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Ke D, He Y, Fan L, Niu R, Cheng L, Wang L, Zhang Z. The soybean TGA transcription factor GmTGA13 plays important roles in the response to salinity stress. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:313-322. [PMID: 34741387 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max L.) is an important oil, food and economic crop in the world. High salinity severely affects the growth and yield of soybean. Overexpressing a specific anti-retroviral transcription factor by biotechnology is an effective way to cultivate new stress-tolerant varieties of soybean. TGA transcription factor is a subfamily of bZIP and plays an important role in abiotic stress responses. A TGA subfamily gene GmTGA13 was cloned and the gene expression, subcellular localization and transcriptional activity were measured. Through the Ag. tumefaciens mediated flower dip method and the Ag. rhizogenes mediated transformation of soybean hairy roots, the transgenic Arabidopsis and the 'combination' soybean plants of overexpressing GmTGA13 were obtained. The two types of transgenic plants were treated with salt stress respectively, and the related physiological indexes were determined. Furthermore, the expression levels of five abiotic stress responsive genes were analyzed in GmTGA13 overexpression hairy roots. GmTGA13 gene was highly expressed in roots and significantly induced by saline stress in soybean. GmTGA13 encoded a nuclear localization protein and had transcriptional activation activity. Overexpression of GmTGA13 enhanced the saline stress tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis and the 'combination' soybean plants. Furthermore, overexpression of GmTGA13 enhanced the expression of the stress responsive genes in transgenic soybean hairy roots. In conclusion, overexpression of GmTGA13 is beneficial to the absorption of K+ and Ca2+ by the cell, thereby regulating the ion homeostasis in the cell balance. GmTGA13 enhanced salt resistance of plants by regulating the expression of many stress-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ke
- College of Life Sciences & Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Y He
- College of Life Sciences & Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - L Fan
- College of Life Sciences & Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - R Niu
- College of Life Sciences & Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - L Cheng
- College of Life Sciences & Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - L Wang
- College of Life Sciences & Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Z Zhang
- College of Life Sciences & Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
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Defense Strategies: The Role of Transcription Factors in Tomato-Pathogen Interaction. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020235. [PMID: 35205101 PMCID: PMC8869667 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Tomato is one of the most cultivated and economically important vegetable crops throughout the world. It is affected by a panoply of different pathogens that cause infectious diseases that reduce tomato yield and affect product quality, with the most common symptoms being wilts, leaf spots/blights, fruit spots, and rots. To survive, tomato, as other plants, have developed elaborate defense mechanisms against plant pathogens. Among several genes already identified in tomato response to pathogens, we highlight those encoding the transcription factors (TFs). TFs are regulators of gene expression and are involved in large-scale biological phenomena. Here, we present an overview of recent studies of tomato TFs regarding defense responses to pathogen attack, selected for their abundance, importance, and availability of functionally well-characterized members. Tomato TFs’ roles and the possibilities related to their use for genetic engineering in view of crop breeding are presented. Abstract Tomato, one of the most cultivated and economically important vegetable crops throughout the world, is affected by a panoply of different pathogens that reduce yield and affect product quality. The study of tomato–pathogen system arises as an ideal system for better understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying disease resistance, offering an opportunity of improving yield and quality of the products. Among several genes already identified in tomato response to pathogens, we highlight those encoding the transcription factors (TFs). TFs act as transcriptional activators or repressors of gene expression and are involved in large-scale biological phenomena. They are key regulators of central components of plant innate immune system and basal defense in diverse biological processes, including defense responses to pathogens. Here, we present an overview of recent studies of tomato TFs regarding defense responses to biotic stresses. Hence, we focus on different families of TFs, selected for their abundance, importance, and availability of functionally well-characterized members in response to pathogen attack. Tomato TFs’ roles and possibilities related to their use for engineering pathogen resistance in tomato are presented. With this review, we intend to provide new insights into the regulation of tomato defense mechanisms against invading pathogens in view of plant breeding.
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Spatiotemporal analysis identifies ABF2 and ABF3 as key hubs of endodermal response to nitrate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2107879119. [PMID: 35046022 PMCID: PMC8794810 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107879119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrate is a nutrient and a potent signal that impacts global gene expression in plants. However, the regulatory factors controlling temporal and cell type-specific nitrate responses remain largely unknown. We assayed nitrate-responsive transcriptome changes in five major root cell types of the Arabidopsis thaliana root as a function of time. We found that gene-expression response to nitrate is dynamic and highly localized and predicted cell type-specific transcription factor (TF)-target interactions. Among cell types, the endodermis stands out as having the largest and most connected nitrate-regulatory gene network. ABF2 and ABF3 are major hubs for transcriptional responses in the endodermis cell layer. We experimentally validated TF-target interactions for ABF2 and ABF3 by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing and a cell-based system to detect TF regulation genome-wide. Validated targets of ABF2 and ABF3 account for more than 50% of the nitrate-responsive transcriptome in the endodermis. Moreover, ABF2 and ABF3 are involved in nitrate-induced lateral root growth. Our approach offers an unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution of the root response to nitrate and identifies important components of cell-specific gene regulatory networks.
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Wu J, Wu Q, Bo Z, Zhu X, Zhang J, Li Q, Kong W. Comprehensive Effects of Flowering Locus T-Mediated Stem Growth in Tobacco. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:922919. [PMID: 35783923 PMCID: PMC9243646 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.922919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, Flowering locus T (FT) encodes a major florigen. It is a key flowering hormone in controlling flowering time and has a wide range of effects on plant development. Although the mechanism by which FT promotes flowering is currently clearly understood, comprehensive effects of the FT gene on plant growth have not been evaluated. Therefore, the effects of FT on vegetative growth need to be explored for a complete understanding of the molecular functions of the FT gene. In this study, the Jatropha curcas L. FT gene was overexpressed in tobacco (JcFTOE) in order to discover multiple aspects and related mechanisms of how the FT gene affects plant development. In JcFTOE plants, root, stem, and leaf development was strongly affected. Stem tissues were selected for further transcriptome analysis. In JcFTOE plants, stem growth was affected because of changes in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell wall. In the nucleus of JcFTOE plants, the primary effect was to weaken all aspects of DNA replication, which ultimately affected the cell cycle and cell division. The number of stem cells decreased significantly in JcFTOE plants, which decreased the thickness and height of tobacco stems. In the cell wall of JcFTOE plants, hemicellulose and cellulose contents increased, with the increase in hemicellulose associated with up-regulation of xylan synthase-related genes expression. In the cytoplasm of JcFTOE plants, the primary effects were on biogenesis of ribonucleoprotein complexes, photosynthesis, carbohydrate biosynthesis, and the cytoskeleton. In addition, in the cytoplasm of JcFTOE plants, there were changes in certain factors of the core oscillator, expression of many light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding proteins was down-regulated, and expression of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase genes was up-regulated to increase starch content in tobacco stems. Changes in the xylem and phloem of JcFTOE plants were also identified, and in particular, xylem development was affected by significant increases in expression of irregular xylem genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Wu,
| | - Qiuhong Wu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjian Bo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuli Zhu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenqing Kong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Xie L, Wu Y, Duan X, Li T, Jiang Y. Proteomic and physiological analysis provides an elucidation of Fusarium proliferatum infection causing crown rot on banana fruit. Microbiol Res 2021; 256:126952. [PMID: 34968824 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium proliferatum causes the crown rot of harvested banana fruit but the underling infection mechanism remains unclear. Here, proteomic changes of the banana peel with and without inoculation of F. proliferatum were evaluated. In addition, we investigated the effects of F. proliferatum infection on cell structure, hormone content, primary metabolites and defense-related enzyme activities in the banana peel. Our results showed that F. proliferatum infection mainly affects cell wall components and inhibits the activities of polyphenoloxidase, peroxidase, and chitinase. Gel free quantitative proteomic analysis showed 92 down-regulated and 29 up-regulated proteins of banana peel after F. proliferatum infection. These proteins were mainly related to defense response to biotic stress, chloroplast structure and function, JA signaling pathway, and primary metabolism. Although jasmonic acid (JA) content and JA signaling component coronatine-insensitive (COI) protein were induced by F. proliferatum infection, JA-responsible defense genes/proteins were downregulated. In contrast, expression of senescence-related genes was induced by F. proliferatum, indicating that F. proliferatum modulated the JA signaling to accelerate the senescence of banana fruit. Additionally, salicylic acid (SA) content and SA signaling for resistance acquisition were inhibited by F. proliferatum. Taken together, these results suggest that F. proliferatum depolymerizes the cell wall barrier, impairs the defense system in banana fruit, and activates non-defensive JA-signaling pathway accelerated the senescence of banana fruit. This study provided the elucidation of the prominent pathways disturbed by F. proliferatum in banana fruit, which will facilitate the development of a new strategy to control crown rot of banana fruit and improvement of banana cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Xie
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yanfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Taotao Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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56
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Menéndez AB, Ruiz OA. Stress-regulated elements in Lotus spp., as a possible starting point to understand signalling networks and stress adaptation in legumes. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12110. [PMID: 34909267 PMCID: PMC8641479 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although legumes are of primary economic importance for human and livestock consumption, the information regarding signalling networks during plant stress response in this group is very scarce. Lotus japonicus is a major experimental model within the Leguminosae family, whereas L. corniculatus and L. tenuis are frequent components of natural and agricultural ecosystems worldwide. These species display differences in their perception and response to diverse stresses, even at the genotype level, whereby they have been used in many studies aimed at achieving a better understanding of the plant stress-response mechanisms. However, we are far from the identification of key components of their stress-response signalling network, a previous step for implementing transgenic and editing tools to develop legume stress-resilient genotypes, with higher crop yield and quality. In this review we scope a body of literature, highlighting what is currently known on the stress-regulated signalling elements so far reported in Lotus spp. Our work includes a comprehensive review of transcription factors chaperones, redox signals and proteins of unknown function. In addition, we revised strigolactones and genes regulating phytochelatins and hormone metabolism, due to their involvement as intermediates in several physiological signalling networks. This work was intended for a broad readership in the fields of physiology, metabolism, plant nutrition, genetics and signal transduction. Our results suggest that Lotus species provide a valuable information platform for the study of specific protein-protein (PPI) interactions, as a starting point to unravel signalling networks underlying plant acclimatation to bacterial and abiotic stressors in legumes. Furthermore, some Lotus species may be a source of genes whose regulation improves stress tolerance and growth when introduced ectopically in other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Menéndez
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales., Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Overseas, Argentina.,Instituto de Micología y Botánica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Overseas, Argentina
| | - Oscar Adolfo Ruiz
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Nomoto M, Skelly MJ, Itaya T, Mori T, Suzuki T, Matsushita T, Tokizawa M, Kuwata K, Mori H, Yamamoto YY, Higashiyama T, Tsukagoshi H, Spoel SH, Tada Y. Suppression of MYC transcription activators by the immune cofactor NPR1 fine-tunes plant immune responses. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110125. [PMID: 34910911 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants tailor immune responses to defend against pathogens with different lifestyles. In this process, antagonism between the immune hormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) optimizes transcriptional signatures specifically to the attacker encountered. Antagonism is controlled by the transcription cofactor NPR1. The indispensable role of NPR1 in activating SA-responsive genes is well understood, but how it functions as a repressor of JA-responsive genes remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that SA-induced NPR1 is recruited to JA-responsive promoter regions that are co-occupied by a JA-induced transcription complex consisting of the MYC2 activator and MED25 Mediator subunit. In the presence of SA, NPR1 physically associates with JA-induced MYC2 and inhibits transcriptional activation by disrupting its interaction with MED25. Importantly, NPR1-mediated inhibition of MYC2 is a major immune mechanism for suppressing pathogen virulence. Thus, NPR1 orchestrates the immune transcriptome not only by activating SA-responsive genes but also by acting as a corepressor of JA-responsive MYC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Nomoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan; Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Michael J Skelly
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Tomotaka Itaya
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mori
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- JST ERATO Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Tomonao Matsushita
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Mutsutomo Tokizawa
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mori
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan; JST ERATO Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan; Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hironaka Tsukagoshi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Tenpaku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8502, Japan
| | - Steven H Spoel
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
| | - Yasuomi Tada
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan; Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan.
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Nair A, Goyal I, Voß E, Mrozek P, Prajapati S, Thurow C, Tietze L, Tittmann K, Gatz C. N-hydroxypipecolic acid-induced transcription requires the salicylic acid signaling pathway at basal SA levels. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2803-2819. [PMID: 34890459 PMCID: PMC8644824 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a plant immune response established in uninfected leaves after colonization of local leaves with biotrophic or hemibiotrophic pathogens. The amino acid-derived metabolite N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) travels from infected to systemic leaves, where it activates salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis through the isochorismate pathway. The resulting increased SA levels are essential for induction of a large set of SAR marker genes and full SAR establishment. In this study, we show that pharmacological treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana with NHP induces a subset of SAR-related genes even in the SA induction-deficient2 (sid2/isochorismate synthase1) mutant, which is devoid of NHP-induced SA. NHP-mediated induction is abolished in sid2-1 NahG plants, in which basal SA levels are degraded. The SA receptor NON-EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1 (NPR1) and its interacting TGACG SEQUENCE-SPECIFIC BINDING PROTEIN (TGA) transcription factors are required for the NHP-mediated induction of SAR genes at resting SA levels. Isothermal titration analysis determined a KD of 7.9 ± 0.5 µM for the SA/NPR1 complex, suggesting that basal levels of SA would not bind to NPR1 unless yet unknown potentially NHP-induced processes increase the affinity. Moreover, the nucleocytoplasmic protein PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 is required for a slight NHP-mediated increase in NPR1 protein levels and NHP-induced expression of SAR-related genes. Our experiments have unraveled that NHP requires basal SA and components of the SA signaling pathway to induce SAR genes. Still, the mechanism of NHP perception remains enigmatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Nair
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Isha Goyal
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Edgar Voß
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August University Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pascal Mrozek
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabin Prajapati
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Göttingen Centre for Molecular Biosciences and Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Georg-August University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Structural Dynamics, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Corinna Thurow
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Tietze
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August University Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kai Tittmann
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Göttingen Centre for Molecular Biosciences and Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Georg-August University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Structural Dynamics, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Gatz
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Author for communication:
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59
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Chen H, Li M, Qi G, Zhao M, Liu L, Zhang J, Chen G, Wang D, Liu F, Fu ZQ. Two interacting transcriptional coactivators cooperatively control plant immune responses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabl7173. [PMID: 34739308 PMCID: PMC8570602 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl7173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) plays a pivotal role in plant defense against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens. NPR1 and EDS1 function as two central hubs in plant local and systemic immunity. However, it is unclear how NPR1 orchestrates gene regulation and whether EDS1 directly participates in transcriptional reprogramming. Here, we show that NPR1 and EDS1 synergistically activate pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and plant defenses by forming a protein complex and recruiting Mediator. We discover that EDS1 functions as an autonomous transcriptional coactivator with intrinsic transactivation domains and physically interacts with the CDK8 subunit of Mediator. Upon SA induction, EDS1 is directly recruited by NPR1 onto the PR1 promoter via physical NPR1-EDS1 interactions, thereby potentiating PR1 activation. We further demonstrate that EDS1 stabilizes NPR1 protein and NPR1 transcriptionally up-regulates EDS1. Our results reveal an elegant interplay of key coactivators with Mediator and elucidate important molecular mechanisms for activating transcription during immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety–State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Guang Qi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Longyu Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety–State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Gongyou Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety–State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Corresponding author. (F.L.); (Z.Q.F.)
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Corresponding author. (F.L.); (Z.Q.F.)
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Sikder MM, Vestergård M, Kyndt T, Kudjordjie EN, Nicolaisen M. Phytohormones selectively affect plant parasitic nematodes associated with Arabidopsis roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1272-1285. [PMID: 34115415 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones may affect plant-nematode interactions directly as chemo-attractants or -repellents, or indirectly through the root-associated microbiome or through host defense mechanisms. However, the exact roles of phytohormones in these complex plant-soil-nematode interactions are not well understood. We used Arabidopsis thaliana mutants impaired in phytohormone synthesis or sensitivity to elucidate their role in root-nematode interactions. As root-associated microorganisms may modulate these interactions, we explored correlations between the relative abundances of root-associated nematodes, and bacteria and fungi using amplicon sequencing. We found distinct shifts in relative abundances of a range of nematode taxa in the A. thaliana phytohormone mutants. The root knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla, a sedentary endoparasitic species that is in intimate contact with the host, was highly enriched in JA-, SA- and SL-impaired lines, and in an ET-insensitive line. Positive or negative correlations between specific microbial and nematode taxa were observed, but, as the inference of causal relationships between microbiome responses and effects on nematode communities is premature, this should be studied in detail in future studies. In conclusion, genetic derailment of hormonal balances generally rendered plants vulnerable to endoparasitic nematode attack. Furthermore, preliminary data suggest that this effect may be partially modulated by the associated microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Maniruzzaman Sikder
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Slagelse, 4200, Denmark
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Mette Vestergård
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Slagelse, 4200, Denmark
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Enoch Narh Kudjordjie
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Slagelse, 4200, Denmark
| | - Mogens Nicolaisen
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Slagelse, 4200, Denmark
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Nabi RBS, Rolly NK, Tayade R, Khan M, Shahid M, Yun BW. Enhanced Resistance of atbzip62 against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Suggests Negative Regulation of Plant Basal Defense and Systemic Acquired Resistance by AtbZIP62 Transcription Factor. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111541. [PMID: 34768971 PMCID: PMC8584143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic defense mechanisms of plants toward pathogenic bacteria have been widely investigated for years and are still at the center of interest in plant biosciences research. This study investigated the role of the AtbZIP62 gene encoding a transcription factor (TF) in the basal defense and systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis using the reverse genetics approach. To achieve that, the atbzip62 mutant line (lacking the AtbZIP62 gene) was challenged with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst DC3000) inoculated by infiltration into Arabidopsis leaves at the rosette stage. The results indicated that atbzip62 plants showed an enhanced resistance phenotype toward Pst DC3000 vir over time compared to Col-0 and the susceptible disease controls, atgsnor1-3 and atsid2. In addition, the transcript accumulation of pathogenesis-related genes, AtPR1 and AtPR2, increased significantly in atbzip62 over time (0–72 h post-inoculation, hpi) compared to that of atgsnor1-3 and atsid2 (susceptible lines), with AtPR1 prevailing over AtPR2. When coupled with the recorded pathogen growth (expressed as a colony-forming unit, CFU mL−1), the induction of PR genes, associated with the salicylic acid (SA) defense signaling, in part explained the observed enhanced resistance of atbzip62 mutant plants in response to Pst DC3000 vir. Furthermore, when Pst DC3000 avrB was inoculated, the expression of AtPR1 was upregulated in the systemic leaves of Col-0, while that of AtPR2 remained at a basal level in Col-0. Moreover, the expression of AtAZI (a systemic acquired resistance -related) gene was significantly upregulated at all time points (0–24 h post-inoculation, hpi) in atbzip62 compared to Col-0 and atgsnor1-3 and atsid2. Under the same conditions, AtG3DPH exhibited a high transcript accumulation level 48 hpi in the atbzip62 background. Therefore, all data put together suggest that AtPR1 and AtPR2 coupled with AtAZI and AtG3DPH, with AtAZI prevailing over AtG3DPH, would contribute to the recorded enhanced resistance phenotype of the atbzip62 mutant line against Pst DC3000. Thus, the AtbZIP62 TF is proposed as a negative regulator of basal defense and systemic acquired resistance in plants under Pst DC3000 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwana Begum Syed Nabi
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (R.B.S.N.); (N.K.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Miryang 50424, Korea
| | - Nkulu Kabange Rolly
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (R.B.S.N.); (N.K.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Miryang 50424, Korea
- National Laboratory of Seed Testing, National Seed Service, SENASEM, Ministry of Agriculture, Kinshasa 904KIN1, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Rupesh Tayade
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Murtaza Khan
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (R.B.S.N.); (N.K.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (R.B.S.N.); (N.K.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
- Agriculture Research Institute Mingora, Swat 19130, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (R.B.S.N.); (N.K.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-950-5712
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Jiang H, Gu S, Li K, Gai J. Two TGA Transcription Factor Members from Hyper-Susceptible Soybean Exhibiting Significant Basal Resistance to Soybean mosaic virus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11329. [PMID: 34768757 PMCID: PMC8583413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
TGA transcription factors (TFs) exhibit basal resistance in Arabidopsis, but susceptibility to a pathogen attack in tomatoes; however, their roles in soybean (Glycine max) to Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) are unknown. In this study, 27 TGA genes were isolated from a SMV hyper-susceptible soybean NN1138-2, designated GmTGA1~GmTGA27, which were clustered into seven phylogenetic groups. The expression profiles of GmTGAs showed that the highly expressed genes were mainly in Groups I, II, and VII under non-induction conditions, while out of the 27 GmTGAs, 19 responded to SMV-induction. Interestingly, in further transient N. benthamiana-SMV pathosystem assay, all the 19 GmTGAs overexpressed did not promote SMV infection in inoculated leaves, but they exhibited basal resistance except one without function. Among the 18 functional ones, GmTGA8 and GmTGA19, with similar motif distribution, nuclear localization sequence and interaction proteins, showed a rapid response to SMV infection and performed better than the others in inhibiting SMV multiplication. This finding suggested that GmTGA TFs may support basal resistance to SMV even from a hyper-susceptible source. What the mechanism of the genes (GmTGA8, GmTGA19, etc.) with basal resistance to SMV is and what their potential for the future improvement of resistance to SMV in soybeans is, are to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jiang
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.J.); (S.G.); (K.L.)
- MOA National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shengyu Gu
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.J.); (S.G.); (K.L.)
- MOA National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai Li
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.J.); (S.G.); (K.L.)
- MOA National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junyi Gai
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.J.); (S.G.); (K.L.)
- MOA National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Tzean Y, Hou BH, Tsao SM, Chen HM, Cheng AP, Chen EG, Chou WY, Chao CP, Shen WC, Chen CC, Lee MC, Ashraf I, Yeh HH. Identification of MaWRKY40 and MaDLO1 as Effective Marker Genes for Tracking the Salicylic Acid-Mediated Immune Response in Bananas. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1800-1810. [PMID: 33703920 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-21-0017-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bananas are among the world's most important cash and staple crops but are threatened by various devastating pathogens. The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) plays a key role in the regulation of plant immune response. Tracking the expression of SA-responsive marker genes under pathogen infection is important in pathogenesis elucidation. However, the common SA-responsive marker genes are not consistently induced in different banana cultivars or different organs. Here, we conducted transcriptome analysis for SA response of a banana cultivar, 'Pei-Chiao' (Cavendish, AAA genome), and identified three genes, MaWRKY40, MaWRKY70, and Downy Mildew Resistant 6 (DMR6)-Like Oxygenase 1 (MaDLO1) that are robustly induced upon SA treatment in both the leaves and roots. Consistent induction of these three genes by SA treatment was also detected in both the leaves and roots of bananas belonging to different genome types such as 'Tai-Chiao No. 7' (Cavendish, AAA genome), 'Pisang Awak' (ABB genome), and 'Lady Finger' (AA genome). Furthermore, the biotrophic pathogen cucumber mosaic virus elicited the expression of MaWRKY40 and MaDLO1 in infected leaves of susceptible cultivars. The hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (TR4) also consistently induced the expression of MaWRKY40 and MaDLO1 in the infected roots of the F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense TR4-resistant cultivar. These results indicate that MaWRKY40 and MaDLO1 can be used as reliable SA-responsive marker genes for the study of plant immunity in banana. Revealing SA-responsive marker genes provides a stepping stone for further studies in banana resistance to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh Tzean
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Han Hou
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ming Tsao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Ming Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - An-Po Cheng
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Elena Gamboa Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yi Chou
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ping Chao
- Taiwan Banana Research Institute, Jiuru Township, Pingtung County, 90442, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chiang Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Da'an District, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chyi-Chuann Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chi Lee
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Iqra Ashraf
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hung Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Da'an District, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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64
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Dudley QM, Cai YM, Kallam K, Debreyne H, Carrasco Lopez JA, Patron NJ. Biofoundry-assisted expression and characterization of plant proteins. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2021; 6:ysab029. [PMID: 34693026 PMCID: PMC8529701 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many goals in synthetic biology, including the elucidation and refactoring of biosynthetic pathways and the engineering of regulatory circuits and networks, require knowledge of protein function. In plants, the prevalence of large gene families means it can be particularly challenging to link specific functions to individual proteins. However, protein characterization has remained a technical bottleneck, often requiring significant effort to optimize expression and purification protocols. To leverage the ability of biofoundries to accelerate design-built-test-learn cycles, we present a workflow for automated DNA assembly and cell-free expression of plant proteins that accelerates optimization and enables rapid screening of enzyme activity. First, we developed a phytobrick-compatible Golden Gate DNA assembly toolbox containing plasmid acceptors for cell-free expression using Escherichia coli or wheat germ lysates as well as a set of N- and C-terminal tag parts for detection, purification and improved expression/folding. We next optimized automated assembly of miniaturized cell-free reactions using an acoustic liquid handling platform and then compared tag configurations to identify those that increase expression. We additionally developed a luciferase-based system for rapid quantification that requires a minimal 11-amino acid tag and demonstrate facile removal of tags following synthesis. Finally, we show that several functional assays can be performed with cell-free protein synthesis reactions without the need for protein purification. Together, the combination of automated assembly of DNA parts and cell-free expression reactions should significantly increase the throughput of experiments to test and understand plant protein function and enable the direct reuse of DNA parts in downstream plant engineering workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin M Dudley
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk UK
| | - Yao-Min Cai
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk UK
| | - Kalyani Kallam
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk UK
| | - Hubert Debreyne
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk UK
| | | | - Nicola J Patron
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk UK
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65
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Srivastava S, Suprasanna P. MicroRNAs: Tiny, powerful players of metal stress responses in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:928-938. [PMID: 34246107 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal contamination of the environment is a widespread problem threatening sustainable and safe crop production. Physio-biochemical and molecular mechanisms of plant responses to metal exposure have been studied to establish the best possible agronomical or biotechnological methods to tackle metal contamination. Metal stress tolerance is regulated by several molecular effectors among which microRNAs are one of the key master regulators of plant growth and stress responses in plants. MicroRNAs are known to coordinate multitude of plant responses to metal stress through antioxidant functions, root growth, hormonal signalling, transcription factors and metal transporters. The present review discusses integrative functions of microRNAs in the regulation of metal stress in plants, which will be useful for engineering stress tolerance traits for improved plant growth and productivity in metal stressed situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Srivastava
- Plant Stress Biology Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India.
| | - Penna Suprasanna
- Nuclear Agriculture & Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India
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66
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Xu X, Xu J, Yuan C, Hu Y, Liu Q, Chen Q, Zhang P, Shi N, Qin C. Characterization of genes associated with TGA7 during the floral transition. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:367. [PMID: 34380420 PMCID: PMC8359562 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03144-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The TGACG-binding (TGA) family has 10 members that play vital roles in Arabidopsis thaliana defense responses and development. However, their involvement in controlling flowering time remains largely unknown and requires further investigation. RESULTS To study the role of TGA7 during floral transition, we first investigated the tga7 mutant, which displayed a delayed-flowering phenotype under both long-day and short-day conditions. We then performed a flowering genetic pathway analysis and found that both autonomous and thermosensory pathways may affect TGA7 expression. Furthermore, to reveal the differential gene expression profiles between wild-type (WT) and tga7, cDNA libraries were generated for WT and tga7 mutant seedlings at 9 days after germination. For each library, deep-sequencing produced approximately 6.67 Gb of high-quality sequences, with the majority (84.55 %) of mRNAs being between 500 and 3,000 nt. In total, 325 differentially expressed genes were identified between WT and tga7 mutant seedlings. Among them, four genes were associated with flowering time control. The differential expression of these four flowering-related genes was further validated by qRT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS Among these four differentially expressed genes associated with flowering time control, FLC and MAF5 may be mainly responsible for the delayed-flowering phenotype in tga7, as TGA7 expression was regulated by autonomous pathway genes. These results provide a framework for further studying the role of TGA7 in promoting flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Xu
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingya Xu
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Yuan
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yikai Hu
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinggang Liu
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nongnong Shi
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Cheng Qin
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, China.
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Hao J, Wang D, Wu Y, Huang K, Duan P, Li N, Xu R, Zeng D, Dong G, Zhang B, Zhang L, Inzé D, Qian Q, Li Y. The GW2-WG1-OsbZIP47 pathway controls grain size and weight in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1266-1280. [PMID: 33930509 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of seed size is a key strategy for improving crop yield and is also a basic biological question. However, the molecular mechanisms by which plants determine their seed size remain elusive. Here, we report that the GW2-WG1-OsbZIP47 regulatory module controls grain width and weight in rice. WG1, which encodes a glutaredoxin protein, promotes grain growth by increasing cell proliferation. Interestingly, WG1 interacts with the transcription factor OsbZIP47 and represses its transcriptional activity by associating with the transcriptional co-repressor ASP1, indicating that WG1 may act as an adaptor protein to recruit the transcriptional co-repressor. In contrary, OsbZIP47 restricts grain growth by decreasing cell proliferation. Further studies reveal that the E3 ubiquitin ligase GW2 ubiquitinates WG1 and targets it for degradation. Genetic analyses confirm that GW2, WG1, and OsbZIP47 function in a common pathway to control grain growth. Taken together, our findings reveal a genetic and molecular framework for the control of grain size and weight by the GW2-WG1-OsbZIP47 regulatory module, providing new targets for improving seed size and weight in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dekai Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yingbao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ke Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Penggen Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ran Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Guojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Baolan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Yunhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
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68
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Kattupalli D, Srinivasan A, Soniya EV. A Genome-Wide Analysis of Pathogenesis-Related Protein-1 ( PR-1) Genes from Piper nigrum Reveals Its Critical Role during Phytophthora capsici Infection. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1007. [PMID: 34208836 PMCID: PMC8303604 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is a prominent spice that is an indispensable ingredient in cuisine and traditional medicine. Phytophthora capsici, the causative agent of footrot disease, causes a drastic constraint in P. nigrum cultivation and productivity. To counterattack various biotic and abiotic stresses, plants employ a broad array of mechanisms that includes the accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. Through a genome-wide survey, eleven PR-1 genes that belong to a CAP superfamily protein with a caveolin-binding motif (CBM) and a CAP-derived peptide (CAPE) were identified from P. nigrum. Despite the critical functional domains, PnPR-1 homologs differ in their signal peptide motifs and core amino acid composition in the functional protein domains. The conserved motifs of PnPR-1 proteins were identified using MEME. Most of the PnPR-1 proteins were basic in nature. Secondary and 3D structure analyses of the PnPR-1 proteins were also predicted, which may be linked to a functional role in P. nigrum. The GO and KEGG functional annotations predicted their function in the defense responses of plant-pathogen interactions. Furthermore, a transcriptome-assisted FPKM analysis revealed PnPR-1 genes mapped to the P. nigrum-P. capsici interaction pathway. An altered expression pattern was detected for PnPR-1 transcripts among which a significant upregulation was noted for basic PnPR-1 genes such as CL10113.C1 and Unigene17664. The drastic variation in the transcript levels of CL10113.C1 was further validated through qRT-PCR and it showed a significant upregulation in infected leaf samples compared with the control. A subsequent analysis revealed the structural details, phylogenetic relationships, conserved sequence motifs and critical cis-regulatory elements of PnPR-1 genes. This is the first genome-wide study that identified the role of PR-1 genes during P. nigrum-P. capsici interactions. The detailed in silico experimental analysis revealed the vital role of PnPR-1 genes in regulating the first layer of defense towards a P. capsici infection in Panniyur-1 plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eppurath Vasudevan Soniya
- Transdisciplinary Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India; (D.K.); (A.S.)
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Budimir J, Treffon K, Nair A, Thurow C, Gatz C. Redox-active cysteines in TGACG-BINDING FACTOR 1 (TGA1) do not play a role in salicylic acid or pathogen-induced expression of TGA1-regulated target genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:2420-2432. [PMID: 32315441 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important signaling molecule of the plant immune system. In Arabidopsis thaliana, SA biosynthesis is indirectly modulated by the closely related transcription factors TGACG-BINDING FACTOR 1 and 4 (TGA1 and TGA4, respectively). They activate expression of SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE DEFICIENT1, the gene product of which regulates the key SA biosynthesis gene ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1. Since TGA1 interacts with the SA receptor NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1) in a redox-dependent manner and since the redox state of TGA1 is altered in SA-treated plants, TGA1 was assumed to play a role in the NPR1-dependent signaling cascade. Here, we identified 193 out of 2090 SA-induced genes that require TGA1/TGA4 for maximal expression after SA treatment. One robustly TGA1/TGA4-dependent gene encodes for the SA hydroxylase DOWNY MILDEW RESISTANT 6-LIKE OXYGENASE 1, suggesting an additional regulatory role of TGA1/TGA4 in SA catabolism. Expression of TGA1/TGA4-dependent genes in mock/SA-treated or Pseudomonas-infected plants was rescued in the tga1 tga4 double mutant after introduction of a mutant genomic TGA1 fragment encoding a TGA1 protein without any cysteines. Thus, the functional significance of the observed redox modification of TGA1 in SA-treated tissues remains enigmatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Budimir
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Treffon
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aswin Nair
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Corinnna Thurow
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Gatz
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
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Herrera-Vásquez A, Fonseca A, Ugalde JM, Lamig L, Seguel A, Moyano TC, Gutiérrez RA, Salinas P, Vidal EA, Holuigue L. TGA class II transcription factors are essential to restrict oxidative stress in response to UV-B stress in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1891-1905. [PMID: 33188435 PMCID: PMC7921300 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess a robust metabolic network for sensing and controlling reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels upon stress conditions. Evidence shown here supports a role for TGA class II transcription factors as critical regulators of genes controlling ROS levels in the tolerance response to UV-B stress in Arabidopsis. First, tga256 mutant plants showed reduced capacity to scavenge H2O2 and restrict oxidative damage in response to UV-B, and also to methylviologen-induced photooxidative stress. The TGA2 transgene (tga256/TGA2 plants) complemented these phenotypes. Second, RNAseq followed by clustering and Gene Ontology term analyses indicate that TGA2/5/6 positively control the UV-B-induced expression of a group of genes with oxidoreductase, glutathione transferase, and glucosyltransferase activities, such as members of the glutathione S-transferase Tau subfamily (GSTU), which encodes peroxide-scavenging enzymes. Accordingly, increased glutathione peroxidase activity triggered by UV-B was impaired in tga256 mutants. Third, the function of TGA2/5/6 as transcriptional activators of GSTU genes in the UV-B response was confirmed for GSTU7, GSTU8, and GSTU25, using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and ChIP analyses. Fourth, expression of the GSTU7 transgene complemented the UV-B-susceptible phenotype of tga256 mutant plants. Together, this evidence indicates that TGA2/5/6 factors are key regulators of the antioxidant/detoxifying response to an abiotic stress such as UV-B light overexposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Herrera-Vásquez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Fonseca
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Manuel Ugalde
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Liliana Lamig
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Seguel
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomás C Moyano
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Salinas
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elena A Vidal
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Loreto Holuigue
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Park HC, Park BO, Kim HS, Kim SH, Lee SW, Chung WS. AtMPK6-induced phosphorylation of AtERF72 enhances its DNA binding activity and interaction with TGA4/OBF4 in Arabidopsis. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:11-20. [PMID: 33073469 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ethylene-responsive element binding factor (ERF) family is a large family of transcription factors involved in plant development and environmental stress responses. We previously reported the identification of 29 putative substrates of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase3 (AtMPK3), AtMPK4 and AtMPK6, based on a solid-phase phosphorylation screening using a lambda phage expression library in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, a putative MPK substrate, AtERF72 (At3g16770), was strongly phosphorylated by AtMPK6 on the serine residue at position 151 (Ser151). AtERF72 binds to the GCC box (AGCCGCC) in the promoters of several pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and activates their transcription. We also show that the DNA-binding activity of AtERF72 is enhanced upon phosphorylation by AtMPK6 in vitro. In addition, transient co-expression experiments in Arabidopsis protoplasts revealed that effector constructs expressing a mutant variant of AtERF72, AtERF72S151D (carrying a Ser to aspartic acid [Asp] substitution at amino acid position 151) showed higher expression of the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene driven by the GCC box element than effector constructs expressing the wild-type AtERF72. Furthermore, yeast two-hybrid assays revealed that the interaction between AtERF72S151D and TGA4/OBF4 was stronger than that between wild-type AtERF72 and TGA4/OBF4. Since AtERF72S151D is equivalent to AtERF72 phosphorylated by AtMPK6 at Ser151, these results suggest that the phosphorylation of AtERF72 by AtMPK6 triggers an event of transcriptional regulation from defence signalling in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Park
- Team of Vulnerable Ecological Research, Division of Climate and Ecology, Bureau of Conservation & Assessment Research, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - B O Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - H S Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - S H Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - S W Lee
- Department of Agronomy & Medicinal Plant Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science & Technology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - W S Chung
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Zhou Y, Jing M, Levy A, Wang H, Jiang S, Dou D. Molecular mechanism of nanochitin whisker elicits plant resistance against Phytophthora and the receptors in plants. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2660-2667. [PMID: 33096175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rod-like nanochitin (NC) whisker with cationic nature has a strong synergistic effect with fungicides on inhibition of tobacco root rot disease. This study we explored the activity of NC against Phytophthora and the mechanism for eliciting plant defense response and the receptors in planta. P. capsici isolates, model Nicotiana benthamiana plants and Arabidopsis thaliana were treated with 0.005% of NC suspension and 1 μM of flg22. Infection control efficacy against P. capsici isolates, biosynthetic enzyme activities and the PR genes expression were determined at different hours post treatment in plant. The infection control efficacy, ROS generation, and PTI maker gene expression were re-analyzed in A. thaliana Col-0, bak1 and cerk1 mutants. The results showed that NC did not exhibit inhibitory effect on vegetative growth of P. capsici, but enhanced the resistance against P. capsici by systemically enhanced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and PR gene expression. P. capsici resistance, PTI maker gene promotion, and ROS production in A. thaliana induced by NC depended not only on chitin receptor CERK1, but also BAK1. NC and flg22 induced oomycete immunity through a mechanism of a cross-microbe protection via the BAK1-CERK1 pathway in plant, pointing to the complexity of the plant immunity system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Amit Levy
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Hezhong Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China; NanoAgro Center, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - Shijun Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China; NanoAgro Center, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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Cai YM, Kallam K, Tidd H, Gendarini G, Salzman A, Patron NJ. Rational design of minimal synthetic promoters for plants. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:11845-11856. [PMID: 32856047 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.14.095406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Promoters serve a critical role in establishing baseline transcriptional capacity through the recruitment of proteins, including transcription factors. Previously, a paucity of data for cis-regulatory elements in plants meant that it was challenging to determine which sequence elements in plant promoter sequences contributed to transcriptional function. In this study, we have identified functional elements in the promoters of plant genes and plant pathogens that utilize plant transcriptional machinery for gene expression. We have established a quantitative experimental system to investigate transcriptional function, investigating how identity, density and position contribute to regulatory function. We then identified permissive architectures for minimal synthetic plant promoters enabling the computational design of a suite of synthetic promoters of different strengths. These have been used to regulate the relative expression of output genes in simple genetic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Min Cai
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Kalyani Kallam
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Henry Tidd
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Giovanni Gendarini
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Amanda Salzman
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Nicola J Patron
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk NR4 7UZ, UK
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Cai YM, Kallam K, Tidd H, Gendarini G, Salzman A, Patron N. Rational design of minimal synthetic promoters for plants. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:11845-11856. [PMID: 32856047 PMCID: PMC7708054 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoters serve a critical role in establishing baseline transcriptional capacity through the recruitment of proteins, including transcription factors. Previously, a paucity of data for cis-regulatory elements in plants meant that it was challenging to determine which sequence elements in plant promoter sequences contributed to transcriptional function. In this study, we have identified functional elements in the promoters of plant genes and plant pathogens that utilize plant transcriptional machinery for gene expression. We have established a quantitative experimental system to investigate transcriptional function, investigating how identity, density and position contribute to regulatory function. We then identified permissive architectures for minimal synthetic plant promoters enabling the computational design of a suite of synthetic promoters of different strengths. These have been used to regulate the relative expression of output genes in simple genetic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Min Cai
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Kalyani Kallam
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Henry Tidd
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Giovanni Gendarini
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Amanda Salzman
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Nicola J Patron
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk NR4 7UZ, UK
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Akbar S, Wei Y, Yuan Y, Khan MT, Qin L, Powell CA, Chen B, Zhang M. Gene expression profiling of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense system following Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:532. [PMID: 33228528 PMCID: PMC7685628 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses are infectious pathogens, and plant virus epidemics can have devastating consequences to crop yield and quality. Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV, belonging to family Potyviridae) is one of the leading pathogens that affect the sugarcane crop every year. To combat the pathogens' attack, plants generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) as the first line of defense whose sophisticated balance is achieved through well-organized antioxidant scavenging pathways. RESULTS In this study, we investigated the changes occurring at the transcriptomic level of ROS associated and ROS detoxification pathways of SCMV resistant (B-48) and susceptible (Badila) sugarcane genotypes, using Saccharum spontaneum L. genome assembly as a reference genome. Transcriptomic data highlighted the significant upregulation of ROS producing genes such as NADH oxidase, malate dehydrogenase and flavin-binding monooxygenase, in Badila genotype after SCMV pathogenicity. To scavenge the ROS, the Badila genotype illustrated a substantial enhancement of antioxidants i.e. glutathione s-transferase (GST), as compared to its resistant counterpart. GST is supposed to be a key indicator of pathogen attacks on the plant. A remarkably lower GST expression in B-48, as compared to Badila, indicated the development of resistance in this genotype. Additionally, we characterized the critical transcription factors (TFs) involved in endowing resistance to B-48. Among these, WRKY, AP2, NAC, bZIP, and bHLH showed enhanced expression in the B-48 genotype. Our results also confirmed the linkage of transcriptomic data with the enzymatic and qPCR data. The estimation of enzymatic activities for superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase supported the transcriptomic data and evinced higher resistance in B-48 genotype. CONCLUSION The current study supported the efficiency of the B-48 genotype under SCMV infection. Moreover, comparative transcriptomic data has been presented to highlight the role of significant transcription factors conferring resistance to this genotype. This study provides an in-depth knowledge of the expression profiling of defense mechanisms in sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Akbar
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Yao Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | | | - Lifang Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | | | - Baoshan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Muqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China.
- IRREC-IFAS, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA.
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Fonseca JP, Lee HK, Boschiero C, Griffiths M, Lee S, Zhao P, York LM, Mysore KS. Iron-Sulfur Cluster Protein NITROGEN FIXATION S-LIKE1 and Its Interactor FRATAXIN Function in Plant Immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:1532-1548. [PMID: 32943465 PMCID: PMC7608151 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are inorganic cofactors that are present in all kingdoms of life as part of a large number of proteins involved in several cellular processes, including DNA replication and metabolism. In this work, we demonstrate an additional role for two Fe-S cluster genes in biotic stress responses in plants. Eleven Fe-S cluster genes, including the NITROGEN FIXATION S-LIKE1 (NFS1) and its interactor FRATAXIN (FH), when silenced in Nicotiana benthamiana, compromised nonhost resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato T1. NbNFS1 expression was induced by pathogens and salicylic acid. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) atnfs and atfh mutants, with reduced AtNFS1 or AtFH gene expression, respectively, showed increased susceptibility to both host and nonhost pathogen infection. Arabidopsis AtNFS1 and AtFH overexpressor lines displayed decreased susceptibility to infection by host pathogen P syringae pv. tomato DC3000. The AtNFS1 overexpression line exhibited constitutive upregulation of several defense-related genes and enrichment of gene ontology terms related to immunity and salicylic acid responses. Our results demonstrate that NFS1 and its interactor FH are involved not only in nonhost resistance but also in basal resistance, suggesting a new role of the Fe-S cluster pathway in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hee-Kyung Lee
- Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | | | | | - Seonghee Lee
- Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Patrick Zhao
- Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Larry M York
- Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
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Meng F, Yang C, Cao J, Chen H, Pang J, Zhao Q, Wang Z, Qing Fu Z, Liu J. A bHLH transcription activator regulates defense signaling by nucleo-cytosolic trafficking in rice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:1552-1573. [PMID: 32129570 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Crosstalk between plant hormone signaling pathways is vital for controlling the immune response during pathogen invasion. Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) often play important but antagonistic roles in the immune responses of higher plants. Here, we identify a basic helix-loop-helix transcription activator, OsbHLH6, which confers disease resistance in rice by regulating SA and JA signaling via nucleo-cytosolic trafficking in rice (Oryza sativa). OsbHLH6 expression was upregulated during Magnaporthe oryzae infection. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing OsbHLH6 display increased JA responsive gene expression and enhanced disease susceptibility to the pathogen. Nucleus-localized OsbHLH6 activates JA signaling and suppresses SA signaling; however, the SA regulator OsNPR1 (Nonexpressor of PR genes 1) sequesters OsbHLH6 in the cytosol to alleviate its effect. Our data suggest that OsbHLH6 controls disease resistance by dynamically regulating SA and JA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanwei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jidong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Biological Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29028, USA
| | - Jinhuan Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qiqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Zongyi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Detection and Control for Spoilage Organisms and Pesticides, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29028, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Lu B, Wang Y, Zhang G, Feng Y, Yan Z, Wu J, Chen X. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the Strawberry FvbZIP Gene Family and the Role of Key Gene FabZIP46 in Fruit Resistance to Gray Mold. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1199. [PMID: 32937812 PMCID: PMC7569810 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A total of 54 FvbZIP genes were identified from the strawberry genome. These genes were found to be unevenly distributed on seven different chromosomes, and two of the genes had no matching chromosomal localization. FvbZIP genes were divided into 10 subfamilies according to protein sequence, and the structures of these genes were found to be highly conserved. Based on the bioinformatics analysis of FvbZIP genes, the expression of FabZIP genes changed during different stages of its growth and of its infection with gray mold disease. FabZIP46 was substantially upregulated, and its expression remained relatively high. FabZIP46 was cloned from cultivated strawberries by homologous cloning. The results of a transient transgenic assay revealed that the damage to the fruit tissue was markedly alleviated in strawberries overexpressing FabZIP46, with the incidence rate being substantially lower than that in the control group. By contrast, a brief silencing of FabZIP46 had the opposite effect. The results revealed that FabZIP46 played a positive role in the resistance of strawberries to Botrytis cinerea. The study findings provide valuable insights into the role of bZIP transcription factors as well as a theoretical reference for the regulation of resistance to gray mold disease in strawberry fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Lu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China;
| | - Yuanhua Wang
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, China; (Y.W.); (G.Z.); (Y.F.); (Z.Y.)
- Engineering and Technical Center for Modern Horticulture, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Geng Zhang
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, China; (Y.W.); (G.Z.); (Y.F.); (Z.Y.)
- Engineering and Technical Center for Modern Horticulture, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Yingna Feng
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, China; (Y.W.); (G.Z.); (Y.F.); (Z.Y.)
- Engineering and Technical Center for Modern Horticulture, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Zhiming Yan
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, China; (Y.W.); (G.Z.); (Y.F.); (Z.Y.)
- Engineering and Technical Center for Modern Horticulture, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Jianhua Wu
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, China; (Y.W.); (G.Z.); (Y.F.); (Z.Y.)
- Engineering and Technical Center for Modern Horticulture, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Xuehao Chen
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China;
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Zhang Y, Gao W, Li H, Wang Y, Li D, Xue C, Liu Z, Liu M, Zhao J. Genome-wide analysis of the bZIP gene family in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). BMC Genomics 2020; 21:483. [PMID: 32664853 PMCID: PMC7362662 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06890-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among several TF families unique to eukaryotes, the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) family is one of the most important. Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is a popular fruit tree species in Asia, and its fruits are rich in sugar, vitamin C and so on. Analysis of the bZIP gene family of jujube has not yet been reported. In this study, ZjbZIPs were identified firstly, their expression patterns were further studied in different tissues and in response to various abiotic and phytoplasma stresses, and their protein-protein interactions were also analyzed. RESULTS At the whole genome level, 45 ZjbZIPs were identified and classified into 14 classes. The members of each class of bZIP subfamily contain a specific conserved domain in addition to the core bZIP conserved domain, which may be related to its biological function. Relative Synonymous Codon Usage (RSCU) analysis displayed low values of NTA and NCG codons in ZjbZIPs, which would be beneficial to increase the protein production and also indicated that ZjbZIPs were at a relative high methylation level. The paralogous and orthologous events occurred during the evolutionary process of ZjbZIPs. Thirty-four ZjbZIPs were mapped to but not evenly distributed among 10 pseudo- chromosomes. 30 of ZjbZIP genes showed diverse tissue-specific expression in jujube and wild jujube trees, indicating that these genes may have multiple functions. Some ZjbZIP genes were specifically analyzed and found to play important roles in the early stage of fruit development. Moreover, some ZjbZIPs that respond to phytoplasma invasion and abiotic stress environmental conditions, such as salt and low temperature, were found. Based on homology comparisons, prediction analysis and yeast two-hybrid, a protein interaction network including 42 ZjbZIPs was constructed. CONCLUSIONS The bioinformatics analyses of 45 ZjbZIPs were implemented systematically, and their expression profiles in jujube and wild jujube showed that many genes might play crucial roles during fruit ripening and in the response to phytoplasma and abiotic stresses. The protein interaction networks among ZjbZIPs could provide useful information for further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Weilin Gao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hongtai Li
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yongkang Wang
- Pomology Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taigu, China
| | - Dengke Li
- Pomology Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taigu, China
| | - Chaoling Xue
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Mengjun Liu
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China. .,Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.
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80
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Khan SA, Chen H, Deng Y, Chen Y, Zhang C, Cai T, Ali N, Mamadou G, Xie D, Guo B, Varshney RK, Zhuang W. High-density SNP map facilitates fine mapping of QTLs and candidate genes discovery for Aspergillus flavus resistance in peanut (Arachis hypogaea). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:2239-2257. [PMID: 32285164 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two novel resistant QTLs mapped and candidate genes identified for Aspergillus flavus resistance in cultivated peanut using SLAF-seq. Aflatoxin contamination in peanuts caused by Aspergillus flavus is a serious food safety issue for human health around the world. Host plant resistance to fungal infection and reduction in aflatoxin are crucial for mitigating this problem. Identification of the resistance-linked markers can be used in marker-assisted breeding for varietal development. Here we report construction of two high-density genetic linkage maps with 1975 SNP loci and 5022 SNP loci, respectively. Two consistent quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified as qRAF-3-1 and qRAF-14-1, which located on chromosomes A03 and B04, respectively. QTL qRAF-3-1 was mapped within 1.67 cM and had more than 19% phenotypic variance explained (PVE), while qRAF-14-1 was located within 1.34 cM with 5.15% PVE. While comparing with the reference genome, the mapped QTLs, qRAF-3-1 and qRAF-14-1, were located within a physical distance of 1.44 Megabase pair (Mbp) and 2.22 Mbp, harboring 67 and 137 genes, respectively. Among the identified candidate genes, six genes with the same function were found within both QTLs regions. In addition, putative disease resistance RPP13-like protein 1 (RPP13), lipoxygenase (Lox), WRKY transcription factor (WRKY) and cytochrome P450 71B34 genes were also identified. Using microarray analysis, genes responded to A. flavus infection included coding for RPP13, pentatricopeptide repeat-containing-like protein, and Lox which may be possible candidate genes for resistance to A. flavus. The QTLs and candidate genes will further facilitate marker development and validation of genes for deployment in the molecular breeding programs against A. flavus in peanuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Ali Khan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Ye Deng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Tiecheng Cai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Niaz Ali
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Gandeka Mamadou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Dongyang Xie
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Baozhu Guo
- Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, 502324, India
| | - Weijian Zhuang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
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81
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Maurya R, Srivastava D, Singh M, Sawant SV. Envisioning the immune interactome in Arabidopsis. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:486-507. [PMID: 32345431 DOI: 10.1071/fp19188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During plant-pathogen interaction, immune targets were regulated by protein-protein interaction events such as ligand-receptor/co-receptor, kinase-substrate, protein sequestration, activation or repression via post-translational modification and homo/oligo/hetro-dimerisation of proteins. A judicious use of molecular machinery requires coordinated protein interaction among defence components. Immune signalling in Arabidopsis can be broadly represented in successive or simultaneous steps; pathogen recognition at cell surface, Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species signalling, MAPK signalling, post-translational modification, transcriptional regulation and phyto-hormone signalling. Proteome wide interaction studies have shown the existence of interaction hubs associated with physiological function. So far, a number of protein interaction events regulating immune targets have been identified, but their understanding in an interactome view is lacking. We focussed specifically on the integration of protein interaction signalling in context to plant-pathogenesis and identified the key targets. The present review focuses towards a comprehensive view of the plant immune interactome including signal perception, progression, integration and physiological response during plant pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Maurya
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow. 226001; and Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow. 226007
| | - Deepti Srivastava
- Integral Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology (IIAST) Integral University, Kursi Road, Dashauli, Uttar Pradesh. 226026
| | - Munna Singh
- Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow. 226007
| | - Samir V Sawant
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow. 226001; and Corresponding author.
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82
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Ding Y, Dommel MR, Wang C, Li Q, Zhao Q, Zhang X, Dai S, Mou Z. Differential Quantitative Requirements for NPR1 Between Basal Immunity and Systemic Acquired Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:570422. [PMID: 33072146 PMCID: PMC7530841 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.570422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Non-expressor of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes1 (NPR1) is a key transcription coactivator of plant basal immunity and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Two mutant alleles, npr1-1 and npr1-3, have been extensively used for dissecting the role of NPR1 in various signaling pathways. However, it is unknown whether npr1-1 and npr1-3 are null mutants. Moreover, the NPR1 transcript levels are induced two- to threefold upon pathogen infection or salicylic acid (SA) treatment, but the biological relevance of the induction is unclear. Here, we used molecular and biochemical approaches including quantitative PCR, immunoblot analysis, site-directed mutagenesis, and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing to address these questions. We show that npr1-3 is a potential null mutant, whereas npr1-1 is not. We also demonstrated that a truncated npr1 protein longer than the hypothesized npr1-3 protein is not active in SA signaling. Furthermore, we revealed that TGACG-binding (TGA) factors are required for NPR1 induction, but the reverse TGA box in the 5'UTR of NPR1 is dispensable for the induction. Finally, we show that full induction of NPR1 is required for basal immunity, but not for SAR, whereas sufficient basal transcription is essential for full-scale establishment of SAR. Our results indicate that induced transcript accumulation may be differentially required for different functions of a specific gene. Moreover, as npr1-1 is not a null mutant, we recommend that future research should use npr1-3 and potential null T-DNA insertion mutants for dissecting NPR1's function in various physiopathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yezhang Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Matthew R. Dommel
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Chenggang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Qi Zhao
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Shaojun Dai
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhonglin Mou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Zhonglin Mou,
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83
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Yu Y, Guo D, Li G, Yang Y, Zhang G, Li S, Liang Z. The grapevine R2R3-type MYB transcription factor VdMYB1 positively regulates defense responses by activating the stilbene synthase gene 2 (VdSTS2). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:478. [PMID: 31699028 PMCID: PMC6836392 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1993-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resveratrol is a naturally occurring plant stilbene that exhibits a wide range of valuable biological and pharmacological properties. Although the beneficial effects of trans-resveratrol to human health and plant protection against fungal pathogens and abiotic stresses are well-established, yet little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating stilbene biosynthesis in plant defense progress. RESULTS Here, we cloned and identified the Chinese wild grape (Vitis davidii) R2R3-MYB transcription factor VdMYB1, which activates defense responses against invading pathogen. VdMYB1 transcripts were significantly upregulated after inoculation with the grapevine powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe necator (Schw.) Burr. Transient expression analysis using onion epidermal cells and Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts showed that VdMYB1 was localized in the nucleus. Yeast one-hybrid assays revealed that VdMYB1 acts as a transcriptional activator. Grapevine leaves transiently overexpressing VdMYB1 showed a lower number of fungal conidiophores compared with wild-type leaves. Overexpression of VdMYB1 in grapevine leaves did not alter the expression of genes in salicylic acid- and jasmonate-dependent pathways, but affected the expression of stilbene synthase (STS) genes, key regulators of flavonoid metabolism. Results of electrophoretic mobility shift assays and in vivo transcriptional activation assays showed that VdMYB1 binds to the MYB binding site (MYBBS) in the STS2 gene promoter, thus activating STS2 transcription. In heterologous expression assays using tobacco leaves, VdMYB1 activated STS2 gene expression and increased the accumulation of resveratrol. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that VdMYB1 activates STS2 gene expression to positively regulate defense responses, and increases the content of resveratrol in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihe Yu
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Dalong Guo
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, People's Republic of China
| | - Guirong Li
- School of Horticulture Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjun Yang
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohai Zhang
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenchang Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China.
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84
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CsBZIP40, a BZIP transcription factor in sweet orange, plays a positive regulatory role in citrus bacterial canker response and tolerance. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223498. [PMID: 31584990 PMCID: PMC6777757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus bacterial canker (CBC) caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) is a systemic bacterial disease that affects citrus plantations globally. Biotic stress in plants has been linked to a group of important transcription factors known as Basic Leucine Zippers (BZIPs). In this study, CsBZIP40 was functionally characterized by expression analysis, including induction by Xcc and hormones, subcellular localization, over-expression and RNAi silencing. CsBZIP40 belongs to group D of the CsBZIP family of transcription factors and localizes in the nucleus, potentially serving as a transcriptional regulator. In wild type (WT) plants CsBZIP40 can be induced by plant hormones in addition to infection by Xcc which has given insight into its involvement in CBC. In the present study, over-expression of CsBZIP40 conferred resistance to Xcc while its silencing led to Xcc susceptibility. Both over-expression and RNAi affected salicylic acid (SA) production and expression of the genes involved in the SA synthesis and signaling pathway, in addition to interaction of CsBZIP40 with CsNPR1, as detected by a GST pull-down assay. Taken together, the results of this study confirmed the important role of CsBZIP40 in improving resistance to citrus canker through the SA signaling pathway by the presence of NPR1 to activate PR genes. Our findings are of potential value in the breeding of tolerance to CBC in citrus fruits.
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85
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Joo H, Lim CW, Lee SC. Roles of pepper bZIP transcription factor CaATBZ1 and its interacting partner RING-type E3 ligase CaASRF1 in modulation of ABA signalling and drought tolerance. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:399-410. [PMID: 31278798 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a eukaryotic protein modulation system for identifying and affecting proteins that are no longer needed in the cell. In a previous study, we elucidated the biological function of CaASRF1, which contains a RING finger domain and functions as an E3 ligase. We showed that CaASRF1 positively modulates abscisic acid (ABA) signalling and drought stress tolerance by modulating the stability of subgroup D bZIP transcription factor CaAIBZ1. We performed yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening to identify an additional target protein of CaASRF1. In this study, we identified pepper CaATBZ1 (Capsicum annuum ASRF1 target bZIP transcription factor 1), which belongs to the subgroup A bZIP transcription factors. We investigated the biological function of this protein using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in pepper plants and by generating overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Our loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies revealed that CaATBZ1 negatively modulates ABA signalling and drought stress response. Consistent with CaATBZ1-silenced pepper plants, CaASRF1/CaATBZ1-silenced pepper plants displayed drought-tolerant phenotypes via ABA-mediated signalling. Our results demonstrated that CaASRF1-mediated ubiquitination plays a crucial role in regulating the stability of CaATBZ1. These findings provide valuable insight into the post-translational regulation of transcriptional factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunhee Joo
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Woo Lim
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Lee
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
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86
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Chen J, Mohan R, Zhang Y, Li M, Chen H, Palmer IA, Chang M, Qi G, Spoel SH, Mengiste T, Wang D, Liu F, Fu ZQ. NPR1 Promotes Its Own and Target Gene Expression in Plant Defense by Recruiting CDK8. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:289-304. [PMID: 31110139 PMCID: PMC6716257 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
NPR1 (NONEXPRESSER OF PR GENES1) functions as a master regulator of the plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) signaling and plays an essential role in plant immunity. In the nucleus, NPR1 interacts with transcription factors to induce the expression of PR (PATHOGENESIS-RELATED) genes and thereby promote defense responses. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of PR gene activation is poorly understood. Furthermore, despite the importance of NPR1 in plant immunity, the regulation of NPR1 expression has not been extensively studied. Here, we show that SA promotes the interaction of NPR1 with both CDK8 (CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE8) and WRKY18 (WRKY DNA-BINDING PROTEIN18) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). NPR1 recruits CDK8 and WRKY18 to the NPR1 promoter, facilitating its own expression. Intriguingly, CDK8 and its associated Mediator subunits positively regulate NPR1 and PR1 expression and play a pivotal role in local and systemic immunity. Moreover, CDK8 interacts with WRKY6, WRKY18, and TGA transcription factors and brings RNA polymerase II to NPR1 and PR1 promoters and coding regions to facilitate their expression. Our studies reveal a mechanism in which NPR1 recruits CDK8, WRKY18, and TGA transcription factors along with RNA polymerase II in the presence of SA and thereby facilitates its own and target gene expression for the establishment of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Rajinikanth Mohan
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Yuqiang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Huan Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Ian Arthur Palmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Ming Chang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Guang Qi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Steven H Spoel
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
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87
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Sánchez-Vicente I, Fernández-Espinosa MG, Lorenzo O. Nitric oxide molecular targets: reprogramming plant development upon stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4441-4460. [PMID: 31327004 PMCID: PMC6736187 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms that need to complete their life cycle by the integration of different abiotic and biotic environmental signals, tailoring developmental cues and defense concomitantly. Commonly, stress responses are detrimental to plant growth and, despite the fact that intensive efforts have been made to understand both plant development and defense separately, most of the molecular basis of this trade-off remains elusive. To cope with such a diverse range of processes, plants have developed several strategies including the precise balance of key plant growth and stress regulators [i.e. phytohormones, reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive oxygen species (ROS)]. Among RNS, nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous gasotransmitter involved in redox homeostasis that regulates specific checkpoints to control the switch between development and stress, mainly by post-translational protein modifications comprising S-nitrosation of cysteine residues and metals, and nitration of tyrosine residues. In this review, we have sought to compile those known NO molecular targets able to balance the crossroads between plant development and stress, with special emphasis on the metabolism, perception, and signaling of the phytohormones abscisic acid and salicylic acid during abiotic and biotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Sánchez-Vicente
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Guadalupe Fernández-Espinosa
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Oscar Lorenzo
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
- Correspondence:
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88
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Ullah I, Magdy M, Wang L, Liu M, Li X. Genome-wide identification and evolutionary analysis of TGA transcription factors in soybean. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11186. [PMID: 31371739 PMCID: PMC6672012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gain of function in genes and gene families is a continuous process and is a key factor in understanding gene and genome evolution in plants. TGACG-Binding (TGA) transcription factors (TFs) have long been known for their essential roles in plant defence in Arabidopsis, but their roles in legume symbiosis are yet to be explored. Here, we identified a total of 25 TGA (named GmTGA1-GmTGA25) genes in soybean. Through phylogenetic analysis, we discovered a clade of GmTGA proteins that appear to be legume-specific. Among them, two GmTGAs were unique by possessing the autophagy sequence in their proteins, while the third one was an orphan gene in soybean. GmTGAs were structurally different from AtTGAs, and their expression patterns also differed with the dominant expression of AtTGAs and GmTGAs in aerial and underground parts, respectively. Moreover, twenty-five GmTGAs showed a strong correlation among the gene expression in roots, nodules, and root hairs. The qRT-PCR analysis results revealed that among 15 tested GmTGAs, six were induced and four were suppressed by rhizobia inoculation, while 11 of these GmTGAs were induced by high nitrate. Our findings suggested the important roles of GmTGAs in symbiotic nodulation and in response to nitrogen availability in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihteram Ullah
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Mahmoud Magdy
- Key laboratory of horticulture, plant biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
- School of biological and chemical engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China.
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89
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Jin H, Choi SM, Kang MJ, Yun SH, Kwon DJ, Noh YS, Noh B. Salicylic acid-induced transcriptional reprogramming by the HAC-NPR1-TGA histone acetyltransferase complex in Arabidopsis. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:11712-11725. [PMID: 30239885 PMCID: PMC6294559 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant immunity depends on massive expression of pathogenesis-related genes (PRs) whose transcription is de-repressed by pathogen-induced signals. Salicylic acid (SA) acts as a major signaling molecule in plant immunity and systemic acquired resistance triggered by bacterial or viral pathogens. SA signal results in the activation of the master immune regulator, Nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1), which is thought to be recruited by transcription factors such as TGAs to numerous downstream PRs. Despite its key role in SA-triggered immunity, the biochemical nature of the transcriptional coactivator function of NPR1 and the massive transcriptional reprogramming induced by it remain obscure. Here we demonstrate that the CBP/p300-family histone acetyltransferases, HACs and NPR1 are both essential to develop SA-triggered immunity and PR induction. Indeed HACs and NPR1 form a coactivator complex and are recruited to PR chromatin through TGAs upon SA signal, and finally the HAC−NPR1−TGA complex activates PR transcription by histone acetylation-mediated epigenetic reprogramming. Thus, our study reveals a molecular mechanism of NPR1-mediated transcriptional reprogramming and a key epigenetic aspect of the central immune system in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshi Jin
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sun-Mee Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Kang
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Se-Hun Yun
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Kwon
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yoo-Sun Noh
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Bosl Noh
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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90
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Máthé C, Garda T, Freytag C, M-Hamvas M. The Role of Serine-Threonine Protein Phosphatase PP2A in Plant Oxidative Stress Signaling-Facts and Hypotheses. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123028. [PMID: 31234298 PMCID: PMC6628354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic factors induce oxidative stress involving the production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This review is a survey of well-known and possible roles of serine-threonine protein phosphatases in plant oxidative stress signaling, with special emphasis on PP2A. ROS mediated signaling involves three interrelated pathways: (i) perception of extracellular ROS triggers signal transduction pathways, leading to DNA damage and/or the production of antioxidants; (ii) external signals induce intracellular ROS generation that triggers the relevant signaling pathways and (iii) external signals mediate protein phosphorylation dependent signaling pathway(s), leading to the expression of ROS producing enzymes like NADPH oxidases. All pathways involve inactivation of serine-threonine protein phosphatases. The metal dependent phosphatase PP2C has a negative regulatory function during ABA mediated ROS signaling. PP2A is the most abundant protein phosphatase in eukaryotic cells. Inhibitors of PP2A exert a ROS inducing activity as well and we suggest that there is a direct relationship between these two effects of drugs. We present current findings and hypotheses regarding PP2A-ROS signaling connections related to all three ROS signaling pathways and anticipate future research directions for this field. These mechanisms have implications in the understanding of stress tolerance of vascular plants, having applications regarding crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Máthé
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Garda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Csongor Freytag
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Márta M-Hamvas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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91
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Wang Y, Salasini BC, Khan M, Devi B, Bush M, Subramaniam R, Hepworth SR. Clade I TGACG-Motif Binding Basic Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors Mediate BLADE-ON-PETIOLE-Dependent Regulation of Development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:937-951. [PMID: 30923069 PMCID: PMC6548253 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lateral organs formed by the shoot apical meristem (SAM) are separated from surrounding stem cells by regions of low growth called boundaries. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1 (BOP1) and BOP2 represent a class of genes important for boundary patterning in land plants. Members of this family lack a DNA-binding domain and interact with TGACG-motif binding (TGA) basic Leu zipper (bZIP) transcription factors for recruitment to DNA. Here, we show that clade I bZIP transcription factors TGA1 and TGA4, previously associated with plant defense, are essential cofactors in BOP-dependent regulation of development. TGA1 and TGA4 are expressed at organ boundaries and function in the same genetic pathways as BOP1 and BOP2 required for SAM maintenance, flowering, and inflorescence architecture. Further, we show that clade I TGAs interact constitutively with BOP1 and BOP2, contributing to activation of ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA HOMEOBOX GENE1, which is needed for boundary establishment. These studies expand the functional repertoire of clade I TGA factors in development and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Brenda C Salasini
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Madiha Khan
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Bhaswati Devi
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Michael Bush
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Rajagopal Subramaniam
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6
| | - Shelley R Hepworth
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
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92
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Zheng X, Xing J, Zhang K, Pang X, Zhao Y, Wang G, Zang J, Huang R, Dong J. Ethylene Response Factor ERF11 Activates BT4 Transcription to Regulate Immunity to Pseudomonas syringae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:1132-1151. [PMID: 30926656 PMCID: PMC6548261 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae, a major hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen, causes many devastating plant diseases. However, the transcriptional regulation of plant defense responses to P. syringae remains largely unknown. Here, we found that gain-of-function of BTB AND TAZ DOMAIN PROTEIN 4 (BT4) enhanced the resistance of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to Pst DC3000 (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000). Disruption of BT4 also weakened the salicylic acid (SA)-induced defense response to Pst DC3000 in bt4 mutants. Further investigation indicated that, under Pst infection, transcription of BT4 is modulated by components of both the SA and ethylene (ET) signaling pathways. Intriguingly, the specific binding elements of ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) proteins, including dehydration responsive/C-repeat elements and the GCC box, were found in the putative promoter of BT4 Based on publicly available microarray data and transcriptional confirmation, we determined that ERF11 is inducible by salicylic acid and Pst DC3000 and is modulated by the SA and ET signaling pathways. Consistent with the function of BT4, loss-of-function of ERF11 weakened Arabidopsis resistance to Pst DC3000 and the SA-induced defense response. Biochemical and molecular assays revealed that ERF11 binds specifically to the GCC box of the BT4 promoter to activate its transcription. Genetic studies further revealed that the BT4-regulated Arabidopsis defense response to Pst DC3000 functions directly downstream of ERF11. Our findings indicate that transcriptional activation of BT4 by ERF11 is a key step in SA/ET-regulated plant resistance against Pst DC3000, enhancing our understanding of plant defense responses to hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Jihong Xing
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Kang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xi Pang
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yating Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Guanyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Jinping Zang
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Rongfeng Huang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jingao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
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93
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Wang P, Nolan TM, Yin Y, Bassham DC. Identification of transcription factors that regulate ATG8 expression and autophagy in Arabidopsis. Autophagy 2019; 16:123-139. [PMID: 30909785 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1598753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process in eukaryotes that contributes to cell survival in response to multiple stresses and is important for organism fitness. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the core machinery of autophagy is well defined, but its transcriptional regulation is largely unknown. The ATG8 (autophagy-related 8) protein plays central roles in decorating autophagosomes and binding to specific cargo receptors to recruit cargo to autophagosomes. We propose that the transcriptional control of ATG8 genes is important during the formation of autophagosomes and therefore contributes to survival during stress. Here, we describe a yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) screen for transcription factors (TFs) that regulate ATG8 gene expression in Arabidopsis, using the promoters of 4 ATG8 genes. We identified a total of 225 TFs from 35 families that bind these promoters. The TF-ATG8 promoter interactions revealed a wide array of diverse TF families for different promoters, as well as enrichment for families of TFs that bound to specific fragments. These TFs are not only involved in plant developmental processes but also in the response to environmental stresses. TGA9 (TGACG (TGA) motif-binding protein 9)/AT1G08320 was confirmed as a positive regulator of autophagy. TGA9 overexpression activated autophagy under both control and stress conditions and transcriptionally up-regulated expression of ATG8B, ATG8E and additional ATG genes via binding to their promoters. Our results provide a comprehensive resource of TFs that regulate ATG8 gene expression and lay a foundation for understanding the transcriptional regulation of plant autophagy.Abbreviations: ABRC: Arabidopsis biological resource center; AP2-EREBP: APETALA2/Ethylene-responsive element binding protein; ARF: auxin response factor; ATF4: activating transcription factor 4; ATG: autophagy-related; ChIP: chromatin immunoprecipitation; DAP-seq: DNA affinity purification sequencing; FOXO: forkhead box O; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GO: gene ontologies; HB: homeobox; LD: long-day; LUC: firefly luciferase; MAP1LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MDC: monodansylcadaverine; 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; OE: overexpressing; PCD: programmed cell death; qPCR: quantitative polymerase chain reaction; REN: renilla luciferase; RT: room temperature; SD: standard deviation; TF: transcription factor; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TGA: TGACG motif; TOR: target of rapamycin; TSS: transcription start site; WT: wild-type; Y1H: yeast one-hybrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Trevor M Nolan
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yanhai Yin
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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94
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McNeece BT, Sharma K, Lawrence GW, Lawrence KS, Klink VP. The mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene family functions as a cohort during the Glycine max defense response to Heterodera glycines. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 137:25-41. [PMID: 30711881 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play important signal transduction roles. However, little is known regarding how they influence the gene expression of other family members and the relationship to a biological process, including the Glycine max defense response to Heterodera glycines. Transcriptomics have identified MAPK gene expression occurring within root cells undergoing a defense response to a pathogenic event initiated by H. glycines in the allotetraploid Glycine max. Functional analyses are presented for its 32 MAPKs revealing 9 have a defense role, including homologs of Arabidopsis thaliana MAPK (MPK) MPK2, MPK3, MPK4, MPK5, MPK6, MPK13, MPK16 and MPK20. Defense signaling occurring through pathogen activated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered immunity (PTI) and effector triggered immunity (ETI) have been determined in relation to these MAPKs. Five different types of gene expression relate to MAPK expression, influencing PTI and ETI gene expression and proven defense genes including an ABC-G transporter, 20S membrane fusion particle components, glycoside biosynthesis, carbon metabolism, hemicellulose modification, transcription and secretion. The experiments show MAPKs broadly influence defense MAPK gene expression, including the co-regulation of parologous MAPKs and reveal its relationship to proven defense genes. The experiments reveal each defense MAPK induces the expression of a G. max homolog of a PATHOGENESIS RELATED1 (PR1), itself shown to function in defense in the studied pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brant T McNeece
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Keshav Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Gary W Lawrence
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Kathy S Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Life Science Building, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Vincent P Klink
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
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95
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Li N, Muthreich M, Huang LJ, Thurow C, Sun T, Zhang Y, Gatz C. TGACG-BINDING FACTORs (TGAs) and TGA-interacting CC-type glutaredoxins modulate hyponastic growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1906-1918. [PMID: 30252136 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
TGACG-BINDING FACTORs (TGAs) control the developmental or defense-related processes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the functions of at least TGA2 and PERIANTHIA (PAN) can be repressed by interacting with CC-type glutaredoxins, which have the potential to control the redox state of target proteins. As TGA1 can be redox modulated in planta, we analyzed whether some of the 21 CC-type glutaredoxins (ROXYs) encoded in the Arabidopsis genome can influence TGA1 activity in planta and whether the redox active cysteines of TGA1 are functionally important. We show that the tga1 tga4 mutant and plants ectopically expressing ROXY8 or ROXY9 are impaired in hyponastic growth. As expression of ROXY8 and ROXY9 is activated upon transfer of plants from hyponasty-inducing low light to normal light, they might interfere with the growth-promoting function of TGA1/TGA4 to facilitate reversal of hyponastic growth. The redox-sensitive cysteines of TGA1 are not required for induction or reversal of hyponastic growth. TGA1 and TGA4 interact with ROXYs 8, 9, 18, and 19/GRX480, but ectopically expressed ROXY18 and ROXY19/GRX480 do not interfere with hyponastic growth. Our results therefore demonstrate functional specificities of individual ROXYs for distinct TGAs despite promiscuous protein-protein interactions and point to different repression mechanisms, depending on the TGA/ROXY combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Muthreich
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Li-Jun Huang
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Corinna Thurow
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tongjun Sun
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Christiane Gatz
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
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96
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Li N, Han X, Feng D, Yuan D, Huang LJ. Signaling Crosstalk between Salicylic Acid and Ethylene/Jasmonate in Plant Defense: Do We Understand What They Are Whispering? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030671. [PMID: 30720746 PMCID: PMC6387439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During their lifetime, plants encounter numerous biotic and abiotic stresses with diverse modes of attack. Phytohormones, including salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), jasmonate (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), auxin (AUX), brassinosteroid (BR), gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinin (CK) and the recently identified strigolactones (SLs), orchestrate effective defense responses by activating defense gene expression. Genetic analysis of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana has advanced our understanding of the function of these hormones. The SA- and ET/JA-mediated signaling pathways were thought to be the backbone of plant immune responses against biotic invaders, whereas ABA, auxin, BR, GA, CK and SL were considered to be involved in the plant immune response through modulating the SA-ET/JA signaling pathways. In general, the SA-mediated defense response plays a central role in local and systemic-acquired resistance (SAR) against biotrophic pathogens, such as Pseudomonas syringae, which colonize between the host cells by producing nutrient-absorbing structures while keeping the host alive. The ET/JA-mediated response contributes to the defense against necrotrophic pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea, which invade and kill hosts to extract their nutrients. Increasing evidence indicates that the SA- and ET/JA-mediated defense response pathways are mutually antagonistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Xiao Han
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Dan Feng
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Deyi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Li-Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
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Han X, Kahmann R. Manipulation of Phytohormone Pathways by Effectors of Filamentous Plant Pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:822. [PMID: 31297126 PMCID: PMC6606975 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones regulate a large variety of physiological processes in plants. In addition, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) are responsible for primary defense responses against abiotic and biotic stresses, while plant growth regulators, such as auxins, brassinosteroids (BRs), cytokinins (CKs), abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellins (GAs), also contribute to plant immunity. To successfully colonize plants, filamentous pathogens like fungi and oomycetes have evolved diverse strategies to interfere with phytohormone pathways with the help of secreted effectors. These include proteins, toxins, polysaccharides as well as phytohormones or phytohormone mimics. Such pathogen effectors manipulate phytohormone pathways by directly altering hormone levels, by interfering with phytohormone biosynthesis, or by altering or blocking important components of phytohormone signaling pathways. In this review, we outline the various strategies used by filamentous phytopathogens to manipulate phytohormone pathways to cause disease.
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98
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Li B, Liu Y, Cui XY, Fu JD, Zhou YB, Zheng WJ, Lan JH, Jin LG, Chen M, Ma YZ, Xu ZS, Min DH. Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression Analysis of Soybean TGA Transcription Factors Identified a Novel TGA Gene Involved in Drought and Salt Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:549. [PMID: 31156656 PMCID: PMC6531876 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The TGA transcription factors, a subfamily of bZIP group D, play crucial roles in various biological processes, including the regulation of growth and development as well as responses to pathogens and abiotic stress. In this study, 27 TGA genes were identified in the soybean genome. The expression patterns of GmTGA genes showed that several GmTGA genes are differentially expressed under drought and salt stress conditions. Among them, GmTGA17 was strongly induced by both stress, which were verificated by the promoter-GUS fusion assay. GmTGA17 encodes a nuclear-localized protein with transcriptional activation activity. Heterologous and homologous overexpression of GmTGA17 enhanced tolerance to drought and salt stress in both transgeinc Arabidopsis plants and soybean hairy roots. However, RNAi hairy roots silenced for GmTGA17 exhibited an increased sensitivity to drought and salt stress. In response to drought or salt stress, transgenic Arabidopsis plants had an increased chlorophyll and proline contents, a higher ABA content, a decreased MDA content, a reduced water loss rate, and an altered expression of ABA- responsive marker genes compared with WT plants. In addition, transgenic Arabidopsis plants were more sensitive to ABA in stomatal closure. Similarly, measurement of physiological parameters showed an increase in chlorophyll and proline contents, with a decrease in MDA content in soybean seedlings with overexpression hairy roots after drought and salt stress treatments. The opposite results for each measurement were observed in RNAi lines. This study provides new insights for functional analysis of soybean TGA transcription factors in abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xi-Yan Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jin-Dong Fu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Bin Zhou
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
| | - Jin-Hao Lan
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Long-Guo Jin
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - You-Zhi Ma
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Shi Xu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhao-Shi Xu, Dong-Hong Min,
| | - Dong-Hong Min
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
- *Correspondence: Zhao-Shi Xu, Dong-Hong Min,
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Lu Y, Yao J. Chloroplasts at the Crossroad of Photosynthesis, Pathogen Infection and Plant Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3900. [PMID: 30563149 PMCID: PMC6321325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis, pathogen infection, and plant defense are three important biological processes that have been investigated separately for decades. Photosynthesis generates ATP, NADPH, and carbohydrates. These resources are utilized for the synthesis of many important compounds, such as primary metabolites, defense-related hormones abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid, and antimicrobial compounds. In plants and algae, photosynthesis and key steps in the synthesis of defense-related hormones occur in chloroplasts. In addition, chloroplasts are major generators of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, and a site for calcium signaling. These signaling molecules are essential to plant defense as well. All plants grown naturally are attacked by pathogens. Bacterial pathogens enter host tissues through natural openings or wounds. Upon invasion, bacterial pathogens utilize a combination of different virulence factors to suppress host defense and promote pathogenicity. On the other hand, plants have developed elaborate defense mechanisms to protect themselves from pathogen infections. This review summarizes recent discoveries on defensive roles of signaling molecules made by plants (primarily in their chloroplasts), counteracting roles of chloroplast-targeted effectors and phytotoxins elicited by bacterial pathogens, and how all these molecules crosstalk and regulate photosynthesis, pathogen infection, and plant defense, using chloroplasts as a major battlefield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA.
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA.
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Ruan MB, Yang YL, Li KM, Guo X, Wang B, Yu XL, Peng M. Identification and characterization of drought-responsive CC-type glutaredoxins from cassava cultivars reveals their involvement in ABA signalling. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:329. [PMID: 30514219 PMCID: PMC6280520 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1528-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CC-type glutaredoxins (GRXs) are plant-specific glutaredoxin, play regulatory roles in response of biotic and abiotic stress. However, it is not clear whether the CC-type GRXs are involve in drought response in cassava (Manihot esculenta), an important tropical tuber root crop. RESULTS Herein, genome-wide analysis identified 18 CC-type GRXs in the cassava genome, of which six (namely MeGRXC3, C4, C7, C14, C15, and C18) were induced by drought stress in leaves of two cassava cultivars Argentina 7 (Arg7) and South China 124 (SC124). Exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) application induced the expression of all the six CC-type GRXs in leaves of both Arg7 and SC124 plants. Overexpression of MeGRXC15 in Arabidopsis (Col-0) increases tolerance of ABA on the sealed agar plates, but results in drought hypersensitivity in soil-grown plants. The results of microarray assays show that MeGRXC15 overexpression affected the expression of a set of transcription factors which involve in stress response, ABA, and JA/ET signalling pathway. The results of protein interaction analysis show that MeGRXC15 can interact with TGA5 from Arabidopsis and MeTGA074 from cassava. CONCLUSIONS CC-type glutaredoxins play regulatory roles in cassava response to drought possibly through ABA signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Bin Ruan
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101 China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Torpical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101 China
| | - Yi-Ling Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Kai-Mian Li
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Danzhou, 571701 China
| | - Xin Guo
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Bin Wang
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Xiao-Ling Yu
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101 China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Torpical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101 China
| | - Ming Peng
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101 China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Torpical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101 China
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