51
|
Crous KY. Plant responses to climate warming: physiological adjustments and implications for plant functioning in a future, warmer world. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:1049-1051. [PMID: 31429920 PMCID: PMC6851979 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Y. Crous
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityLocked Bag 1797PenrithNSWAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Reassimilation of Leaf Internal CO2 Contributes to Isoprene Emission in the Neotropical Species Inga edulis Mart. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10060472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene (C5H8) is a hydrocarbon gas emitted by many tree species and has been shown to protect photosynthesis under abiotic stress. Under optimal conditions for photosynthesis, ~70%–90% of carbon used for isoprene biosynthesis is produced from recently assimilated atmospheric CO2. While the contribution of alternative carbon sources that increase with leaf temperature and other stresses have been demonstrated, uncertainties remain regarding the biochemical source(s) of isoprene carbon. In this study, we investigated leaf isoprene emissions (Is) from neotropical species Inga edulis Mart. as a function of light and temperature under ambient (450 µmol m−2 s−1) and CO2-free (0 µmol m−2 s−1) atmosphere. Is under CO2-free atmosphere showed light-dependent emission patterns similar to those observed under ambient CO2, but with lower light saturation point. Leaves treated with the photosynthesis inhibitor DCMU (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) failed to produce detectable Is in normal light under a CO2-free atmosphere. While strong temperature-dependent Is were observed under CO2-free atmosphere in the light, dark conditions failed to produce detectable Is even at the highest temperatures studied (40 °C). Treatment of leaves with 13C-labeled sodium bicarbonate under CO2-free atmosphere resulted in Is with over 50% containing at least one 13C atom. Is under CO2-free atmosphere and standard conditions of light and leaf temperature represented 19% ± 7% of emissions under ambient CO2. The results show that the reassimilation of leaf internal CO2 contributes to Is in the neotropical species I. edulis. Through the consumption of excess photosynthetic energy, our results support a role of isoprene biosynthesis, together with photorespiration, as a key tolerance mechanism against high temperature and high light in the tropics.
Collapse
|
53
|
Huang M, Piao S, Ciais P, Peñuelas J, Wang X, Keenan TF, Peng S, Berry JA, Wang K, Mao J, Alkama R, Cescatti A, Cuntz M, De Deurwaerder H, Gao M, He Y, Liu Y, Luo Y, Myneni RB, Niu S, Shi X, Yuan W, Verbeeck H, Wang T, Wu J, Janssens IA. Air temperature optima of vegetation productivity across global biomes. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:772-779. [PMID: 30858592 PMCID: PMC6491223 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The global distribution of the optimum air temperature for ecosystem-level gross primary productivity ([Formula: see text]) is poorly understood, despite its importance for ecosystem carbon uptake under future warming. We provide empirical evidence for the existence of such an optimum, using measurements of in situ eddy covariance and satellite-derived proxies, and report its global distribution. [Formula: see text] is consistently lower than the physiological optimum temperature of leaf-level photosynthetic capacity, which typically exceeds 30 °C. The global average [Formula: see text] is estimated to be 23 ± 6 °C, with warmer regions having higher [Formula: see text] values than colder regions. In tropical forests in particular, [Formula: see text] is close to growing-season air temperature and is projected to fall below it under all scenarios of future climate, suggesting a limited safe operating space for these ecosystems under future warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengtian Huang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Centre for Research on Ecology and Forestry Applications, Barcelona, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xuhui Wang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Trevor F Keenan
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shushi Peng
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Joseph A Berry
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiafu Mao
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Ramdane Alkama
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Matthias Cuntz
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, AgroParisTech, UMR Silva, Nancy, France
| | - Hannes De Deurwaerder
- CAVElab Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Mengdi Gao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue He
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongwen Liu
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Ranga B Myneni
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuli Niu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Shi
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Wenping Yuan
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Centre of Excellence - Plants and Vegetation Ecology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
On the Shoulders of Giants: Continuing the Legacy of Large-Scale Ecosystem Manipulation Experiments in Puerto Rico. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10030210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a long history of experimental research in the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico. These experiments have addressed questions about biotic thresholds, assessed why communities vary along natural gradients, and have explored forest responses to a range of both anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic disturbances. Combined, these studies cover many of the major disturbances that affect tropical forests around the world and span a wide range of topics, including the effects of forest thinning, ionizing radiation, hurricane disturbance, nitrogen deposition, drought, and global warming. These invaluable studies have greatly enhanced our understanding of tropical forest function under different disturbance regimes and informed the development of management strategies. Here we summarize the major field experiments that have occurred within the Luquillo Experimental Forest. Taken together, results from the major experiments conducted in the Luquillo Experimental Forest demonstrate a high resilience of Puerto Rico’s tropical forests to a variety of stressors.
Collapse
|
55
|
Wet tropical soils and global change. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63998-1.00008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
56
|
Rivero-Villar A, Templer PH, Parra-Tabla V, Campo J. Differences in nitrogen cycling between tropical dry forests with contrasting precipitation revealed by stable isotopes of nitrogen in plants and soils. Biotropica 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anaitzi Rivero-Villar
- Instituto de Ecología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; PO Box 70-275 Mexico City 04510 Mexico
| | | | - Víctor Parra-Tabla
- Department of Tropical Ecology; Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias km 15.5 Carretera Mérida- Xmatkuil Yucatán 97000 Mexico
| | - Julio Campo
- Instituto de Ecología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; PO Box 70-275 Mexico City 04510 Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Santos VAHFD, Ferreira MJ, Rodrigues JVFC, Garcia MN, Ceron JVB, Nelson BW, Saleska SR. Causes of reduced leaf-level photosynthesis during strong El Niño drought in a Central Amazon forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:4266-4279. [PMID: 29723915 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sustained drought and concomitant high temperature may reduce photosynthesis and cause tree mortality. Possible causes of reduced photosynthesis include stomatal closure and biochemical inhibition, but their relative roles are unknown in Amazon trees during strong drought events. We assessed the effects of the recent (2015) strong El Niño drought on leaf-level photosynthesis of Central Amazon trees via these two mechanisms. Through four seasons of 2015, we measured leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll concentration, and nutrient content in leaves of 57 upper canopy and understory trees of a lowland terra firme forest on well-drained infertile oxisol. Photosynthesis decreased 28% in the upper canopy and 17% in understory trees during the extreme dry season of 2015, relative to other 2015 seasons and was also lower than the climatically normal dry season of the following non-El Niño year. Photosynthesis reduction under extreme drought and high temperature in the 2015 dry season was related only to stomatal closure in both upper canopy and understory trees, and not to chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll, or leaf nutrient concentration. The distinction is important because stomatal closure is a transient regulatory response that can reverse when water becomes available, whereas the other responses reflect more permanent changes or damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. Photosynthesis decrease due to stomatal closure during the 2015 extreme dry season was followed 2 months later by an increase in photosynthesis as rains returned, indicating a margin of resilience to one-off extreme climatic events in Amazonian forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maquelle Neves Garcia
- Environmental Dynamics Department, Brazil's National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - João Vitor Barbosa Ceron
- Environmental Dynamics Department, Brazil's National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Bruce Walker Nelson
- Environmental Dynamics Department, Brazil's National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Scott Reid Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Mitchard ETA. The tropical forest carbon cycle and climate change. Nature 2018; 559:527-534. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
59
|
Mercado LM, Medlyn BE, Huntingford C, Oliver RJ, Clark DB, Sitch S, Zelazowski P, Kattge J, Harper AB, Cox PM. Large sensitivity in land carbon storage due to geographical and temporal variation in the thermal response of photosynthetic capacity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:1462-1477. [PMID: 29635689 PMCID: PMC5969232 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant temperature responses vary geographically, reflecting thermally contrasting habitats and long-term species adaptations to their climate of origin. Plants also can acclimate to fast temporal changes in temperature regime to mitigate stress. Although plant photosynthetic responses are known to acclimate to temperature, many global models used to predict future vegetation and climate-carbon interactions do not include this process. We quantify the global and regional impacts of biogeographical variability and thermal acclimation of temperature response of photosynthetic capacity on the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle between 1860 and 2100 within a coupled climate-carbon cycle model, that emulates 22 global climate models. Results indicate that inclusion of biogeographical variation in photosynthetic temperature response is most important for present-day and future C uptake, with increasing importance of thermal acclimation under future warming. Accounting for both effects narrows the range of predictions of the simulated global land C storage in 2100 across climate projections (29% and 43% globally and in the tropics, respectively). Contrary to earlier studies, our results suggest that thermal acclimation of photosynthetic capacity makes tropical and temperate C less vulnerable to warming, but reduces the warming-induced C uptake in the boreal region under elevated CO2 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina M. Mercado
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4RJUK
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyWallingfordOX10 8BBUK
| | - Belinda E. Medlyn
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth RydeNSW2109Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityLocked Bag 1797PenrithNSW2751Australia
| | | | | | | | - Stephen Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4RJUK
| | - Przemyslaw Zelazowski
- Centre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawBanacha 2c02‐097WarsawPoland
- Environmental Change InstituteUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QYUK
| | - Jens Kattge
- Max Planck Institute for BiogeochemistryHans‐Knöll‐Str. 10D‐07745JenaGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5e04103LeipzigGermany
| | - Anna B. Harper
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QFUK
| | - Peter M. Cox
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QFUK
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Kimball BA, Alonso‐Rodríguez AM, Cavaleri MA, Reed SC, González G, Wood TE. Infrared heater system for warming tropical forest understory plants and soils. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:1932-1944. [PMID: 29468013 PMCID: PMC5817131 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of tropical forests to global warming is one of the largest uncertainties in predicting the future carbon balance of Earth. To determine the likely effects of elevated temperatures on tropical forest understory plants and soils, as well as other ecosystems, an infrared (IR) heater system was developed to provide in situ warming for the Tropical Responses to Altered Climate Experiment (TRACE) in the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico. Three replicate heated 4-m-diameter plots were warmed to maintain a 4°C increase in understory vegetation compared to three unheated control plots, as sensed by IR thermometers. The equipment was larger than any used previously and was subjected to challenges different from those of many temperate ecosystem warming systems, including frequent power surges and outages, high humidity, heavy rains, hurricanes, saturated clayey soils, and steep slopes. The system was able to maintain the target 4.0°C increase in hourly average vegetation temperatures to within ± 0.1°C. The vegetation was heterogeneous and on a 21° slope, which decreased uniformity of the warming treatment on the plots; yet, the green leaves were fairly uniformly warmed, and there was little difference among 0-10 cm depth soil temperatures at the plot centers, edges, and midway between. Soil temperatures at the 40-50 cm depth increased about 3°C compared to the controls after a month of warming. As expected, the soil in the heated plots dried faster than that of the control plots, but the average soil moisture remained adequate for the plants. The TRACE heating system produced an adequately uniform warming precisely controlled down to at least 50-cm soil depth, thereby creating a treatment that allows for assessing mechanistic responses of tropical plants and soil to warming, with applicability to other ecosystems. No physical obstacles to scaling the approach to taller vegetation (i.e., trees) and larger plots were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Molly A. Cavaleri
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental ScienceMichigan Technological UniversityHoughtonMIUSA
| | - Sasha C. Reed
- U.S. Geological SurveySouthwest Biological Science CenterMoabUTUSA
| | - Grizelle González
- International Institute for Tropical ForestryUSDA Forest ServiceRío PiedrasPRUSA
| | - Tana E. Wood
- International Institute of Tropical ForestryUSDA Forest ServiceLuquilloPRUSA
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Temperate and Tropical Forest Canopies are Already Functioning beyond Their Thermal Thresholds for Photosynthesis. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
62
|
Feng X, Uriarte M, González G, Reed S, Thompson J, Zimmerman JK, Murphy L. Improving predictions of tropical forest response to climate change through integration of field studies and ecosystem modeling. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:e213-e232. [PMID: 28804989 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests play a critical role in carbon and water cycles at a global scale. Rapid climate change is anticipated in tropical regions over the coming decades and, under a warmer and drier climate, tropical forests are likely to be net sources of carbon rather than sinks. However, our understanding of tropical forest response and feedback to climate change is very limited. Efforts to model climate change impacts on carbon fluxes in tropical forests have not reached a consensus. Here, we use the Ecosystem Demography model (ED2) to predict carbon fluxes of a Puerto Rican tropical forest under realistic climate change scenarios. We parameterized ED2 with species-specific tree physiological data using the Predictive Ecosystem Analyzer workflow and projected the fate of this ecosystem under five future climate scenarios. The model successfully captured interannual variability in the dynamics of this tropical forest. Model predictions closely followed observed values across a wide range of metrics including aboveground biomass, tree diameter growth, tree size class distributions, and leaf area index. Under a future warming and drying climate scenario, the model predicted reductions in carbon storage and tree growth, together with large shifts in forest community composition and structure. Such rapid changes in climate led the forest to transition from a sink to a source of carbon. Growth respiration and root allocation parameters were responsible for the highest fraction of predictive uncertainty in modeled biomass, highlighting the need to target these processes in future data collection. Our study is the first effort to rely on Bayesian model calibration and synthesis to elucidate the key physiological parameters that drive uncertainty in tropical forests responses to climatic change. We propose a new path forward for model-data synthesis that can substantially reduce uncertainty in our ability to model tropical forest responses to future climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Feng
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - María Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Grizelle González
- International Institute of Tropical Forestry, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico
| | - Sasha Reed
- Southwest Biological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Moab, UT, USA
| | - Jill Thompson
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Jess K Zimmerman
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Lora Murphy
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Nievola CC, Carvalho CP, Carvalho V, Rodrigues E. Rapid responses of plants to temperature changes. Temperature (Austin) 2017; 4:371-405. [PMID: 29435478 PMCID: PMC5800372 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2017.1377812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature is one of the main environmental factors that affect plant metabolism. Considering that plants are sessile, their survival depends on the efficient activation of resistance responses to thermal stress. In this comprehensive review, we discuss recent work on rapid biochemical and physiological adjustments, herein referred to as those occurring during the first few hours or a few days after the beginning of the change in the ambient temperature. The short-term metabolic modulation after plant exposure to heat and cold, including chilling and freezing, is discussed. Effects on photosynthesis, cell membranes, antioxidant system, production of heat shock proteins and nitric oxide, as well as an overview of signaling events to heat or cold stress are presented. In addition, we also discuss the acclimation process that occurs when the plant acquires resistance to an increase or decrease in temperature, adjusting its homeostasis and steady-state physiology to the new temperatures. Finally, we present studies with tropical plants that aim at elucidating the effects of temperature and the identification of the resilience levels of these plants to the expected climate changes, and which seek the development of techniques for germplasm conservation of endangered species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina C. Nievola
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Plantas Ornamentais, Instituto de Botânica SMA/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila P. Carvalho
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Plantas Ornamentais, Instituto de Botânica SMA/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Victória Carvalho
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Plantas Ornamentais, Instituto de Botânica SMA/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson Rodrigues
- Instituto Básico de Biociências, Universidade de Taubaté, Taubaté, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Cavaleri MA, Coble AP, Ryan MG, Bauerle WL, Loescher HW, Oberbauer SF. Tropical rainforest carbon sink declines during El Niño as a result of reduced photosynthesis and increased respiration rates. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:136-149. [PMID: 28805245 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Changes in tropical forest carbon sink strength during El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events can indicate future behavior under climate change. Previous studies revealed ˜6 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 lower net ecosystem production (NEP) during ENSO year 1998 compared with non-ENSO year 2000 in a Costa Rican tropical rainforest. We explored environmental drivers of this change and examined the contributions of ecosystem respiration (RE) and gross primary production (GPP) to this weakened carbon sink. For 1998-2000, we estimated RE using chamber-based respiration measurements, and we estimated GPP in two ways: using (1) the canopy process model MAESTRA, and (2) combined eddy covariance and chamber respiration data. MAESTRA-estimated GPP did not statistically differ from GPP estimated using approach 2, but was ˜ 28% greater than published GPP estimates for the same site and years using eddy covariance data only. A 7% increase in RE (primarily increased soil respiration) and a 10% reduction in GPP contributed equally to the difference in NEP between ENSO year 1998 and non-ENSO year 2000. A warming and drying climate for tropical forests may yield a weakened carbon sink from both decreased GPP and increased RE. Understanding physiological acclimation will be critical for the large carbon stores in these ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Cavaleri
- School of Forest Resources & Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Adam P Coble
- School of Forest Resources & Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Rd, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Michael G Ryan
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Emeritus, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 240 West Prospect Rd, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - William L Bauerle
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Henry W Loescher
- Battelle-National Ecological Observatory Network, 1685 38th Street, Suite 100, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (InstAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Steven F Oberbauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 11935 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL, 33156, USA
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Sastry A, Barua D. Leaf thermotolerance in tropical trees from a seasonally dry climate varies along the slow-fast resource acquisition spectrum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11246. [PMID: 28900253 PMCID: PMC5595873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the upper limits of temperature tolerance is essential to understand how tropical trees will respond to global warming. We quantified leaf thermotolerance in 41 tree species growing in a seasonally dry tropical region of the Indian subcontinent to examine: (1) differences between evergreen and deciduous species; (2) relationships with leaf mass per area (LMA) and leaf size; and, (3) seasonal variation in thermotolerance. Thermotolerance ranged from 45.5 °C to 50.5 °C among species, was higher for evergreen than deciduous species, and was negatively related to a continuous estimate of deciduousness. Species with higher LMA had higher thermotolerance, but we did not detect any relationship between leaf size and thermotolerance. Seasonal changes in thermotolerance varied among species implying that species' capacity to acclimate may differ. Thermal safety margins, the difference between thermotolerance and maximum habitat temperatures indicate that most species may be highly vulnerable to future warming. Overall our results show that deciduous, and fast growing species with low LMA are likely to be more negatively affected by global warming. This differential vulnerability may lead to directional changes in composition in dry tropical forests, and such changes could alter vegetation-atmosphere feedbacks and further exacerbate global warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddh Sastry
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Deepak Barua
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Rubio VE, Detto M. Spatiotemporal variability of soil respiration in a seasonal tropical forest. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:7104-7116. [PMID: 28904787 PMCID: PMC5587468 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We monitored soil CO2 effluxes for over 3 years in a seasonally wet tropical forest in Central Panama using automated and manual measurements from 2013 to 2016. The measurements displayed a high degree of spatial and temporal variability. Temporal variability could be largely explained by surface soil water dynamics over a broad range of temporal scales. Soil moisture was responsible for seasonal cycles, diurnal cycles, intraseasonal variability such as rain‐induced pulses following dry spells, as well as suppression during near saturated conditions, and ultimately, interannual variability. Spatial variability, which remains largely unexplained, revealed an emergent role of forest structure in conjunction with physical drivers such as soil temperature and topography. Mean annual soil CO2 effluxes (±SE) amounted to 1,613 (±59) gC m−2 year−1 with an increasing trend in phase with an El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle which culminated with the strong 2015–2016 event. We attribute this trend to a relatively mild wet season during which soil saturated conditions were less persistent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa E Rubio
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Panama.,Department of Biological Sciences University of Los Andes Bogota Colombia
| | - Matteo Detto
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Panama.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton NJ USA
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Coldren GA, Barreto CR, Wykoff DD, Morrissey EM, Langley JA, Feller IC, Chapman SK. Chronic warming stimulates growth of marsh grasses more than mangroves in a coastal wetland ecotone. Ecology 2017; 97:3167-3175. [PMID: 27870028 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Increasing temperatures and a reduction in the frequency and severity of freezing events have been linked to species distribution shifts. Across the globe, mangrove ranges are expanding toward higher latitudes, likely due to diminishing frequency of freezing events associated with climate change. Continued warming will alter coastal wetland plant dynamics both above- and belowground, potentially altering plant capacity to keep up with sea level rise. We conducted an in situ warming experiment, in northeast Florida, to determine how increased temperature (+2°C) influences co-occurring mangrove and salt marsh plants. Warming was achieved using passive warming with three treatment levels (ambient, shade control, warmed). Avicennia germinans, the black mangrove, exhibited no differences in growth or height due to experimental warming, but displayed a warming-induced increase in leaf production (48%). Surprisingly, Distichlis spicata, the dominant salt marsh grass, increased in biomass (53% in 2013 and 70% in 2014), density (41%) and height (18%) with warming during summer months. Warming decreased plant root mass at depth and changed abundances of anaerobic bacterial taxa. Even while the poleward shift of mangroves is clearly controlled by the occurrences of severe freezes, chronic warming between these freeze events may slow the progression of mangrove dominance within ecotones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A Coldren
- Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, 19085, USA
| | - C R Barreto
- Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, 19085, USA
| | - D D Wykoff
- Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, 19085, USA
| | - E M Morrissey
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, Virginia, 26506, USA
| | - J A Langley
- Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, 19085, USA
| | - I C Feller
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, 21037, USA
| | - S K Chapman
- Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, 19085, USA
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Nakamura A, Kitching RL, Cao M, Creedy TJ, Fayle TM, Freiberg M, Hewitt C, Itioka T, Koh LP, Ma K, Malhi Y, Mitchell A, Novotny V, Ozanne CM, Song L, Wang H, Ashton LA. Forests and Their Canopies: Achievements and Horizons in Canopy Science. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:438-451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
69
|
Slot M, Winter K. In situ temperature response of photosynthesis of 42 tree and liana species in the canopy of two Panamanian lowland tropical forests with contrasting rainfall regimes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1103-1117. [PMID: 28211583 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests contribute significantly to the global carbon cycle, but little is known about the temperature response of photosynthetic carbon uptake in tropical species, and how this varies within and across forests. We determined in situ photosynthetic temperature-response curves for upper canopy leaves of 42 tree and liana species from two tropical forests in Panama with contrasting rainfall regimes. On the basis of seedling studies, we hypothesized that species with high photosynthetic capacity - light-demanding, fast-growing species - would have a higher temperature optimum of photosynthesis (TOpt ) than species with low photosynthetic capacity - shade-tolerant, slow-growing species - and that, therefore, TOpt would scale with the position of a species on the slow-fast continuum of plant functional traits. TOpt was remarkably similar across species, regardless of their photosynthetic capacity and other plant functional traits. Community-average TOpt was almost identical to mean maximum daytime temperature, which was higher in the dry forest. Photosynthesis above TOpt appeared to be more strongly limited by stomatal conductance in the dry forest than in the wet forest. The observation that all species in a community shared similar TOpt values suggests that photosynthetic performance is optimized under current temperature regimes. These results should facilitate the scaling up of photosynthesis in relation to temperature from leaf to stand level in species-rich tropical forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Slot
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Wu J, Guan K, Hayek M, Restrepo-Coupe N, Wiedemann KT, Xu X, Wehr R, Christoffersen BO, Miao G, da Silva R, de Araujo AC, Oliviera RC, Camargo PB, Monson RK, Huete AR, Saleska SR. Partitioning controls on Amazon forest photosynthesis between environmental and biotic factors at hourly to interannual timescales. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:1240-1257. [PMID: 27644012 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) in tropical forests varies both with the environment and with biotic changes in photosynthetic infrastructure, but our understanding of the relative effects of these factors across timescales is limited. Here, we used a statistical model to partition the variability of seven years of eddy covariance-derived GEP in a central Amazon evergreen forest into two main causes: variation in environmental drivers (solar radiation, diffuse light fraction, and vapor pressure deficit) that interact with model parameters that govern photosynthesis and biotic variation in canopy photosynthetic light-use efficiency associated with changes in the parameters themselves. Our fitted model was able to explain most of the variability in GEP at hourly (R2 = 0.77) to interannual (R2 = 0.80) timescales. At hourly timescales, we found that 75% of observed GEP variability could be attributed to environmental variability. When aggregating GEP to the longer timescales (daily, monthly, and yearly), however, environmental variation explained progressively less GEP variability: At monthly timescales, it explained only 3%, much less than biotic variation in canopy photosynthetic light-use efficiency, which accounted for 63%. These results challenge modeling approaches that assume GEP is primarily controlled by the environment at both short and long timescales. Our approach distinguishing biotic from environmental variability can help to resolve debates about environmental limitations to tropical forest photosynthesis. For example, we found that biotically regulated canopy photosynthetic light-use efficiency (associated with leaf phenology) increased with sunlight during dry seasons (consistent with light but not water limitation of canopy development) but that realized GEP was nonetheless lower relative to its potential efficiency during dry than wet seasons (consistent with water limitation of photosynthesis in given assemblages of leaves). This work highlights the importance of accounting for differential regulation of GEP at different timescales and of identifying the underlying feedbacks and adaptive mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Kaiyu Guan
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Matthew Hayek
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kenia T Wiedemann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 80544, USA
| | - Richard Wehr
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Bradley O Christoffersen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Guofang Miao
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University at Raleigh, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Rodrigo da Silva
- Department of Environmental Physics, University of Western Para-UFOPA, Para, Brazil
| | | | | | - Plinio B Camargo
- Laboratorio de Ecologia Isotopica, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brasil
| | - Russell K Monson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Alfredo R Huete
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Holm JA, Kueppers LM, Chambers JQ. Novel tropical forests: response to global change. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:988-992. [PMID: 28079931 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Holm
- Climate and Ecosystems Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lara M Kueppers
- Climate and Ecosystems Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey Q Chambers
- Climate and Ecosystems Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Yu M, Gao Q, Gao C, Wang C. Extent of Night Warming and Spatially Heterogeneous Cloudiness Differentiate Temporal Trend of Greenness in Mountainous Tropics in the New Century. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41256. [PMID: 28120949 PMCID: PMC5264156 DOI: 10.1038/srep41256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical forests have essential functions in global C dynamics but vulnerable to changes in land cover land use (LCLUC) and climate. The tropics of Caribbean are experiencing warming and drying climate and diverse LCLUC. However, large-scale studies to detect long-term trends of C and mechanisms behind are still rare. Using MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), we investigated greenness trend in the Greater Antilles Caribbean during 2000-2015, and analyzed trend of vegetation patches without LCLUC to give prominence to climate impacts. We hypothesized that night warming and heavy cloudiness would reduce EVI in this mountainous tropical region. Over the 15 years, EVI decreased significantly in Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico, but increased in Cuba partly due to its strong reforestation. Haiti had the largest decreasing trend because of continuous deforestation for charcoals. After LCLUC was excluded, EVI trend still varied greatly, decreasing in the windward but increasing in the leeward of Puerto Rico. Nighttime warming reinforced by spatially heterogeneous cloudiness was found to significantly and negatively correlate with EVI trend, and explained the spatial pattern of the latter. Although cooled daytime and increased rainfall might enhance EVI, nighttime warming dominated the climate impacts and differentiated the EVI trend.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| | - Qiong Gao
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| | | | - Chao Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Uriarte M, Schwartz N, Powers JS, Marín‐Spiotta E, Liao W, Werden LK. Impacts of climate variability on tree demography in second growth tropical forests: the importance of regional context for predicting successional trajectories. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology Columbia University 11th floor Schermerhorn Ext., 1200 Amsterdam Ave. New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Naomi Schwartz
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology Columbia University 11th floor Schermerhorn Ext., 1200 Amsterdam Ave. New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Jennifer S. Powers
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota 140 Gortner Laboratory 1479 Gortner Avenue St. Paul MN 55108 USA
- Department of Plant Biology University of Minnesota 140 Gortner Laboratory 1479 Gortner Avenue St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Erika Marín‐Spiotta
- Department of Geography University of Wisconsin – Madison 550 North Park St Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Wenying Liao
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology Columbia University 11th floor Schermerhorn Ext., 1200 Amsterdam Ave. New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Leland K. Werden
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota 140 Gortner Laboratory 1479 Gortner Avenue St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Weintraub SR, Cole RJ, Schmitt CG, All JD. Climatic controls on the isotopic composition and availability of soil nitrogen across mountainous tropical forest. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R. Weintraub
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80303 USA
| | - Rebecca J. Cole
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80303 USA
| | - Carl G. Schmitt
- Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Division National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado 80301 USA
| | - John D. All
- Department of Geography and Geology Western Kentucky University Bowling Green Kentucky 42101 USA
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Selmants PC, Adair KL, Litton CM, Giardina CP, Schwartz E. Increases in mean annual temperature do not alter soil bacterial community structure in tropical montane wet forests. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Selmants
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental ManagementUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
| | - Karen L. Adair
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Canterbury Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Creighton M. Litton
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental ManagementUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
| | | | - Egbert Schwartz
- Department of Biological SciencesNorthern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona 86001 USA
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Anderson JT. Plant fitness in a rapidly changing world. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:81-7. [PMID: 26445400 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Modern reliance on fossil fuels has ushered in extreme temperatures globally and abnormal precipitation patterns in many regions. Although the climate is changing rapidly, other agents of natural selection such as photoperiod remain constant. This decoupling of previously reliable environmental cues shifts adaptive landscapes, favors novel suites of traits and likely increases the extinction risk of local populations. Here, I examine the fitness consequences of changing climates. Meta-analyses demonstrate that simulated future climates depress viability and fecundity components of fitness for native plant species in the short term, which could reduce population growth rates. Contracting populations that cannot adapt or adjust plastically to new climates might not be capable of producing sufficient migrants to track changing conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill T Anderson
- Department Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Groenendijk P, van der Sleen P, Vlam M, Bunyavejchewin S, Bongers F, Zuidema PA. No evidence for consistent long-term growth stimulation of 13 tropical tree species: results from tree-ring analysis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:3762-76. [PMID: 25917997 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The important role of tropical forests in the global carbon cycle makes it imperative to assess changes in their carbon dynamics for accurate projections of future climate-vegetation feedbacks. Forest monitoring studies conducted over the past decades have found evidence for both increasing and decreasing growth rates of tropical forest trees. The limited duration of these studies restrained analyses to decadal scales, and it is still unclear whether growth changes occurred over longer time scales, as would be expected if CO2 -fertilization stimulated tree growth. Furthermore, studies have so far dealt with changes in biomass gain at forest-stand level, but insights into species-specific growth changes - that ultimately determine community-level responses - are lacking. Here, we analyse species-specific growth changes on a centennial scale, using growth data from tree-ring analysis for 13 tree species (~1300 trees), from three sites distributed across the tropics. We used an established (regional curve standardization) and a new (size-class isolation) growth-trend detection method and explicitly assessed the influence of biases on the trend detection. In addition, we assessed whether aggregated trends were present within and across study sites. We found evidence for decreasing growth rates over time for 8-10 species, whereas increases were noted for two species and one showed no trend. Additionally, we found evidence for weak aggregated growth decreases at the site in Thailand and when analysing all sites simultaneously. The observed growth reductions suggest deteriorating growth conditions, perhaps due to warming. However, other causes cannot be excluded, such as recovery from large-scale disturbances or changing forest dynamics. Our findings contrast growth patterns that would be expected if elevated CO2 would stimulate tree growth. These results suggest that commonly assumed growth increases of tropical forests may not occur, which could lead to erroneous predictions of carbon dynamics of tropical forest under climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Groenendijk
- Forest Ecology & Forest Management group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Sleen
- Forest Ecology & Forest Management group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal, Km 9 carretera al norte, Casilla 6204, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Mart Vlam
- Forest Ecology & Forest Management group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology & Forest Management group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A Zuidema
- Forest Ecology & Forest Management group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Bonal D, Burban B, Stahl C, Wagner F, Hérault B. The response of tropical rainforests to drought-lessons from recent research and future prospects. ANNALS OF FOREST SCIENCE 2015; 73:27-44. [PMID: 27069374 PMCID: PMC4810888 DOI: 10.1007/s13595-015-0522-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE We review the recent findings on the influence of drought on tree mortality, growth or ecosystem functioning in tropical rainforests. Drought plays a major role in shaping tropical rainforests and the response mechanisms are highly diverse and complex. The numerous gaps identified here require the international scientific community to combine efforts in order to conduct comprehensive studies in tropical rainforests on the three continents. These results are essential to simulate the future of these ecosystems under diverse climate scenarios and to predict the future of the global earth carbon balance. CONTEXT Tropical rainforest ecosystems are characterized by high annual rainfall. Nevertheless, rainfall regularly fluctuates during the year and seasonal soil droughts do occur. Over the past decades, a number of extreme droughts have hit tropical rainforests, not only in Amazonia but also in Asia and Africa. The influence of drought events on tree mortality and growth or on ecosystem functioning (carbon and water fluxes) in tropical rainforest ecosystems has been studied intensively, but the response mechanisms are complex. AIMS Herein, we review the recent findings related to the response of tropical forest ecosystems to seasonal and extreme droughts and the current knowledge about the future of these ecosystems. RESULTS This review emphasizes the progress made over recent years and the importance of the studies conducted under extreme drought conditions or in through-fall exclusion experiments in understanding the response of these ecosystems. It also points to the great diversity and complexity of the response of tropical rainforest ecosystems to drought. CONCLUSION The numerous gaps identified here require the international scientific community to combine efforts in order to conduct comprehensive studies in tropical forest regions. These results are essential to simulate the future of these ecosystems under diverse climate scenarios and to predict the future of the global earth carbon balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Bonal
- />INRA, UMR « Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières », Université de Lorraine-INRA, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Benoit Burban
- />INRA, UMR «Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane», AgroParisTech-CIRAD-INRA-CNRS-Université de Guyane-Université des Antilles, Campus Agronomique, 97387 Kourou, Guyane Française France
| | - Clément Stahl
- />CIRAD, UMR « Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane », AgroParisTech- CIRAD-INRA-CNRS-Université de Guyane-Université des Antilles, Campus Agronomique, 97387 Kourou, Guyane Française France
- />University of Antwerpen, Campus Agronomique, 97387 Kourou, Guyane Française France
| | - Fabien Wagner
- />National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP 12227-010 Brazil
| | - Bruno Hérault
- />CIRAD, UMR « Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane », AgroParisTech- CIRAD-INRA-CNRS-Université de Guyane-Université des Antilles, Campus Agronomique, 97387 Kourou, Guyane Française France
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Magnago LFS, Magrach A, Laurance WF, Martins SV, Meira-Neto JAA, Simonelli M, Edwards DP. Would protecting tropical forest fragments provide carbon and biodiversity cobenefits under REDD+? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:3455-3468. [PMID: 25832015 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests store vast amounts of carbon and are the most biodiverse terrestrial habitats, yet they are being converted and degraded at alarming rates. Given global shortfalls in the budgets required to prevent carbon and biodiversity loss, we need to seek solutions that simultaneously address both issues. Of particular interest are carbon-based payments under the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) mechanism to also conserve biodiversity at no additional cost. One potential is for REDD+ to protect forest fragments, especially within biomes where contiguous forest cover has diminished dramatically, but we require empirical tests of the strength of any carbon and biodiversity cobenefits in such fragmented systems. Using the globally threatened Atlantic Forest landscape, we measured above-ground carbon stocks within forest fragments spanning 13 to 23 442 ha in area and with different degrees of isolation. We related these stocks to tree community structure and to the richness and abundance of endemic and IUCN Red-listed species. We found that increasing fragment size has a positive relationship with above-ground carbon stock and with abundance of IUCN Red-listed species and tree community structure. We also found negative relationships between distance from large forest block and tree community structure, endemic species richness and abundance, and IUCN Red-listed species abundance. These resulted in positive congruence between carbon stocks and Red-listed species, and the abundance and richness of endemic species, demonstrating vital cobenefits. As such, protecting forest fragments in hotspots of biodiversity, particularly larger fragments and those closest to sources, offers important carbon and biodiversity cobenefits. More generally, our results suggest that macroscale models of cobenefits under REDD+ have likely overlooked key benefits at small scales, indicating the necessity to apply models that include finer-grained assessments in fragmented landscapes rather than using averaged coarse-grained cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando S Magnago
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plants (LEEP), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Tropical and Marine Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, Australia
| | - Ainhoa Magrach
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Tropical and Marine Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, Australia
| | - William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Tropical and Marine Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, Australia
| | - Sebastião V Martins
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Augusto A Meira-Neto
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plants (LEEP), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Simonelli
- Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - David P Edwards
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Tropical and Marine Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, Australia
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Nottingham AT, Whitaker J, Turner BL, Salinas N, Zimmermann M, Malhi Y, Meir P. Climate Warming and Soil Carbon in Tropical Forests: Insights from an Elevation Gradient in the Peruvian Andes. Bioscience 2015; 65:906-921. [PMID: 26955086 PMCID: PMC4777015 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biv109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition in tropical forests will influence future climate. Studies of a 3.5-kilometer elevation gradient in the Peruvian Andes, including short-term translocation experiments and the examination of the long-term adaptation of biota to local thermal and edaphic conditions, have revealed several factors that may regulate this sensitivity. Collectively this work suggests that, in the absence of a moisture constraint, the temperature sensitivity of decomposition is regulated by the chemical composition of plant debris (litter) and both the physical and chemical composition of preexisting SOM: higher temperature sensitivities are found in litter or SOM that is more chemically complex and in SOM that is less occluded within aggregates. In addition, the temperature sensitivity of SOM in tropical montane forests may be larger than previously recognized because of the presence of "cold-adapted" and nitrogen-limited microbial decomposers and the possible future alterations in plant and microbial communities associated with warming. Studies along elevation transects, such as those reviewed here, can reveal factors that will regulate the temperature sensitivity of SOM. They can also complement and guide in situ soil-warming experiments, which will be needed to understand how this vulnerability to temperature may be mediated by altered plant productivity under future climatic change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Nottingham
- Andrew T. Nottingham ( ) is affiliated with the School of Geosciences at the University of Edinburgh, in the United Kingdom. Jeanette Whitaker is with the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology at the Lancaster Environment Centre, in Lancaster, United Kingdom. Benjamin L. Turner is affiliated with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, in Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama. Norma Salinas is with the Seccion Química at the Universidad La Católica, in Lima, Peru. Michael Zimmermann is affiliated with the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, in Vienna, Austria. Yadvinder Malhi is with the Environmental Change Institute in the School of Geography and the Environment at the University of Oxford, in the United Kingdom. Patrick Meir is affiliated with the Research School of Biology at Australian National University, in Canberra, and with the School of Geosciences at the University of Edinburgh, in the United Kingdom
| | - Jeanette Whitaker
- Andrew T. Nottingham ( ) is affiliated with the School of Geosciences at the University of Edinburgh, in the United Kingdom. Jeanette Whitaker is with the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology at the Lancaster Environment Centre, in Lancaster, United Kingdom. Benjamin L. Turner is affiliated with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, in Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama. Norma Salinas is with the Seccion Química at the Universidad La Católica, in Lima, Peru. Michael Zimmermann is affiliated with the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, in Vienna, Austria. Yadvinder Malhi is with the Environmental Change Institute in the School of Geography and the Environment at the University of Oxford, in the United Kingdom. Patrick Meir is affiliated with the Research School of Biology at Australian National University, in Canberra, and with the School of Geosciences at the University of Edinburgh, in the United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin L Turner
- Andrew T. Nottingham ( ) is affiliated with the School of Geosciences at the University of Edinburgh, in the United Kingdom. Jeanette Whitaker is with the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology at the Lancaster Environment Centre, in Lancaster, United Kingdom. Benjamin L. Turner is affiliated with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, in Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama. Norma Salinas is with the Seccion Química at the Universidad La Católica, in Lima, Peru. Michael Zimmermann is affiliated with the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, in Vienna, Austria. Yadvinder Malhi is with the Environmental Change Institute in the School of Geography and the Environment at the University of Oxford, in the United Kingdom. Patrick Meir is affiliated with the Research School of Biology at Australian National University, in Canberra, and with the School of Geosciences at the University of Edinburgh, in the United Kingdom
| | - Norma Salinas
- Andrew T. Nottingham ( ) is affiliated with the School of Geosciences at the University of Edinburgh, in the United Kingdom. Jeanette Whitaker is with the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology at the Lancaster Environment Centre, in Lancaster, United Kingdom. Benjamin L. Turner is affiliated with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, in Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama. Norma Salinas is with the Seccion Química at the Universidad La Católica, in Lima, Peru. Michael Zimmermann is affiliated with the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, in Vienna, Austria. Yadvinder Malhi is with the Environmental Change Institute in the School of Geography and the Environment at the University of Oxford, in the United Kingdom. Patrick Meir is affiliated with the Research School of Biology at Australian National University, in Canberra, and with the School of Geosciences at the University of Edinburgh, in the United Kingdom
| | - Michael Zimmermann
- Andrew T. Nottingham ( ) is affiliated with the School of Geosciences at the University of Edinburgh, in the United Kingdom. Jeanette Whitaker is with the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology at the Lancaster Environment Centre, in Lancaster, United Kingdom. Benjamin L. Turner is affiliated with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, in Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama. Norma Salinas is with the Seccion Química at the Universidad La Católica, in Lima, Peru. Michael Zimmermann is affiliated with the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, in Vienna, Austria. Yadvinder Malhi is with the Environmental Change Institute in the School of Geography and the Environment at the University of Oxford, in the United Kingdom. Patrick Meir is affiliated with the Research School of Biology at Australian National University, in Canberra, and with the School of Geosciences at the University of Edinburgh, in the United Kingdom
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Andrew T. Nottingham ( ) is affiliated with the School of Geosciences at the University of Edinburgh, in the United Kingdom. Jeanette Whitaker is with the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology at the Lancaster Environment Centre, in Lancaster, United Kingdom. Benjamin L. Turner is affiliated with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, in Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama. Norma Salinas is with the Seccion Química at the Universidad La Católica, in Lima, Peru. Michael Zimmermann is affiliated with the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, in Vienna, Austria. Yadvinder Malhi is with the Environmental Change Institute in the School of Geography and the Environment at the University of Oxford, in the United Kingdom. Patrick Meir is affiliated with the Research School of Biology at Australian National University, in Canberra, and with the School of Geosciences at the University of Edinburgh, in the United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Meir
- Andrew T. Nottingham ( ) is affiliated with the School of Geosciences at the University of Edinburgh, in the United Kingdom. Jeanette Whitaker is with the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology at the Lancaster Environment Centre, in Lancaster, United Kingdom. Benjamin L. Turner is affiliated with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, in Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama. Norma Salinas is with the Seccion Química at the Universidad La Católica, in Lima, Peru. Michael Zimmermann is affiliated with the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, in Vienna, Austria. Yadvinder Malhi is with the Environmental Change Institute in the School of Geography and the Environment at the University of Oxford, in the United Kingdom. Patrick Meir is affiliated with the Research School of Biology at Australian National University, in Canberra, and with the School of Geosciences at the University of Edinburgh, in the United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Fayle TM, Turner EC, Basset Y, Ewers RM, Reynolds G, Novotny V. Whole-ecosystem experimental manipulations of tropical forests. Trends Ecol Evol 2015; 30:334-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|