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Kiyota T, Zhang G, Morrison CM, Bosch ME, Weir RA, Lu Y, Dong W, Gendelman HE. AAV2/1 CD74 Gene Transfer Reduces β-amyloidosis and Improves Learning and Memory in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1712-1721. [PMID: 26227349 PMCID: PMC4817947 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the amyloid-β (Aβ) trafficking pathway heralds a new therapeutic frontier for Alzheimer's disease (AD). As CD74 binds to the amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) and can suppresses Aβ processing, we investigated whether recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivery of CD74 could reduce Aβ production and affect disease outcomes. This idea was tested in a mouse AD model. Cotransduction of AAV-tetracycline-controlled transactivator (tTA) and AAV-tet-response element (TRE)-CD74 resulted in CD74 expression, reduced Aβ production in mouse neurons containing the human APP with familial AD-linked mutations. Stereotaxic injection of AAV-TRE-GFP or CD74 into the hippocampi of an AD mouse, defined as a TgCRND8 × calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II derived promoter-tTA double-transgenic, reduced Aβ loads and pyramidal neuronal Aβ accumulation in the hippocampus. Immunofluorescent studies showed that APP colocalization with Lamp1 was increased in CD74-expressing neurons. Moreover, Morris water maze tasks demonstrated that mice treated with AAV-TRE-CD74 showed improved learning and memory compared to AAV-TRE-GFP control animals. These results support the idea that CD74-induced alteration of Aβ processing could improve AD-associated memory deficits as shown in mouse models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kiyota
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Christine M Morrison
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Megan E Bosch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Robert A Weir
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Yaman Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Weiguo Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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52
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Luo W, Liu W, Hu X, Hanna M, Caravaca A, Paul SM. Microglial internalization and degradation of pathological tau is enhanced by an anti-tau monoclonal antibody. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11161. [PMID: 26057852 PMCID: PMC4460904 DOI: 10.1038/srep11161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia have been shown to contribute to the clearance of brain amyloid β peptides (Aβ), the major component of amyloid plaques, in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it is not known whether microglia play a similar role in the clearance of tau, the major component of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). We now report that murine microglia rapidly internalize and degrade hyperphosphorylated pathological tau isolated from AD brain tissue in a time-dependent manner in vitro. We further demonstrate that microglia readily degrade human tau species released from AD brain sections and eliminate NFTs from brain sections of P301S tauopathy mice. The anti-tau monoclonal antibody MC1 enhances microglia-mediated tau degradation in an Fc-dependent manner. Our data identify a potential role for microglia in the degradation and clearance of pathological tau species in brain and provide a mechanism explaining the potential therapeutic actions of passively administered anti-tau monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Luo
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY10021
| | - Wencheng Liu
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY10021
| | - Xiaoyan Hu
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY10021
| | - Mary Hanna
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY10021
| | - April Caravaca
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY10021
| | - Steven M Paul
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY10021
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia worldwide and is an emerging global epidemic. It is characterized by an imbalance between production and clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) and tau proteins. Oligomeric forms of Aβ and tau are believed to be the most toxic. Dramatic results from AD animal models showed great promise for active and passive immune therapies targeting Aβ. However, there is very limited evidence in human studies of the clinical benefits from these approaches. Immunotherapies targeting only tau pathology have had some success but are limited so far to mouse models. The majority of current methods is based on immunological targeting of a self-protein; hence, benefits need to be balanced against risks of stimulating excessive autoimmune toxic inflammation. For greater efficacy the next generation of vaccines needs to focus more on concurrently targeting all the intermediate toxic conformers of oligomeric Aβ and tau species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Fernando Goñi
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Morrone CD, Liu M, Black SE, McLaurin J. Interaction between therapeutic interventions for Alzheimer's disease and physiological Aβ clearance mechanisms. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:64. [PMID: 25999850 PMCID: PMC4419721 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Most therapeutic agents are designed to target a molecule or pathway without consideration of the mechanisms involved in the physiological turnover or removal of that target. In light of this and in particular for Alzheimer’s disease, a number of therapeutic interventions are presently being developed/investigated which target the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). However, the literature has not adequately considered which Aβ physiological clearance pathways are necessary and sufficient for the effective action of these therapeutics. In this review, we evaluate the therapeutic strategies targeting Aβ presently in clinical development, discuss the possible interaction of these treatments with pathways that under normal physiological conditions are responsible for the turnover of Aβ and highlight possible caveats. We consider immunization strategies primarily reliant on a peripheral sink mechanism of action, small molecules that are reliant on entry into the CNS and thus degradation pathways within the brain, as well as lifestyle interventions that affect vascular, parenchymal and peripheral degradation pathways. We propose that effective development of Alzheimer’s disease therapeutic strategies targeting Aβ peptide will require consideration of the age- and disease-specific changes to endogenous Aβ clearance mechanisms in order to elicit maximal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Morrone
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mingzhe Liu
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada ; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - JoAnne McLaurin
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
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Bayer TA. Proteinopathies, a core concept for understanding and ultimately treating degenerative disorders? Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:713-24. [PMID: 23642796 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The current review covers proteinopathies an umbrella term for neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by the accumulation of specific proteins within neurons or in the brain parenchyma. Most prevalent examples for typical proteinopathies are Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In healthy brain, these proteins are unstructured as a monomer, serving most likely as the physiological form. In a disease condition, the unstructured proteins experience a conformational change leading to small oligomers that eventually will aggregate into higher order structures. Prion disease is an exception within the family of proteinopathies as the aggregated prion protein is highly infectious and can self-aggregate and propagate. Recent reports might implicate a prion-like spread of misfolded proteins in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease; however there are evident differences in comparison to prion diseases. As proteinopathies are caused by the aggregation of disease-typical proteins with an ordered structure, active and passive immunization protocols have been used to expose model systems to therapeutic antibodies that bind to the aggregates thereby inhibiting the prolongation into higher ordered fibrils or dissolving the existing fibrillar structure. While most of the immunization treatments have been only carried out in preclinical model systems overexpressing the disease-relevant aggregating protein, other approaches are already in clinical testing. Taking the core concept of proteinopathies with conformationally altered protein aggregates into account, immunization appears to be a very promising therapeutic option for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Bayer
- The Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medicine Göttingen, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Von-Siebold-Strasse 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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Zhang Y, Yang HQ, Fang F, Song LL, Jiao YY, Wang H, Peng XL, Zheng YP, Wang J, He JS, Hung T. Single chain variable fragment against aβ expressed in baculovirus inhibits abeta fibril elongation and promotes its disaggregation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124736. [PMID: 25919299 PMCID: PMC4412524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of age-related dementia, and the most urgent problem is that it is currently incurable. Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is believed to play a major role in the pathogenesis of AD. We previously reported that an Aβ N-terminal amino acid targeting monoclonal antibody (MAb), A8, inhibits Aβ fibril formation and has potential as an immunotherapy for AD based on a mouse model. To further study the underlying mechanisms, we tested our hypothesis that the single chain fragment variable (scFv) without the Fc fragment is capable of regulating either Aβ aggregation or disaggregation in vitro. Here, a model of cell-free Aβ “on-pathway” aggregation was established and identified using PCR, Western blot, ELISA, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thioflavin T (ThT) binding analyses. His-tagged A8 scFvs was cloned and solubly expressed in baculovirus. Our data demonstrated that the Ni-NTA agarose affinity-purified A8 scFv inhibited the forward reaction of “on-pathway” aggregation and Aβ fibril maturation. The effect of A8 scFv on Aβ fibrillogenesis was markedly more significant when administered at the start of the Aβ folding reaction. Furthermore, the results also showed that pre-formed Aβ fibrils could be disaggregated via incubation with purified A8 scFv, which suggested that A8 scFv is involved in the reverse reaction of Aβ aggregation. Therefore, A8 scFv was capable of both inhibiting fibrillogenesis and disaggregating matured fibrils. Our present study provides valuable insight into the regulators of ultrastructural dynamics of cell-free “on-pathway” Aβ aggregation and will assist in the development of therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Hai-Qiang Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Fang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Lin Song
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Ying Jiao
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - He Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Lei Peng
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Peng Zheng
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Sheng He
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Hung
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
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Farlow MR, Andreasen N, Riviere ME, Vostiar I, Vitaliti A, Sovago J, Caputo A, Winblad B, Graf A. Long-term treatment with active Aβ immunotherapy with CAD106 in mild Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2015; 7:23. [PMID: 25918556 PMCID: PMC4410460 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-015-0108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction CAD106 is designed to stimulate amyloid-β (Aβ)-specific antibody responses while avoiding T-cell autoimmune responses. The CAD106 first-in-human study demonstrated a favorable safety profile and promising antibody response. We investigated long-term safety, tolerability and antibody response after repeated CAD106 injections. Methods Two phase IIa, 52-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled core studies (2201; 2202) and two 66-week open-label extension studies (2201E; 2202E) were conducted in patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD) aged 40 to 85 years. Patients were randomized to receive 150μg CAD106 or placebo given as three subcutaneous (2201) or subcutaneous/intramuscular (2202) injections, followed by four injections (150 μg CAD106; subcutaneous, 2201E1; intramuscular, 2202E1). Our primary objective was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of repeated injections, including monitoring cerebral magnetic resonance imaging scans, adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs (SAEs). Further objectives were to assess Aβ-specific antibody response in serum and Aβ-specific T-cell response (core only). Comparable Aβ-immunoglobulin G (IgG) exposure across studies supported pooled immune response assessments. Results Fifty-eight patients were randomized (CAD106, n = 47; placebo, n = 11). Baseline demographics and characteristics were balanced. Forty-five patients entered extension studies. AEs occurred in 74.5% of CAD106-treated patients versus 63.6% of placebo-treated patients (core), and 82.2% experienced AEs during extension studies. Most AEs were mild to moderate in severity, were not study medication-related and did not require discontinuation. SAEs occurred in 19.1% of CAD106-treated patients and 36.4% of placebo-treated patients (core). One patient (CAD106-treated; 2201) reported a possibly study drug-related SAE of intracerebral hemorrhage. Four patients met criteria for amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) corresponding to microhemorrhages: one was CAD106-treated (2201), one placebo-treated (2202) and two open-label CAD106-treated. No ARIA corresponded to vasogenic edema. Two patients discontinued extension studies because of SAEs (rectal neoplasm and rapid AD progression, respectively). Thirty CAD106-treated patients (63.8%) were serological responders. Sustained Aβ-IgG titers and prolonged time to decline were observed in extensions versus core studies. Neither Aβ1–6 nor Aβ1–42 induced specific T-cell responses; however, positive control responses were consistently detected with the CAD106 carrier. Conclusions No unexpected safety findings or Aβ-specific T-cell responses support the CAD106 favorable tolerability profile. Long-term treatment-induced Aβ-specific antibody titers and prolonged time to decline indicate antibody exposure may increase with additional injections. CAD106 may be a valuable therapeutic option in AD. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT00733863, registered 8 August 2008; NCT00795418, registered 10 November 2008; NCT00956410, registered 10 August 2009; NCT01023685, registered 1 December 2009. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13195-015-0108-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Farlow
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 West 16th Street, Suite 4700, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Niels Andreasen
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Novum, Huddinge, SE-141 57 Stockholm Sweden ; Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Geriatric Clinic, Clinical Trial Unit, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bengt Winblad
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Novum, Huddinge, SE-141 57 Stockholm Sweden ; Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Geriatric Clinic, Clinical Trial Unit, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana Graf
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, CH-4002 Switzerland
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Xing XN, Sha S, Chen XH, Guo WS, Guo R, Jiang TZ, Cao YP. Active Immunization with DNA Vaccine Reduced Cerebral Inflammation and Improved Cognitive Ability in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice by In Vivo Electroporation. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1032-41. [PMID: 25868754 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) is thought to play a pivotal role in the disease progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid β directed immunotherapy has been considered an alternative AD treatment. In this study, we constructed a DNA vaccine, p(Aβ3-10)10-mIL-4, encoding ten tandem repeats of Aβ3-10 fused with mouse IL-4. Eight-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic mice were injected intramuscularly with p(Aβ3-10)10-mIL-4 followed by in vivo electroporation. Immunization with the vaccine induced high-titer anti-Aβ antibodies and attenuated the behavior impairment. Immunoglobulin isotyping revealed a predominantly IgG1 response and ex vivo cultured splenocytes exhibited a low IFN-γ and high IL-4 response, indicating a Th2 anti-inflammatory response. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that p(Aβ3-10)10-mIL-4 immunization decreased Aβ deposition, and the microglial attraction significantly decreased accompanied by the clearance of Aβ. There was no microhemorrhage in the brain of the immunized mice. These results suggest that the immunization potentially reduced the inflammation in brain of transgenic mice and therefore improved their cognitive ability. This novel DNA vaccine p(Aβ3-10)10-mIL-4 may be an effective immunization method as therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Na Xing
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110001, Liao Ning Province, China,
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Jovanovic K, Chetty CJ, Khumalo T, Da Costa Dias B, Ferreira E, Malindisa ST, Caveney R, Letsolo BT, Weiss SFT. Novel patented therapeutic approaches targeting the 37/67 kDa laminin receptor for treatment of cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:567-82. [PMID: 25747044 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1014802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 37/67 kDa high-affinity laminin receptor (laminin receptor precursor/laminin receptor, LRP/LR) is a multi-faceted cellular receptor. It plays a vital role in the malignancy of various cancer types where it is seen to contribute to invasion, adhesion, apoptosis evasion and angiogenesis. Furthermore, it has been found to play an important role in facilitating the processes leading to neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Various therapeutic options targeting this receptor have been patented with the outlook on application for the treatment/prevention of these diseases. AREAS COVERED The various roles that LRP/LR plays in cancer, AD and infectious diseases caused by viruses and bacteria have been examined in detail and an overview of the current patented therapeutic strategies targeting this receptor is given. EXPERT OPINION Molecular tools directed against LRP/LR, such as antibodies and small interfering RNA, could prove to be effective in the prevention of metastasis and angiogenesis while inducing apoptosis in cancers. Moreover, these strategies could also be applied to AD where LRP/LR is seen to facilitate the production and internalization of the neurotoxic Aβ peptide. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms by which LRP/LR is involved in eliciting pathogenic events, while showing how the use of patented approaches targeting this receptor could be used to treat them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Jovanovic
- University of the Witwatersrand, School of Molecular and Cell Biology , Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg , Republic of South Africa
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Kamer AR, Pirraglia E, Tsui W, Rusinek H, Vallabhajosula S, Mosconi L, Yi L, McHugh P, Craig RG, Svetcov S, Linker R, Shi C, Glodzik L, Williams S, Corby P, Saxena D, de Leon MJ. Periodontal disease associates with higher brain amyloid load in normal elderly. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:627-33. [PMID: 25491073 PMCID: PMC4399973 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques is a central feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). First reported in animal models, it remains uncertain if peripheral inflammatory and/or infectious conditions in humans can promote Aβ brain accumulation. Periodontal disease, a common chronic infection, has been previously reported to be associated with AD. Thirty-eight cognitively normal, healthy, and community-residing elderly (mean age, 61 and 68% female) were examined in an Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and a University-Based Dental School. Linear regression models (adjusted for age, apolipoprotein E, and smoking) were used to test the hypothesis that periodontal disease assessed by clinical attachment loss was associated with brain Aβ load using (11)C-Pittsburgh compound B (PIB) positron emission tomography imaging. After adjusting for confounders, clinical attachment loss (≥3 mm), representing a history of periodontal inflammatory/infectious burden, was associated with increased PIB uptake in Aβ vulnerable brain regions (p = 0.002). We show for the first time in humans an association between periodontal disease and brain Aβ load. These data are consistent with the previous animal studies showing that peripheral inflammation/infections are sufficient to produce brain Aβ accumulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Kamer
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA; School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Pirraglia
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wai Tsui
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry Rusinek
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, New York, NY, USA; School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Lisa Mosconi
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Yi
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pauline McHugh
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald G Craig
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Basic Sciences and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Spencer Svetcov
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ross Linker
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chen Shi
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lidia Glodzik
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Schantel Williams
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Corby
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA; College of Dentistry, Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Basic Sciences and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mony J de Leon
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, New York, NY, USA
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Amyloid PET imaging: applications beyond Alzheimer's disease. Clin Transl Imaging 2015; 3:39-55. [PMID: 25741489 PMCID: PMC4339781 DOI: 10.1007/s40336-014-0098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As a biomarker of beta-amyloid, positron emission tomography (PET) amyloid imaging offers a unique opportunity to detect the presence of this protein in the human body during life. Besides Alzheimer's disease (AD), deposits of beta-amyloid in the brain are also present in other neurodegenerative diseases associated to dementia, such as Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, as well as in other processes affecting brain function, such as cerebral amyloid angiopathy, brain trauma, Down's syndrome and meningiomas, as shown by post-mortem pathology studies. Furthermore, in systemic amyloidosis other organs besides the brain are affected, and amyloid PET imaging may be suitable for the identification of these extra-cerebral amyloid depositions. Finally, the potential use of amyloid PET tracer accumulation in cerebral white matter (WM) as a marker of myelin is being investigated, leading to some promising results in patients with WM lesions and multiple sclerosis. In this article, a review of the ongoing research pointing to a broader application of amyloid PET imaging in clinical practice beyond AD is provided.
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Huang L, Liu X, Cheng B, Huang K. How our bodies fight amyloidosis: effects of physiological factors on pathogenic aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 568:46-55. [PMID: 25615529 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The process of protein aggregation from soluble amyloidogenic proteins to insoluble amyloid fibrils plays significant roles in the onset of over 30 human amyloidogenic diseases, such as Prion disease, Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Amyloid deposits are commonly found in patients suffered from amyloidosis; however, such deposits are rarely seen in healthy individuals, which may be largely attributed to the self-regulation in vivo. A vast number of physiological factors have been demonstrated to directly affect the process of amyloid formation in vivo. In this review, physiological factors that influence amyloidosis, including biological factors (chaperones, natural antibodies, enzymes, lipids and saccharides) and physicochemical factors (metal ions, pH environment, crowding and pressure, etc.), together with the mechanisms underlying these proteostasis effects, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianqi Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Xinran Liu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Biao Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, PR China
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China; Centre for Biomedicine Research, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, PR China.
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Co-immunization with DNA and protein mixture: a safe and efficacious immunotherapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease in PDAPP mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7771. [PMID: 25586780 PMCID: PMC4293606 DOI: 10.1038/srep07771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Active immunotherapy targeting β-amyloid (Aβ) is the most promising strategy to prevent or treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). Based on pre-clinical studies and clinical trials, a safe and effective AD vaccine requires a delicate balance between providing therapeutically adequate anti-Aβ antibodies and eliminating or suppressing unwanted adverse T cell-mediated inflammatory reactions. We describe here the immunological characterization and protective efficacy of co-immunization with a 6Aβ15-T DNA and protein mixture without adjuvant as an AD immunotherapeutic strategy. Impressively, this co-immunization induced robust Th2-polarized Aβ-specific antibodies while simultaneously suppressed unwanted inflammatory T cell reactions and avoiding Aβ42-specific T cell-mediated autoimmune responses in immunized mice. Co-immunization with the DNA + protein vaccine could overcome Aβ42-associated hypo-responsiveness and elicit long-term Aβ-specific antibody responses, which helped to maintain antibody-mediated clearance of amyloid and accordingly alleviated AD symptoms in co-immunized PDAPP mice. Our DNA and protein combined vaccine, which could induce an anti-inflammatory Th2 immune response with high level Aβ-specific antibodies and low level IFN-γ production, also demonstrated the capacity to inhibit amyloid accumulation and prevent cognitive dysfunction. Hence, co-immunization with antigen-matched DNA and protein may represent a novel and efficacious strategy for AD immunotherapy to eliminate T cell inflammatory reactions while retaining high level antibody responses.
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Abstract
Many lines of evidence support that β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides play an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia. But despite much effort the molecular mechanisms of how Aβ contributes to AD remain unclear. While Aβ is generated from its precursor protein throughout life, the peptide is best known as the main component of amyloid plaques, the neuropathological hallmark of AD. Reduction in Aβ has been the major target of recent experimental therapies against AD. Unfortunately, human clinical trials targeting Aβ have not shown the hoped-for benefits. Thus, doubts have been growing about the role of Aβ as a therapeutic target. Here we review evidence supporting the involvement of Aβ in AD, highlight the importance of differentiating between various forms of Aβ, and suggest that a better understanding of Aβ's precise pathophysiological role in the disease is important for correctly targeting it for potential future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar K. Gouras
- />Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas T. Olsson
- />Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hansson
- />Clinical Memory Research Unit, Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- />Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Skåne, Sweden
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Guo W, Sha S, Jiang T, Xing X, Cao Y. A new DNA vaccine fused with the C3d-p28 induces a Th2 immune response against amyloid-beta. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2581-90. [PMID: 25206569 PMCID: PMC4145937 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.27.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To enhance anti-amyloid-beta (Aβ) antibody generation and induce a Th2 immune response, we constructed a new DNA vaccine p(Aβ3–10)10-C3d-p28.3 encoding ten repeats of Aβ3–10 and three copies of C3d-p28 as a molecular adjuvant. In this study, we administered this adjuvant cularly to female C57BL/6J mice at 8–10 weeks of age. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the titer of serum anti-Aβ antibody, isotypes, and cytokines in splenic T cells. A 3-(4,5-cimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay was used to detect the prolifera-tion rate of splenic T cells. Brain sections from a 12-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic mouse were used for detecting the binding capacities of anti-Aβ antibodies to Aβ plaques. The p(Aβ3–10)10-C3d-p28.3 vaccine induced high titers of anti-amyloid-β antibodies, which bound to Aβ plaques in APP/PS1 transgenic mouse brain tissue, demonstrating that the vaccine is effective against plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, the vaccine elicited a predo-minantly IgG1 humoral response and low levels of interferon-γ in ex vivo cultured splenocytes, dicating that the vaccine could shift the cellular immune response towards a Th2 phenotype. This indicated that the vaccine did not elicit a detrimental immune response and had a favorable safety profile. Our results indicate that the p(Aβ3–10)10-C3d-p28.3 vaccine is a promising immunothe-peutic option for Aβ vaccination in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanshu Guo
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Sha Sha
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Tongzi Jiang
- Department of Neurology, First People's Hospital of Shenyang City, Shenyang 110041, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaona Xing
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yunpeng Cao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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66
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Jones TB. Lymphocytes and autoimmunity after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2014; 258:78-90. [PMID: 25017889 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 15 years an immense amount of data has accumulated regarding the infiltration and activation of lymphocytes in the traumatized spinal cord. Although the impact of the intraspinal accumulation of lymphocytes is still unclear, modulation of the adaptive immune response via active and passive vaccination is being evaluated for its preclinical efficacy in improving the outcome for spinal-injured individuals. The complexity of the interaction between the nervous and the immune systems is highlighted in the contradictions that appear in response to these modulations. Current evidence regarding augmentation and inhibition of the adaptive immune response to spinal cord injury is reviewed with an aim toward reconciling conflicting data and providing consensus issues that may be exploited in future therapies. Opportunities such an approach may provide are highlighted as well as the obstacles that must be overcome before such approaches can be translated into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bucky Jones
- Department of Anatomy, Arizona College of Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.
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67
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Biochemical and immunological aspects of protein aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-014-0491-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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68
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Passive immunization with Tau oligomer monoclonal antibody reverses tauopathy phenotypes without affecting hyperphosphorylated neurofibrillary tangles. J Neurosci 2014; 34:4260-72. [PMID: 24647946 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3192-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that tau oligomers, which form before neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), are the true neurotoxic tau entities in neurodegenerative tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies in animal models of tauopathy suggest that tau oligomers play a key role in eliciting behavioral and cognitive impairments. Here, we used a novel tau oligomer-specific monoclonal antibody (TOMA) for passive immunization in mice expressing mutant human tau. A single dose of TOMA administered either intravenously or intracerebroventricularly was sufficient to reverse both locomotor and memory deficits in a mouse model of tauopathy for 60 d, coincident with rapid reduction of tau oligomers but not phosphorylated NFTs or monomeric tau. Our data demonstrate that antibody protection is mediated by extracellular and rapid peripheral clearance. These findings provide the first direct evidence in support of a critical role for tau oligomers in disease progression and validate tau oligomers as a target for the treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative tauopathies.
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69
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Evans CF, Davtyan H, Petrushina I, Hovakimyan A, Davtyan A, Hannaman D, Cribbs DH, Agadjanyan MG, Ghochikyan A. Epitope-based DNA vaccine for Alzheimer's disease: translational study in macaques. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 10:284-95. [PMID: 23916838 PMCID: PMC3825833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.04.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trials with passive and active Alzheimer's disease (AD) vaccines suggest that early interventions are needed for improvement of cognitive and/or functional performance in patients, providing impetus for the development of safe and immunologically potent active vaccines targeting amyloid β (Aβ). The AN-1792 trial has indicated that Aβ-specific T cells may be unsafe for humans; therefore, other vaccines based on small Aβ epitopes are undergoing preclinical and clinical testing. METHODS Humoral and cellular immune responses elicited in response to a novel DNA epitope-based vaccine (AV-1955) delivered to rhesus macaques using the TriGrid electroporation device were evaluated. Functional activities of anti-Aβ antibodies generated in response to vaccination were assessed in vitro. RESULTS AV-1955 generates long-term, potent anti-Aβ antibodies and cellular immune responses specific to foreign T-helper epitopes but not to self-Aβ. CONCLUSIONS This translational study demonstrates that a DNA-based epitope vaccine for AD could be appropriate for human clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayk Davtyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Irina Petrushina
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Armine Hovakimyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - Arpine Davtyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | | | - David H Cribbs
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Michael G Agadjanyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Anahit Ghochikyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
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Liu YH, Wang YR, Xiang Y, Zhou HD, Giunta B, Mañucat-Tan NB, Tan J, Zhou XF, Wang YJ. Clearance of Amyloid-Beta in Alzheimer’s Disease: Shifting the Action Site from Center to Periphery. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8694-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Wisniewski T, Goñi F. Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:499-507. [PMID: 24412277 PMCID: PMC3972315 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide. In AD the normal soluble amyloid β (sAβ) peptide is converted into oligomeric/fibrillar Aβ. The oligomeric forms of Aβ are thought to be the most toxic, while fibrillar Aβ becomes deposited as amyloid plaques and congophilic angiopathy, which serve as neuropathological markers of the disease. In addition the accumulation of abnormally phosphorylated tau as soluble toxic oligomers and as neurofibrillary tangles is a critical part of the pathology. Numerous therapeutic interventions are under investigation to prevent and treat AD. Among the more exciting and advanced of these approaches is vaccination. Active and passive Immunotherapy targeting only Aβ has been successful in many AD model animal trials; however, the more limited human data has shown much less benefit so far, with encephalitis occurring in a minority of patients treated with active immunization and vasogenic edema or amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) being a complication in some passive immunization trials. Therapeutic intervention targeting only tau has been tested only in mouse models; and no approaches targeting both pathologies concurrently has been attempted, until very recently. The immune approaches tried so far were targeting a self-protein, albeit in an abnormal conformation; however, effective enhanced clearance of the disease associated conformer has to be balanced with the potential risk of stimulating excessive toxic inflammation. The design of future more effective immunomodulatory approaches will need to target all aspects of AD pathology, as well as specifically targeting pathological oligomeric conformers, without the use of any self-antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wisniewski
- Departments of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States; Departments of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States; Departments of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Fernando Goñi
- Departments of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States
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72
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Laurijssens B, Aujard F, Rahman A. Animal models of Alzheimer's disease and drug development. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 10:e319-27. [PMID: 24050129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal disease models are considered important in the development of drugs for Alzheimer's disease. This brief review will discuss possible reasons why their success in identifying efficacious treatments has been limited, and will provide some thoughts on the role of animal experimentation in drug development. Specifically, none of the current models of Alzheimer's disease have either construct or predictive validity, and no model probably ever will. Clearly, specific animal experiments contribute to our understanding of the disease and generate hypotheses. Ultimately, however, the hypothesis can only be tested in human patients and only with the proper tools. These tools are a pharmacologically active intervention (in humans) and a clinical trial suited to evaluate the mechanism of action. Integration of knowledge in quantitative (sub) models is considered important if not essential in this process.
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73
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Doens D, Fernández PL. Microglia receptors and their implications in the response to amyloid β for Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:48. [PMID: 24625061 PMCID: PMC3975152 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major public health problem with substantial economic and social impacts around the world. The hallmarks of AD pathogenesis include deposition of amyloid β (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation. For many years, research has been focused on Aβ accumulation in senile plaques, as these aggregations were perceived as the main cause of the neurodegeneration found in AD. However, increasing evidence suggests that inflammation also plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of AD. Microglia cells are the resident macrophages of the brain and act as the first line of defense in the central nervous system. In AD, microglia play a dual role in disease progression, being essential for clearing Aβ deposits and releasing cytotoxic mediators. Aβ activates microglia through a variety of innate immune receptors expressed on these cells. The mechanisms through which amyloid deposits provoke an inflammatory response are not fully understood, but it is believed that these receptors cooperate in the recognition, internalization, and clearance of Aβ and in cell activation. In this review, we discuss the role of several receptors expressed on microglia in Aβ recognition, uptake, and signaling, and their implications for AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Doens
- Centro de Biología Molecular y Celular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Edificio 219, Clayton, Ciudad del Saber, República de Panamá
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India
| | - Patricia L Fernández
- Centro de Biología Molecular y Celular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Edificio 219, Clayton, Ciudad del Saber, República de Panamá
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74
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Perez-Garmendia R, Gevorkian G. Pyroglutamate-Modified Amyloid Beta Peptides: Emerging Targets for Alzheimer´s Disease Immunotherapy. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 11:491-8. [PMID: 24403873 PMCID: PMC3763757 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311050004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular and intraneuronal accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide aggregates in the brain has been hypothesized to play an important role in the neuropathology of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The main Aβ variants detected in the human brain are Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42, however a significant proportion of AD brain Aβ consists also of N-terminal truncated species. Pyroglutamate-modified Aβ peptides have been demonstrated to be the predominant components among all N-terminal truncated Aβ species in AD brains and represent highly desirable and abundant therapeutic targets. The current review describes the properties and localization of two pyroglutamate-modified Aβ peptides, AβN3(pE) and AβN11(pE), in the brain. The role of glutaminyl cyclase (QC) in the formation of these peptides is also addressed. In addition, two potential therapeutic strategies, the inhibition of QC and immunotherapy approaches, and clinical trials aimed to target these important pathological Aβ species are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanna Perez-Garmendia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Goar Gevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico DF, Mexico
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75
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chiang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Edward H. Koo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
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76
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Rohn TT, McCarty KL, Love JE, Head E. Is Apolipoprotein E4 an Important Risk Factor for Dementia in Persons with Down Syndrome? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 1. [PMID: 25594074 DOI: 10.13188/2376-922x.1000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome is one of the most common genetic causes of intellectual disability and is characterized by a number of behavioral as well as cognitive symptoms. Triplication of all or part of human chromosome 21 has been considered as the main cause of Down syndrome. Due to the location of the amyloid precursor protein on chromosome 21, many of the neuropathological features of early-onset Alzheimer's disease including senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are also present in Down syndrome patients who are either demented or nondemented. Significant advances in medical treatment have increased longevity in people with Down syndrome resulting in an increased population that may be subjected to many of the same risk factors as those with Alzheimer's disease. It is well established that harboring one or both apolipoprotein E4 alleles greatly increases the risk for Alzheimer's disease. However, whether apolipoprotein E4 contributes to an earlier onset of dementia or increased mortality in Down syndrome patients is still a matter of debate. The purpose of this mini review is to provide an updated assessment on apolipoprotein E4 status and risk potential of developing dementia and mortality associated with Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy T Rohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Science Building, Boise State University, USA
| | - Katie L McCarty
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY
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Sabharwal P, Wisniewski T. Novel immunological approaches for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. ZHONGGUO XIAN DAI SHEN JING JI BING ZA ZHI 2014; 14:139-151. [PMID: 25429302 PMCID: PMC4241771 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia worldwide, can be deemed as the next global health epidemic. The biochemistry underlying deposition of amyloid beta (A β) and hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates in AD has been extensively studied. The oligomeric forms of A β that are derived from the normal soluble A β peptides are believed to be the most toxic. However, it is the fibrillar Aβ form that aggregates as amyloid plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy, which serve as pathological hallmarks of AD. Moreover, deposits of abnormally phosphorylated tau that form soluble toxic oligomers and then accumulate as neurofibrillary tangles are an essential part of AD pathology. Currently, many strategies are being tested that either inhibit, eradicate or prevent the development of plaques in AD. An exciting new approach on the horizon is the immunization approach. Dramatic results from AD animal models have shown promise for active and passive immune therapies targeting A β. However, there is very limited data in humans that suggests a clear benefit. Some hurdles faced with these studies arise from complications noted with therapy. Encephalitis has been reported in trials of active immunization and vasogenic edema or amyloid - related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) has been reported with passive immunization in a minority of patients. As yet, therapies targeting only tau are still limited to mouse models with few studies targeting both pathologies. As the majority of approaches tried so far are based on targeting a self - protein, though in an abnormal conformation, benefits of therapy need to be balanced against the possible risks of stimulating excessive toxic inflammation. For better efficacy, future strategies will need to focus on the toxic oligomers and targeting all aspects of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sabharwal
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
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78
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Goñi F, Herline K, Peyser D, Wong K, Ji Y, Sun Y, Mehta P, Wisniewski T. Immunomodulation targeting of both Aβ and tau pathological conformers ameliorates Alzheimer's disease pathology in TgSwDI and 3xTg mouse models. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:150. [PMID: 24330773 PMCID: PMC3878790 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and many other neurodegenerative diseases is the conformational change of a normal self-protein into toxic oligomeric species and amyloid deposits. None of these disorders have an effective therapy, but immunization approaches hold great promise. We have previously shown that active immunization with a novel peptide when polymerized into a stable oligomeric conformation, pBri, induced a humoral immune response to toxic Aβ species in an AD model, APP/PS1 transgenic (Tg) mice, reducing plaque deposits. pBri is a glutaraldehyde polymerized form of the carboxyl fragment of an amyloidogenic protein, which is deposited in the brains of patients with a rare autosomal dominant disease due to a missense mutation in a stop codon, resulting in the translation of an intronic sequence, with no known sequence homology to any mammalian protein. Methods In the current study we tested whether pBri-peptide-based immunomodulation is effective at reducing both vascular amyloid deposits and tau-related pathology using TgSwDI mice with extensive congophilic angiopathy and 3xTg mice with tau pathology. Results Our results indicate that this immunomodulation approach, which produces a humoral response to proteins in a pathological conformation, is effective at reducing both Aβ and tau-related pathologies. Conclusions This immunomodulatory approach has the advantage of using a non-self-immunogen that is less likely to be associated with autoimmune toxicity. Furthermore we found that it is able to target all the cardinal features of AD concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Geifman N, Rubin E. The mouse age phenome knowledgebase and disease-specific inter-species age mapping. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81114. [PMID: 24312529 PMCID: PMC3849212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Similarities between mice and humans lead to generation of many mouse models of human disease. However, differences between the species often result in mice being unreliable as preclinical models for human disease. One difference that might play a role in lowering the predictivity of mice models to human diseases is age. Despite the important role age plays in medicine, it is too often considered only casually when considering mouse models. Methods We developed the mouse-Age Phenotype Knowledgebase, which holds knowledge about age-related phenotypic patterns in mice. The knowledgebase was extensively populated with literature-derived data using text mining techniques. We then mapped between ages in humans and mice by comparing the age distribution pattern for 887 diseases in both species. Results The knowledgebase was populated with over 9800 instances generated by a text-mining pipeline. The quality of the data was manually evaluated, and was found to be of high accuracy (estimated precision >86%). Furthermore, grouping together diseases that share similar age patterns in mice resulted in clusters that mirror actual biomedical knowledge. Using these data, we matched age distribution patterns in mice and in humans, allowing for age differences by shifting either of the patterns. High correlation (r2>0.5) was found for 223 diseases. The results clearly indicate a difference in the age mapping between different diseases: age 30 years in human is mapped to 120 days in mice for Leukemia, but to 295 days for Anemia. Based on these results we generated a mice-to-human age map which is publicly available. Conclusions We present here the development of the mouse-APK, its population with literature-derived data and its use to map ages in mice and human for 223 diseases. These results present a further step made to bridging the gap between humans and mice in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nophar Geifman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences and The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Eitan Rubin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences and The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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80
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Prins ND, Scheltens P. Treating Alzheimer's disease with monoclonal antibodies: current status and outlook for the future. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2013; 5:56. [PMID: 24216217 PMCID: PMC3978826 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, Alzheimer's disease drug discovery has been directed at 'disease modifying drugs' that are able to counteract the progression of Alzheimer's disease by intervening in specific parts of its neuropathological process. Passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) may be able to clear toxic amyloid-β species either directly or through microglia or complement activation, thereby halting the amyloid cascade and preventing neurodegeneration and cognitive and functional decline. Thus far, results from two large phase 3 trial programs with bapineuzumab and solaneuzumab, respectively, have brought rather disappointing results. Possible explanations could be that these compounds were either targeting the wrong amyloid-β species, or were given too late in the disease process. Several new mAbs targeting various amyloid-β epitopes are now being tested in ongoing phase 2 and 3 clinical trials. The present review discusses the various mAbs aimed at amyloid-β, summarizes trial results and provides an outlook for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels D Prins
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Alzheimer Research Center, Gebouw Cronenburg, Cronenburg 75, 1081 GM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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81
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Habib A, Deng J, Hou H, Zou Q, Giunta B, Wang YJ, Obregon D, Sawmiller D, Li S, Mori T, Tan J. Mycoplasma hyorhinis markedly degrades β-amyloid peptides in vitro and ex vivo: a novel biological approach for treating Alzheimer's disease? Am J Transl Res 2013; 5:634-642. [PMID: 24093060 PMCID: PMC3786270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides (predominantly Aβ40, 42) and their aggregation into plaques in the brain are thought to be the one of the major causes of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Originally discovered in our Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line stably expressing human wild-type amyloid precursor protein (APP) (CHO/APPwt) cultures devoid of Aβ production, we found that Mycoplasma selectively degrades soluble Aβ in a time and dose (colony forming unit) dependent manner. Moreover, we fully characterized the Mycoplasma species as Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis) by genetic and colony morphological analyses by light microscopy. Most interestingly, we attenuated the pathogenicity of M. hyorhinis by γ irradiation (3.5 Gy), and found that its ability to degrade Aβ was retained. On the other hand, heated and sonicated M. hyorhinis failed to retain this ability to degrade Aβ, suggesting that this degradation requires viable cells and likely a biologically active signaling pathway. In addition, we found that M. hyorhinis can degrade Aβ produced in AD model mice (PSAPP mice) ex vivo. Finally, we found that irradiated (non-pathogenic) M. hyorhinis also can degrade Aβ produced in PSAPP mice in vivo. These studies suggest that irradiated (non-pathogenic) M. hyorhinis can be a novel and alternative biological strategy for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Habib
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South FloridaTampa, Florida 33613
| | - Juan Deng
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South FloridaTampa, Florida 33613
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 42000, China
| | - Huayan Hou
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South FloridaTampa, Florida 33613
| | - Qiang Zou
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South FloridaTampa, Florida 33613
| | - Brian Giunta
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South FloridaTampa, Florida 33613
| | - Yan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 42000, China
| | - Demian Obregon
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South FloridaTampa, Florida 33613
| | - Darrell Sawmiller
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South FloridaTampa, Florida 33613
| | - Song Li
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South FloridaTampa, Florida 33613
- Department of Biophysics, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Technology, Dalian University of TechnologyDalian, China
| | - Takashi Mori
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathology, Saitama Medical Center and UniversityKawagoe, Saitama, 350-8550, Japan
| | - Jun Tan
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South FloridaTampa, Florida 33613
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82
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Biron KE, Dickstein DL, Gopaul R, Fenninger F, Jefferies WA. Cessation of neoangiogenesis in Alzheimer's disease follows amyloid-beta immunization. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1354. [PMID: 23446889 PMCID: PMC3584312 DOI: 10.1038/srep01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic neoangiogenesis in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is due to amyloid-beta (Aβ) and results in blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakiness in AD. It likely occurs as a compensatory response to impaired cerebral blood flow and provides a strong link between brain vascularity and AD. Aβ immunotherapy is an experimental treatment for AD; however, unexpected negative vascular side effects seen in early human clinical trials demonstrate that our knowledge of Aβ and AD pathogenesis is incomplete. We demonstrate that immunization with Aβ peptides neutralizes the amyloid trigger leading to neoangiogenesis and reverses hypervascularity in Tg2576 AD mice. This process resolves plaque burden suggesting that neoangiogenesis is a key mechanism underlying plaque formation. A meta-analysis demonstrated that hypervascular reversion in vaccinated Alzheimer's patients. This appears to be the first example of vascular reversion following any therapeutic intervention and supports the conclusion that modulation of neoangiogenesis may repair damage in the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan E Biron
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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83
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Maftei M, Thurm F, Schnack C, Tumani H, Otto M, Elbert T, Kolassa IT, Przybylski M, Manea M, von Arnim CAF. Increased levels of antigen-bound β-amyloid autoantibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68996. [PMID: 23874844 PMCID: PMC3715516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested a protective role of physiological β-amyloid autoantibodies (Aβ-autoantibodies) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the determination of both free and dissociated Aβ-autoantibodies in serum hitherto has yielded inconsistent results regarding their function and possible biomarker value. Here we report the application of a new sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of antigen-bound Aβ-autoantibodies (intact Aβ-IgG immune complexes) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a total number of 112 AD patients and age- and gender-matched control subjects. Both serum and CSF levels of Aβ-IgG immune complexes were found to be significantly higher in AD patients compared to control subjects. Moreover, the levels of Aβ-IgG complexes were negatively correlated with the cognitive status across the groups, increasing with declining cognitive test performance of the subjects. Our results suggest a contribution of IgG-type autoantibodies to Aβ clearance in vivo and an increased immune response in AD, which may be associated with deficient Aβ-IgG removal. These findings may contribute to elucidating the role of Aβ-autoantibodies in AD pathophysiology and their potential application in AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Maftei
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Biopolymer Structure Analysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Steinbeis Research Center for Biopolymer Analysis, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Franka Thurm
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Clinical and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Psychology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Elbert
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Iris-Tatjana Kolassa
- Clinical and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- * E-mail: (MM); (I-TK); (CAFVA); (MP)
| | - Michael Przybylski
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Biopolymer Structure Analysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- * E-mail: (MM); (I-TK); (CAFVA); (MP)
| | - Marilena Manea
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Biopolymer Structure Analysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- * E-mail: (MM); (I-TK); (CAFVA); (MP)
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84
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Prinz M, Parlar S, Bayraktar G, Alptüzün V, Erciyas E, Fallarero A, Karlsson D, Vuorela P, Burek M, Förster C, Turunc E, Armagan G, Yalcin A, Schiller C, Leuner K, Krug M, Sotriffer CA, Holzgrabe U. 1,4-Substituted 4-(1H)-pyridylene-hydrazone-type inhibitors of AChE, BuChE, and amyloid-β aggregation crossing the blood–brain barrier. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:603-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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85
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San Sebastian W, Samaranch L, Kells AP, Forsayeth J, Bankiewicz KS. Gene therapy for misfolding protein diseases of the central nervous system. Neurotherapeutics 2013; 10:498-510. [PMID: 23700209 PMCID: PMC3701766 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-013-0191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation as a result of misfolding is a common theme underlying neurodegenerative diseases. Accordingly, most recent studies aim to prevent protein misfolding and/or aggregation as a strategy to treat these pathologies. For instance, state-of-the-art approaches, such as silencing protein overexpression by means of RNA interference, are being tested with positive outcomes in preclinical models of animals overexpressing the corresponding protein. Therapies designed to treat central nervous system diseases should provide accurate delivery of the therapeutic agent and long-term or chronic expression by means of a nontoxic delivery vehicle. After several years of technical advances and optimization, gene therapy emerges as a promising approach able to fulfill those requirements. In this review we will summarize the latest improvements achieved in gene therapy for central nervous system diseases associated with protein misfolding (e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and prion diseases), as well as the most recent approaches in this field to treat these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldy San Sebastian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 1855 Folsom Street, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Lluis Samaranch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 1855 Folsom Street, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Adrian P. Kells
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 1855 Folsom Street, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - John Forsayeth
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 1855 Folsom Street, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Krystof S. Bankiewicz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 1855 Folsom Street, San Francisco, CA USA
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86
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A, Ojala J, Haapasalo A, Soininen H, Hiltunen M. Impaired autophagy and APP processing in Alzheimer's disease: The potential role of Beclin 1 interactome. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 106-107:33-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Cattepoel S, Schaub A, Ender M, Gaida A, Kropf A, Guggisberg U, Nolte MW, Fabri L, Adlard PA, Finkelstein DI, Bolli R, Miescher SM. Intravenous immunglobulin binds beta amyloid and modifies its aggregation, neurotoxicity and microglial phagocytosis in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63162. [PMID: 23696796 PMCID: PMC3656042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) has been proposed as a potential therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its efficacy is currently being tested in mild-to-moderate AD. Earlier studies reported the presence of anti-amyloid beta (Aβ) antibodies in IVIG. These observations led to clinical studies investigating the potential role of IVIG as a therapeutic agent in AD. Also, IVIG is known to mediate beneficial effects in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune conditions by interfering with various pathological processes. Therefore, we investigated the effects of IVIG and purified polyclonal Aβ -specific antibodies (pAbs-Aβ) on aggregation, toxicity and phagocytosis of Aβ in vitro, thus elucidating some of the potential mechanisms of action of IVIG in AD patients. We report that both IVIG and pAbs-Aβ specifically bound to Aβ and inhibited its aggregation in a dose-dependent manner as measured by Thioflavin T assay. Additionally, IVIG and the purified pAbs-Aβ inhibited Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line and prevented Aβ binding to rat primary cortical neurons. Interestingly, IVIG and pAbs-Aβ also increased the number of phagocytosing cells as well as the amount of phagocytosed fibrillar Aβ by BV-2 microglia. Phagocytosis of Aβ depended on receptor-mediated endocytosis and was accompanied by upregulation of CD11b expression. Importantly, we could also show that Privigen dose-dependently reversed Aβ-mediated LTP inhibition in mouse hippocampal slices. Therefore, our in vitro results suggest that IVIG may have an impact on different processes involved in AD pathogenesis, thereby promoting further understanding of the effects of IVIG observed in clinical studies.
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88
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Fuster-Matanzo A, Llorens-Martín M, Hernández F, Avila J. Role of neuroinflammation in adult neurogenesis and Alzheimer disease: therapeutic approaches. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:260925. [PMID: 23690659 PMCID: PMC3649701 DOI: 10.1155/2013/260925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, a specialized immune response that takes place in the central nervous system, has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, and specially, it has been considered as a hallmark of Alzheimer disease, the most common cause of dementia in the elderly nowadays. Furthermore, neuroinflammation has been demonstrated to affect important processes in the brain, such as the formation of new neurons, commonly known as adult neurogenesis. For this, many therapeutic approaches have been developed in order to avoid or mitigate the deleterious effects caused by the chronic activation of the immune response. Considering this, in this paper we revise the relationships between neuroinflammation, Alzheimer disease, and adult neurogenesis, as well as the current therapeutic approaches that have been developed in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Fuster-Matanzo
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, ISCIII), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Llorens-Martín
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, ISCIII), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, ISCIII), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Avila
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, ISCIII), 28031 Madrid, Spain
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89
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What's hAPPening at synapses? The role of amyloid β-protein precursor and β-amyloid in neurological disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:425-34. [PMID: 22925831 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulated levels of amyloid β-protein precursor (APP) and its catabolites contribute to the impaired synaptic plasticity and seizure incidence observed in several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, fragile X syndrome, Down's syndrome, autism, epilepsy and Parkinson's disease as well as in brain injury. This review article summarizes what is known regarding the synaptic synthesis, processing and function of APP and amyloid-beta (Aβ), as well as discusses how these proteins could contribute to the altered synaptic plasticity and pathology of the aforementioned disorders. In addition, APP and its proteolytic fragments are emerging as biomarkers for neurological health, and pharmacological interventions that modulate their levels, such as secretase inhibitors, passive immunotherapy against Aβ and mGluR5 antagonists, are reviewed.
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90
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Roher AE, Cribbs DH, Kim RC, Maarouf CL, Whiteside CM, Kokjohn TA, Daugs ID, Head E, Liebsack C, Serrano G, Belden C, Sabbagh MN, Beach TG. Bapineuzumab alters aβ composition: implications for the amyloid cascade hypothesis and anti-amyloid immunotherapy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59735. [PMID: 23555764 PMCID: PMC3605408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristic neuropathological changes associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other lines of evidence support the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Viewing amyloid deposits as the prime instigator of dementia has now led to clinical trials of multiple strategies to remove or prevent their formation. We performed neuropathological and biochemical assessments of 3 subjects treated with bapineuzumab infusions. Histological analyses were conducted to quantify amyloid plaque densities, Braak stages and the extent of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Amyloid-β (Aβ) species in frontal and temporal lobe samples were quantified by ELISA. Western blots of amyloid-β precursor protein (AβPP) and its C-terminal (CT) fragments as well as tau species were performed. Bapineuzumab-treated (Bapi-AD) subjects were compared to non-immunized age-matched subjects with AD (NI-AD) and non-demented control (NDC) cases. Our study revealed that Bapi-AD subjects exhibited overall amyloid plaque densities similar to those of NI-AD cases. In addition, CAA was moderate to severe in NI-AD and Bapi-AD patients. Although histologically-demonstrable leptomeningeal, cerebrovascular and neuroparenchymal-amyloid densities all appeared unaffected by treatment, Aβ peptide profiles were significantly altered in Bapi-AD subjects. There was a trend for reduction in total Aβ42 levels as well as an increase in Aβ40 which led to a corresponding significant decrease in Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio in comparison to NI-AD subjects. There were no differences in the levels of AβPP, CT99 and CT83 or tau species between Bapi-AD and NI-AD subjects. The remarkable alteration in Aβ profiles reveals a dynamic amyloid production in which removal and depositional processes were apparently perturbed by bapineuzumab therapy. Despite the alteration in biochemical composition, all 3 immunized subjects exhibited continued cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E Roher
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America.
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Valera E, Masliah E. Immunotherapy for neurodegenerative diseases: focus on α-synucleinopathies. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:311-22. [PMID: 23384597 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is currently being intensively explored as much-needed disease-modifying treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. While Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been the focus of numerous immunotherapeutic studies, less attention has been paid to Parkinson's disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. The reason for this difference is that the amyloid beta (Aβ) protein in AD is a secreted molecule that circulates in the blood and is readably recognized by antibodies. In contrast, α-synuclein (α-syn), tau, huntingtin and other proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases have been considered to be exclusively of intracellular nature. However, the recent discovery that toxic oligomeric versions of α-syn and tau accumulate in the membrane and can be excreted to the extracellular environment has provided a rationale for the development of immunotherapeutic approaches for PD, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia, and other neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the abnormal accumulation of these proteins. Active immunization, passive immunization, and T cell-mediated cellular immunotherapeutic approaches have been developed targeting Aβ, α-syn and tau. Most advanced studies, including results from phase III clinical trials for passive immunization in AD, have been recently reported. Results suggest that immunotherapy might be a promising therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases that progress with the accumulation and propagation of toxic protein aggregates. In this manuscript we provide an overview on immunotherapeutic advances for neurodegenerative disorders, with special emphasis on α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Valera
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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92
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Lee DC, Rizer J, Hunt JB, Selenica MLB, Gordon MN, Morgan D. Review: experimental manipulations of microglia in mouse models of Alzheimer's pathology: activation reduces amyloid but hastens tau pathology. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013; 39:69-85. [PMID: 23171029 PMCID: PMC4300851 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The inflammation hypothesis of Alzheimer's pathogenesis has directed much scientific effort towards ameliorating this disease. The development of mouse models of amyloid deposition permitted direct tests of the proposal that amyloid-activated microglia could cause neurodegeneration in vivo. Many approaches to manipulating microglial activation have been applied to these mouse models, and are the subject of this review. In general, these results do not support a direct neuricidal action of microglia in mouse amyloid models under any activation state. Some of the manipulations cause both a reduction in pathology and a reduction in microglial activation. However, at least for agents like ibuprofen, this outcome may result from a direct action on amyloid production, and a reduction in the microglial-provoking amyloid deposits, rather than from reduced microglial activation leading to a decline in amyloid deposition. Instead, a surprising number of the experimental manipulations which increase microglial activation lead to enhanced clearance of the amyloid deposits. Both the literature and new data presented here suggest that either classical or alternative activation of microglia can lead to enhanced amyloid clearance. However, a limited number of studies comparing the same treatments in amyloid-depositing vs. tau-depositing mice find the opposite effects. Treatments that benefit amyloid pathology accelerate tau pathology. This observation argues strongly that potential treatments be tested for impact on both amyloid and tau pathology before consideration of testing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Lee
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida
| | - Justin Rizer
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida
- Dept of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida
| | - Jerry B. Hunt
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida
| | - Maj-Linda B. Selenica
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida
| | - Marcia N. Gordon
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida
- Dept of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida
| | - Dave Morgan
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida
- Dept of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida
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93
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Dodel R, Rominger A, Bartenstein P, Barkhof F, Blennow K, Förster S, Winter Y, Bach JP, Popp J, Alferink J, Wiltfang J, Buerger K, Otto M, Antuono P, Jacoby M, Richter R, Stevens J, Melamed I, Goldstein J, Haag S, Wietek S, Farlow M, Jessen F. Intravenous immunoglobulin for treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding trial. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12:233-43. [PMID: 23375965 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three small trials suggest that intravenous immunoglobulin can affect biomarkers and symptoms of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. We tested the safety, effective dose, and infusion interval of intravenous immunoglobulin in such patients. METHODS We did a multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial at seven sites in the USA and five in Germany. Participants with probable Alzheimer's disease aged 50-85 years were randomly assigned (by a computer-generated randomisation sequence, with block sizes of eight) to infusions every 4 weeks (0·2, 0·5, or 0·8 g intravenous immunoglobulin per kg bodyweight, or placebo) or infusions every 2 weeks (0·1, 0·25, or 0·4 g/kg, or placebo). Patients, caregivers, investigators assessing outcomes, and staff at imaging facilities and the clinical research organisation were masked to treatment allocation, but dispensing pharmacists, the statistician, and the person responsible for final PET analyses were not. Treatment was masked with opaque pouches and infusion lines. The primary endpoint was median area under the curve (AUC) of plasma amyloid β (Aβ)(1-40) between the last infusion and the final visit (2 weeks or 4 weeks depending on infusion interval) in the intention-to-treat population. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00812565) and controlled-trials.com (ISRCTN64846759). FINDINGS 89 patients were assessed for eligibility, of whom 58 were enrolled and 55 included in the primary analysis. Median AUC of plasma Aβ(1-40) was not significantly different for intravenous immunoglobulin compared with placebo for five of the six intervention groups (-18·0 [range -1347·0 to 1068·5] for 0·2 g/kg, -364·3 [-5834·5 to 1953·5] for 0·5 g/kg, and -351·8 [-1084·0 to 936·5] for 0·8 g/kg every 4 weeks vs -116·3 [-1379·0 to 5266·0] for placebo; and -13·8 [-1729·0 to 307·0] for 0·1 g/kg, and -32·5 [-1102·5 to 451·5] for 0·25 g/kg every 2 weeks vs 159·5 [51·5 to 303·0] for placebo; p>0·05 for all). The difference in median AUC of plasma Aβ(1-40) between the 0·4 g/kg every 2 weeks group (47·0 [range -341·0 to 72·5]) and the placebo group was significant (p=0·0216). 25 of 42 (60%) patients in the intervention group versus nine of 14 (64%) receiving placebo had an adverse event. Four of 42 (10%) patients in the intravenous immunoglobulin group versus four of 14 (29%) receiving placebo had a serious adverse event, including one stroke in the intervention group. INTERPRETATION Intravenous immunoglobulin may have an acceptable safety profile. Our results did not accord with those from previous studies. Longer trials with greater power are needed to assess the cognitive and functional effects of intravenous immunoglobulin in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Dodel
- University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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94
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Targeting astrocytes ameliorates neurologic changes in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2013; 32:16129-40. [PMID: 23152597 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2323-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the brain and play a critical role in maintaining healthy nervous tissue. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) and most other neurodegenerative disorders, many astrocytes convert to a chronically "activated" phenotype characterized by morphologic and biochemical changes that appear to compromise protective properties and/or promote harmful neuroinflammatory processes. Activated astrocytes emerge early in the course of AD and become increasingly prominent as clinical and pathological symptoms progress, but few studies have tested the potential of astrocyte-targeted therapeutics in an intact animal model of AD. Here, we used adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors containing the astrocyte-specific Gfa2 promoter to target hippocampal astrocytes in APP/PS1 mice. AAV-Gfa2 vectors drove the expression of VIVIT, a peptide that interferes with the immune/inflammatory calcineurin/NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) signaling pathway, shown by our laboratory and others to orchestrate biochemical cascades leading to astrocyte activation. After several months of treatment with Gfa2-VIVIT, APP/PS1 mice exhibited improved cognitive and synaptic function, reduced glial activation, and lower amyloid levels. The results confirm a deleterious role for activated astrocytes in AD and lay the groundwork for exploration of other novel astrocyte-based therapies.
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95
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Revett TJ, Baker GB, Jhamandas J, Kar S. Glutamate system, amyloid ß peptides and tau protein: functional interrelationships and relevance to Alzheimer disease pathology. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2013; 38:6-23. [PMID: 22894822 PMCID: PMC3529221 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.110190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease is the most prevalent form of dementia globally and is characterized premortem by a gradual memory loss and deterioration of higher cognitive functions and postmortem by neuritic plaques containing amyloid ß peptide and neurofibrillary tangles containing phospho-tau protein. Glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain and is essential to memory formation through processes such as long-term potentiation and so might be pivotal to Alzheimer disease progression. This review discusses how the glutamatergic system is impaired in Alzheimer disease and how interactions of amyloid ß and glutamate influence synaptic function, tau phosphorylation and neurodegeneration. Interestingly, glutamate not only influences amyloid ß production, but also amyloid ß can alter the levels of glutamate at the synapse, indicating that small changes in the concentrations of both molecules could influence Alzheimer disease progression. Finally, we describe how the glutamate receptor antagonist, memantine, has been used in the treatment of individuals with Alzheimer disease and discuss its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Satyabrata Kar
- Correspondence to: S. Kar, Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Departments of Medicine (Neurology) and Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB T6G 2M8;
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96
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Yao J, Ho D, Calingasan NY, Pipalia NH, Lin MT, Beal MF. Neuroprotection by cyclodextrin in cell and mouse models of Alzheimer disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:2501-13. [PMID: 23209315 PMCID: PMC3526350 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
To be added There is extensive evidence that cholesterol and membrane lipids play a key role in Alzheimer disease (AD) pathogenesis. Cyclodextrins (CD) are cyclic oligosaccharide compounds widely used to bind cholesterol. Because CD exerts significant beneficial effects in Niemann-Pick type C disease, which shares neuropathological features with AD, we examined the effects of hydroxypropyl-β-CD (HP-β-CD) in cell and mouse models of AD. Cell membrane cholesterol accumulation was detected in N2a cells overexpressing Swedish mutant APP (SwN2a), and the level of membrane cholesterol was reduced by HP-β-CD treatment. HP-β-CD dramatically lowered the levels of Aβ42 in SwN2a cells, and the effects were persistent for 24 h after withdrawal. 4 mo of subcutaneous HP-β-CD administration significantly improved spatial learning and memory deficits in Tg19959 mice, diminished Aβ plaque deposition, and reduced tau immunoreactive dystrophic neurites. HP-β-CD lowered levels of Aβ42 in part by reducing β cleavage of the APP protein, and it also up-regulated the expression of genes involved in cholesterol transport and Aβ clearance. This is the first study to show neuroprotective effects of HP-β-CD in a transgenic mouse model of AD, both by reducing Aβ production and enhancing clearance mechanisms, which suggests a novel therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Yao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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97
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Nabar NR, Yuan F, Lin X, Wang L, Bai G, Mayl J, Li Y, Zhou SF, Wang J, Cai J, Cao C. Cell therapy: a safe and efficacious therapeutic treatment for Alzheimer's disease in APP+PS1 mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49468. [PMID: 23226497 PMCID: PMC3513317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, our lab was the first to report the use of antigen-sensitized dendritic cells as a vaccine against Alzheimer's disease (AD). In preparation of this vaccine, we sensitized the isolated dendritic cells ex vivo with Aβ peptide, and administered these sensitized dendritic cells as a therapeutic agent. This form of cell therapy has had success in preventing and/or slowing the rate of cognitive decline when administered prior to the appearance of Aβ plaques in PDAPP mice, but has not been tested in 2 × Tg models. Herein, we test the efficacy and safety of this vaccine in halting and reversing Alzheimer's pathology in 9-month-old APP + PS1 mice. The results showed that administration of this vaccine elicits a long-lasting antibody titer, which correlated well with a reduction of Aβ burden upon histological analysis. Cognitive function in transgenic responders to the vaccine was rescued to levels similar to those found in non-transgenic mice, indicating that the vaccine is capable of providing therapeutic benefit in APP+PS1 mice when administered after the onset of AD pathology. The vaccine also shows indications of circumventing past safety problems observed in AD immunotherapy, as Th1 pro-inflammatory cytokines were not elevated after long-term vaccine administration. Moreover, microhemorrhaging and T-cell infiltration into the brain are not observed in any of the treated subjects. All in all, this vaccine has many advantages over contemporary vaccines against Alzheimer's disease, and may lead to a viable treatment for the disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel R. Nabar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- USF-Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Fang Yuan
- Chinese People Liberty Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Lin
- USF-Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Li Wang
- USF-Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ge Bai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Mayl
- USF-Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yaqiong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- USF-Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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98
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Welzel AT, Williams AD, McWilliams-Koeppen HP, Acero L, Weber A, Blinder V, Mably A, Bunk S, Hermann C, Farrell MA, Ehrlich HJ, Schwarz HP, Walsh DM, Solomon A, O’Nuallain B. Human anti-Aβ IgGs target conformational epitopes on synthetic dimer assemblies and the AD brain-derived peptide. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50317. [PMID: 23209707 PMCID: PMC3507685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble non-fibrillar assemblies of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and aggregated tau protein are the proximate synaptotoxic species associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Anti-Aβ immunotherapy is a promising and advanced therapeutic strategy, but the precise Aβ species to target is not yet known. Previously, we and others have shown that natural human IgGs (NAbs) target diverse Aβ conformers and have therapeutic potential. We now demonstrate that these antibodies bound with nM avidity to conformational epitopes on plate-immobilized synthetic Aβ dimer assemblies, including synaptotoxic protofibrils, and targeted these conformers in solution. Importantly, NAbs also recognized Aβ extracted from the water-soluble phase of human AD brain, including species that migrated on denaturing PAGE as SDS-stable dimers. The critical reliance on Aβ's conformational state for NAb binding, and not a linear sequence epitope, was confirmed by the antibody's nM reactivity with plate-immobilized protofibrills, and weak uM binding to synthetic Aβ monomers and peptide fragments. The antibody's lack of reactivity against a linear sequence epitope was confirmed by our ability to isolate anti-Aβ NAbs from intravenous immunoglobulin using affinity matrices, immunoglobulin light chain fibrils and Cibacron blue, which had no sequence similarity with the peptide. These findings suggest that further investigations on the molecular basis and the therapeutic/diagnostic potential of anti-Aβ NAbs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred T. Welzel
- The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Angela D. Williams
- Human Immunology and Cancer Program, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Helen P. McWilliams-Koeppen
- Human Immunology and Cancer Program, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Luis Acero
- Human Immunology and Cancer Program, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Veronika Blinder
- The Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Research, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alex Mably
- The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
- The Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Research, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Michael A. Farrell
- Dublin Brain Bank, Pathology Department, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Dominic M. Walsh
- The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
- The Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Research, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alan Solomon
- Human Immunology and Cancer Program, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Brian O’Nuallain
- The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
- Human Immunology and Cancer Program, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- The Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Research, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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99
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McCleery J, Molena EJ, Worrall RE. Passive immunisation with monoclonal anti-Abeta antibodies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Hippokratia 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny McCleery
- University of Oxford; Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group; John Radcliffe Hospital Level 4, Main Hospital, Room 4401c Oxford Oxfordshire UK OX39DU
| | - Emma J Molena
- Oxford University Medical School; Wadham College Parks Road Oxford UK OX13PN
| | - Rosie E Worrall
- Oxford University Medical School; Wadham College Parks Road Oxford UK OX13PN
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100
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Lyketsos CG, Targum SD, Pendergrass JC, Lozano AM. Deep brain stimulation: a novel strategy for treating Alzheimer's disease. INNOVATIONS IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012; 9:10-17. [PMID: 23346514 PMCID: PMC3552463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified an association between memory deficits and defects of the integrated neuronal cortical areas known collectively as the default mode network. It is conceivable that the amyloid deposition or other molecular abnormalities seen in patients with Alzheimer's disease may interfere with this network and disrupt neuronal circuits beyond the localized brain areas. Therefore, Alzheimer's disease may be both a degenerative disease and a broader system-level disorder affecting integrated neuronal pathways involved in memory. In this paper, we describe the rationale and provide some evidence to support the study of deep brain stimulation of the hippocampal fornix as a novel treatment to improve neuronal circuitry within these integrated networks and thereby sustain memory function in early Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine G Lyketsos
- Constantine G. Lyketsos, MD, MHS, is Elizabeth Plank Althouse Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University and Chair of Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center; Steven D. Targum, MD, is Scientific Director at Clintara LLC, Chief Medical Officer at Methylation Sciences Inc., BrainCells Inc., and Functional Neuromodulation Inc., Chief Medical Advisor at Prana Biotechnology Ltd., and a consultant in psychiatry at the Massachusetts General Hospital; Jo Cara Pendergrass, PhD is Vice President of Clinical Operations at Clintara LLC; Andres M. Lozano MD, PhD, FRCSC, FRSC, is Dan Family Professor and Chairman of Neurosurgery at the University of Toronto and RR Tasker Chair in Functional Neurosurgery (Toronto Western Hospital), and Canada Research Chair in Neuroscience
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