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Boevink PC, Birch PRJ, Turnbull D, Whisson SC. Devastating intimacy: the cell biology of plant-Phytophthora interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:445-458. [PMID: 32394464 PMCID: PMC7540312 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of the cell biology underlying the burgeoning molecular genetic and genomic knowledge of oomycete pathogenicity is essential to gain the full context of how these pathogens cause disease on plants. An intense research focus on secreted Phytophthora effector proteins, especially those containing a conserved N-terminal RXLR motif, has meant that most cell biological studies into Phytophthora diseases have focussed on the effectors and their host target proteins. While these effector studies have provided novel insights into effector secretion and host defence mechanisms, there remain many unanswered questions about fundamental processes involved in spore biology, host penetration and haustorium formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C. Boevink
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of DundeeErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Dionne Turnbull
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of DundeeErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Stephen C. Whisson
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
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52
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Ropitaux M, Bernard S, Schapman D, Follet-Gueye ML, Vicré M, Boulogne I, Driouich A. Root Border Cells and Mucilage Secretions of Soybean, Glycine Max (Merr) L.: Characterization and Role in Interactions with the Oomycete Phytophthora Parasitica. Cells 2020; 9:E2215. [PMID: 33008016 PMCID: PMC7650559 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Root border cells (BCs) and their associated secretions form a protective structure termed the root extracellular trap (RET) that plays a major role in root interactions with soil borne microorganisms. In this study, we investigated the release and morphology of BCs of Glycine max using light and cryo-scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We also examined the occurrence of cell-wall glycomolecules in BCs and secreted mucilage using immunofluorescence microscopy in conjunction with anti-glycan antibodies. Our data show that root tips released three populations of BCs defined as spherical, intermediate and elongated cells. The mechanism of shedding seemed to be cell morphotype-specific. The data also show that mucilage contained pectin, cellulose, extracellular DNA, histones and two hemicellulosic polysaccharides, xyloglucan and heteromannan. The latter has never been reported previously in any plant root secretions. Both hemicellulosic polysaccharides formed a dense fibrillary network embedding BCs and holding them together within the mucilage. Finally, we investigated the effect of the RET on the interactions of root with the pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora parasitica early during infection. Our findings reveal that the RET prevented zoospores from colonizing root tips by blocking their entry into root tissues and inducing their lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ropitaux
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES-EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche « Normandie-Végétal »-FED 4277, Université de ROUEN Normandie, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; (M.R.); (S.B.); (M.-L.F.-G.); (M.V.); (I.B.)
| | - Sophie Bernard
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES-EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche « Normandie-Végétal »-FED 4277, Université de ROUEN Normandie, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; (M.R.); (S.B.); (M.-L.F.-G.); (M.V.); (I.B.)
- Cell Imaging Platform (PRIMACEN-IRIB), Université de ROUEN Normandie, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France;
| | - Damien Schapman
- Cell Imaging Platform (PRIMACEN-IRIB), Université de ROUEN Normandie, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France;
| | - Marie-Laure Follet-Gueye
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES-EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche « Normandie-Végétal »-FED 4277, Université de ROUEN Normandie, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; (M.R.); (S.B.); (M.-L.F.-G.); (M.V.); (I.B.)
- Cell Imaging Platform (PRIMACEN-IRIB), Université de ROUEN Normandie, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France;
| | - Maïté Vicré
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES-EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche « Normandie-Végétal »-FED 4277, Université de ROUEN Normandie, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; (M.R.); (S.B.); (M.-L.F.-G.); (M.V.); (I.B.)
| | - Isabelle Boulogne
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES-EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche « Normandie-Végétal »-FED 4277, Université de ROUEN Normandie, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; (M.R.); (S.B.); (M.-L.F.-G.); (M.V.); (I.B.)
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES-EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche « Normandie-Végétal »-FED 4277, Université de ROUEN Normandie, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; (M.R.); (S.B.); (M.-L.F.-G.); (M.V.); (I.B.)
- Cell Imaging Platform (PRIMACEN-IRIB), Université de ROUEN Normandie, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France;
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53
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Wang J, Shen D, Ge C, Du Y, Lin L, Liu J, Bai T, Jing M, Qian G, Dou D. Filamentous Phytophthora Pathogens Deploy Effectors to Interfere With Bacterial Growth and Motility. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:581511. [PMID: 33101256 PMCID: PMC7554372 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.581511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora comprises a group of filamentous plant pathogens that cause serious crop diseases worldwide. It is widely known that a complex effector repertoire was secreted by Phytophthora pathogens to manipulate plant immunity and determine resistance and susceptibility. It is also recognized that Phytophthora pathogens may inhabit natural niches within complex environmental microbes, including bacteria. However, how Phytophthora pathogens interact with their cohabited microbes remains poorly understood. Here, we present such an intriguing case by using Phytophthora–bacteria interaction as a working system. We found that under co-culture laboratory conditions, several Phytophthora pathogens appeared to block the contact of an ecologically relevant bacterium, including Pseudomonas fluorescence and a model bacterium, Escherichia coli. We further observed that Phytophthora sojae utilizes a conserved Crinkler (CRN) effector protein, PsCRN63, to impair bacterial growth. Phytophthora capsici deploys another CRN effector, PcCRN173, to interfere with bacterial flagellum- and/or type IV pilus-mediated motility whereas a P. capsici-derived RxLR effector, PcAvh540, inhibits bacterial swimming motility, but not twitching motility and biofilm formation, suggesting functional diversification of effector-mediated Phytophthora–bacteria interactions. Thus, our studies provide a first case showing that the filamentous Phytophthora pathogens could deploy effectors to interfere with bacterial growth and motility, revealing an unprecedented effector-mediated inter-kingdom interaction between Phytophthora pathogens and bacterial species and thereby uncovering ecological significance of effector proteins in filamentous plant pathogens besides their canonical roles involving pathogen–plant interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengcheng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaxin Du
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Long Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Bai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoliang Qian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Li R, Zhu F, Duan D. Function analysis and stress-mediated cis-element identification in the promoter region of VqMYB15. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1773664. [PMID: 32475217 PMCID: PMC8570707 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1773664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor MYB15 plays an important role in grape basal immunity, and its promoter can be used as a potential target in resistance breeding. However, the regulatory mechanisms of cis-elements in its promoter region under a variety of stresses remain unclear. In this study, we identified some putative cis-regulatory elements present upstream of MYB15 in Vitis quinquangularis Shanyang (pVqMYB15_SY) and subsequently characterized the function of these elements using reporter assays. Our results showed that TCA-elements 1 and 2, ABRE, MYC and 3-AF1 binding site 1 are key cis-regulatory elements in pVqMYB15_SY and play important roles in plant bio/abiotic stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fanding Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dong Duan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- CONTACT Dong Duan Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an710069, China
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55
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Organize, Don't Agonize: Strategic Success of Phytophthora Species. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060917. [PMID: 32560346 PMCID: PMC7355776 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly challenged by various environmental stressors ranging from abiotic-sunlight, elevated temperatures, drought, and nutrient deficits, to biotic factors-microbial pathogens and insect pests. These not only affect the quality of harvest but also the yield, leading to substantial annual crop losses, worldwide. Although plants have a multi-layered immune system, phytopathogens such as species of the oomycete genus Phytophthora, can employ elaborate mechanisms to breach this defense. For the last two decades, researchers have focused on the co-evolution between Phytophthora and interacting hosts to decouple the mechanisms governing their molecular associations. This has provided a comprehensive understanding of the pathobiology of plants affected by oomycetes. Ultimately, this is important for the development of strategies to sustainably improve agricultural production. Therefore, this paper discusses the present-day state of knowledge of the strategic mode of operation employed by species of Phytophthora for successful infection. Specifically, we consider motility, attachment, and host cell wall degradation used by these pathogenic species to obtain nutrients from their host. Also discussed is an array of effector types from apoplastic (hydrolytic proteins, protease inhibitors, elicitins) to cytoplastic (RxLRs, named after Arginine-any amino acid-Leucine-Arginine consensus sequence and CRNs, for CRinkling and Necrosis), which upon liberation can subvert the immune response and promote diseases in plants.
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56
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Noman A, Aqeel M, Irshad MK, Qari SH, Hashem M, Alamri S, AbdulMajeed AM, Al-Sadi AM. Elicitins as molecular weapons against pathogens: consolidated biotechnological strategy for enhancing plant growth. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:821-832. [PMID: 32546015 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1779174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To fight against pathogens, defense systems in plants mainly depend upon preformed as well as induced responses. Pathogen detection activates induced responses and signals are transmitted for coordinated cellular events in order to restrict infection and spread. In spite of significant developments in manipulating genes, transcription factors and proteins for their involvement in immunity, absolute tolerance/resistance to pathogens has not been seen in plants/crops. Defense responses, among diverse plant types, to different pathogens involve modifications at the physio-biochemical and molecular levels. Secreted by oomycetes, elicitins are small, highly conserved and sterol-binding extracellular proteins with PAMP (pathogen associated molecular patterns) functions and are capable of eliciting plant defense reactions. Belonging to multigene families in oomycetes, elicitins are different from other plant proteins and show a different affinity for binding sterols and other lipids. These function for sterols binding to catalyze their inter-membrane and intra- as well as inter-micelle transport. Importantly, elicitins protect plants by inducing HR (hypersensitive response) and systemic acquired resistance. Despite immense metabolic significance and the involvement in defense activities, elicitins have not yet been fully studied and many questions regarding their functional activities remain to be explained. In order to address multiple questions associated with the role of elicitins, we have reviewed the understanding and topical advancements in plant defense mechanisms with a particular interest in elicitin-based defense actions and metabolic activities. This article offers potential attributes of elicitins as the biological control of plant diseases and can be considered as a baseline toward a more profound understanding of elicitins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aqeel
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
| | - Muhammad Kashif Irshad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sameer H Qari
- Biology Department, Aljumum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- College of Science, Department of Biology, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Saad Alamri
- College of Science, Department of Biology, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Sultan Ben Abdulaziz Center for Environmental and Tourism Research and Studies, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awatif M AbdulMajeed
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabook, Umluj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Al-Sadi
- College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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57
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Dong Y, Jing M, Shen D, Wang C, Zhang M, Liang D, Nyawira KT, Xia Q, Zuo K, Wu S, Wu Y, Dou D, Xia A. The mirid bug Apolygus lucorum deploys a glutathione peroxidase as a candidate effector to enhance plant susceptibility. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2701-2712. [PMID: 31950164 PMCID: PMC7210764 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The mirid bug Apolygus lucorum has become a major agricultural pest since the large-scale cultivation of Bt-cotton. It was assumed that A. lucorum, similarly to other phloem sap insects, could secrete saliva that contains effector proteins into plant interfaces to perturb host cellular processes during feeding. However, the secreted effectors of A. lucorum are still uncharacterized and unstudied. In this study, 1878 putative secreted proteins were identified from the transcriptome of A. lucorum, which either had homology with published aphid effectors or shared common features with plant pathogens and insect effectors. One hundred and seventy-two candidate effectors were used for cell death-inducing/suppressing assays, and a putative salivary gland effector, Apolygus lucorum cell death inhibitor 6 (Al6), was characterized. The mRNAs of Al6 were enriched at feeding stages (nymph and adult) and, in particular, in salivary glands. Moreover, we revealed that the secreted Al6 encoded an active glutathione peroxidase that reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation induced by INF1 or Flg22. Expression of the Al6 gene in planta altered insect feeding behavior and promoted plant pathogen infections. Inhibition of cell death and enhanced plant susceptibility to insect and pathogens are dependent on glutathione peroxidase activity of Al6. Thus, this study shows that a candidate salivary gland effector, Al6, functions as a glutathione peroxidase and suppresses ROS induced by pathogen-associated molecular pattern to inhibit pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)-induced cell death. The identification and molecular mechanism analysis of the Al6 candidate effector in A. lucorum will provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms of insect-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Danyu Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meiqian Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Karani T Nyawira
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingyue Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kairan Zuo
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuwen Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yidong Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ai Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Abstract
Rising CO2 concentrations and their effects on plant productivity present challenging issues. Effects on the photosynthesis/photorespiration balance and changes in primary metabolism are known, caused by the competitive interaction of CO2 and O2 at the active site of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. However, impacts on stress resistance are less clear. Reactive oxygen species are key players in biotic and abiotic stress responses, but there is no consensus on whether elevated CO2 constitutes a stress. Although high CO2 increases yield in C3 plants, it can also increase cellular oxidation and activate phytohormone defense pathways. Reduction-oxidation processes play key roles in acclimation to high CO2, with specific enzymes acting in compartment-specific signaling. Traditionally, acclimation to high CO2 has been considered in terms of altered carbon gain, but emerging evidence suggests that CO2 is a signal as well as a substrate. Some CO2 effects on defense are likely mediated independently of primary metabolism. Nonetheless, primary photosynthetic metabolism is highly integrated with defense and stress signaling pathways, meaning that plants will be able to acclimate to the changing environment over the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Graham Noctor
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université d'Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France;
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF)
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59
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Luo Y, Wang Q, Bai R, Li R, Chen L, Xu Y, Zhang M, Duan D. The Effect of Transcription Factor MYB14 on Defense Mechanisms in Vitis quinquangularis-Pingyi. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E706. [PMID: 31973146 PMCID: PMC7036875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we identified a transcription factor, MYB14, from Chinese wild grape, Vitis quinquangularis-Pingyi (V. quinquangularis-PY), which could enhance the main stilbene contents and expression of stilbene biosynthesis genes (StSy/RS) by overexpression of VqMYB14. The promoter of VqMYB14 (pVqMYB14) was shown to be induced as part of both basal immunity (also called pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity, PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), triggered by the elicitors flg22 and harpin, respectively. This was demonstrated by expression of pVqMYB14 in Nicotiana benthamiana and Vitis. We identified sequence differences, notably an 11 bp segment in pVqMYB14 that is important for the PTI/ETI, and particularly for the harpin-induced ETI response. In addition, we showed that activation of the MYB14 promoter correlates with differences in the expression of MYB14 and stilbene pattern induced by flg22 and harpin. An experimental model of upstream signaling in V. quinquangularis-PY is presented, where early defense responses triggered by flg22 and harpin partially overlap, but where the timing and levels differ. This translates into a qualitative difference with respect to patterns of stilbene accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dong Duan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China; (Y.L.); (Q.W.); (R.B.); (R.L.); (L.C.); (Y.X.); (M.Z.)
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60
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Foyer CH, Baker A, Wright M, Sparkes IA, Mhamdi A, Schippers JHM, Van Breusegem F. On the move: redox-dependent protein relocation in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:620-631. [PMID: 31421053 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Compartmentation of proteins and processes is a defining feature of eukaryotic cells. The growth and development of organisms is critically dependent on the accurate sorting of proteins within cells. The mechanisms by which cytosol-synthesized proteins are delivered to the membranes and membrane compartments have been extensively characterized. However, the protein complement of any given compartment is not precisely fixed and some proteins can move between compartments in response to metabolic or environmental triggers. The mechanisms and processes that mediate such relocation events are largely uncharacterized. Many proteins can in addition perform multiple functions, catalysing alternative reactions or performing structural, non-enzymatic functions. These alternative functions can be equally important functions in each cellular compartment. Such proteins are generally not dual-targeted proteins in the classic sense of having targeting sequences that direct de novo synthesized proteins to specific cellular locations. We propose that redox post-translational modifications (PTMs) can control the compartmentation of many such proteins, including antioxidant and/or redox-associated enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Alison Baker
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Megan Wright
- The Astbury Centre for Structural Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Imogen A Sparkes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jos H M Schippers
- Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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61
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Yang Q, Huai B, Lu Y, Cai K, Guo J, Zhu X, Kang Z, Guo J. A stripe rust effector Pst18363 targets and stabilises TaNUDX23 that promotes stripe rust disease. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:880-895. [PMID: 31529497 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), poses a tremendous threat to the production of wheat worldwide. The molecular mechanisms of Pst effectors that regulate wheat immunity are poorly understood. In this study, we identified an effector Pst18363 from Pst that suppresses plant cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana and in wheat. Knocking down Pst18363 expression by virus-mediated host-induced gene silencing significantly decreased the number of rust pustules, indicating that Pst18363 functions as an important pathogenicity factor in Pst. Pst18363 was proven to interact with wheat Nudix hydrolase 23 TaNUDX23. In wheat, silencing of TaNUDX23 by virus-induced gene silencing increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation induced by the avirulent Pst race CYR23, whereas overexpression of TaNUDX23 suppressed ROS accumulation induced by flg22 in Arabidopsis. In addition, TaNUDX23 suppressed Pst candidate effector Pst322-trigged cell death by decreasing ROS accumulation in N. benthamiana. Knocking down of TaNUDX23 expression attenuated Pst infection, indicating that TaNUDX23 is a negative regulator of defence. In N. benthamiana, Pst18363 stabilises TaNUDX23. Overall, our data suggest that Pst18363 stabilises TaNUDX23, which suppresses ROS accumulation to facilitate Pst infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baoyu Huai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuxi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kunyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoguo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Maximo HJ, Dalio RJD, Dias RO, Litholdo CG, Felizatti HL, Machado MA. PpCRN7 and PpCRN20 of Phythophthora parasitica regulate plant cell death leading to enhancement of host susceptibility. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:544. [PMID: 31810451 PMCID: PMC6896422 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytophthora species secrete cytoplasmic effectors from a family named Crinkler (CRN), which are characterised by the presence of conserved specific domains in the N- and C-terminal regions. P. parasitica causes disease in a wide range of host plants, however the role of CRN effectors in these interactions remains unclear. Here, we aimed to: (i) identify candidate CRN encoding genes in P. parasitica genomes; (ii) evaluate the transcriptional expression of PpCRN (Phytophthora parasitica Crinkler candidate) during the P. parasitica interaction with Citrus sunki (high susceptible) and Poncirus trifoliata (resistant); and (iii) functionally characterize two PpCRNs in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. RESULTS Our in silico analyses identified 80 putative PpCRN effectors in the genome of P. parasitica isolate 'IAC 01/95.1'. Transcriptional analysis revealed differential gene expression of 20 PpCRN candidates during the interaction with the susceptible Citrus sunki and the resistant Poncirus trifoliata. We have also found that P. parasitica is able to recognize different citrus hosts and accordingly modulates PpCRNs expression. Additionally, two PpCRN effectors, namely PpCRN7 and PpCRN20, were further characterized via transient gene expression in N. benthamiana leaves. The elicitin INF-1-induced Hypersensitivity Response (HR) was increased by an additive effect driven by PpCRN7 expression, whereas PpCRN20 expression suppressed HR response in N. benthamiana leaves. Despite contrasting functions related to HR, both effectors increased the susceptibility of plants to P. parasitica. CONCLUSIONS PpCRN7 and PpCRN20 have the ability to increase P. parasitica pathogenicity and may play important roles at different stages of infection. These PpCRN-associated mechanisms are now targets of biotechnological studies aiming to break pathogen's virulence and to promote plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heros J. Maximo
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Cordeirópolis, SP Brazil
| | - Ronaldo J. D. Dalio
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Cordeirópolis, SP Brazil
| | - Renata O. Dias
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Celso G. Litholdo
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Cordeirópolis, SP Brazil
| | - Henrique L. Felizatti
- Instituto de Matemática, Física e Computação Científica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Marcos A. Machado
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Cordeirópolis, SP Brazil
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Qi T, Guo J, Liu P, He F, Wan C, Islam MA, Tyler BM, Kang Z, Guo J. Stripe Rust Effector PstGSRE1 Disrupts Nuclear Localization of ROS-Promoting Transcription Factor TaLOL2 to Defeat ROS-Induced Defense in Wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1624-1638. [PMID: 31606466 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), a biotrophic plant pathogen, secretes numerous effectors to modulate host defense systems. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which Pst effectors regulate wheat immunity is of great importance for the development of novel strategies for durable control of stripe rust. In this study, we identified a glycine-serine-rich effector gene, PstGSRE1, which is highly induced during early infection. Transgenic expression of PstGSRE1 RNAi constructs in wheat significantly reduced virulence of Pst and increased H2O2 accumulation in wheat. PstGSRE1 was shown to target the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-associated transcription factor TaLOL2, a positive regulator of wheat immunity. PstGSRE1 disrupted nuclear localization of TaLOL2 and suppressed ROS-mediated cell death induced by TaLOL2, thus compromising host immunity. This work reveals a previously unrecognized strategy whereby rust fungi exploit the PstGSRE1 effector to defeat ROS-associated plant defense by modulating the subcellular compartment of a host immune regulator and facilitate pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Fuxin He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Cuiping Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Md Ashraful Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Brett M Tyler
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
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The glycoside hydrolase 18 family chitinases are associated with development and virulence in the mosquito pathogen Pythium guiyangense. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 135:103290. [PMID: 31707113 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases, the enzymes responsible for the biological degradation of chitin, participate in numerous physiological processes such as nutrition, parasitism, morphogenesis and immunity in various organisms. However, the genome-wide distribution, evolution and biological functions of chitinases are rarely reported in oomycetes. This study systematically investigated the glycoside hydrolase 18 (GH18) family of chitinases from the mosquito pathogenic oomycete, Pythium guiyangense using bioinformatics and experimental assays. A total of 3 pairs of GH18 chitinase genes distributed in three distinct phylogenic clusters were identified from P. guiyangense genome, which is consistent with the ones in plant pathogenic oomycetes. Further transcriptional analysis revealed that Pgchi1/2 was highly expressed at the development stages, while Pgchi3/4 and Pgchi5/6 were up-regulated at the infection stages. The biological function analysis of chitinase genes using genetic transformation silencing method showed that silencing of Pgchi1/2 resulted in reduced zoospore production, without affecting the virulence. However, attenuation of Pgchi3/4 and Pgchi5/6 genes regulated not only oxidative stress responses, but also led to decreased infection rates to mosquito larvae. Taken together, this study provides a comprehensive overview of P. guiyangense chitinase family and reveals their diverse roles in the development, stress response, and virulence, which would elucidate insightful information on the molecular mechanism of chitinase in entomopathogenic pathogens.
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Overexpression of Magnaporthe Oryzae Systemic Defense Trigger 1 (MoSDT1) Confers Improved Rice Blast Resistance in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194762. [PMID: 31557947 PMCID: PMC6802482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effector proteins secreted by a pathogen not only promote virulence and infection of the pathogen, but also trigger plant defense response. Therefore, these proteins could be used as important genetic resources for transgenic improvement of plant disease resistance. Magnaporthe oryzae systemic defense trigger 1 (MoSDT1) is an effector protein. In this study, we compared the agronomic traits and blast disease resistance between wild type (WT) and MoSDT1 overexpressing lines in rice. Under control conditions, MoSDT1 transgenic lines increased the number of tillers without affecting kernel morphology. In addition, MoSDT1 transgenic lines conferred improved blast resistance, with significant effects on the activation of callose deposition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and cell death. On the one hand, overexpression of MoSDT1 could delay biotrophy-necrotrophy switch through regulating the expression of biotrophy-associated secreted protein 4 (BAS4) and Magnaporthe oryzaecell death inducing protein 1 (MoCDIP1), and activate plant defense response by regulating the expression of Bsr-d1, MYBS1, WRKY45, peroxidase (POD), heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), allenoxide synthase 2 (AOS2), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), pathogenesis-related protein 1a (PR1a) in rice. On the other hand, overexpression of MoSDT1 could increase the accumulation of some defense-related primary metabolites such as two aromatic amino acids (L-tyrosine and L-tryptohan), 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid, which could be converted to ethylene, vanillic acid and L-saccharopine. Taken together, overexpression of MoSDT1 confers improved rice blast resistance in rice, through modulation of callose deposition, ROS accumulation, the expression of defense-related genes, and the accumulation of some primary metabolites.
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66
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Wang Y, Tyler BM, Wang Y. Defense and Counterdefense During Plant-Pathogenic Oomycete Infection. Annu Rev Microbiol 2019; 73:667-696. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-120022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic oomycetes include numerous species that are ongoing threats to agriculture and natural ecosystems. Understanding the molecular dialogs between oomycetes and plants is instrumental for sustaining effective disease control. Plants respond to oomycete infection by multiple defense actions including strengthening of physical barriers, production of antimicrobial molecules, and programmed cell death. These responses are tightly controlled and integrated via a three-layered immune system consisting of a multiplex recognition layer, a resilient signal-integration layer, and a diverse defense-action layer. Adapted oomycete pathogens utilize apoplastic and intracellular effector arsenals to counter plant immunity mechanisms within each layer, including by evasion or suppression of recognition, interference with numerous signaling components, and neutralization or suppression of defense actions. A coevolutionary arms race continually drives the emergence of new mechanisms of plant defense and oomycete counterdefense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;,
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Brett M. Tyler
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;,
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
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67
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Shen D, Dong Y, Wei Y, Zhang M, Wang J, Tang Z, Xia Q, Nyawira KT, Jing M, Dou D, Xia A. Genome-wide and functional analyses of tyrosine kinase-like family genes reveal potential roles in development and virulence in mosquito pathogen Pythium guiyangense. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 130:11-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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68
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Wang W, Jiao F. Effectors of Phytophthora pathogens are powerful weapons for manipulating host immunity. PLANTA 2019; 250:413-425. [PMID: 31243548 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the interactions between Phytophthora effectors and plant immune system components, which form a cross-linked complex network that regulates plant pathogen resistance. Pathogens secrete numerous effector proteins into plants to promote infections. Several Phytophthora species (e.g., P. infestans, P. ramorum, P. sojae, P. capsici, P. cinnamomi, and P. parasitica) are notorious pathogens that are extremely damaging to susceptible plants. Analyses of genomic data revealed that Phytophthora species produce a large group of effector proteins, which are critical for pathogenesis. And, the targets and functions of many identified Phytophthora effectors have been investigated. Phytophthora effectors can affect various aspects of plant immune systems, including plant cell proteases, phytohormones, RNAs, the MAPK pathway, catalase, the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, the endoplasmic reticulum, NB-LRR proteins, and the cell membrane. Clarifying the effector-plant interactions is important for unravelling the functions of Phytophthora effectors during pathogenesis. In this article, we review the effectors identified in recent decades and provide an overview of the effector-directed regulatory network in plants following infections by Phytophthora species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring, Controlling and Integrated Management, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 11 Forth Longitudinal Keyuan Rd, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fangchan Jiao
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, People's Republic of China
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69
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Luo Y, Bai R, Li J, Yang W, Li R, Wang Q, Zhao G, Duan D. The transcription factor MYB15 is essential for basal immunity (PTI) in Chinese wild grape. PLANTA 2019; 249:1889-1902. [PMID: 30864013 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
MYB15 promoter of Vitis quinquangularis has potential as a target for disease resistance breeding, and its involvement in PTI is associated with a range of defense mechanisms. China is a center of origin for Vitis and is home to diverse wild Vitis genotypes, some of which show superior pathogen resistance, although the underlying molecular basis for this has not yet been elucidated. In the current study, we identified a transcription factor, MYB15, from the Chinese wild grape, Vitis quinquangularis, whose promoter region (pVqMYB15) was shown to be induced by basal immunity (also called PAMP-triggered immunity, PTI) triggered by flg22, following heterologous expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and homologous expression in grapevine. By analyzing the promoter structure and activity, we identified a unique 283 bp sequence that plays a key role in the activation of basal immunity. In addition, we showed that activation of the MYB15 promoter correlates with differences in the expression of MYB15 and RESVERATROL SYNTHASE (RS) induced by the flg22 elicitor. We further tested whether the MYB15 induction triggered by flg22 was consistent with MYB15 and RS expression following inoculation with Plasmopara viticola in grape (V. quinquangularis and Vitis vinifera) leaves. Mapping upstream signals, we found that calcium influx, an RboH-dependent oxidative burst, an MAPK cascade, and jasmonate and salicylic acid co-contributed to flg22-triggered pVqMYB15 activation. Our data suggest that the MYB15 promoter has potential as a target for disease resistance breeding, and its involvement in PTI is associated with a range of defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ru Bai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weidong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruixiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guifang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dong Duan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China.
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70
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Li Q, Ai G, Shen D, Zou F, Wang J, Bai T, Chen Y, Li S, Zhang M, Jing M, Dou D. A Phytophthora capsici Effector Targets ACD11 Binding Partners that Regulate ROS-Mediated Defense Response in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:565-581. [PMID: 30703564 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a vital role in plant immune response, but the genes involved in the regulation of ROS are scantily reported. Phytophthora pathogens produce a large number of effectors to promote infection, but the modes of action adopted are largely unknown. Here, we report that RxLR207 could activate ROS-mediated cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana and was essential for virulence of P. capsici. We found that this effector targeted BPA1 (binding partner of ACD11) and four members of BPLs (BPA1-Like proteins) in Arabidopsis, and the bpa1 and bpl mutants had enhanced ROS accumulation and cell death under biotic or abiotic stresses. Furthermore, we showed that BPA1 and several BPLs functioned redundantly in plant immunity to P. capsici. We discovered that BPA1 and all six BPLs interacted with ACD11, and stabilization of ACD11 was impaired in the bpa1, bpl2, bpl3, and bpl4 mutants. RxLR207 could promote the degradation of BPA1, BPL1, BPL2, and BPL4 to disrupt ACD11 stabilization in a 26S proteasome-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings indicate the important roles of Arabidopsis BPA1 and its homologs in ROS homeostasis and defense response, highlighting the usefulness of a pathogen effector-directed approach as a promising strategy for the discovery of novel plant immune regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Gan Ai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fen Zou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tian Bai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanyu Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shutian Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Bai R, Luo Y, Wang L, Li J, Wu K, Zhao G, Duan D. A specific allele of MYB14 in grapevine correlates with high stilbene inducibility triggered by Al 3+ and UV-C radiation. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:37-49. [PMID: 30302553 PMCID: PMC6320375 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The structural differences of MYB14 promoter in two grapevine genotypes affect the expression of MYB14 and stilbene synthesis in response to Al3+ and UV-C radiation. Grapevines provide an important fruit crop worldwide, but production is often limited by pathogen infection. Stilbenes, a class of secondary metabolite, represent phytoalexins that contribute to defence against pathogens in many plants, including grapevine. It is known that the transcription factors MYB14 and MYB15 are required for the activation of the promoters of resveratrol synthase to regulate stilbene biosynthesis. In the current study, we observed that stilbene levels were more highly induced by Al3+ and UV-C radiation treatments in the cultivar Vitis labrusca 'Concord' than in the cultivar V. vinifera 'Cabernet Sauvignon'. We investigated whether genetic/structural variations in the MYB14 and MYB15 promoters between these two representative genotypes are responsible for the differences in stilbene accumulation. Significant differences in the structure and activity of the promoter of MYB14, but not MYB15 were identified between the two genotypes, following heterologous expression in Nicotiana benthamiana system and treatments with Al3+ and UV-C. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was detected in Concord soon after the stress treatments, but after diphenyleneiodonium chloride pre-treatment, the expressing level of VlMYB14, the promoter activity of VlMYB14 and the accumulation of stilbenes was significantly reduced. A model is presented where the induction of MYB14 contributes to stilbene accumulation in Concord following Al3+ and UV-C treatments involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as an early signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Bai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yangyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Kerun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Guifang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Dong Duan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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Liu L, Xu L, Jia Q, Pan R, Oelmüller R, Zhang W, Wu C. Arms race: diverse effector proteins with conserved motifs. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1557008. [PMID: 30621489 PMCID: PMC6351098 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1557008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Effector proteins play important roles in the infection by pathogenic oomycetes and fungi or the colonization by endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi. They are either translocated into the host plant cells via specific translocation mechanisms and function in the host's cytoplasm or nucleus, or they reside in the apoplast of the plant cells and act at the extracellular host-microbe interface. Many effector proteins possess conserved motifs (such as the RXLR, CRN, LysM, RGD, DELD, EAR, RYWT, Y/F/WXC or CFEM motifs) localized in their N- or C-terminal regions. Analysis of the functions of effector proteins, especially so-called "core effectors", is crucial for the understanding of pathogenicity/symbiosis mechanisms and plant defense strategies, and helps to develop breeding strategies for pathogen-resistant cultivars, and to increase crop yield and quality as well as abiotic stress resistance. This review summarizes current knowledge about these effector proteins with the conversed motifs and their involvement in pathogenic or mutualistic plant/fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Le Xu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Qie Jia
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Rui Pan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- CONTACT Wenying Zhang Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; Chu Wu College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Chu Wu
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Institute of Plant Ecology and Environmental Restoration, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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Wang Y, Wang Y. Phytophthora sojae effectors orchestrate warfare with host immunity. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 46:7-13. [PMID: 29454192 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae is one of the most damaging plant pathogens of soybean. To aid establishment of a compatible interaction with its host, P. sojae deploys many secreted effectors. These effectors act either in the apoplastic space to cope with hostile conditions or inside of host cells to reprogram host physiology favoring pathogen growth. Effectors have been used as molecular probes, which revealed in Phytophthora that effectors execute their virulence function via manipulating host targets. In addition, recent studies have discovered 'pseudo-effectors' in Phytophthora that act as decoys to shield virulence effectors from host defense, a new paradigm in plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210095, China.
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74
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Wang C, Shen D, Wang J, Chen Y, Dong Y, Tang Z, Xia A. An AGC kinase, PgAGC1 regulates virulence in the entomopathogenic oomycete Pythium guiyangense. Fungal Biol 2018; 123:87-93. [PMID: 30654961 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are the most important medical species by transmitting some of deadly infectious diseases to human. In recent years extensive studies of vector control have been focused on biological control agents due to the grave issue raised by continuous application of chemical compounds. Pythium guiyangense X.Q. Su was first isolated from infected larvae of Aedes albopictus in 2006 in China and it has been proven to be a promising mosquito control agent. However, the molecular mechanisms of this oomycete pathogenic to mosquitoes are still not clear. In this study, we identified a new gene from the genome of P. guiyangense, PgAGC1 that belongs to the AGC kinase group and we found that the transcriptional expression levels of this gene were significantly up-regulated during infection of mosquito Culex pipiens pallens. Disruption of the PgAGC1gene via genetic transformation methods affects colony growth and stress responses and results in reduced mortality and infection rates. All the evidence revealed that, besides its role in growth and stress resistance, PgAGC1 is putative determinants of P. guiyangense virulence. The results of this study become of particular importance in understanding the mechanisms of oomycete-mosquito interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yumei Dong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhaoyang Tang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ai Xia
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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75
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Li H, Wang H, Jing M, Zhu J, Guo B, Wang Y, Lin Y, Chen H, Kong L, Ma Z, Wang Y, Ye W, Dong S, Tyler B, Wang Y. A Phytophthora effector recruits a host cytoplasmic transacetylase into nuclear speckles to enhance plant susceptibility. eLife 2018; 7:e40039. [PMID: 30346270 PMCID: PMC6249003 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oomycete pathogens secrete host cell-entering effector proteins to manipulate host immunity during infection. We previously showed that PsAvh52, an early-induced RxLR effector secreted from the soybean root rot pathogen, Phytophthora sojae, could suppress plant immunity. Here, we found that PsAvh52 is required for full virulence on soybean and binds to a novel soybean transacetylase, GmTAP1, in vivo and in vitro. PsAvh52 could cause GmTAP1 to relocate into the nucleus where GmTAP1 could acetylate histones H2A and H3 during early infection, thereby promoting susceptibility to P. sojae. In the absence of PsAvh52, GmTAP1 remained confined to the cytoplasm and did not modify plant susceptibility. These results demonstrate that GmTAP1 is a susceptibility factor that is hijacked by PsAvh52 in order to promote epigenetic modifications that enhance the susceptibility of soybean to P. sojae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Li
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Haonan Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Maofeng Jing
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Jinyi Zhu
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Baodian Guo
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Yachun Lin
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Liang Kong
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Zhenchuan Ma
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Brett Tyler
- Center for Genome Research and BiocomputingOregon State UniversityCorvallisUnited States
- Department of Botany and Plant PathologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisUnited States
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
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76
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Voß S, Betz R, Heidt S, Corradi N, Requena N. RiCRN1, a Crinkler Effector From the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Rhizophagus irregularis, Functions in Arbuscule Development. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2068. [PMID: 30233541 PMCID: PMC6131194 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is one of the most prominent and beneficial plant–microbe interactions that facilitates mineral nutrition and confers tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. AM fungi colonize the root cortex and develop specialized structures called arbuscules where the nutrient exchange takes place. Arbuscule development is a highly controlled and coordinated process requiring the involvement of many plant proteins recruited at that interface. In contrast, much less is known about the fungal proteins involved in this process. Here, we have identified an AM fungal effector that participates in this developmental step of the symbiosis. RiCRN1 is a crinkler (CRN) effector that belongs to a subfamily of secreted CRN proteins from R. irregularis. CRNs have been so far only functionally characterized in pathogenic microbes and shown to participate in processes controlling plant cell death and immunity. RiCRN1 accumulates during symbiosis establishment parallel to MtPT4, the gene coding for an arbuscule-specific phosphate transporter. Expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and in Medicago truncatula roots suggest that RiCRN1 is not involved in cell death processes. RiCRN1 dimerizes and localizes to nuclear bodies, suggesting that, similar to other CRNs, it functions in the plant nucleus. Downregulation of RiCRN1 using host-induced gene silencing led to an impairment of the symbiosis in M. truncatula and to a reduction of MtPT4, while ectopic expression of RiCRN1, surprisingly, led to a drastic reduction in arbuscule size that correlated with a decrease not only in MtPT4 but also in MtBCP1, a marker for initial stages of arbuscule development. Altogether, our results suggest that a tightly regulated expression in time and space of RiCRN1 is critical for symbiosis progression and for the proper initiation of arbuscule development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Voß
- Molecular Phytopathology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ruben Betz
- Molecular Phytopathology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sven Heidt
- Molecular Phytopathology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicolas Corradi
- Department of Biology, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Natalia Requena
- Molecular Phytopathology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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77
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Amaro TMMM, Thilliez GJA, Mcleod RA, Huitema E. Random mutagenesis screen shows that Phytophthora capsici CRN83_152-mediated cell death is not required for its virulence function(s). MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1114-1126. [PMID: 28779542 PMCID: PMC5947615 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing availability of plant pathogen genomes, secreted proteins that aid infection (effectors) have emerged as key factors that help to govern plant-microbe interactions. The conserved CRN (CRinkling and Necrosis) effector family was first described in oomycetes by their capacity to induce host cell death. Despite recent advances towards the elucidation of CRN virulence functions, the relevance of CRN-induced cell death remains unclear. In planta over-expression of PcCRN83_152, a CRN effector from Phytophthora capsici, causes host cell death and boosts P. capsici virulence. We used these features to ask whether PcCRN83_152-induced cell death is linked to its virulence function. By randomly mutating this effector, we generated PcCRN83_152 variants with no cell death (NCD) phenotypes, which were subsequently tested for activity towards enhanced virulence. We showed that a subset of PcCRN83_152 NCD variants retained their ability to boost P. capsici virulence. Moreover, NCD variants were shown to have a suppressive effect on PcCRN83_152-mediated cell death. Our work shows that PcCRN83_152-induced cell death and virulence function can be separated. Moreover, if these findings hold true for other cell death-inducing CRN effectors, this work, in turn, will provide a framework for studies aimed at unveiling the virulence functions of these effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago M. M. M. Amaro
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life SciencesUniversity of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute (JHI), InvergowrieDundee DD2 5DAUK
- Dundee Effector Consortium, JHI, InvergowrieDundee DD2 5DAUK
| | - Gaëtan J. A. Thilliez
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life SciencesUniversity of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute (JHI), InvergowrieDundee DD2 5DAUK
- Dundee Effector Consortium, JHI, InvergowrieDundee DD2 5DAUK
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJHI, InvergowrieDundee DD2 5DAUK
| | - Rory A. Mcleod
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life SciencesUniversity of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute (JHI), InvergowrieDundee DD2 5DAUK
- Dundee Effector Consortium, JHI, InvergowrieDundee DD2 5DAUK
| | - Edgar Huitema
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life SciencesUniversity of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute (JHI), InvergowrieDundee DD2 5DAUK
- Dundee Effector Consortium, JHI, InvergowrieDundee DD2 5DAUK
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78
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Zhang M, Feng H, Zhao Y, Song L, Gao C, Xu X, Huang L. Valsa mali Pathogenic Effector VmPxE1 Contributes to Full Virulence and Interacts With the Host Peroxidase MdAPX1 as a Potential Target. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:821. [PMID: 29922244 PMCID: PMC5996921 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Valsa canker, caused by Valsa mali (V. mali), is a destructive disease of apple in Eastern Asia. Effector proteins are important for fungal pathogenicity. We studied a candidate effector VmPxE1 isolated based on the genome information of V. mali. By using the yeast invertase secretion assay system, VmPxE1 was shown to contain a signal peptide with secretory functions. VmPxE1 can suppress BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX)-induced cell death with a high efficacy of 92% in Nicotiana benthamiana. The expression of VmPxE1 was upregulated during the early infection stage and deletion of VmPxE1 led to significant reductions in virulence on both apple twigs and leaves. VmPxE1 was also shown to target an apple ascorbate peroxidase (MdAPX1) by the yeast two-hybrid screening, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and in vivo co-immunoprecipitation. Sequence phylogenetic analysis suggested that MdAPX1 was an ascorbate peroxidase belonging to a subgroup of heme-dependent peroxidases of the plant superfamily. The ectopic expression of MdAPX1 in the mutant of VmPxE1 significantly enhanced resistance to H2O2, while the presence of VmPxE1 seems to disturb MdAPX1 function. The present results provide insights into the functions of VmPxE1 as a candidate effector of V. mali in causing apple canker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yuhuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Linlin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiangming Xu
- NIAB East Malling Research, East Malling, United Kingdom
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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79
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Zhang Y, Yan X, Guo H, Zhao F, Huang L. A Novel Protein Elicitor BAR11 From Saccharothrix yanglingensis Hhs.015 Improves Plant Resistance to Pathogens and Interacts With Catalases as Targets. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:700. [PMID: 29686663 PMCID: PMC5900052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported the biocontrol effects of Saccharothrix yanglingensis strain Hhs.015 on Valsa mali. Here, we report a novel protein elicitor BAR11 from the biocontrol strain Hhs.015 and its functions in plant defense responses. Functional analysis showed that the elicitor BAR11 significantly stimulated plant systemic resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. In addition, systemic tissues accumulated reactive oxygen species and deposited callose in a short period post-treatment compared with the control. Quantitative RT-PCR results revealed that BAR11 can induce plant resistance through the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling pathways. Further analysis indicated that BAR11 interacts with host catalases in plant cells. Taken together, we conclude that the elicitor BAR11 from the strain Hhs.015 can trigger defense responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xia Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hongmei Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Feiyang Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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80
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Dalio RJD, Maximo HJ, Oliveira TS, Dias RO, Breton MC, Felizatti H, Machado M. Phytophthora parasitica Effector PpRxLR2 Suppresses Nicotiana benthamiana Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:481-493. [PMID: 29165046 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0158-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora species secrete several classes of effector proteins during interaction with their hosts. These proteins can have multiple functions including modulation of host physiology and immunity. The RxLR effectors have the ability to enter plant cells using the plant machinery. Some of these effectors have been characterized as immunity suppressors; however, very little is known about their functions in the interaction between Phytophthora parasitica and its hosts. Using a bioinformatics pipeline, we have identified 172 candidate RxLR effectors (CREs) in the isolate IAC 01_95 of P. parasitica. Of these 172 CREs, 93 were found to be also present in eight other genomes of P. parasitica, isolated from different hosts and continents. After transcriptomics and gene expression analysis, we have found five CREs to be up-regulated in in-vitro and in-planta samples. Subsequently, we selected three CREs for functional characterization in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. We show that PpRxLR2 is able to completely suppress INF-1-induced cell death, whereas PpRxLR3 and PpRxLR5 moderately suppressed N. benthamiana immunity in a less-extensive manner. Moreover, we confirmed the effector-triggered susceptibility activity of these proteins after transient transformation and infection of N. benthamiana plants. All three CREs enhanced virulence of P. parasitica during the interaction with N. benthamiana. These effectors, in particular PpRxLR2, can be targeted for the development of biotechnology-based control strategies of P. parasitica diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J D Dalio
- 1 Biotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/Instituto Agronômico, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil
| | - H J Maximo
- 1 Biotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/Instituto Agronômico, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil
| | - T S Oliveira
- 1 Biotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/Instituto Agronômico, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil
| | - R O Dias
- 2 Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; and
| | - M C Breton
- 1 Biotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/Instituto Agronômico, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil
| | - H Felizatti
- 3 Instituto de Matemática, Física e Computação Científica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas Unicamp, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - M Machado
- 1 Biotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/Instituto Agronômico, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil
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81
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Park E, Nedo A, Caplan JL, Dinesh-Kumar SP. Plant-microbe interactions: organelles and the cytoskeleton in action. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1012-1028. [PMID: 29250789 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1012 I. Introduction 1012 II. The endomembrane system in plant-microbe interactions 1013 III. The cytoskeleton in plant-microbe interactions 1017 IV. Organelles in plant-microbe interactions 1019 V. Inter-organellar communication in plant-microbe interactions 1022 VI. Conclusions and prospects 1023 Acknowledgements 1024 References 1024 SUMMARY: Plants have evolved a multilayered immune system with well-orchestrated defense strategies against pathogen attack. Multiple immune signaling pathways, coordinated by several subcellular compartments and interactions between these compartments, play important roles in a successful immune response. Pathogens use various strategies to either directly attack the plant's immune system or to indirectly manipulate the physiological status of the plant to inhibit an immune response. Microscopy-based approaches have allowed the direct visualization of membrane trafficking events, cytoskeleton reorganization, subcellular dynamics and inter-organellar communication during the immune response. Here, we discuss the contributions of organelles and the cytoskeleton to the plant's defense response against microbial pathogens, as well as the mechanisms used by pathogens to target these compartments to overcome the plant's defense barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsook Park
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alexander Nedo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Caplan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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82
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Hardham AR, Blackman LM. Phytophthora cinnamomi. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:260-285. [PMID: 28519717 PMCID: PMC6637996 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora cinnamomi is one of the most devastating plant pathogens in the world. It infects close to 5000 species of plants, including many of importance in agriculture, forestry and horticulture. The inadvertent introduction of P. cinnamomi into natural ecosystems, including a number of recognized Global Biodiversity Hotspots, has had disastrous consequences for the environment and the biodiversity of flora and fauna. The genus Phytophthora belongs to the Class Oomycetes, a group of fungus-like organisms that initiate plant disease through the production of motile zoospores. Disease control is difficult in agricultural and forestry situations and even more challenging in natural ecosystems as a result of the scale of the problem and the limited range of effective chemical inhibitors. The development of sustainable control measures for the future management of P. cinnamomi requires a comprehensive understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of pathogen development and pathogenicity. The application of next-generation sequencing technologies to generate genomic and transcriptomic data promises to underpin a new era in P. cinnamomi research and discovery. The aim of this review is to integrate bioinformatic analyses of P. cinnamomi sequence data with current knowledge of the cellular and molecular basis of P. cinnamomi growth, development and plant infection. The goal is to provide a framework for future research by highlighting potential pathogenicity genes, shedding light on their possible functions and identifying suitable targets for future control measures. TAXONOMY Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands; Kingdom Chromista; Phylum Oomycota or Pseudofungi; Class Oomycetes; Order Peronosporales; Family Peronosporaceae; genus Phytophthora. HOST RANGE Infects about 5000 species of plants, including 4000 Australian native species. Host plants important for agriculture and forestry include avocado, chestnut, macadamia, oak, peach and pineapple. DISEASE SYMPTOMS A root pathogen which causes rotting of fine and fibrous roots, but which can also cause stem cankers. Root damage may inhibit water movement from roots to shoots, leading to dieback of young shoots. USEFUL WEBSITES: http://fungidb.org/fungidb/; http://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phyci1/Phyci1.home.html; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/GCA_001314365.1; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/GCA_001314505.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne R. Hardham
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and EnvironmentThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT 2601Australia
| | - Leila M. Blackman
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and EnvironmentThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT 2601Australia
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83
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Plett JM, Martin FM. Know your enemy, embrace your friend: using omics to understand how plants respond differently to pathogenic and mutualistic microorganisms. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:729-746. [PMID: 29265527 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms, or 'microbes', have formed intimate associations with plants throughout the length of their evolutionary history. In extant plant systems microbes still remain an integral part of the ecological landscape, impacting plant health, productivity and long-term fitness. Therefore, to properly understand the genetic wiring of plants, we must first determine what perception systems plants have evolved to parse beneficial from commensal from pathogenic microbes. In this review, we consider some of the most recent advances in how plants respond at the molecular level to different microbial lifestyles. Further, we cover some of the means by which microbes are able to manipulate plant signaling pathways through altered destructiveness and nutrient sinks, as well as the use of effector proteins and micro-RNAs (miRNAs). We conclude by highlighting some of the major questions still to be answered in the field of plant-microbe research, and suggest some of the key areas that are in greatest need of further research investment. The results of these proposed studies will have impacts in a wide range of plant research disciplines and will, ultimately, translate into stronger agronomic crops and forestry stock, with immune perception and response systems bred to foster beneficial microbial symbioses while repudiating pathogenic symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Francis M Martin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche, 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
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84
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Dalio RJD, Herlihy J, Oliveira TS, McDowell JM, Machado M. Effector Biology in Focus: A Primer for Computational Prediction and Functional Characterization. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:22-33. [PMID: 29023190 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0174-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant-pathogen interactions are controlled by a multilayered immune system, which is activated by pathogen recognition in the host. Pathogens secrete effector molecules to interfere with the immune recognition or signaling network and reprogram cell structure or metabolism. Understanding the effector repertoires of diverse pathogens will contribute to unraveling the molecular mechanism of virulence and developing sustainable disease-control strategies for crops and natural ecosystems. Effector functionality has been investigated extensively in only a small number of pathogen species. However, many more pathogen genomes are becoming available, and much can be learned from a broader view of effector biology in diverse pathosystems. The purpose of this review is to summarize methodology for computational prediction of protein effectors, functional characterization of effector proteins and their targets, and the use of effectors as probes to screen for new sources of host resistance. Although these techniques were generally developed in model pathosystems, many of the approaches are directly applicable for exploration and exploitation of effector biology in pathosystems that are less well studied. We hope to facilitate such exploration, which will broaden understanding of the mechanisms that underpin the biological diversity of plant-pathogen interactions, and maximize the impact of new approaches that leverage effector biology for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo J D Dalio
- 1 Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IA, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil; and
| | - John Herlihy
- 2 Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0329, U.S.A
| | - Tiago S Oliveira
- 1 Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IA, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil; and
| | - John M McDowell
- 2 Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0329, U.S.A
| | - Marcos Machado
- 1 Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IA, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil; and
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85
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Noctor G, Mhamdi A. Climate Change, CO 2, and Defense: The Metabolic, Redox, and Signaling Perspectives. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:857-870. [PMID: 28811163 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing human-induced changes in the composition of the atmosphere continue to stimulate interest in the effects of high CO2 on plants, but its potential impact on inducible plant defense pathways remains poorly defined. Recently, several studies have reported that growth at elevated CO2 is sufficient to induce defenses such as the salicylic acid pathway, thereby increasing plant resistance to pathogens. These reports contrast with evidence that defense pathways can be promoted by photorespiration, which is inhibited at high CO2. Here, we review signaling, metabolic, and redox processes modulated by CO2 levels and discuss issues to be resolved in elucidating the relationships between primary metabolism, inducible defense, and biotic stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR1403, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, INRA, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR1403, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, INRA, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France; Current address: Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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86
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Varden FA, De la Concepcion JC, Maidment JH, Banfield MJ. Taking the stage: effectors in the spotlight. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 38:25-33. [PMID: 28460241 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens are a serious threat to agriculture and to global food security, causing diverse crop diseases which lead to extensive annual yield losses. Production of effector proteins by pathogens, to manipulate host cellular processes, is central to their success. An understanding of fundamental effector biology is key to addressing the threat posed by these pathogens. Recent advances in 'omics' technologies have facilitated high-throughput identification of putative effector proteins, while evolving cellular, structural and biochemical approaches have assisted in characterising their function. Furthermore, structures of effectors in complex with host factors now provide opportunities for applying our knowledge of effector biology to influence disease outcomes. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the field and suggest avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya A Varden
- Dept. of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Josephine Hr Maidment
- Dept. of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Banfield
- Dept. of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
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87
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Sun Y, Li P, Deng M, Shen D, Dai G, Yao N, Lu Y. The Ralstonia solanacearum effector RipAK suppresses plant hypersensitive response by inhibiting the activity of host catalases. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19:e12736. [PMID: 28252830 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The destructive bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum delivers effector proteins via a type-III secretion system for its pathogenesis of plant hosts. However, the biochemical functions of most of these effectors remain unclear. RipAK of R. solanacearum GMI1000 is a type-III effector with unknown functions. Functional analysis demonstrated that in tobacco leaves, ripAK knockout bacteria produced an obvious hypersensitive response; also, infected tissues accumulated reactive oxygen species in a shorter period postinfection, compared with wild type. This strongly indicates that RipAK can inhibit hypersensitive response during infection. Further analysis showed that RipAK localizes to peroxisomes and interacts with host catalases (CATs) in plant cells. Truncation of 2 putative domains of RipAK caused it to fail to target the peroxisome and fail to interact with AtCATs, suggesting that RipAK localization depends on its interaction with CATs. Furthermore, heterologous expression of RipAK inhibited CAT activity in vivo and in vitro. Finally, compared with the ripAK mutant, infection with a bacterial strain overexpressing RipAK inhibited the transcription of many immunity-associated genes in infected tobacco leaves at 2- and 4-hr postinfection, although mRNA levels of NtCAT1 were upregulated. These data indicate that GMI1000 suppresses hypersensitive response by inhibiting host CATs through RipAK at early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pai Li
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengying Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyi Dai
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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88
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An LRR receptor kinase regulates growth, development and pathogenesis in Phytophthora capsici. Microbiol Res 2017; 198:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Amaro TMMM, Thilliez GJA, Motion GB, Huitema E. A Perspective on CRN Proteins in the Genomics Age: Evolution, Classification, Delivery and Function Revisited. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:99. [PMID: 28217133 PMCID: PMC5289972 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant associated microbes rely on secreted virulence factors (effectors) to modulate host immunity and ensure progressive infection. Amongst the secreted protein repertoires defined and studied in pathogens to date, the CRNs (for CRinkling and Necrosis) have emerged as one of only a few highly conserved protein families, spread across several kingdoms. CRN proteins were first identified in plant pathogenic oomycetes where they were found to be modular factors that are secreted and translocated inside host cells by means of a conserved N-terminal domain. Subsequent localization and functional studies have led to the view that CRN C-termini execute their presumed effector function in the host nucleus, targeting processes required for immunity. These findings have led to great interest in this large protein family and driven the identification of additional CRN-like proteins in other organisms. The identification of CRN proteins and subsequent functional studies have markedly increased the number of candidate CRN protein sequences, expanded the range of phenotypes tentatively associated with function and revealed some of their molecular functions toward virulence. The increased number of characterized CRNs also has presented a set of challenges that may impede significant progress in the future. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the CRNs and re-assess some basic assumptions regarding this protein family. We will discuss the latest findings on CRN biology and highlight exciting new hypotheses that have emanated from the field. Finally, we will discuss new approaches to study CRN functions that would lead to a better understanding of CRN effector biology as well as the processes that lead to host susceptibility and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago M. M. M. Amaro
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of DundeeDundee, UK
- Dundee Effector ConsortiumDundee, UK
| | - Gaëtan J. A. Thilliez
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of DundeeDundee, UK
- Dundee Effector ConsortiumDundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, UK
| | - Graham B. Motion
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of DundeeDundee, UK
- Dundee Effector ConsortiumDundee, UK
| | - Edgar Huitema
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of DundeeDundee, UK
- Dundee Effector ConsortiumDundee, UK
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90
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Toum L, Torres PS, Gallego SM, Benavídes MP, Vojnov AA, Gudesblat GE. Coronatine Inhibits Stomatal Closure through Guard Cell-Specific Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase-Dependent ROS Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1851. [PMID: 28018388 PMCID: PMC5155495 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microbes trigger stomatal closure through microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). The bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) synthesizes the polyketide toxin coronatine, which inhibits stomatal closure by MAMPs and by the hormone abscisic acid (ABA). The mechanism by which coronatine, a jasmonic acid-isoleucine analog, achieves this effect is not completely clear. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential second messengers in stomatal immunity, therefore we investigated the possible effect of coronatine on their production. We found that coronatine inhibits NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS production induced by ABA, and by the flagellin-derived peptide flg22. This toxin also inhibited NADPH oxidase-dependent stomatal closure induced by darkness, however, it failed to prevent stomatal closure by exogenously applied H2O2 or by salicylic acid, which induces ROS production through peroxidases. Contrary to what was observed on stomata, coronatine did not affect the oxidative burst induced by flg22 in leaf disks. Additionally, we observed that in NADPH oxidase mutants atrbohd and atrbohd/f, as well as in guard cell ABA responsive but flg22 insensitive mutants mpk3, mpk6, npr1-3, and lecrk-VI.2-1, the inhibition of ABA stomatal responses by both coronatine and the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium was markedly reduced. Interestingly, coronatine still impaired ABA-induced ROS synthesis in mpk3, mpk6, npr1-3, and lecrk-VI.2-1, suggesting a possible feedback regulation of ROS on other guard cell ABA signaling elements in these mutants. Altogether our results show that inhibition of NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS synthesis in guard cells plays an important role during endophytic colonization by Pst through stomata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Toum
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo S. Torres
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana M. Gallego
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María P. Benavídes
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrián A. Vojnov
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo E. Gudesblat
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
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91
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Zhang H, Zhao T, Zhuang P, Song Z, Du H, Tang Z, Gao Z. NbCZF1, a Novel C2H2-Type Zinc Finger Protein, as a New Regulator of SsCut-Induced Plant Immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:2472-2484. [PMID: 27649734 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
SsCut, which functions as an elicitor, can induce plant immunity. In this study, we utilized Nicotiana benthamiana and virus-induced gene silencing to decrease the expression of > 2,500 genes individually. Using this forward genetics approach, several genes were identified that, when silenced, compromised SsCut-triggered cell death based on a cell death assay. A C2H2-type zinc finger gene was isolated from N. benthamiana Sequence analysis indicated that the gene encodes a 27 kDa protein with 253 amino acids containing two typical C2H2-type zinc finger domains; this gene was named NbCZF1 We found that SsCut-induced cell death could be inhibited by virus-induced gene silencing of NbCZF1 in N. benthamiana In addition, SsCut induces stomatal closure, accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by NADPH oxidases and nitric oxide (NO) production. NbCZF1-silenced plants showed impaired SsCut-induced stomatal closure, decreased SsCut-induced production of ROS and NO in guard cells and reduced SsCut-induced resistance against Phytophthora nicotianae Taken together, these results demonstrate that the NbCZF1-ROS-NO pathway mediates multiple SsCut-triggered responses, including stomatal closure, hypersensitive responses and defense-related gene expression. This is the first report describing the function of a C2H2-type zinc finger protein in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajian Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tongyao Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Peitong Zhuang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Zhiqiang Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Hui Du
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Zhaozhao Tang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Zhimou Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
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92
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Whitham SA, Qi M, Innes RW, Ma W, Lopes-Caitar V, Hewezi T. Molecular Soybean-Pathogen Interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 54:443-68. [PMID: 27359370 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Soybean hosts a wide variety of pathogens that cause significant yield losses. The importance of soybean as a major oilseed crop has led to research focused on its interactions with pathogens, such as Soybean mosaic virus, Pseudomonas syringae, Phytophthora sojae, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, and Heterodera glycines. Pioneering work on soybean's interactions with these organisms, which represent the five major pathogen groups (viruses, bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, and nematodes), has contributed to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying virulence and immunity. These mechanisms involve conserved and unique features that validate the need for research in both soybean and homologous model systems. In this review, we discuss identification of effectors and their functions as well as resistance gene-mediated recognition and signaling. We also point out areas in which model systems and recent advances in resources and tools have provided opportunities to gain deeper insights into soybean-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Whitham
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011; ,
| | - Mingsheng Qi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011; ,
| | - Roger W Innes
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405;
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521;
| | - Valéria Lopes-Caitar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996; ,
| | - Tarek Hewezi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996; ,
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93
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Liu P, Li B, Lin M, Chen G, Ding X, Weng Q, Chen Q. Phosphite-induced reactive oxygen species production and ethylene and ABA biosynthesis, mediate the control of Phytophthora capsici in pepper (Capsicum annuum). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2016; 43:563-574. [PMID: 32480486 DOI: 10.1071/fp16006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici is an oomycete pathogen with a broad host range that inflicts significant damage in vegetables. Phosphite (Phi) is used to control oomycete diseases, but the molecular mechanisms underlying Phi-induced resistance to P. capsici are unknown. Thus, Phi-inhibited mycelial growth on strain LT1534 and primed host defence were analysed. We demonstrated that Phi (>5µgmL-1) had a direct antibiotic effect on mycelial growth and zoospore production, and that mortality and DNA content were significantly reduced by pre-treatment with Phi. In addition, elevated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) promoted callose deposition and increased the levels of soluble proteins and Capsicum annuum L. pathogenesis-related 1 (CaPR1) expression. Furthermore, Phi (1gL-1) significantly increased the transcription of the antioxidant enzyme genes, and the genes involved in ethylene (ET) and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. However, pre-treatment with reactive oxygen species (ROS), ABA and ET biosynthesis inhibitors decreased Phi-induced resistance and reduced the expression of ABA-responsive 1 (CaABR1) and lipoxygenase 1 (CaLOX1). In addition, the decreased ROS and ABA inhibited Phi-induced expression of CaMPK17-1. We propose that Phi-induced ROS production, ET and ABA biosynthesis mediate the control of P. capsici, and that ABA functions through CaMPK17-1-mediated MAPK signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqing Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350 003, China
| | - Benjin Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350 003, China
| | - Ming Lin
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovative Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350 002, China
| | - Guoliang Chen
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovative Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350 002, China
| | - Xueling Ding
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350 003, China
| | - Qiyong Weng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350 003, China
| | - Qinghe Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350 003, China
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94
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95
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Li Q, Zhang M, Shen D, Liu T, Chen Y, Zhou JM, Dou D. A Phytophthora sojae effector PsCRN63 forms homo-/hetero-dimers to suppress plant immunity via an inverted association manner. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26951. [PMID: 27243217 PMCID: PMC4886637 DOI: 10.1038/srep26951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oomycete pathogens produce a large number of effectors to promote infection. Their mode of action are largely unknown. Here we show that a Phytophthora sojae effector, PsCRN63, suppresses flg22-induced expression of FRK1 gene, a molecular marker in pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI). However, PsCRN63 does not suppress upstream signaling events including flg22-induced MAPK activation and BIK1 phosphorylation, indicating that it acts downstream of MAPK cascades. The PsCRN63-transgenic Arabidopsis plants showed increased susceptibility to bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato (Pst) DC3000 and oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici. The callose deposition were suppressed in PsCRN63-transgenic plants compared with the wild-type control plants. Genes involved in PTI were also down-regulated in PsCRN63-transgenic plants. Interestingly, we found that PsCRN63 forms an dimer that is mediated by inter-molecular interactions between N-terminal and C-terminal domains in an inverted association manner. Furthermore, the N-terminal and C-terminal domains required for the dimerization are widely conserved among CRN effectors, suggesting that homo-/hetero-dimerization of Phytophthora CRN effectors is required to exert biological functions. Indeed, the dimerization was required for PTI suppression and cell death-induction activities of PsCRN63.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,Center for Genome Biology and State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tingli Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanyu Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- Center for Genome Biology and State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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96
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Ramirez-Garcés D, Camborde L, Pel MJC, Jauneau A, Martinez Y, Néant I, Leclerc C, Moreau M, Dumas B, Gaulin E. CRN13 candidate effectors from plant and animal eukaryotic pathogens are DNA-binding proteins which trigger host DNA damage response. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:602-17. [PMID: 26700936 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To successfully colonize their host, pathogens produce effectors that can interfere with host cellular processes. Here we investigated the function of CRN13 candidate effectors produced by plant pathogenic oomycetes and detected in the genome of the amphibian pathogenic chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (BdCRN13). When expressed in Nicotiana, AeCRN13, from the legume root pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches, increases the susceptibility of the leaves to the oomycete Phytophthora capsici. When transiently expressed in amphibians or plant cells, AeCRN13 and BdCRN13 localize to the cell nuclei, triggering aberrant cell development and eventually causing cell death. Using Förster resonance energy transfer experiments in plant cells, we showed that both CRN13s interact with nuclear DNA and trigger plant DNA damage response (DDR). Mutating key amino acid residues in a predicted HNH-like endonuclease motif abolished the interaction of AeCRN13 with DNA, the induction of DDR and the enhancement of Nicotiana susceptibility to P. capsici. Finally, H2AX phosphorylation, a marker of DNA damage, and enhanced expression of genes involved in the DDR were observed in A. euteiches-infected Medicago truncatula roots. These results show that CRN13 from plant and animal eukaryotic pathogens promotes host susceptibility by targeting nuclear DNA and inducing DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ramirez-Garcés
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UPS, Université Toulouse 3, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent Camborde
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UPS, Université Toulouse 3, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Michiel J C Pel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UPS, Université Toulouse 3, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alain Jauneau
- CNRS, Plateforme Imagerie-Microscopie Plateforme Imagerie-Microscopie, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Yves Martinez
- CNRS, Plateforme Imagerie-Microscopie Plateforme Imagerie-Microscopie, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Isabelle Néant
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse, F31062, France
- CNRS UMR5547, Toulouse, F31062, France
| | - Catherine Leclerc
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse, F31062, France
- CNRS UMR5547, Toulouse, F31062, France
| | - Marc Moreau
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse, F31062, France
- CNRS UMR5547, Toulouse, F31062, France
| | - Bernard Dumas
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UPS, Université Toulouse 3, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Elodie Gaulin
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UPS, Université Toulouse 3, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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97
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Oomycete interactions with plants: infection strategies and resistance principles. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 79:263-80. [PMID: 26041933 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00010-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Oomycota include many economically significant microbial pathogens of crop species. Understanding the mechanisms by which oomycetes infect plants and identifying methods to provide durable resistance are major research goals. Over the last few years, many elicitors that trigger plant immunity have been identified, as well as host genes that mediate susceptibility to oomycete pathogens. The mechanisms behind these processes have subsequently been investigated and many new discoveries made, marking a period of exciting research in the oomycete pathology field. This review provides an introduction to our current knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms used by oomycetes, including elicitors and effectors, plus an overview of the major principles of host resistance: the established R gene hypothesis and the more recently defined susceptibility (S) gene model. Future directions for development of oomycete-resistant plants are discussed, along with ways that recent discoveries in the field of oomycete-plant interactions are generating novel means of studying how pathogen and symbiont colonizations overlap.
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98
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Meyer FE, Shuey LS, Naidoo S, Mamni T, Berger DK, Myburg AA, van den Berg N, Naidoo S. Dual RNA-Sequencing of Eucalyptus nitens during Phytophthora cinnamomi Challenge Reveals Pathogen and Host Factors Influencing Compatibility. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:191. [PMID: 26973660 PMCID: PMC4773608 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Damage caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands remains an important concern on forest tree species. The pathogen causes root and collar rot, stem cankers, and dieback of various economically important Eucalyptus spp. In South Africa, susceptible cold tolerant Eucalyptus plantations have been affected by various Phytophthora spp. with P. cinnamomi considered one of the most virulent. The molecular basis of this compatible interaction is poorly understood. In this study, susceptible Eucalyptus nitens plants were stem inoculated with P. cinnamomi and tissue was harvested five days post inoculation. Dual RNA-sequencing, a technique which allows the concurrent detection of both pathogen and host transcripts during infection, was performed. Approximately 1% of the reads mapped to the draft genome of P. cinnamomi while 78% of the reads mapped to the Eucalyptus grandis genome. The highest expressed P. cinnamomi gene in planta was a putative crinkler effector (CRN1). Phylogenetic analysis indicated the high similarity of this P. cinnamomi CRN1 to that of Phytophthora infestans. Some CRN effectors are known to target host nuclei to suppress defense. In the host, over 1400 genes were significantly differentially expressed in comparison to mock inoculated trees, including suites of pathogenesis related (PR) genes. In particular, a PR-9 peroxidase gene with a high similarity to a Carica papaya PR-9 ortholog previously shown to be suppressed upon infection by Phytophthora palmivora was down-regulated two-fold. This PR-9 gene may represent a cross-species effector target during P. cinnamomi infection. This study identified pathogenicity factors, potential manipulation targets, and attempted host defense mechanisms activated by E. nitens that contributed to the susceptible outcome of the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Febé E. Meyer
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Louise S. Shuey
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Sitha Naidoo
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Thandekile Mamni
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Dave K. Berger
- Department of Plant Science, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Alexander A. Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Noëlani van den Berg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Sanushka Naidoo
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
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99
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Song T, Ma Z, Shen D, Li Q, Li W, Su L, Ye T, Zhang M, Wang Y, Dou D. An Oomycete CRN Effector Reprograms Expression of Plant HSP Genes by Targeting their Promoters. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005348. [PMID: 26714171 PMCID: PMC4695088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oomycete pathogens produce a large number of CRN effectors to manipulate plant immune responses and promote infection. However, their functional mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we identified a Phytophthora sojae CRN effector PsCRN108 which contains a putative DNA-binding helix-hairpin-helix (HhH) motif and acts in the plant cell nucleus. Silencing of the PsCRN108 gene reduced P. sojae virulence to soybean, while expression of the gene in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced plant susceptibility to P. capsici. Moreover, PsCRN108 could inhibit expression of HSP genes in A. thaliana, N. benthamiana and soybean. Both the HhH motif and nuclear localization signal of this effector were required for its contribution to virulence and its suppression of HSP gene expression. Furthermore, we found that PsCRN108 targeted HSP promoters in an HSE- and HhH motif-dependent manner. PsCRN108 could inhibit the association of the HSE with the plant heat shock transcription factor AtHsfA1a, which initializes HSP gene expression in response to stress. Therefore, our data support a role for PsCRN108 as a nucleomodulin in down-regulating the expression of plant defense-related genes by directly targeting specific plant promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqiao Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenchuan Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanlin Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liming Su
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingyue Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
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100
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Rajput NA, Zhang M, Shen D, Liu T, Zhang Q, Ru Y, Sun P, Dou D. Overexpression of a Phytophthora Cytoplasmic CRN Effector Confers Resistance to Disease, Salinity and Drought in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:2423-35. [PMID: 26546319 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Crinkler (CRN) effector family is produced by oomycete pathogens and may manipulate host physiological and biochemical events inside host cells. Here, PsCRN161 was identified from Phytophthora sojae based on its broad and strong cell death suppression activities. The effector protein contains two predicted nuclear localization signals and localized to nuclei of plant cells, indicating that it may target plant nuclei to modify host cell physiology and function. The chimeric gene GFP:PsCRN161 driven by the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter was introduced into Nicotiana benthamiana. The four independent PsCRN161-transgenic lines exhibited increased resistance to two oomycete pathogens (P. parasitica and P. capsici) and showed enhanced tolerance to salinity and drought stresses. Digital gene expression profiling analysis showed that defense-related genes, including ABC transporters, Cyt P450 and receptor-like kinases (RLKs), were significantly up-regulated in PsCRN161-transgenic plants compared with GFP (green fluorescent protein) lines, implying that PsCRN161 expression may protect plants from biotic and abiotic stresses by up-regulation of many defense-related genes. The results reveal previously unknown functions of the oomycete effectors, suggesting that the pathogen effectors could be directly used as functional genes for plant molecular breeding for enhancement of tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Ahmed Rajput
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingli Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qimeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyan Ru
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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