protect plants against oxidative damage from pathogen attack. In addition, LPS-activated defense responses, including callose deposition and defense-related gene expression, are regulated through an NPR1-dependent signaling pathway. Our results contribute to elucidation of the signaling mechanism of NO and highlight an important role of NPR1 in modulating LPS-triggered innate immunity in plants. However, further research is necessary to clarify the cross-talk between mitochondria and NO on activating LPS-induced defense responses, and the regulatory mechanism of NO in LPS-induced innate immunity needs further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhe Li
- Correspondence to: Zhe Li,
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70
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Shah J, Zeier J. Long-distance communication and signal amplification in systemic acquired resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:30. [PMID: 23440336 PMCID: PMC3579191 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible defense mechanism in plants that confers enhanced resistance against a variety of pathogens. SAR is activated in the uninfected systemic (distal) organs in response to a prior (primary) infection elsewhere in the plant. SAR is associated with the activation of salicylic acid (SA) signaling and the priming of defense responses for robust activation in response to subsequent infections. The activation of SAR requires communication by the primary infected tissues with the distal organs. The vasculature functions as a conduit for the translocation of factors that facilitate long-distance intra-plant communication. In recent years, several metabolites putatively involved in long-distance signaling have been identified. These include the methyl ester of SA (MeSA), the abietane diterpenoid dehydroabietinal (DA), the dicarboxylic acid azelaic acid (AzA), and a glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P)-dependent factor. Long-distance signaling by some of these metabolites also requires the lipid-transfer protein DIR1 (DEFECTIVE IN INDUCED RESISTANCE 1). The relative contribution of these factors in long-distance signaling is likely influenced by environmental conditions, for example light. In the systemic leaves, the AGD2-LIKE DEFENSE RESPONSE PROTEIN1 (ALD1)-dependent production of the lysine catabolite pipecolic acid (Pip), FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE1 (FMO1) signaling, as well as SA synthesis and downstream signaling are required for the activation of SAR. This review summarizes the involvement and interaction between long-distance SAR signals and details the recently discovered role of Pip in defense amplification and priming that allows plants to acquire immunity at the systemic level. Recent advances in SA signaling and perception are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North TexasDenton, TX, USA
- *Correspondence: Jyoti Shah, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Life Sciences Building-B, Room # 418, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA. e-mail:
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorf, Germany
- Jürgen Zeier, Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. e-mail:
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Shah J, Zeier J. Long-distance communication and signal amplification in systemic acquired resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013. [PMID: 23440336 DOI: 10.3390/fpls.2013.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible defense mechanism in plants that confers enhanced resistance against a variety of pathogens. SAR is activated in the uninfected systemic (distal) organs in response to a prior (primary) infection elsewhere in the plant. SAR is associated with the activation of salicylic acid (SA) signaling and the priming of defense responses for robust activation in response to subsequent infections. The activation of SAR requires communication by the primary infected tissues with the distal organs. The vasculature functions as a conduit for the translocation of factors that facilitate long-distance intra-plant communication. In recent years, several metabolites putatively involved in long-distance signaling have been identified. These include the methyl ester of SA (MeSA), the abietane diterpenoid dehydroabietinal (DA), the dicarboxylic acid azelaic acid (AzA), and a glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P)-dependent factor. Long-distance signaling by some of these metabolites also requires the lipid-transfer protein DIR1 (DEFECTIVE IN INDUCED RESISTANCE 1). The relative contribution of these factors in long-distance signaling is likely influenced by environmental conditions, for example light. In the systemic leaves, the AGD2-LIKE DEFENSE RESPONSE PROTEIN1 (ALD1)-dependent production of the lysine catabolite pipecolic acid (Pip), FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE1 (FMO1) signaling, as well as SA synthesis and downstream signaling are required for the activation of SAR. This review summarizes the involvement and interaction between long-distance SAR signals and details the recently discovered role of Pip in defense amplification and priming that allows plants to acquire immunity at the systemic level. Recent advances in SA signaling and perception are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas Denton, TX, USA
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Sun A, Nie S, Xing D. Nitric oxide-mediated maintenance of redox homeostasis contributes to NPR1-dependent plant innate immunity triggered by lipopolysaccharides. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1081-96. [PMID: 22926319 PMCID: PMC3461531 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.201798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The perception of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) by plant cells can lead to nitric oxide (NO) production and defense gene induction. However, the signaling cascades underlying these cellular responses have not yet been resolved. This work investigated the biosynthetic origin of NO and the role of NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1 (NPR1) to gain insight into the mechanism involved in LPS-induced resistance of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Analysis of inhibitors and mutants showed that LPS-induced NO synthesis was mainly mediated by an arginine-utilizing source of NO generation. Furthermore, LPS-induced NO caused transcript accumulation of alternative oxidase genes and increased antioxidant enzyme activity, which enhanced antioxidant capacity and modulated redox state. We also analyzed the subcellular localization of NPR1 to identify the mechanism for protein-modulated plant innate immunity triggered by LPS. LPS-activated defense responses, including callose deposition and defense-related gene expression, were found to be regulated through an NPR1-dependent pathway. In summary, a significant NO synthesis induced by LPS contributes to the LPS-induced defense responses by up-regulation of defense genes and modulation of cellular redox state. Moreover, NPR1 plays an important role in LPS-triggered plant innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Da Xing
- Corresponding author; e-mail
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Machinandiarena MF, Lobato MC, Feldman ML, Daleo GR, Andreu AB. Potassium phosphite primes defense responses in potato against Phytophthora infestans. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1417-24. [PMID: 22727804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Although phosphite is widely used to protect plants from pathogenic oomycetes on a wide range of horticultural crops, the molecular mechanisms behind phosphite induced resistance are poorly understood. The aim of this work was to assess the effects of potassium phosphite (KPhi) on potato plant defense responses to infection with Phytophtora infestans (Pi). Pathogen development was severely restricted and there was also an important decrease in lesion size in infected KPhi-treated leaves. We demonstrated that KPhi primed hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion production in potato leaves at 12 h post-inoculation with Pi. Moreover, the KPhi-treated leaves showed an increased and earlier callose deposition as compared with water-treated plants, beginning 48 h after inoculation. In contrast, callose deposition was not detected in water-treated leaves until 72 h after inoculation. In addition, we carried out RNA gel blot analysis of genes implicated in the responses mediated by salicylic (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA). To this end, we examined the temporal expression pattern of StNPR1 and StWRKY1, two transcription factors related to SA pathway, and StPR1 and StIPII, marker genes related to SA and JA pathways, respectively. The expression of StNPR1 and StWRKY1 was enhanced in response to KPhi treatment. In contrast, StIPII was down regulated in both KPhi- and water-treated leaves, until 48 h after infection with Pi, suggesting that the regulation of this gene could be independent of the KPhi treatment. Our results indicate that KPhi primes the plant for an earlier and more intense response to infection and that SA would mediate this response.
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Bahuguna RN, Joshi R, Shukla A, Pandey M, Kumar J. Thiamine primed defense provides reliable alternative to systemic fungicide carbendazim against sheath blight disease in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 57:159-67. [PMID: 22705591 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel pathogen defense strategy by thiamine priming was evaluated for its efficacy against sheath blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani AG-1A, of rice and compared with that of systemic fungicide, carbendazim (BCM). Seeds of semidwarf, high yielding, basmati rice variety Vasumati were treated with thiamine (50 mM) and BCM (4 mM). The pot cultured plants were challenge inoculated with R. solani after 40 days of sowing and effect of thiamine and BCM on rice growth and yield traits was examined. Higher hydrogen peroxide content, total phenolics accumulation, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity under thiamine treatment displayed elevated level of systemic resistance, which was further augmented under challenging pathogen infection. High transcript level of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) validated mode of thiamine primed defense. Though minimum disease severity was observed under BCM treatment, thiamine produced comparable results, with 18.12 per cent lower efficacy. Along with fortifying defense components and minor influence on photosynthetic pigments and nitrate reductase (NR) activity, thiamine treatment significantly reduced pathogen-induced loss in photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence, NR activity and NR transcript level. Physiological traits affected under pathogen infection were found signatory for characterizing plant's response under disease and were detectable at early stage of infection. These findings provide a novel paradigm for developing alternative, environmentally safe strategies to control plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Nayan Bahuguna
- Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
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Boubakri H, Wahab MA, Chong J, Bertsch C, Mliki A, Soustre-Gacougnolle I. Thiamine induced resistance to Plasmopara viticola in grapevine and elicited host-defense responses, including HR like-cell death. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 57:120-33. [PMID: 22698755 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, thiamine (VitaminB1) has been shown to induce resistance against Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis plants through priming of defense responses. In this paper, we have demonstrated the efficiency of thiamine to induce resistance against downy mildew caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola in a susceptible Vitis vinifera cultivar "Chardonnay" under glasshouse controlled conditions by providing a dual mode of action involving direct antifungal activity and elicitation of host-defense responses. Thiamine-induced defense responses included the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in both grapevine suspension cultured cells (SCC) and plant leaves, upregulation of an array of defense-related genes and the induction of other defense responses at subcellular level such as callose deposition in stomata cells, phenolic compounds accumulation and hypersensitive response (HR) like-cell death. Epifluorescence microscopy studies revealed dramatic changes in P. viticola individual developmental stages during its colonization of the intercellular space of the leaf mesophyll in thiamine-treated plants. Collectively, our report evidenced the efficiency of thiamine in the control of downy mildew in grapevine by direct and indirect effects, suggesting that thiamine could be an attractive alternative to chemical fungicides in disease management in vineyards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Boubakri
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cédria, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia.
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Yin Y, Bi Y, Li Y, Wang Y, Wang D. Use of thiamine for controlling Alternaria alternata postharvest rot in Asian pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. Zaosu). Int J Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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77
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Graf A, Trofimova L, Loshinskaja A, Mkrtchyan G, Strokina A, Lovat M, Tylicky A, Strumilo S, Bettendorff L, Bunik VI. Up-regulation of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase as a stress response. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 45:175-89. [PMID: 22814169 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
2-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex (OGDHC) operates at a metabolic cross-road, mediating Ca(2+)- and ADP-dependent signals in mitochondria. Here, we test our hypothesis that OGDHC plays a major role in the neurotransmitter metabolism and associated stress response. This possibility was assessed using succinyl phosphonate (SP), a highly specific and efficient in vivo inhibitor of OGDHC. Animals exposed to toxicants (SP, ethanol or MnCl(2)), trauma or acute hypoxia showed intrinsic up-regulation of OGDHC in brain and heart. The known mechanism of the SP action as OGDHC inhibitor pointed to the up-regulation triggered by the enzyme impairment. The animal behavior and skeletal muscle or heart performance were tested to correlate physiology with the OGDHC regulation and associated changes in the glutamate and cellular energy status. The SP-treated animals exhibited interdependent changes in the brain OGDHC activity, glutamate level and cardiac autonomic balance, suggesting the neurotransmitter role of glutamate to be involved in the changed heart performance. Energy insufficiency after OGDHC inhibition was detectable neither in animals up to 25 mg/kg SP, nor in cell culture during 24 h incubation with 0.1 mM SP. However, in animals subjected to acute ethanol intoxication SP did evoke energy deficit, decreasing muscular strength and locomotion and increasing the narcotic sleep duration. This correlated with the SP-induced decrease in NAD(P)H levels of the ethanol-exposed neurons. Thus, we show the existence of natural mechanisms to up-regulate mammalian OGDHC in response to stress, with both the glutamate neurotransmission and energy production potentially involved in the OGDHC impact on physiological performance. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Bioenergetic dysfunction, adaptation and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Graf
- Department of Physiology of Biology Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskije Gory 1, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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78
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Massoud K, Barchietto T, Le Rudulier T, Pallandre L, Didierlaurent L, Garmier M, Ambard-Bretteville F, Seng JM, Saindrenan P. Dissecting phosphite-induced priming in Arabidopsis infected with Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:286-98. [PMID: 22408091 PMCID: PMC3375965 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.194647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phosphite (Phi), a phloem-mobile oxyanion of phosphorous acid (H(3)PO(3)), protects plants against diseases caused by oomycetes. Its mode of action is unclear, as evidence indicates both direct antibiotic effects on pathogens as well as inhibition through enhanced plant defense responses, and its target(s) in the plants is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) exhibits an unusual biphasic dose-dependent response to Phi after inoculation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), with characteristics of indirect activity at low doses (10 mm or less) and direct inhibition at high doses (50 mm or greater). The effect of low doses of Phi on Hpa infection was nullified in salicylic acid (SA)-defective plants (sid2-1, NahG) and in a mutant impaired in SA signaling (npr1-1). Compromised jasmonate (jar1-1) and ethylene (ein2-1) signaling or abscisic acid (aba1-5) biosynthesis, reactive oxygen generation (atrbohD), or accumulation of the phytoalexins camalexin (pad3-1) and scopoletin (f6'h1-1) did not affect Phi activity. Low doses of Phi primed the accumulation of SA and Pathogenesis-Related protein1 transcripts and mobilized two essential components of basal resistance, Enhanced Disease Susceptibility1 and Phytoalexin Deficient4, following pathogen challenge. Compared with inoculated, Phi-untreated plants, the gene expression, accumulation, and phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase MPK4, a negative regulator of SA-dependent defenses, were reduced in plants treated with low doses of Phi. We propose that Phi negatively regulates MPK4, thus priming SA-dependent defense responses following Hpa infection.
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79
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Peng DH, Qiu DW, Ruan LF, Zhou CF, Sun M. Protein elicitor PemG1 from Magnaporthe grisea induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:1239-46. [PMID: 21770770 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-11-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Elicitors can stimulate defense responses in plants and have become a popular strategy in plant disease control. Previously, we isolated a novel protein elicitor, PemG1, from Magnaporthe grisea. In the present study, PemG1 protein expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli improved resistance of rice and Arabidopsis to bacterial infection, induced transient expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, and increased accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in rice. The effects of PemG1 on disease resistance and PR gene expression were mobilized systemically throughout the rice plant and persisted for more than 28 days. PemG1-induced accumulation of OsPR-1a in rice was prevented by the calcium channel blockers LaCl₃, BAPTA, EGTA, W7, and TFP. Arabidopsis mutants that are insensitive to jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene showed increased resistance to bacterial infection after PemG1 treatment but PemG1 did not affect resistance of mutants with an impaired salicylic acid (SA) transduction pathway. In rice, PemG1 induced overexpressions of the SA signal-related genes (OsEDS1, OsPAL1, and OsNH1) but not the JA pathway-related genes (OsLOX2 and OsAOS2). Our findings reveal that PemG1 protein can function as an activator of plant disease resistance, and the PemG1-mediated systemic acquired resistance is modulated by SA- and Ca(2+)-related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbio,ogy, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University. Wuahn 430070, China
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80
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Scarafoni A, Gualtieri E, Barbiroli A, Carpen A, Negri A, Duranti M. Biochemical and functional characterization of an albumin protein belonging to the hemopexin superfamily from Lens culinaris seeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:9637-9644. [PMID: 21819123 DOI: 10.1021/jf202026d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present paper reports the purification and biochemical characterization of an albumin identified in mature lentil seeds with high sequence similarity to pea PA2. These proteins are found in many edible seeds and are considered potentially detrimental for human health due to the potential allergenicity and lectin-like activity. Thus, the description of their possible presence in food and the assessment of the molecular properties are relevant. The M(r), pI, and N-terminal sequence of this protein have been determined. The work included the study of (i) the binding properties to hemine to assess the presence of hemopexin structural domains and (ii) the binding properties of the protein to thiamin. In addition, the structural changes induced by heating have been evaluated by means of spectroscopic techniques. Denaturation temperature has also been determined. The present work provides new insights about the structural molecular features and the ligand-binding properties and dynamics of this kind of seed albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Scarafoni
- Department of AgriFood Molecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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81
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Zhang Y, Zhao J, Xiang Y, Bian X, Zuo Q, Shen Q, Gai J, Xing H. Proteomics study of changes in soybean lines resistant and sensitive to Phytophthora sojae. Proteome Sci 2011; 9:52. [PMID: 21899734 PMCID: PMC3180303 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-9-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytophthora sojae causes soybean root and stem rot, resulting in an annual loss of 1-2 billion US dollars in soybean production worldwide. A proteomic technique was used to determine the effects on soybean hypocotyls of infection with P. sojae. RESULTS In the present study, 46 differentially expressed proteins were identified in soybean hypocotyls infected with P. sojae, using two-dimensional electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time of flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF). The expression levels of 26 proteins were significantly affected at various time points in the tolerant soybean line, Yudou25, (12 up-regulated and 14 down-regulated). In contrast, in the sensitive soybean line, NG6255, only 20 proteins were significantly affected (11 up-regulated and 9 down-regulated). Among these proteins, 26% were related to energy regulation, 15% to protein destination and storage, 11% to defense against disease, 11% to metabolism, 9% to protein synthesis, 4% to secondary metabolism, and 24% were of unknown function. CONCLUSION Our study provides important information on the use of proteomic methods for studying protein regulation during plant-oomycete interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuMei Zhang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - JinMing Zhao
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Guizhou Rapeseed Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550008, P.R.China
| | - XiaoChun Bian
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - QiaoMei Zuo
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Qi Shen
- Guizhou Rapeseed Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550008, P.R.China
| | - JunYi Gai
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Han Xing
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
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82
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Taheri P, Tarighi S. A survey on basal resistance and riboflavin-induced defense responses of sugar beet against Rhizoctonia solani. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:1114-22. [PMID: 21269732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We examined basal defense responses and cytomolecular aspects of riboflavin-induced resistance (IR) in sugar beet-Rhizoctonia solani pathsystem by investigating H(2)O(2) burst, phenolics accumulation and analyzing the expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (cprx1) genes. Riboflavin was capable of priming plant defense responses via timely induction of H(2)O(2) production and phenolics accumulation. A correlation was found between induction of resistance by riboflavin and upregulation of PAL and cprx1 which are involved in phenylpropanoid signaling and phenolics metabolism. Application of peroxidase and PAL inhibitors suppressed not only basal resistance, but also riboflavin-IR of sugar beet to the pathogen. Treatment of the leaves with each inhibitor alone or together with riboflavin reduced phenolics accumulation which was correlated with higher level of disease progress. Together, these results demonstrate the indispensability of rapid H(2)O(2) accumulation, phenylpropanoid pathway and phenolics metabolism in basal defense and riboflavin-IR of sugar beet against R. solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parissa Taheri
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, PO Box 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran.
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83
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Su’udi M, Kim MG, Park SR, Hwang DJ, Bae SC, Ahn IP. Arabidopsis cell death in compatible and incompatible interactions with Alternaria brassicicola. Mol Cells 2011; 31:593-601. [PMID: 21688205 PMCID: PMC3887621 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-2203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Two strains of necrotrophic Alternaria brassicicola, Ab40857 and Ab42464, are virulent on Korean cabbage and several wild types of Arabidopsis thaliana. Interaction between Ab42464 and Col-0 was compatible, whereas interaction between Ab40857 and Col-0 was incompatible. The loss of defense, no death (dnd) 1 function abrogated the compatibility between Ab42464 and Col-0, and the accelerated cell death (acd) 2 mutation attenuated the Col-0's resistance against Ab40857. These two fungal strains induced PR1 transcription in Col-0. Ab40857 accelerated transcription of PDF1.2, THI2.1, CAT, and POX by 12 h compared to those challenged with Ab42464. More abundant cell death was observed in Col-0 infected with Ab42464, however, callose deposition was evident in the incompatible interaction. Remarkably, Ab40857-infected areas of acd2-2 underwent rampant cell death and Ab42464 triggered callose production in dnd1-1. Furthermore, the incompatibility between Ab40857 and Col-0 was nullified by the coronatine-insensitive 1 (coi1) and phytoalexin-deficient 3 (pad3) mutations but not by nonexpresser of PR genes (npr1) and pad4. Ab40857 induced abundant cell death in pad3. Taken together, cell death during the early infection stage is a key determinant that discriminates between a compatible interaction and an incompatible one, and the resistance within Col-0 against Ab40857 is dependent on a defense-signaling pathway mediated by jasmonic acid and PAD3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhamad Su’udi
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Korea
- Division of Applied Life Science (Brain Korea 21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Min Gab Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | - Sang-Ryeol Park
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | - Duk-Ju Hwang
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | - Shin-Chul Bae
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | - Il-Pyung Ahn
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Korea
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84
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Balbuena TS, Jo L, Pieruzzi FP, Dias LLC, Silveira V, Santa-Catarina C, Junqueira M, Thelen JJ, Shevchenko A, Floh EIS. Differential proteome analysis of mature and germinated embryos of Araucaria angustifolia. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:302-11. [PMID: 21276992 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Araucaria angustifolia is an endangered Brazilian native conifer tree. The aim of the present work was to identify differentially expressed proteins between mature and germinated embryos of A. angustifolia, using one and two dimensional gel electrophoresis approaches followed by protein identification by tandem mass spectrometry. The identities of 32 differentially expressed protein spots from two dimensional gel maps were successfully determined, including proteins and enzymes involved in storage mobilization such as the vicilin-like storage protein and proteases. A label free approach, based on spectral counts, resulted in detection of 10 and 14 mature and germinated enriched proteins, respectively. Identified proteins were mainly related to energetic metabolism pathways, translational processes, oxidative stress regulation and cellular signaling. The integrated use of both strategies permitted a comprehensive protein expression overview of changes in germinated embryos in relation to matures, providing insights into the this process in a recalcitrant seed species. Applications of the data generated on the monitoring and control of in vitro somatic embryos were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago S Balbuena
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, 05422-970 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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85
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Van Norman JM, Murphy C, Sieburth LE. BYPASS1: synthesis of the mobile root-derived signal requires active root growth and arrests early leaf development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:28. [PMID: 21291559 PMCID: PMC3045294 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Arabidopsis bypass1 (bps1) mutant root produces a biologically active mobile compound that induces shoot growth arrest. However it is unknown whether the root retains the capacity to synthesize the mobile compound, or if only shoots of young seedlings are sensitive. It is also unknown how this compound induces arrest of shoot growth. This study investigated both of these questions using genetic, inhibitor, reporter gene, and morphological approaches. RESULTS Production of the bps1 root-synthesized mobile compound was found to require active root growth. Inhibition of postembryonic root growth, by depleting glutathione either genetically or chemically, allowed seedlings to escape shoot arrest. However, the treatments were not completely effective, as the first leaf pair remained radialized, but elongated. This result indicated that the embryonic root transiently synthesized a small amount of the mobile substance. In addition, providing glutathione later in vegetative development caused shoot growth arrest to be reinstated, revealing that these late-arising roots were still capable of producing the mobile substance, and that the older vegetative leaves were still responsive. To gain insight into how leaf development responds to the mobile signal, leaf development was followed morphologically and using the CYCB1,1::GUS marker for G2/M phase cells. We found that arrest of leaf growth is a fully penetrant phenotype, and a dramatic decrease in G2/M phase cells was coincident with arrest. Analyses of stress phenotypes found that late in development, bps1 cotyledons produced necrotic lesions, however neither hydrogen peroxide nor superoxide were abundant as leaves underwent arrest. CONCLUSIONS bps1 roots appear to require active growth in order to produce the mobile bps1 signal, but the potential for this compound's synthesis is present both early and late during vegetative development. This prolonged capacity to synthesize and respond to the mobile compound is consistent with a possible role for the mobile compound in linking shoot growth to subterranean conditions. The specific growth-related responses in the shoot indicated that the mobile substance prevents full activation of cell division in leaves, although whether cell division is a direct response remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Murphy
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
| | - Leslie E Sieburth
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
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86
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Ahmad S, Gordon-Weeks R, Pickett J, Ton J. Natural variation in priming of basal resistance: from evolutionary origin to agricultural exploitation. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2010; 11:817-27. [PMID: 21029325 PMCID: PMC6640509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Biotic stress has a major impact on the process of natural selection in plants. As plants have evolved under variable environmental conditions, they have acquired a diverse spectrum of defensive strategies against pathogens and herbivores. Genetic variation in the expression of plant defence offers valuable insights into the evolution of these strategies. The 'zigzag' model, which describes an ongoing arms race between inducible plant defences and their suppression by pathogens, is now a commonly accepted model of plant defence evolution. This review explores additional strategies by which plants have evolved to cope with biotic stress under different selective circumstances. Apart from interactions with plant-beneficial micro-organisms that can antagonize pathogens directly, plants have the ability to prime their immune system in response to selected environmental signals. This defence priming offers disease protection that is effective against a broad spectrum of virulent pathogens, as long as the augmented defence reaction is expressed before the invading pathogen has the opportunity to suppress host defences. Furthermore, priming has been shown to be a cost-efficient defence strategy under relatively hostile environmental conditions. Accordingly, it is possible that selected plant varieties have evolved a constitutively primed immune system to adapt to levels of disease pressure. Here, we examine this hypothesis further by evaluating the evidence for natural variation in the responsiveness of basal defence mechanisms, and discuss how this genetic variation can be exploited in breeding programmes to provide sustainable crop protection against pests and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakoor Ahmad
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, West Common Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
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87
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Dubreuil-Maurizi C, Trouvelot S, Frettinger P, Pugin A, Wendehenne D, Poinssot B. beta-aminobutyric acid primes an NADPH oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species production during grapevine-triggered immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:1012-21. [PMID: 20615112 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-23-8-1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the process of priming are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the early signaling events triggered by beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA), a well-known priming-mediated plant resistance inducer. Our results indicate that, in contrast to oligogalacturonides (OG), BABA does not elicit typical defense-related early signaling events nor defense-gene expression in grapevine. However, in OG-elicited cells pretreated with BABA, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and expression of the respiratory-burst oxidase homolog RbohD gene were primed. In response to the causal agent of downy mildew Plasmopara viticola, a stronger ROS production was specifically observed in BABA-treated leaves. This process was correlated with an increased resistance. The NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium (DPI) abolished this primed ROS production and reduced the BABA-induced resistance (BABA-IR). These results suggest that priming of an NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS production contributes to BABA-IR in the Vitis-Plasmopara pathosystem.
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88
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Rodriguez MCS, Edsgärd D, Hussain SS, Alquezar D, Rasmussen M, Gilbert T, Nielsen BH, Bartels D, Mundy J. Transcriptomes of the desiccation-tolerant resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 63:212-228. [PMID: 20444235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum have revealed some of the mechanisms which these desiccation-tolerant plants use to survive environments with extreme dehydration and restricted seasonal water. Most resurrection plants are polyploid with large genomes, which has hindered efforts to obtain whole genome sequences and perform mutational analysis. However, the application of deep sequencing technologies to transcriptomics now permits large-scale analyses of gene expression patterns despite the lack of a reference genome. Here we use pyro-sequencing to characterize the transcriptomes of C. plantagineum leaves at four stages of dehydration and rehydration. This reveals that genes involved in several pathways, such as those required for vitamin K and thiamin biosynthesis, are tightly regulated at the level of gene expression. Our analysis also provides a comprehensive picture of the array of cellular responses controlled by gene expression that allow resurrection plants to survive desiccation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Edsgärd
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Syed S Hussain
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - David Alquezar
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes vej. 5, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Rasmussen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes vej. 5, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Gilbert
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes vej. 5, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjørn H Nielsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dorothea Bartels
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - John Mundy
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes vej. 5, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
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89
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Mukherjee M, Larrimore KE, Ahmed NJ, Bedick TS, Barghouthi NT, Traw MB, Barth C. Ascorbic acid deficiency in arabidopsis induces constitutive priming that is dependent on hydrogen peroxide, salicylic acid, and the NPR1 gene. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:340-51. [PMID: 20121455 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-23-3-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The ascorbic acid (AA)-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana vtc1-1 mutant exhibits increased resistance to the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. This response correlates with heightened levels of salicylic acid (SA), which induces antimicrobial pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. To determine if SA-mediated, enhanced disease resistance is a general phenomenon of AA deficiency, to elucidate the signal that stimulates SA synthesis, and to identify the biosynthetic pathway through which SA accumulates, we studied the four AA-deficient vtc1-1, vtc2-1, vtc3-1, and vtc4-1 mutants. We also studied double mutants defective in the AA-biosynthetic gene VTC1 and the SA signaling pathway genes PAD4, EDS5, and NPR1, respectively. All vtc mutants were more resistant to P. syringae than the wild type. With the exception of vtc4-1, this correlated with constitutively upregulated H(2)O(2), SA, and messenger RNA levels of PR genes. Double mutants exhibited decreased SA levels and enhanced susceptibility to P. syringae compared with the wild type, suggesting that vtc1-1 requires functional PAD4, EDS5, and NPR1 for SA biosynthesis and pathogen resistance. We suggest that AA deficiency causes constitutive priming through a buildup of H(2)O(2) that stimulates SA accumulation, conferring enhanced disease resistance in vtc1-1, vtc2-1, and vtc3-1, whereas vtc4-1 might be sensitized to H(2)O(2) and SA production after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumati Mukherjee
- Department Of Biology, West Virginia University, 53 Campus Drive, Morgantown, USA
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90
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Taheri P, Tarighi S. Riboflavin induces resistance in rice against Rhizoctonia solani via jasmonate-mediated priming of phenylpropanoid pathway. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 167:201-8. [PMID: 19729221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2009] [Revised: 08/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Vitamins are plant growth regulators and activators of defense responses against pathogens. The cytomolecular mechanisms involved in the induction of resistance by chemicals especially vitamins on monocotyledonous plants are largely unknown. Here, we show that riboflavin, which acts as a defense activator in rice against economically important sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani, primed the expression of lipoxygenase (LOX) as a key gene in octadecanoid pathway, and enhanced lignification. Exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) application on rice induces resistance against R. solani in a manner similar to riboflavin. Application of jasmonate-deficient rice mutant hebiba and using a LOX inhibitor revealed the main role of octadecanoid pathway in riboflavin-induced resistance (IR). In riboflavin-treated inoculated plants, upregulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) expression, as a major marker of phenylpropanoid pathway, was detected downstream of LOX upregulation. Co-application of riboflavin and 5, 8, 11, 14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA) on rice leaves revealed no upregulation of PAL and no priming in lignification. Furthermore, lower levels of PAL transcripts and lignin were detected in hebiba compared with control. These findings indicate the role of octadecanoid pathway in the induction of phenylpropanoid metabolism leading to lignification as a novel mechanism of riboflavin-IR in Oryza sativa-R. solani pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parissa Taheri
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran. Marta
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91
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Valcu CM, Junqueira M, Shevchenko A, Schlink K. Comparative proteomic analysis of responses to pathogen infection and wounding in Fagus sylvatica. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:4077-91. [PMID: 19575529 DOI: 10.1021/pr900456c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Defense responses of Fagus sylvatica seedlings elicited by infection with the root pathogen Phytophthora citricola and root or leaf wounding were compared at local and systemic levels in differential display experiments using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by homology-driven mass spectrometric identification of proteins. A total of 68 protein spots were identified representing 51 protein functions related to protein synthesis and processing, energy, primary and secondary metabolism, as well as signal transduction, stress and defense. Changes in the abundance of root and leaf proteins partly overlapped between plant responses to the different stressors. The response to pathogen infection was rather late, weak and unspecific and accompanied by adjustments of the energy and primary metabolism which suggested either a lack of recognition or a suppression of host's defense reaction by the invading pathogen. The response to wounding involved changes in the basal metabolism as well as activation of defense mechanisms. Both types of changes were largely specific to the wounded organ. Similarities between the defense mechanisms activated by root infection and root wounding were also observed.
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92
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Hamada A, Al-Hakimi A. Exogenous ascorbic acid or thiamine increases the resistance of sunflower and maize plants to salt stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1556/aagr.57.2009.3.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing NaCl levels retarded the net photosynthetic rate, biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments and membrane integrity of maize and sunflower seedlings; a serious effect was exhibited when NaCl was applied at high concentration. On the other hand, the K
+
efflux increased at increasing NaCl levels. In addition, the various salt levels induced considerable variations in the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The vitamins applied were generally effective in partially or completely countering the inhibitory effects of salt stress on net photosynthetic rate, pigments biosynthesis and membrane integrity, exerting a stimulatory action on these parameters, especially in plants subjected to moderate and low salinity levels. The leakage of K
+
was reduced by the application of both ascorbic acid (AsA) and thiamine (B
1
). Soaking the seeds of salt-stressed plants in AsA or B
1
had a favourable effect on the accumulation of certain ions and antagonized or ameliorated the inhibitory effect of salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Hamada
- 1 Assiut University Botany Department, Faculty of Science Assiut Egypt
| | - A. Al-Hakimi
- 2 Taiz University Biology Department, Faculty of Science Taiz Yemen
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93
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Tunc-Ozdemir M, Miller G, Song L, Kim J, Sodek A, Koussevitzky S, Misra AN, Mittler R, Shintani D. Thiamin confers enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 151:421-32. [PMID: 19641031 PMCID: PMC2735988 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.140046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Thiamin and thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) are well known for their important roles in human nutrition and enzyme catalysis. In this work, we present new evidence for an additional role of these compounds in the protection of cells against oxidative damage. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants subjected to abiotic stress conditions, such as high light, cold, osmotic, salinity, and oxidative treatments, accumulated thiamin and TPP. Moreover, the accumulation of these compounds in plants subjected to oxidative stress was accompanied by enhanced expression of transcripts encoding thiamin biosynthetic enzymes. When supplemented with exogenous thiamin, wild-type plants displayed enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress induced by paraquat. Thiamin application was also found to protect the reactive oxygen species-sensitive ascorbate peroxidase1 mutant from oxidative stress. Thiamin-induced tolerance to oxidative stress was accompanied by decreased production of reactive oxygen species in plants, as evidenced from decreased protein carbonylation and hydrogen peroxide accumulation. Because thiamin could protect the salicylic acid induction-deficient1 mutant against oxidative stress, thiamin-induced oxidative protection is likely independent of salicylic acid signaling or accumulation. Taken together, our studies suggest that thiamin and TPP function as important stress-response molecules that alleviate oxidative stress during different abiotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meral Tunc-Ozdemir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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94
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Wang Y, Liu R, Chen L, Wang Y, Liang Y, Wu X, Li B, Wu J, Liang Y, Wang X, Zhang C, Wang Q, Hong X, Dong H. Nicotiana tabacum TTG1 contributes to ParA1-induced signalling and cell death in leaf trichomes. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:2673-85. [PMID: 19596794 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.049023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf trichomes serve as a physical barrier and can also secrete antimicrobial compounds to protect plants from attacks by insects and pathogens. Besides the use of the physical and chemical mechanisms, leaf trichomes might also support plant responses by communicating the extrinsic cues to plant intrinsic signalling pathways. Here we report a role of leaf trichomes in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) hypersensitive cell death (HCD) induced by ParA1, an elicitin protein from a plant-pathogenic oomycete. After localized treatment with ParA1, reactive oxygen species were produced first in the leaf trichomes and then in mesophylls. Reactive oxygen species are a group of intracellular signals that are crucial for HCD to develop and for cells to undergo cell death subsequent to chromatin condensation, a hallmark of HCD. These events were impaired when the production of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) was inhibited by catalase or a NADPH-oxidase inhibitor applied to trichomes, suggesting the importance of H(2)O(2) in the pathway of HCD signal transduction from the trichomes to mesophylls. This pathway was no longer activated when leaf trichomes were treated with C51S, a ParA1 mutant protein defective in its interaction with N. tabacum TTG1 (NtTTG1), which is a trichome protein that binds ParA1, rather than C51S, in vitro and in trichome cells. The ParA1-NtTTG1 interaction and the HCD pathway were also abrogated when NtTTG1 was silenced in the trichomes. These observations suggest that NtTTG1 plays an essential role in HCD signal transduction from leaf trichomes to mesophylls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R. China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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95
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Buensanteai N, Yuen GY, Prathuangwong S. Priming, signaling, and protein production associated with induced resistance by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KPS46. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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96
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Zhang S, Yang X, Sun M, Sun F, Deng S, Dong H. Riboflavin-induced priming for pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 51:167-74. [PMID: 19200155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Riboflavin (vitamin B(2)) participates in a variety of redox processes that affect plant defense responses. Previously we have shown that riboflavin induces pathogen resistance in the absence of hypersensitive cell death (HCD) in plants. Herein, we report that riboflavin induces priming of defense responses in Arabidopsis thaliana toward infection by virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst). Induced resistance was mechanistically connected with the expression of defense response genes and cellular defense events, including H(2)O(2) burst, HCD, and callose deposition in the plant. Riboflavin treatment and inoculation of plants with Pst were neither active but both synergized to induce defense responses. The priming process needed NPR1 (essential regulator of systemic acquired resistance) and maintenance of H(2)O(2) burst but was independent of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Our results suggest that the role of riboflavin in priming defenses is subject to a signaling process distinct from the known pathways of hormone signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujian Zhang
- Plant Growth and Defense Signaling Laboratory, Group of Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Pathogens and Insect Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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97
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Park JY, Jin J, Lee YW, Kang S, Lee YH. Rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae) infects Arabidopsis via a mechanism distinct from that required for the infection of rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 149:474-86. [PMID: 18987215 PMCID: PMC2613700 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.129536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae is a hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen that causes rice (Oryza sativa) blast. Although M. oryzae as a whole infects a wide variety of monocotyledonous hosts, no dicotyledonous plant has been reported as a host. We found that two rice pathogenic strains of M. oryzae, KJ201 and 70-15, interacted differentially with 16 ecotypes of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Strain KJ201 infected all ecotypes with varying degrees of virulence, whereas strain 70-15 caused no symptoms in certain ecotypes. In highly susceptible ecotypes, small chlorotic lesions appeared on infected leaves within 3 d after inoculation and subsequently expanded across the affected leaves. The fungus produced spores in susceptible ecotypes but not in resistant ecotypes. Fungal cultures recovered from necrotic lesions caused the same symptoms in healthy plants, satisfying Koch's postulates. Histochemical analyses showed that infection by the fungus caused an accumulation of reactive oxygen species and eventual cell death. Similar to the infection process in rice, the fungus differentiated to form appressorium and directly penetrated the leaf surface in Arabidopsis. However, the pathogenic mechanism in Arabidopsis appears distinct from that in rice; three fungal genes essential for pathogenicity in rice played only limited roles in causing disease symptoms in Arabidopsis, and the fungus seems to colonize Arabidopsis as a necrotroph through the secretion of phytotoxic compounds, including 9,12-octadecadienoic acid. Expression of PR-1 and PDF1.2 was induced in response to infection by the fungus, suggesting the activation of salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent signaling pathways. However, the roles of these signaling pathways in defense against M. oryzae remain unclear. In combination with the wealth of genetic and genomic resources available for M. oryzae, this newly established pathosystem allows comparison of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying pathogenesis and host defense in two well-studied model plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Young Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
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98
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Ahn IP. Glufosinate ammonium-induced pathogen inhibition and defense responses culminate in disease protection in bar-transgenic rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:213-27. [PMID: 17981989 PMCID: PMC2230565 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.105890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glufosinate ammonium diminished developments of rice (Oryza sativa) blast and brown leaf spot in 35S:bar-transgenic rice. Pre- and postinoculation treatments of this herbicide reduced disease development. Glufosinate ammonium specifically impeded appressorium formation of the pathogens Magnaporthe grisea and Cochliobolus miyabeanus on hydrophobic surface and on transgenic rice. In contrast, conidial germination remained unaffected. Glufosinate ammonium diminished mycelial growth of two pathogens; however, this inhibitory effect was attenuated in malnutrition conditions. Glufosinate ammonium caused slight chlorosis and diminished chlorophyll content; however, these alterations were almost completely restored in transgenic rice within 7 d. Glufosinate ammonium triggered transcriptions of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED (PR) genes and hydrogen peroxide accumulation in transgenic rice and PR1 transcription in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) wild-type ecotype Columbia harboring 35S:bar construct. All transgenic Arabidopsis showed robust hydrogen peroxide accumulation by glufosinate ammonium. This herbicide also induced PR1 transcription in etr1 and jar1 expressing bar; however, no expression was observed in NahG and npr1. Fungal infection did not alter transcriptions of PR genes and hydrogen peroxide accumulation induced by glufosinate ammonium. Infiltration of glufosinate ammonium did not affect appressorium formation of M. grisea in vivo but inhibited blast disease development. Hydrogen peroxide scavengers nullified blast protection and transcriptions of PR genes by glufosinate ammonium; however, they did not affect brown leaf spot progression. In sum, both direct inhibition of pathogen infection and activation of defense systems were responsible for disease protection in bar-transgenic rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Pyung Ahn
- National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea.
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99
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Vitamin B1 biosynthesis in plants requires the essential iron sulfur cluster protein, THIC. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:19637-42. [PMID: 18048325 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0709597104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B1 (thiamin) is an essential compound in all organisms acting as a cofactor in key metabolic reactions and has furthermore been implicated in responses to DNA damage and pathogen attack in plants. Despite the fact that it was discovered almost a century ago and deficiency is a widespread health problem, much remains to be deciphered about its biosynthesis. The vitamin is composed of a thiazole and pyrimidine heterocycle, which can be synthesized by prokaryotes, fungi, and plants. Plants are the major source of the vitamin in the human diet, yet little is known about the biosynthesis of the compound therein. In particular, it has never been verified whether the pyrimidine heterocycle is derived from purine biosynthesis through the action of the THIC protein as in bacteria, rather than vitamin B6 and histidine as demonstrated for fungi. Here, we identify a homolog of THIC in Arabidopsis and demonstrate its essentiality not only for vitamin B1 biosynthesis, but also plant viability. This step takes place in the chloroplast and appears to be regulated at several levels, including through the presence of a riboswitch in the 3'-untranslated region of THIC. Strong evidence is provided for the involvement of an iron-sulfur cluster in the remarkable chemical rearrangement reaction catalyzed by the THIC protein for which there is no chemical precedent. The results suggest that vitamin B1 biosynthesis in plants is in fact more similar to prokaryotic counterparts and that the THIC protein is likely to be the key regulatory protein in the pathway.
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