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Mental Health Issues and Psychological Factors in Athletes: Detection, Management, Effect on Performance, and Prevention: American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement. Clin J Sport Med 2020; 30:e61-e87. [PMID: 32000169 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine convened a panel of experts to provide an evidence-based, best practices document to assist sports medicine physicians and other members of the athletic care network with the detection, treatment, and prevention of mental health issues in competitive athletes. This statement discusses how members of the sports medicine team, including team physicians, athletic trainers, and mental health providers, work together in providing comprehensive psychological care to athletes. It specifically addresses psychological factors in athletes including personality issues and the psychological response to injury and illness. The statement also examines the athletic culture and environmental factors that commonly impact mental health, including sexuality and gender issues, hazing, bullying, sexual misconduct, and transition from sport. Specific mental health disorders in athletes, such as eating disorders/disordered eating, depression and suicide, anxiety and stress, overtraining, sleep disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, are reviewed with a focus on detection, management, the effect on performance, and prevention. This document uses the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) to grade level of evidence.
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Chen HM, Cheung DST, Lin YY, Wu YC, Liu CY, Lin KC, Lin YJ, Lin CC. Relationships of exercise timing with sleep, fatigue and rest-activity rhythms of lung cancer patients in Taiwan: An exploratory study. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2020; 29:e13233. [PMID: 32100388 DOI: 10.1111/ecc.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship of exercise timing (exercising close to bedtime, exercising in daylight and maintaining fixed exercise schedule) with sleep quality, fatigue and rest-activity rhythms among lung cancer patients in Taiwan. METHODS Results from 43 lung cancer patients who were assigned and adhered to the exercise intervention in a 12-week randomised controlled trial were analysed. The MD Anderson Symptom Inventory and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were administered. Actigraphs were used to assess rest-activity rhythms (in-bed less than out-of-bed dichotomy index, I < O) and objective sleep parameters, including total sleep time (TST) and sleep onset latency (SOL). RESULTS Patients who exercised >4 hr before bedtime had significant improvement in fatigue (p < .0001), sleep quality (p = .012 for PSQI; p = .037 for TST; p = .017 for SOL) and rest-activity rhythms (p = .048 for I < O). Furthermore, patients who exercised with daylight exposure had a significant improvement in fatigue (p = .037) and sleep quality (p = .039 for PSQI). CONCLUSIONS Exercising >4 hr before bedtime with daylight exposure is associated with improvement in rest-activity rhythms, sleep quality and fatigue in lung cancer patients. The causal relationship requires further investigation with experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Mei Chen
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Denise Shuk Ting Cheung
- School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yi-Yun Lin
- School of Nursing, Shu Zen College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chung Wu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Yu Liu
- Department of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chia Lin
- Community Medicine Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Lin
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chin Lin
- School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Charity Foundation Professor in Nursing, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Aloulou A, Duforez F, Bieuzen F, Nedelec M. The effect of night-time exercise on sleep architecture among well-trained male endurance runners. J Sleep Res 2019; 29:e12964. [PMID: 31821667 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of night-time (21:00 hours) high-intensity, intermittent exercise on sleep architecture among well-trained athletes in a laboratory setting. In a randomized, counterbalanced order, 11 well-trained male runners completed a simulated trail-running exercise (TRAIL) on a motorized treadmill and a resting condition (REST; no exercise during the day). After each condition, nocturnal autonomic nervous system activity and core body temperature (CBT) were measured and sleep was analysed using polysomnography and actigraphy. Markers of muscle damage (maximal voluntary contraction [MVC], plasma creatine kinase concentration [CK] and perceived muscle soreness) were recorded before and immediately (POST), 24 hr (H24) and 48 hr (H48) after exercise. TRAIL induced a high level of fatigue and mild exercise-induced muscle damage, as determined by a reduction in MVC (-9.4%, p < .01, d = -1.36) and increases in [CK] (+176.0%, p < .01, d = 1.49) and perceived muscle soreness (+4.5 UA, p < .01, d = 2.17) compared with REST at H24. A trend for increased non-rapid eye movement (+4.2%; p = .10; d = 0.86) and reduced rapid eye movement (-4.4%; p = .07; d = -0.87) during sleep was observed for TRAIL compared with the REST condition. Moreover, compared with REST, TRAIL significantly increased CBT and nocturnal HR during the first part of the night. In conclusion, sleep architecture was modified after night-time, high-intensity exercise among well-trained runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Aloulou
- Research Unit, Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Francois Duforez
- Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, APHP, Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France
| | | | - Mathieu Nedelec
- Research Unit, Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
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High-intensity exercise in the evening does not disrupt sleep in endurance runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 120:359-368. [PMID: 31813044 PMCID: PMC6989626 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04280-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of early evening exercise training at different intensities on nocturnal sleep and cardiac autonomic activity in endurance-trained runners. METHODS Eight runners completed three experimental trials in a randomised, counterbalanced order. In the early evening (end of exercise 3.5 h before bedtime), participants performed either: (i) a 1 h high-intensity interval running session (HIGH, 6 × 5 min at 90% VO2peak interspersed with 5 min recovery); (ii) a 1 h low-intensity running session (LOW, 60 min at 45% VO2peak) or (iii) no exercise (CON). Subsequent nocturnal sleep was assessed using polysomnography, wristwatch actigraphy, and subjective sleep quality. A two-lead electrocardiogram recorded nocturnal cardiac autonomic activity. RESULTS Total sleep time increased after HIGH (477.4 ± 17.7 min, p = 0.022) and LOW (479.6 ± 15.6 min, p = 0.006) compared with CON (462.9 ± 19.0 min). Time awake was lower after HIGH (31.8 ± 18.5 min, p = 0.047) and LOW (30.4 ± 15.7 min, p = 0.008) compared with CON (46.6 ± 20.0 min). There were no differences between conditions for actigraphy and subjective sleep quality (p > 0.05). Nocturnal heart rate variability was not different between conditions, but average nocturnal heart rate increased after HIGH (50 ± 5 beats min-1) compared with LOW (47 ± 5 beats min-1, p = 0.02) and CON (47 ± 5 beats min-1, p = 0.028). CONCLUSION When performed in the early evening, high-intensity exercise does not disrupt and may even improve subsequent nocturnal sleep in endurance-trained runners, despite increased cardiac autonomic activity. Additionally, low-intensity exercise induced positive changes in sleep behaviour that are comparable to those obtained following high-intensity exercise.
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Ramos-Campo DJ, Pérez A, Ávila-Gandía V, Pérez-Piñero S, Rubio-Arias JÁ. Impact of Caffeine Intake on 800-m Running Performance and Sleep Quality in Trained Runners. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092040. [PMID: 31480553 PMCID: PMC6770771 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Caffeine ingestion improves athletic performance, but impairs sleep quality. We aimed to analyze the effect of caffeine intake on 800-m running performance, sleep quality (SQ), and nocturnal cardiac autonomic activity (CAA) in trained runners. Methods: Fifteen male middle-distance runners participated in the study (aged 23.7 ± 8.2 years). In a randomized and comparative crossover study design, the athletes ingested a placebo (PL) or caffeine supplement (CAF; 6 mg∙kg−1) one hour before an 800-m running time-trial test in the evening. During the night, CAA and SQ were assessed using actigraphy and a sleep questionnaire. A second 800-m running test was performed 24 h after the first. Time, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and blood lactate concentration were analyzed for each running test. Results: No significant differences in CAA and performance variables were found between the two conditions. However, CAF impaired sleep efficiency (p = 0.003), actual wake time (p = 0.001), and the number of awakenings (p = 0.005), as measured by actigraphy. Also, CAF impaired the questionnaire variables of SQ (p = 0.005), calm sleep (p = 0.005), ease of falling asleep (p = 0.003), and feeling refreshed after waking (p = 0.006). Conclusion: The supplementation with caffeine (6 mg∙kg−1) did not improve the 800-m running performance, but did impair the SQ of trained runners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrés Pérez
- High Performance Research Center (CIARD), UCAM, Catholic University San Antonio, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente Ávila-Gandía
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Catholic University San Antonio, 30107 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Silvia Pérez-Piñero
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Catholic University San Antonio, 30107 Murcia, Spain
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Does Night Training Load Affect Sleep Patterns and Nocturnal Cardiac Autonomic Activity in High-Level Female Soccer Players? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:779–787. [PMID: 30569771 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To analyze whether exercise training conducted at night disturbs sleep and affects nocturnal cardiac autonomic control in high-level female athletes. Methods: A total of 18 high-level female soccer players (mean [SD] age 20.4 [2.1] y) wore actigraphs and heart-rate (HR) monitors during night sleep throughout night training days (n = 8) and resting days (n = 8), for 3 consecutive weeks. This was a longitudinal study that measured internal training load, sleep, nocturnal cardiac autonomic activity, and well-being ratings prior to training sessions. Results: Training load varied across training days (eg, training impulse range, mean [SD]; effect size, ES [95% confidence interval]: 72.9 [18.8] to 138.4 [29.6] a.u.; F4,62 = 32.331; ηp2=.673 [.001-.16], large effect; P < .001). However, no differences in subjective well-being ratings were observed, although ES was large. Total sleep time (training days vs resting days: 07:17 [00:47] h vs 07:51 [00:42] h; ES = 0.742 [0.59-0.92], P = .005; moderate effect) and sleep-onset time (00:58 [00:19] h vs 00:44 [00:16] h; ES = 0.802 [0.68-0.94], P = .001; moderate effect) were negatively affected after night training. In addition, small effects were detected for wake-up time, time in bed, and sleep latency (P > .05). No differences were detected in HR variability during sleep (range of lnRMSSD: 4.3 [0.4] to 4.5 [0.4] ln[ms] vs 4.6 [0.3] to 4.5 [0.4] ln[ms]; F3,52 = 2.148; P > .05; ηp2=.112 [.01-.25], medium effect), but HR during sleep was significantly higher after training days (range of HR: 56 [4] to 63 [7] beats/min vs 54 [4] to 57 [6] beats/min; F2,32 = 15.956; P < .001; ηp2=.484 [.20-.63], large effect). Conclusion: Overall, the results indicate that exercise training conducted at night may disturb sleep and affect HR, whereas limited effects can be expected in HR variability assessed during sleep in high-level female soccer players.
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Wang F, Boros S. The effect of physical activity on sleep quality: a systematic review. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOTHERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/21679169.2019.1623314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- Institute of Health Promotion & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education & Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Boros
- Institute of Health Promotion & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education & Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest, Hungary
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Brupbacher G, Straus D, Porschke H, Zander-Schellenberg T, Gerber M, von Känel R, Schmidt-Trucksäss A. The acute effects of aerobic exercise on sleep in patients with depression: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2019; 20:352. [PMID: 31196147 PMCID: PMC6567535 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unipolar depression is one of the most important mental disorders. Insomnia is a symptom of cardinal importance in depression. It increases the risk to develop depression, negatively affects disease trajectory, is the most common symptom after remission, increases the risk of relapse, and is associated with higher suicide rates. Existing therapies for insomnia in depression have limitations. Further adjuvant therapies are therefore needed. Acute aerobic exercise has been shown to have beneficial effects on sleep in healthy individuals and patients with insomnia. We therefore hypothesize that a single session of aerobic exercise has a positive impact on sleep in patients with unipolar depression. This trial aims to investigate the effects of a single bout of aerobic exercise on the subsequent night's sleep in patients with depression. METHODS/DESIGN This is a two-arm parallel group, randomized, outcome assessor blinded, controlled, superiority trial. Patients between 18 and 65 years of age with a primary diagnosis of unipolar depression (without a psychotic episode) are included. Exclusion criteria are regular use of hypnotic agents, opioids, and certain beta-blockers, as well as the presence of factors precluding exercise, history of epilepsy, restless legs syndrome, moderate obstructive sleep apnea, and a BMI > 40. The intervention is a single bout of aerobic exercise, performed for 30 min on a bicycle ergometer at 80% individual anaerobic threshold. The control group sits and reads for 30 min. The primary outcome is sleep efficiency measured by polysomnography. Secondary outcomes include further polysomnographic variables, subjective pre-sleep arousal, nocturnal cardiovascular autonomic modulation, subjective sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and adverse events. According to the sample size calculation, a total of 92 patients will be randomized using minimization. DISCUSSION This trial will add new information to the body of knowledge concerning the treatment of insomnia in patients with depression. Thereby, the results will inform decision makers on the utility of acute aerobic exercise. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03673397 . Protocol version 1 registered on 17 September 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Brupbacher
- Division of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052, Basel, Switzerland.
- OBERWAID AG, Rorschacher Strasse 311, 9016, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Doris Straus
- OBERWAID AG, Rorschacher Strasse 311, 9016, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Thea Zander-Schellenberg
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Division of Sport and Psychosocial Health, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland von Känel
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Culmannstrasse 8, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss
- Division of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052, Basel, Switzerland
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Trabelsi K, Bragazzi N, Zlitni S, Khacharem A, Boukhris O, El-Abed K, Ammar A, Khanfir S, Shephard RJ, Hakim A, Moalla W, Chtourou H. Observing Ramadan and sleep-wake patterns in athletes: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Br J Sports Med 2019; 54:674-680. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of observing Ramadan on athletes’ sleep patterns.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesThe entire content of PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesSingle-group, prepost and cross-over design studies conducted in athletes aged ≥18 years, training at least twice a week and published in English before 12 July 2018 were included. Studies assessing sleep quantity, quality, daytime sleepiness and/or daily naps based on objective or subjective methods were deemed eligible.Study appraisalThe methodological quality was assessed using ‘QualSyst’.ResultsOf 13 selected articles, 7 were of strong quality, 3 were moderate and 3 were weak. 11 studies evaluated total sleep time (TST); this decreased during Ramadan in 4 studies, increased in 1 and remained unchanged in 6. Pooled TST findings indicated a moderate effect size (− 0.97, SE=0.37, 95% CI −1.69 to −0.25, t=−2.64, p=0.01) with significant heterogeneity but no publication bias. Meta-regressions showed no effects of study year, age, sample size, type of sport or competition level, but there were effects of country (with France and Tunisia being the most affected countries and Turkey the least affected, Q=32.14, p<0.0001) and study design (Q=7.74, p=0.02). Four studies measured self-reported sleep quality and it decreased in three studies. One study of sleep architecture reported more frequent waking and more light sleep during Ramadan. Daily nap duration was increased in two studies, but daytime sleepiness remained unchanged in four studies.ConclusionWhen athletes continue to train at least two times/week while observing Ramadan, TST is decreased compared with athletes’ baseline levels.
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Aritake-Okada S, Tanabe K, Mochizuki Y, Ochiai R, Hibi M, Kozuma K, Katsuragi Y, Ganeko M, Takeda N, Uchida S. Diurnal repeated exercise promotes slow-wave activity and fast-sigma power during sleep with increase in body temperature: a human crossover trial. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:168-177. [PMID: 31095458 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00765.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of exercise on sleep have been explored from various perspectives, but little is known about how the effects of acute exercise on sleep are produced through physiological functions. We used a protocol of multiple daytime sessions of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and examined the subsequent effects on sleep structure, core body temperature (CBT), distal-proximal skin temperature gradient (DPG), and subjective parameters. Fourteen healthy men who did not exercise regularly were evaluated under the baseline (no exercise) and exercise conditions on a within-subject crossover basis. Under the exercise condition, each participant performed a 40-min aerobic workout at 40% of maximal oxygen intake, four times between morning and early evening. We observed a 33% increase in slow-wave sleep (SWS; P = 0.005), as well as increases in slow-wave activity (SWA; P = 0.026), the fast-sigma power/SWA ratio (P = 0.005), and subjective sleep depth and restorativeness the following morning. Moreover, both CBT and the DPG increased during sleep after exercise (P = 0.021 and P = 0.047, respectively). Regression analysis identified an increased nocturnal DPG during sleep after exercise as a factor in the increase in SWA. The fast-sigma/SWA ratio correlated with CBT. The performance of acute exercise promotes SWS with nocturnal elevation in the DPG. Both CBT and fast-sigma power may play a role in the specific physiological status of the body after exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used multiple daytime sessions of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise to examine the effects on the sleep structure, core body temperature (CBT), distal-proximal skin temperature gradient (DPG), and subjective parameters. Significant increases in slow-wave activity (SWA), CBT, DPG, fast-sigma power, and subjective parameters were observed during the night and the following morning. Nocturnal DPG is a factor in the increased SWA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Aritake-Okada
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport Psychiatry and Neuroscience Laboratory, Waseda University , Tokyo , Japan.,Faculty of Health and Social Services, Saitama Prefectural University , Saitama , Japan
| | - Kosuke Tanabe
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University , Tokyo , Japan
| | | | - Ryuji Ochiai
- Health Care Food Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masanobu Hibi
- Health Care Food Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kazuya Kozuma
- Health Care Food Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation , Tokyo , Japan
| | | | - Masashi Ganeko
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Noriko Takeda
- Division of Liberal Arts, Kogakuin University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Sunao Uchida
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport Psychiatry and Neuroscience Laboratory, Waseda University , Tokyo , Japan
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Bláfoss R, Sundstrup E, Jakobsen MD, Bay H, Garde AH, Andersen LL. Are Insomnia Type Sleep Problems Associated With a Less Physically Active Lifestyle? A Cross-Sectional Study Among 7,700 Adults From the General Working Population. Front Public Health 2019; 7:117. [PMID: 31139609 PMCID: PMC6527891 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sleep problems are common in the general population and negatively affect both private and work life. A vicious circle may exist between poor sleep and an unhealthy lifestyle. For example, poor sleep may drain the energy to do health-promoting physical activity during leisure-time after work. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between sleep problems and the duration of low- and high-intensity leisure-time physical activity in sedentary and physical workers. Methods: This cross-sectional study employ data from the Danish Work Environment Cohort Study in 2010, where currently employed wage-earners in Denmark on daytime schedule (N = 7,706) replied to questions about sleep quality (cf. the Bergen Insomnia Scale) and participation in low- and high-intensity leisure-time physical activity. Associations were modeled using general linear models controlling for various confounders. Results: Workers with high levels of sleep problems reported less high-intensity leisure-time physical activity. Specifically, the weekly duration of high-intensity leisure-time physical activity was 139 (95%CI 111-168), 129 (95%CI 101-158), and 122 (95%CI 92-151) min in sedentary workers with sleep problems < 1, 1-3, and ≥3 days per week, respectively. The same pattern was observed among physical workers. In sedentary workers ≥50 years, the fully adjusted model showed a weekly duration in high-intensity physical activity during leisure of 122 (95%CI 83-161), 102 (95%CI 64-141), and 90 (95%CI 51-130) among those with sleep problems < 1, 1-3, and ≥3 days per week, respectively. Conclusions: Workers, particularly sedentary older workers, having sleep problems report less high-intensity leisure-time physical activity. These data suggest that a vicious circle may indeed exist between poor sleep and reduced leisure-time physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rúni Bláfoss
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Sundstrup
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Hans Bay
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Helene Garde
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Louis Andersen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Miller DJ, Sargent C, Roach GD, Scanlan AT, Vincent GE, Lastella M. Moderate-intensity exercise performed in the evening does not impair sleep in healthy males. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:80-89. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1611934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Miller
- Central Queensland University, The Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Adelaide, Australia
| | - C. Sargent
- Central Queensland University, The Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Adelaide, Australia
| | - G. D. Roach
- Central Queensland University, The Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Adelaide, Australia
| | - A. T. Scanlan
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | - G. E. Vincent
- Central Queensland University, The Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Adelaide, Australia
| | - M. Lastella
- Central Queensland University, The Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Adelaide, Australia
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Küüsmaa-Schildt M, Liukkonen J, Vuong MK, Nyman K, Häkkinen K, Häkkinen A. Effects of morning vs. evening combined strength and endurance training on physical performance, sleep and well-being. Chronobiol Int 2019; 36:811-825. [PMID: 30950283 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1592184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine how combined strength and endurance training in the morning and evening influences the adaptations in strength and endurance performance, perception of time management, psychological well-being and sleep. The combined training period lasted for 24 weeks and the participants were divided into the morning training (MG, n = 18), evening training (EG, n = 24) and control groups (CG, n = 10). Isometric leg press force (iLP), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), sleep behavior, fatigue, time management, motivation, self-esteem and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were assessed. Morning to evening difference in iLP was observed in both MG and EG at Pre and Post, with higher force values in the evening, but not for VO2max. iLP force increased significantly in EG in the morning (p < 0.001) and evening (p = 0.010). VO2max increased in MG and EG both in the morning (both p < 0.001) and in the evening (MG: p < 0.001; EG: p = 0.003). Participants of the present study slept 7-8 h per night and the self-reported sleep duration, get-up time and the average time to go to bed were similar between the groups and did not change from Pre to Post. From HRQoL dimensions, the score for bodily pain decreased in MG (p = 0.029) and significant between-group differences were observed for Pre-Post changes in MG and EG (p = 0.001) as well as between MG and CG (p < 0.001). In vitality, a significant between-group difference was observed for Pre to Post changes in MG and EG (p = 0.014). Perception of time management decreased in EG (p = 0.042) but stayed unchanged for MG and CG. For the intrinsic motivation to participate, significant between-group differences were observed for MG and EG (p = 0.033) and between MG and CG (p = 0.032) for Pre to Post changes. Self-esteem improved in MG (p = 0.029) and EG (p = 0.024). The present combined strength and endurance training program performed in the morning and in the evening led to similar improvements in strength and endurance performance. Training in the morning or in the evening did not disrupt the already good sleep behavior and it was able to further increase the self-esteem. Although training in the morning hours may leave more time for free time activities or social life (i.e. family and friends) compared to the evening training, it might be more challenging to stay motivated to participate in prolonged training programs in the morning hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Küüsmaa-Schildt
- a Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - J Liukkonen
- b Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland d
| | - M K Vuong
- a Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - K Nyman
- c Department of Cardiology , Central Hospital of Central Finland , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - K Häkkinen
- a Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - A Häkkinen
- c Department of Cardiology , Central Hospital of Central Finland , Jyväskylä , Finland.,d Health Sciences, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväs , Finland
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64
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Abstract
Perturbed diurnal rhythms are becoming increasingly evident as deleterious events in the pathology of metabolic diseases. Exercise is well characterized as a crucial intervention in the prevention and treatment of individuals with metabolic diseases. Little is known, however, regarding optimizing the timing of exercise bouts in order to maximize their health benefits. Furthermore, exercise is a potent modulator of skeletal muscle metabolism, and it is clear that skeletal muscle has a strong circadian profile. In humans, mitochondrial function peaks in the late afternoon, and the circadian clock might be inherently impaired in myotubes from patients with metabolic disease. Timing exercise bouts to coordinate with an individual's circadian rhythms might be an efficacious strategy to optimize the health benefits of exercise. The role of exercise as a Zeitgeber can also be used as a tool in combating metabolic disease. Shift work is known to induce acute insulin resistance, and appropriately timed exercise might improve health markers in shift workers who are at risk of metabolic disease. In this Review, we discuss the literature regarding diurnal skeletal muscle metabolism and the interaction with exercise bouts at different times of the day to combat metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan M Gabriel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Larsen P, Marino F, Melehan K, Guelfi KJ, Duffield R, Skein M. Evening high‐intensity interval exercise does not disrupt sleep or alter energy intake despite changes in acylated ghrelin in middle‐aged men. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:826-836. [DOI: 10.1113/ep087455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Larsen
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and HealthCharles Sturt University Bathurst Australia
| | - Frank Marino
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and HealthCharles Sturt University Bathurst Australia
| | - Kerri Melehan
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney
- Discipline of Sleep MedicineUniversity of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - Kym J Guelfi
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science)University of Western Australia Perth Australia
| | - Rob Duffield
- Sport and Exercise Discipline GroupUniversity of Technology Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - Melissa Skein
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and HealthCharles Sturt University Bathurst Australia
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Mitrou GI, Giannaki CD, Karatzaferi C, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Lavdas E, Maridaki MD, Stefanidis I, Sakkas GK. Nocturnal Activity Is Not Affected by a Long-Duration, Low-Intensity Single Exercise Bout. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7030056. [PMID: 30832295 PMCID: PMC6473573 DOI: 10.3390/sports7030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to examine whether prolonged low-intensity aerobic exercise could affect nocturnal activity in healthy individuals. Twenty-one healthy adults (24 ± 3.7 years; 9 females) were enrolled in this study. All participants participated in a 3-h low-intensity walking exercise protocol. Standard biochemical indices were assessed before the exercise protocol and at 72 h. Nocturnal activity and various indices of health were recorded for five consecutive days. The score of muscle pain peaked the night after the exercise protocol (p < 0.05) and returned to baseline two days after. No statistical differences were found in any of the parameters examined, including nocturnal activity. Prolonged low-intensity exercise does not affect nocturnal activity. The anecdotal reports suggesting that exercise or/and physical activity could worsen symptoms of motor restlessness during sleep in sleep disorders, such as restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements, are not supported by this study. However, these findings need to be verified in clinical populations, as well as by using protocols with different forms of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia I Mitrou
- School of PE and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece.
| | | | - Christina Karatzaferi
- School of PE and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece.
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, University of St Mark & St John, Plymouth PL68BH, UK.
| | | | - Eleftherios Lavdas
- Department of Radiology, University of West Attica, 12210 Athens, Greece.
| | - Maria D Maridaki
- Department of PE and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Stefanidis
- School of Health Science, Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece.
| | - Giorgos K Sakkas
- School of PE and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece.
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, University of St Mark & St John, Plymouth PL68BH, UK.
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Effects of hour of training and exercise intensity on nocturnal autonomic modulation and sleep quality of amateur ultra-endurance runners. Physiol Behav 2019; 198:134-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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de Jonge J, Shimazu A, Dollard M. Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Off-Job Activities on Recovery and Sleep: A Two-Wave Panel Study among Health Care Employees. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15092044. [PMID: 30231562 PMCID: PMC6164214 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15092044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether particular recovery activities after work have a positive or negative effect on employee recovery from work (i.e., cognitive, emotional, and physical detachment) and sleep quality. We used a two-wave panel study of 230 health care employees which enabled looking at both short-term and long-term effects (i.e., two-year time interval). Gender, age, marital status, children at home, education level, management position, and working hours were used as control variables. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that work-related off-job activities were negatively associated with cognitive and emotional detachment in both the short and long run, whereas low-effort off-job activities were positively related to cognitive detachment in the short run. Moreover, household/care off-job activities were positively related to sleep quality in the long run, whereas physical off-job activities were negatively associated with sleep quality in the long run. The long-term findings existed beyond the strong effects of baseline detachment and sleep quality. This study highlights the importance of off-job recovery activities for health care employees’ detachment from work and sleep quality. Practical implications and avenues for further research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan de Jonge
- Human Performance Management Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- School of Psychology, Asia Pacific Centre for Work Health and Safety, University of South Australia, P.O. Box 2471, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | - Akihito Shimazu
- School of Psychology, Asia Pacific Centre for Work Health and Safety, University of South Australia, P.O. Box 2471, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
- Center for Human and Social Sciences College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Maureen Dollard
- School of Psychology, Asia Pacific Centre for Work Health and Safety, University of South Australia, P.O. Box 2471, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
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The effect of 2 consecutive days of intense resistance exercise on sleep in untrained adults. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41105-018-0180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cheikh M, Hammouda O, Gaamouri N, Driss T, Chamari K, Cheikh RB, Dogui M, Souissi N. Melatonin ingestion after exhaustive late-evening exercise improves sleep quality and quantity, and short-term performances in teenage athletes. Chronobiol Int 2018; 35:1281-1293. [PMID: 29846091 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1474891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the effects of a single 10-mg dose of melatonin (MEL) administration after exhaustive late-evening exercise on sleep quality and quantity, and short-term physical and cognitive performances in healthy teenagers. Ten male adolescent athletes (mean ± SD, age = 15.4 ± 0.3 years, body-mass = 60.68 ± 5.7 kg, height = 167.9 ± 6.9 cm and BMI = 21.21 ± 2.5) performed two test sessions separated by at least one week. During each session, participants completed the Yo-Yo intermittent-recovery-test level-1 (YYIRT-1) at ~20:00 h. Then, sleep polysomnography was recorded from 22:15 min to 07:00 h, after a double blind randomized order administration of a single 10-mg tablet of MEL (MEL-10 mg) or Placebo (PLA). The following morning, Hooper wellness index was administered and the participants performed the Choice Reaction Time (CRT) test, the Zazzo test and some short-term physical exercises (YYIRT-1, vertical and horizontal Jumps (VJ; HJ), Hand grip strength (HG), and five-jump test (5-JT)). Evening total distance covered in the YYIRT-1 did not change during the two conditions (p > 0.05). Total sleep time (Δ = 24.55 mn; p < 0.001), sleep efficiency (Δ = 4.47%; p < 0.001), stage-3 sleep (N3 sleep) (Δ = 1.73%; p < 0.05) and rapid-eye-movement sleep (Δ = 2.15%; p < 0.001) were significantly higher with MEL in comparison with PLA. Moreover, sleep-onset-latency (Δ = -8.45mn; p < 0.001), total time of nocturnal awakenings after sleep-onset (NA) (Δ = -11 mn; p < 0.001), stage-1 sleep (N1 sleep) (Δ = -1.7%; p < 0.001) and stage-2 sleep (N2 sleep) (Δ = -1.9%; p < 0.05) durations were lower with MEL. The Hooper index showed a better subjective sleep quality, a decrease of the subjective perception of fatigue and a reduced level of muscle soreness with MEL. Moreover, MEL improved speed and performance but not inaccuracy during the Zazzo test. CRT was faster with MEL. Morning YYIRT-1 (Δ = 82 m; p < 0.001) and 5-JT (Δ = 0.08 m; p < 0.05) performances were significantly higher with MEL in comparison with PLA. In contrast, HG, VJ and HJ performances did not change during the two conditions (p > 0.05). The administration of a single dose of MEL-10 mg after strenuous late-evening exercise improved sleep quality and quantity, selective attention, subjective assessment of the general wellness state, and some short-term physical performances the following morning in healthy teenagers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Cheikh
- a High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Manouba University , Manouba , Tunisia
| | - Omar Hammouda
- b Research Center on Sport and Movement (Centre de Recherches sur le Sport et le Mouvement, CeRSM), UPL, Univ Paris Nanterre, UFR STAPS , Nanterre , France.,c Faculty of medicine of Sfax , Research Unit, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, UR12ES17 , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Nawel Gaamouri
- a High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Manouba University , Manouba , Tunisia
| | - Tarak Driss
- b Research Center on Sport and Movement (Centre de Recherches sur le Sport et le Mouvement, CeRSM), UPL, Univ Paris Nanterre, UFR STAPS , Nanterre , France
| | - Karim Chamari
- d Athlete Health and Performance Research Ctr ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital , Doha , Qatar
| | - Ridha Ben Cheikh
- e Functional Exploration of the Nervous System Service, CHU Sahloul , Sousse , Tunisia.,f Faculty of Medicine , Laboratory of Physiology , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Dogui
- e Functional Exploration of the Nervous System Service, CHU Sahloul , Sousse , Tunisia.,f Faculty of Medicine , Laboratory of Physiology , Monastir , Tunisia
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71
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Effects of Late-Night Training on "Slow-Wave Sleep Episode" and Hour-by-Hour-Derived Nocturnal Cardiac Autonomic Activity in Female Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:638-644. [PMID: 29345542 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the sensitivity of nocturnal heart-rate-variability-monitoring methods to the effects of late-night soccer training sessions in female athletes. METHODS Eleven female soccer players competing in the first division of the Portuguese soccer league wore heart-rate monitors during sleep at night throughout a 1-wk competitive in-season microcycle, after late-night training sessions (n = 3) and rest days (n = 3). Heart rate variability was analyzed through "slow-wave sleep episode" (10-min duration) and "hour by hour" (all the RR intervals recorded throughout the hours of sleep). Training load was quantified by session rating of perceived exertion (281.8 [117.9] to 369.0 [111.7] arbitrary units [a.u.]) and training impulse (77.5 [36.5] to 110.8 [31.6] a.u.), added to subjective well-being ratings (Hopper index = 11.6 [4.4] to 12.8 [3.2] a.u.). These variables were compared between training and rest days using repeated-measures analysis of variance. RESULTS The log-transformed slow-wave sleep-episode cardiac autonomic activity (lnRMSSD [natural logarithm of the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent normal RR intervals] varying between 3.92 [0.57] and 4.20 [0.60] ms; [Formula: see text]; 95% confidence interval, .01-.26), lnHF (natural logarithm of high frequency), lnLF (natural logarithm of low frequency), lnSD1 (natural logarithm of short-term beat-to-beat variability), and lnSD2 (natural logarithm of long-term beat-to-beat variability), and the nontransformed LF/HF were not different among night-training session days and rest days (P > .05). Considering the hour-by-hour method (lnRMSSD varying between 4.05 [0.35] and 4.33 [0.32] ms; [Formula: see text]; 95% confidence interval, .26-.52), lnHF, lnLF, lnSD1, and lnSD2 and the nontransformed LF/HF were not different among night-training session days and rest days (P > .05). CONCLUSION Late-night soccer training does not seem to affect nocturnal slow-wave sleep-episode and hour-by-hour heart-rate-variability indices in highly trained athletes.
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Li C, Kee YH, Lam LS. Effect of Brief Mindfulness Induction on University Athletes' Sleep Quality Following Night Training. Front Psychol 2018; 9:508. [PMID: 29706914 PMCID: PMC5907683 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the need to alleviate sleep problems confronting athletes, the present experiment, conducted as much as possible in a naturalistic fashion that mimics daily life, seeks to examine whether a brief mindfulness induction immediately prior to sleep following night training can improve athletes' sleep. A sample of university athletes (n = 80) was recruited and 63 of them were eligible to participate in this experiment. They were then randomly assigned into experimental group (n = 32) and control group (n = 31). Following night training and just prior to sleep, those in the experimental group received a self-administered brief 6-min mindfulness induction via a video clip, whereas the control group participants viewed a similar 6-min video devoid of mindfulness induction passively. Questionnaire-based measures of training intensity, pre-sleep arousal, state mindfulness, and sleep diary (i.e., level of rest, sleep duration, and overall sleep quality) were administered. Results showed that brief mindfulness induction reduced pre-sleep arousal, and improved level of rest and overall sleep quality, but not sleep duration. Pre-sleep arousal was also found to be a partial mediator in the relationship between the brief mindfulness induction and reported level of rest during sleep. These findings suggest that the brief mindfulness induction may be an effective approach for decreasing pre-sleep arousal and improving sleep quality after night training among athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Li
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Ting Kok, Hong Kong
| | - Ying Hwa Kee
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lok Shan Lam
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Ting Kok, Hong Kong
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Effects of Preseason Training on the Sleep Characteristics of Professional Rugby League Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:176-182. [PMID: 28530487 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the influence of daily and exponentially weighted moving training loads on subsequent nighttime sleep. METHODS Sleep of 14 professional rugby league athletes competing in the National Rugby League was recorded using wristwatch actigraphy. Physical demands were quantified using GPS technology, including total distance, high-speed distance, acceleration/deceleration load (SumAccDec; AU), and session rating of perceived exertion (AU). Linear mixed models determined effects of acute (daily) and subacute (3- and 7-d) exponentially weighted moving averages (EWMA) on sleep. RESULTS Higher daily SumAccDec was associated with increased sleep efficiency (effect-size correlation; ES = 0.15; ±0.09) and sleep duration (ES = 0.12; ±0.09). Greater 3-d EWMA SumAccDec was associated with increased sleep efficiency (ES = 0.14; ±0.09) and an earlier bedtime (ES = 0.14; ±0.09). An increase in 7-d EWMA SumAccDec was associated with heightened sleep efficiency (ES = 0.15; ±0.09) and earlier bedtimes (ES = 0.15; ±0.09). CONCLUSIONS The direction of the associations between training loads and sleep varied, but the strongest relationships showed that higher training loads increased various measures of sleep. Practitioners should be aware of the increased requirement for sleep during intensified training periods, using this information in the planning and implementation of training and individualized recovery modalities.
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The Relation of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviors, and Academic Achievement Is Mediated by Fitness and Bedtime. J Phys Act Health 2017; 15:135-143. [PMID: 28872392 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2017-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the associations of subjectively and objectively measured physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior with academic achievement. We further examined whether aerobic fitness, obesity, and bedtime mediate these associations. METHODS This study included 970 children aged 9-15 years (52.3% girls) from 9 schools throughout Finland. Register-based academic achievement [grade point average (GPA)] as well as self-reported and accelerometer-measured PA/sedentary behavior were assessed during spring 2013. Aerobic fitness (assessed via a maximal shuttle run test), body composition (assessed via bioimpedance analysis), and self-reported bedtime were collected. Structural equation modeling was applied to examine the associations. Standardized regression coefficients are presented. RESULTS Self-reported PA had a direct positive [β = 0.084; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.023 to 0.145] and an indirect positive association with GPA through higher aerobic fitness (β = 0.061; 95% CI, 0.033 to -0.087). Accelerometer-based PA was not associated with GPA. Self-reported screen time had an indirect negative association with GPA through later bedtime (β = -0.071; 95% CI, -0.096 to -0.035) and lower aerobic fitness (β = -0.039; 95% CI, -0.059 to 0.019). Nonscreen sedentary time had a direct positive (β = 0.193; 95% CI, 0.101 to -0.289) and an indirect negative association with GPA through lower aerobic fitness (β = -0.040; 95% CI, -0.063 to -0.016). CONCLUSIONS Participating in PA, avoiding excessive screen time, and going to bed earlier may benefit academic achievement.
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Prodel E, Peçanha T, Silva LPD, Paula RBD, Martinez DG, Lima JRPD, Laterza MC. Different times of day do not change heart rate variability recovery after light exercise in sedentary subjects: 24 hours Holter monitoring. Chronobiol Int 2017; 34:1354-1365. [PMID: 29053066 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1364260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Incidence of cardiovascular events follows a circadian rhythm with peak occurrence during morning. Disturbance of autonomic control caused by exercise had raised the question of the safety in morning exercise and its recovery. Furthermore, we sought to investigate whether light aerobic exercise performed at night would increase HR and decrease HRV during sleep. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that morning exercise would delay HR and HRV recovery after light aerobic exercise, additionally, we tested the impact of late night light aerobic exercise on HR and HRV during sleep in sedentary subjects. Nine sedentary healthy men (age 24 ± 3 yr; height 180 ± 5 cm; weight 79 ± 8 kg; fat 12 ± 3%; mean±SD) performed 35 min of cycling exercise, at an intensity of first anaerobic threshold, at three times of day (7 a.m., 2 p.m. and 11 p.m.). R-R intervals were recorded during exercise and during short-time (60 min) and long-time recovery (24 hours) after cycling exercise. Exercise evoked increase in HR and decrease in HRV, and different times of day did not change the magnitude (p < 0.05 for time). Morning exercise did not delay exercise recovery, HR was similar to rest after 15 minutes recovery and HRV was similar to rest after 30 minutes recovery at morning, afternoon, and night. Low frequency power (LF) in normalized unites (n.u.) decreased during recovery when compared to exercise, but was still above resting values after 60 minutes of recovery. High frequency power (HF-n.u.) increased after exercise cessation (p < 0.05 for time) and was still below resting values after 60 minutes of recovery. The LF/HF ratio decreased after exercise cessation (p < 0.05 for time), but was still different to baseline levels after 60 minutes of recovery. In conclusion, morning exercise did not delay HR and HRV recovery after light aerobic cycling exercise in sedentary subjects. Additionally, exercise performed in the night did change autonomic control during the sleep. So, it seems that sedentary subjects can engage physical activity at any time of day without higher risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Prodel
- a Cardiovascular Research Unit and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital and Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , MG , Brazil
| | - Tiago Peçanha
- a Cardiovascular Research Unit and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital and Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , MG , Brazil
| | - Lilian Pinto Da Silva
- a Cardiovascular Research Unit and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital and Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , MG , Brazil.,b Faculty of Physiotheraphy , Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , MG , Brazil
| | - Rogério Baumgratz De Paula
- c Interdisciplinary Center for Studies, Research and Treatment in Nephrology (NIEPEN) , Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , MG , Brazil
| | - Daniel Godoy Martinez
- a Cardiovascular Research Unit and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital and Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , MG , Brazil
| | - Jorge Roberto Perrout De Lima
- a Cardiovascular Research Unit and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital and Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , MG , Brazil
| | - Mateus Camaroti Laterza
- a Cardiovascular Research Unit and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital and Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , MG , Brazil
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76
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Internal training load and its longitudinal relationship with seasonal player wellness in elite professional soccer. Physiol Behav 2017; 179:262-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hallman DM, Birk Jørgensen M, Holtermann A. On the health paradox of occupational and leisure-time physical activity using objective measurements: Effects on autonomic imbalance. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177042. [PMID: 28472190 PMCID: PMC5417644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) has considerable benefits for cardiovascular health and longevity, while occupational physical activity (OPA) is associated with an elevated cardiovascular risk. This "health paradox" may be explained by different effects on the autonomic nervous system from OPA and LTPA. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether objectively measured OPA and LTPA are differentially associated with autonomic regulation among workers. METHODS The study comprised 514 blue-collar workers from the Danish cohort DPHACTO. Physical activity (i.e. walking, climbing stairs, running and cycling) was assessed objectively using accelerometers worn on the thigh, hip and trunk over multiple working days. During this period, a heart rate monitor was used to sample heart period intervals from the ECG signal. Heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) indices were analyzed during nocturnal sleep as markers of autonomic regulation. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the main effects of OPA and LTPA and their interaction on heart rate and HRV, adjusting for multiple confounders. RESULTS Statistically significant interaction was found between OPA and LTPA on heart rate (adjusted p<0.0001) and HRV indices in time (rMSSD, adjusted p = 0.004) and frequency-domains (HF, adjusted p = 0.022; LF, adjusted p = 0.033). The beneficial effect of LTPA on nocturnal heart rate and HRV clearly diminished with higher levels of OPA, and high levels of both OPA and LTPA had a detrimental effect. CONCLUSION We found contrasting associations for objectively measured OPA and LTPA with heart rate and HRV during sleep. Differential effects of OPA and LTPA on autonomic regulation may contribute to the physical activity health paradox.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Hallman
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Andreas Holtermann
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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da Cunha Silva Santiago L, Batista RMF, Lyra MJ, Farah BQ, Pedrosa RP, Falcão APST, de Araújo RC, Dos Santos MAM. The role played by gender and age on poor sleep quality among institutionalized adolescents. Sleep Breath 2017; 21:197-202. [PMID: 28102484 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-017-1463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence and association between sleep quality with gender and age and to examine the relation between age and the components of the PSQI in institutionalized adolescents. METHODS High school internal students of both genders, aged between 14 and 19 years old, were analyzed. After a full clinical evaluation, the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index Score was obtained from all participants. RESULTS We studied 210 participants [male: 15. 7 ± 1.2 years; BMI: 21.7 ± 2.6 kg/m2; female: 15.7 ± 1. 2 years; BMI: 21.9 ± 4.5 kg/m2]. Poor sleep quality was present in 137 (65.3%) participants and was predominant among girls than boys (PSQI = 76.3 vs 55.8%; p < 0.001), respectively. There were positive correlations between PSQI components with age in boys (sleep latency: R = 0.23; p = 0.02; sleep duration: R = 0.28; p < 0.01 and overall sleep quality: R = 0.21; p = 0.03), but not among girls. CONCLUSION Institutionalized girls have worse sleep quality than boys and positive correlations between sleep quality components with age were only present among boys.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Julia Lyra
- Program in Adolescent Health, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Breno Quintella Farah
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Group Research in Health and Sport, ASCES College, Caruaru, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pinto Pedrosa
- Sleep and Heart Laboratory, Pronto Socorro Cardiologic de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Hospital Metropolitano Sul Dom Helder Câmara IMIP Hospitalar, Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Cappato de Araújo
- Program in Adolescent Health, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Marcos André Moura Dos Santos
- Program in Adolescent Health, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
- Physical Education School, University of Pernambuco, Arnóbio Marques street, 310. Santo Amaro, Recife, PE, 50100-130, Brazil.
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79
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Physiological Load and Psychological Stress During a 24-hour Work Shift Among Finnish Firefighters. J Occup Environ Med 2017; 59:41-46. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pietila J, Helander E, Myllymaki T, Korhonen I, Jimison H, Pavel M. Exploratory analysis of associations between individual lifestyles and heart rate variability -based recovery during sleep. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:2339-42. [PMID: 26736762 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7318862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is the most important period for recovering from daily stress and load. Assessment of the stress recovery during sleep is therefore, an important metric for care and quality of life. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive marker of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, and HRV-based methods can be used to assess physiological recovery, characterized by parasympathetic domination of the ANS. HRV is affected by multiple factors of which some are unmodifiable (such as age and gender) but many are related to daily lifestyle choices (e.g. alcohol consumption, physical activity, sleeping times). The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of these aforementioned factors on HRV-based recovery during sleep on a large sample. Variable importance measures yielded by random forest were used for identifying the most relevant predictors of sleep-time recovery. The results emphasize the disturbing effects of alcohol consumption on sleep-time recovery. Good physical fitness is associated to good recovery, but acute physical activity seems to challenge or delay the recovery process for the next night. Longer sleeping time enables more recovery minutes, but the proportion of recovery (i.e. recovery efficiency) seems to peak around 7.0-7.25 hours of sleep.
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81
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Sleep quality and cytokine expression after an exhaustive exercise: influence of ACE polymorphism I/D. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s41105-016-0077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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82
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Louis J, Marquet LA, Tiollier E, Bermon S, Hausswirth C, Brisswalter J. The impact of sleeping with reduced glycogen stores on immunity and sleep in triathletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1941-54. [PMID: 27491620 PMCID: PMC5020129 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the effects of a 3-week dietary periodization on immunity and sleep in triathletes. METHODS 21 triathletes were divided into two groups with different nutritional guidelines during a 3-week endurance training program including nine twice a day sessions with lowered (SL group) or maintained (CON group) glycogen availability during the overnight recovery period. In addition to performance tests, sleep was monitored every night. Systemic and mucosal immune parameters as well as the incidence of URTI were monitored every week of the training/nutrition protocol. Two-ways ANOVA and effect sizes were used to examine differences in dependent variables between groups at each time point. RESULTS The SL group significantly improved 10 km running performance (-1 min 13 s, P < 0.01, d = 0.38), whereas no improvement was recorded in the CON group (-2 s, NS). No significant changes in white blood cells counts, plasma cortisol and IL-6 were recorded over the protocol in both groups. The vitamin D status decreased in similar proportions between groups, whereas salivary IgA decreased in the SL group only (P < 0.05, d = 0.23). The incidence of URTI was not altered in both groups. All participants in both groups went to bed earlier during the training program (SL -20 min, CON -27 min, P < 0.05, d = 0.28). In the SL group, only sleep efficiency slightly decreased by 1.1 % (P < 0.05, d = 0.25) and the fragmentation index tended to increase at the end of the protocol (P = 0.06). CONCLUSION Sleeping and training the next morning regularly with reduced glycogen availability has minimal effects on selected markers of immunity, the incidence of URTI and sleeping patterns in trained athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Laurie-Anne Marquet
- Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, French National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education, Sport and Health, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Eve Tiollier
- Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, French National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education, Sport and Health, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
- Institut Monégasque de Médecine et Chirurgie du Sport, Monte Carlo, Monaco
| | - Christophe Hausswirth
- Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, French National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance, Paris, France
| | - Jeanick Brisswalter
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education, Sport and Health, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
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Föhr T, Pietilä J, Helander E, Myllymäki T, Lindholm H, Rusko H, Kujala UM. Physical activity, body mass index and heart rate variability-based stress and recovery in 16 275 Finnish employees: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:701. [PMID: 27484470 PMCID: PMC4971625 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical inactivity, overweight, and work-related stress are major concerns today. Psychological stress causes physiological responses such as reduced heart rate variability (HRV), owing to attenuated parasympathetic and/or increased sympathetic activity in cardiac autonomic control. This study's purpose was to investigate the relationships between physical activity (PA), body mass index (BMI), and HRV-based stress and recovery on workdays, among Finnish employees. METHODS The participants in this cross-sectional study were 16 275 individuals (6863 men and 9412 women; age 18-65 years; BMI 18.5-40.0 kg/m(2)). Assessments of stress, recovery and PA were based on HRV data from beat-to-beat R-R interval recording (mainly over 3 days). The validated HRV-derived variables took into account the dynamics and individuality of HRV. Stress percentage (the proportion of stress reactions, workday and working hours), and stress balance (ratio between recovery and stress reactions, sleep) describe the amount of physiological stress and recovery, respectively. Variables describing the intensity (i.e. magnitude of recognized reactions) of physiological stress and recovery were stress index (workday) and recovery index (sleep), respectively. Moderate to vigorous PA was measured and participants divided into the following groups, based on calculated weekly PA: inactive (0 min), low (0 < 150 min), medium (150-300 min), and high (>300 min). BMI was calculated from self-reported weight and height. Linear models were employed in the main analyses. RESULTS High PA was associated with lower stress percentages (during workdays and working hours) and stress balance. Higher BMI was associated with higher stress index, and lower stress balance and recovery index. These results were similar for men and women (P < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSION Independent of age and sex, high PA was associated with a lower amount of stress on workdays. Additionally, lower BMI was associated with better recovery during sleep, expressed by a greater amount and magnitude of recovery reactions, which suggests that PA in the long term resulting in improved fitness has a positive effect on recovery, even though high PA may disturb recovery during the following night. Obviously, several factors outside of the study could also affect HRV-based stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Föhr
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Julia Pietilä
- Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 527, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Elina Helander
- Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 527, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Tero Myllymäki
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Harri Lindholm
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, FIN-00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Rusko
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Urho M. Kujala
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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84
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Kölling S, Endler S, Ferrauti A, Meyer T, Kellmann M. Comparing Subjective With Objective Sleep Parameters Via Multisensory Actigraphy in German Physical Education Students. Behav Sleep Med 2016; 14:389-405. [PMID: 26372692 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2015.1017096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study compared subjective with objective sleep parameters among 72 physical education students. Furthermore, the study determined whether 24-hr recording differs from nighttime recording only. Participants wore the SenseWear Armband™ for three consecutive nights and kept a sleep log. Agreement rates ranged from moderate to low for sleep onset latency (ICC = 0.39 to 0.70) and wake after sleep onset (ICC = 0.22 to 0.59), while time in bed (ICC = 0.93 to 0.95) and total sleep time (ICC = 0.90 to 0.92) revealed strong agreement during this period. Comparing deviations between 24-hr wearing time (n = 24) and night-only application (n = 20) revealed no statistical difference (p > 0.05). As athletic populations have yet to be investigated for these purposes, this study provides useful indicators and practical implications for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kölling
- a Faculty of Sport Science , Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum , Germany
| | - Stefan Endler
- b Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mainz , Germany
| | | | - Tim Meyer
- c Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, University of Saarland , Saarbrücken Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Michael Kellmann
- a Faculty of Sport Science , Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum , Germany.,d Schools of Human Movement Studies and Psychology, The University of Queensland Brisbane , Australia
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85
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Yamanaka Y, Hashimoto S, Takasu NN, Tanahashi Y, Nishide SY, Honma S, Honma KI. Morning and evening physical exercise differentially regulate the autonomic nervous system during nocturnal sleep in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R1112-21. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00127.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Effects of daily physical exercise in the morning or in the evening were examined on circadian rhythms in plasma melatonin and core body temperature of healthy young males who stayed in an experimental facility for 7 days under dim light conditions (<10 lux). Sleep polysomnogram (PSG) and heart rate variability (HRV) were also measured. Subjects performed 2-h intermittent physical exercise with a bicycle ergometer at ZT3 or at ZT10 for four consecutive days, where zeitgeber time 0 (ZT0) was the time of wake-up. The rising phase of plasma melatonin rhythm was delayed by 1.1 h without exercise. Phase-delay shifts of a similar extent were detected by morning and evening exercise. But the falling phase shifted only after evening exercise by 1.0 h. The sleep PSG did not change after morning exercise, while Stage 1+2 sleep significantly decreased by 13.0% without exercise, and RE sleep decreased by 10.5% after evening exercise. The nocturnal decline of rectal temperature was attenuated by evening exercise, but not by morning exercise. HRV during sleep changed differentially. Very low frequency (VLF) waves increased without exercise. VLF, low frequency (LF), and high frequency (HF) waves increased after morning exercise, whereas HR increased after evening exercise. Morning exercise eventually enhanced the parasympathetic activity, as indicated by HRV, while evening exercise activated the sympathetic activity, as indicated by increase in heart rate in the following nocturnal sleep. These findings indicated differential effects of morning and evening exercise on the circadian melatonin rhythm, PSG, and HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Yamanaka
- Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoko Hashimoto
- Research Center for Cooperative Projects, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nana N. Takasu
- Laboratory of Oral Chronobiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tanahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan; and
| | - Shin-ya Nishide
- Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sato Honma
- Department of Chronomedicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Honma
- Department of Chronomedicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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86
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Killer SC, Svendsen IS, Jeukendrup AE, Gleeson M. Evidence of disturbed sleep and mood state in well-trained athletes during short-term intensified training with and without a high carbohydrate nutritional intervention. J Sports Sci 2015; 35:1402-1410. [PMID: 26406911 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1085589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the effects of exercise training on sleep physiology in well-trained athletes. We investigated changes in sleep markers, mood state and exercise performance in well-trained cyclists undergoing short-term intensified training and carbohydrate nutritional intervention. Thirteen highly-trained male cyclists (age: 25 ± 6y, [Formula: see text]O2max: 72 ± 5 ml/kg/min) participated in two 9-day periods of intensified training while undergoing a high (HCHO) or moderate (CON) carbohydrate nutritional intervention before, during and after training sessions. Sleep was measured each night via wristwatch actigraphy. Mood state questionnaires were completed daily. Performance was assessed with maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]. Percentage sleep time fell during intensified training (87.9 ± 1.5 to 82.5 ± 2.3%; p < 0.05) despite an increase in time in bed (456 ± 50 to 509 ± 48 min; p = 0.02). Sleep efficiency decreased during intensified training (83.1 ± 5.3 to 77.8 ± 8.6%; p < 0.05). Actual sleep time was significantly higher in CON than HCHO throughout intensified training. Mood disturbance increased during intensified training and was higher in CON than HCHO (p < 0.05). Performance in the [Formula: see text] exercise protocol fell significantly with intensified training. The main findings of this study were that 9-days of intensified training in highly-trained cyclists resulted in significant and progressive declines in sleep quality, mood state and maximal exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Killer
- a School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - I S Svendsen
- a School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - A E Jeukendrup
- a School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK.,b Gatorade Sport Science Institute , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - M Gleeson
- a School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
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Youngstedt SD, Goff EE, Reynolds AM, Kripke DF, Irwin MR, Bootzin RR, Khan N, Jean-Louis G. Has adult sleep duration declined over the last 50+ years? Sleep Med Rev 2015; 28:69-85. [PMID: 26478985 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The common assumption that population sleep duration has declined in the past few decades has not been supported by recent reviews, which have been limited to self-reported data. The aim of this review was to assess whether there has been a reduction in objectively recorded sleep duration over the last 50+ years. The literature was searched for studies published from 1960 to 2013, which assessed objective sleep duration (total sleep time (TST)) in healthy normal-sleeping adults. The search found 168 studies that met inclusion criteria, with 257 data points representing 6052 individuals ages 18-88 y. Data were assessed by comparing the regression lines of age vs. TST in studies conducted between 1960 and 1989 vs. 1990-2013. Weighted regression analyses assessed the association of year of study with age-adjusted TST across all data points. Regression analyses also assessed the association of year of study with TST separately for 10-y age categories (e.g., ages 18-27 y), and separately for polysomnographic and actigraphic data, and for studies involving a fixed sleep schedule and participants' customary sleep schedules. Analyses revealed no significant association of sleep duration with study year. The results are consistent with recent reviews of subjective data, which have challenged the notion of a modern epidemic of insufficient sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D Youngstedt
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Eric E Goff
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Daniel F Kripke
- Scripps Clinic Viterbi Family Sleep Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Irwin
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuorimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Nidha Khan
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Girardin Jean-Louis
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, USA
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Buman MP, Phillips BA, Youngstedt SD, Kline CE, Hirshkowitz M. Does nighttime exercise really disturb sleep? Results from the 2013 National Sleep Foundation Sleep in America Poll. Sleep Med 2015; 15:755-61. [PMID: 24933083 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between sleep, time of exercise, and intensity of exercise in a large American sample. METHODS The 2013 National Sleep Foundation Sleep in America Poll was a cross-sectional study of 1000 adults stratified by age (23–60 years) and U.S. geographical region. Sleep outcomes included self-reported sleep quality, total sleep time, sleep latency, and waking unrefreshed. Exercise timing was characterized as morning (>8 h before bed), afternoon (4–8 h before bed), or evening (<4 h before bed). Exercise intensity was assessed with a modified version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. RESULTS After adjustment for confounders, evening moderate or vigorous exercisers did not differ in any of the reported sleep metrics compared to non-exercisers. Morning vigorous exercisers had the most favorable sleep outcomes, including greater likelihood of reporting good sleep quality (OR = 1.88, p < .001) and lower likelihood of waking unrefreshed (OR = 0.56, p = .03). Most individuals who performed vigorous evening exercise believed that their sleep was of equal or better quality (97%) and duration (98%) on days they exercised. CONCLUSION Evening exercise was not associated with worse sleep. These findings add to the growing body of evidence that sleep hygiene recommendations should not discourage evening exercise.
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89
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Kredlow MA, Capozzoli MC, Hearon BA, Calkins AW, Otto MW. The effects of physical activity on sleep: a meta-analytic review. J Behav Med 2015; 38:427-49. [PMID: 25596964 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-015-9617-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 656] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A significant body of research has investigated the effects of physical activity on sleep, yet this research has not been systematically aggregated in over a decade. As a result, the magnitude and moderators of these effects are unclear. This meta-analytical review examines the effects of acute and regular exercise on sleep, incorporating a range of outcome and moderator variables. PubMed and PsycINFO were used to identify 66 studies for inclusion in the analysis that were published through May 2013. Analyses reveal that acute exercise has small beneficial effects on total sleep time, sleep onset latency, sleep efficiency, stage 1 sleep, and slow wave sleep, a moderate beneficial effect on wake time after sleep onset, and a small effect on rapid eye movement sleep. Regular exercise has small beneficial effects on total sleep time and sleep efficiency, small-to-medium beneficial effects on sleep onset latency, and moderate beneficial effects on sleep quality. Effects were moderated by sex, age, baseline physical activity level of participants, as well as exercise type, time of day, duration, and adherence. Significant moderation was not found for exercise intensity, aerobic/anaerobic classification, or publication date. Results were discussed with regards to future avenues of research and clinical application to the treatment of insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alexandra Kredlow
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 648 Beacon Street, 5th Floor, Boston, MA, 02215, USA,
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90
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Fairbrother K, Cartner B, Alley JR, Curry CD, Dickinson DL, Morris DM, Collier SR. Effects of exercise timing on sleep architecture and nocturnal blood pressure in prehypertensives. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2014; 10:691-8. [PMID: 25540588 PMCID: PMC4270305 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s73688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During nocturnal sleep, blood pressure (BP) “dips” compared to diurnal BP, reducing stress on the cardiovascular system. Both the hypotensive response elicited by acute aerobic exercise and sleep quality can impact this dipping response. Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise timing on circadian BP changes and sleep architecture. Materials and methods Twenty prehypertensive subjects completed the study. During four test sessions, participants first completed a graded exercise test to exhaustion and then performed 30 minutes of treadmill exercise at 7 am (7A), 1 pm (1P), and 7 pm (7P) in a random, counterbalanced order at 65% of the heart rate obtained at peak oxygen uptake. An ambulatory cuff was used to monitor BP responses during 24 hours following exercise, and an ambulatory sleep-monitoring headband was worn during sleep following each session. Results Aerobic exercise at 7A invoked a greater dip in nocturnal systolic BP than exercise at 1P or 7P, although the greatest dip in nocturnal diastolic BP occurred following 7P. Compared to 1P, 7A also invoked greater time spent in deep sleep. Conclusion These data indicate that early morning may be the most beneficial time to engage in aerobic exercise to enhance nocturnal BP changes and quality of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Fairbrother
- Vascular Biology and Autonomic Studies Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Ben Cartner
- Vascular Biology and Autonomic Studies Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Jessica R Alley
- Vascular Biology and Autonomic Studies Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Chelsea D Curry
- Vascular Biology and Autonomic Studies Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - David L Dickinson
- Department of Economics, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - David M Morris
- Vascular Biology and Autonomic Studies Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Scott R Collier
- Vascular Biology and Autonomic Studies Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
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91
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The role of sleep hygiene in promoting public health: A review of empirical evidence. Sleep Med Rev 2014; 22:23-36. [PMID: 25454674 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The ineffectiveness of sleep hygiene as a treatment in clinical sleep medicine has raised some interesting questions. If it is known that, individually, each specific component of sleep hygiene is related to sleep, why wouldn't addressing multiple individual components (i.e., sleep hygiene education) improve sleep? Is there still a use for sleep hygiene? Global public health concern over sleep has increased demand for sleep promotion strategies accessible to the population. However, the extent to which sleep hygiene strategies apply outside clinical settings is not well known. The present review sought to evaluate the empirical evidence for sleep hygiene recommendations regarding exercise, stress management, noise, sleep timing, and avoidance of caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, and daytime napping, with a particular emphasis on their public health utility. Thus, our review is not intended to be exhaustive regarding the clinical application of these techniques, but rather to focus on broader applications. Overall, though epidemiologic and experimental research generally supported an association between individual sleep hygiene recommendations and nocturnal sleep, the direct effects of individual recommendations on sleep remains largely untested in the general population. Suggestions for clarification of sleep hygiene recommendations and considerations for the use of sleep hygiene in nonclinical populations are discussed.
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92
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Poussel M, Laure P, Genest J, Fronzaroli E, Renaud P, Favre A, Chenuel B. Sommeil et résultats scolaires chez les jeunes sportifs de haut niveau. Arch Pediatr 2014; 21:722-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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93
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Sleep and exercise: a reciprocal issue? Sleep Med Rev 2014; 20:59-72. [PMID: 25127157 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sleep and exercise influence each other through complex, bilateral interactions that involve multiple physiological and psychological pathways. Physical activity is usually considered as beneficial in aiding sleep although this link may be subject to multiple moderating factors such as sex, age, fitness level, sleep quality and the characteristics of the exercise (intensity, duration, time of day, environment). It is therefore vital to improve knowledge in fundamental physiology in order to understand the benefits of exercise on the quantity and quality of sleep in healthy subjects and patients. Conversely, sleep disturbances could also impair a person's cognitive performance or their capacity for exercise and increase the risk of exercise-induced injuries either during extreme and/or prolonged exercise or during team sports. This review aims to describe the reciprocal fundamental physiological effects linking sleep and exercise in order to improve the pertinent use of exercise in sleep medicine and prevent sleep disorders in sportsmen.
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94
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Brand S, Kalak N, Gerber M, Kirov R, Pühse U, Holsboer-Trachsler E. High self-perceived exercise exertion before bedtime is associated with greater objectively assessed sleep efficiency. Sleep Med 2014; 15:1031-6. [PMID: 25087193 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between self-perceived exercise exertion before bedtime and objectively measured sleep. METHODS Fifty-two regularly exercising young adults (mean age, 19.70 years; 54% females) underwent sleep electroencephalographic recordings 1.5 h after completing moderate to vigorous exercise in the evening. Before sleeping, participants answered questions regarding degree of exertion of the exercise undertaken. RESULTS Greater self-perceived exertion before bedtime was associated with higher objectively assessed sleep efficiency (r = 0.69, P <0.001); self-perceived exertion explained 48% of the variance in sleep efficiency (R2 = 0.48). Moreover, high self-perceived exercise exertion was associated with more deep sleep, shortened sleep onset time, fewer awakenings after sleep onset, and shorter wake duration after sleep onset. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that objective sleep efficiency was predicted by increased exercise exertion, shortened sleep onset time, increased deep sleep, and decreased light sleep. CONCLUSION Against expectations and general recommendations for sleep hygiene, high self-perceived exercise exertion before bedtime was associated with better sleep patterns in a sample of healthy young adults. Further studies should also focus on elderly adults and adults suffering from insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Brand
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS), Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Section of Sport Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Nadeem Kalak
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS), Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Section of Sport Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roumen Kirov
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Uwe Pühse
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Section of Sport Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edith Holsboer-Trachsler
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS), Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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95
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Oda S, Shirakawa K. Sleep onset is disrupted following pre-sleep exercise that causes large physiological excitement at bedtime. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1789-99. [PMID: 24859750 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2873-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many studies have failed to show that pre-sleep exercise has a negative effect on sleep onset. However, since only a moderate level of physiological excitement was observed at bedtime in these studies, it remains unclear whether a larger magnitude of physiologic excitement present at bedtime would disrupt sleep onset. This study compared the effects of pre-sleep exercise, which led to different levels of physiologic excitement at bedtime (moderate and heavy), on sleep onset. METHODS Twelve active young men underwent non-exercise, moderate-intensity exercise, and high-intensity exercise conditions. The subjects maintained a sedentary condition on a reclining seat throughout the day. On the non-exercise day, the subjects remained seated at rest until going to bed. On the moderate- and high-intensity exercise days, the subject exercised for 40 min (21:20-22:00) at 60 and 80% heart rate reserve, respectively. Sleep polysomnography, core body and skin temperatures, heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV) were recorded. RESULTS We observed a delay in sleep onset (+14.0 min, P < 0.05), a marked physiological excitement at bedtime as reflected by an increased HR (+25.7 bpm, P < 0.01), and a lower high-frequency power of HRV (-590 ms(2), P < 0.01) only on the high-intensity exercise day. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that pre-sleep vigorous exercise, which causes a large physiologic excitement at bedtime, might disrupt the onset of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Oda
- Department of Sport Education, School of Lifelong Sport, Hokusho University, 23 Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8511, Japan,
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96
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Teisala T, Mutikainen S, Tolvanen A, Rottensteiner M, Leskinen T, Kaprio J, Kolehmainen M, Rusko H, Kujala UM. Associations of physical activity, fitness, and body composition with heart rate variability-based indicators of stress and recovery on workdays: a cross-sectional study. J Occup Med Toxicol 2014; 9:16. [PMID: 24742265 PMCID: PMC3997193 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6673-9-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate how physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and body composition are associated with heart rate variability (HRV)-based indicators of stress and recovery on workdays. Additionally, we evaluated the association of objectively measured stress with self-reported burnout symptoms. METHODS Participants of this cross-sectional study were 81 healthy males (age range 26-40 y). Stress and recovery on workdays were measured objectively based on HRV recordings. CRF and anthropometry were assessed in laboratory conditions. The level of PA was based on a detailed PA interview (MET index [MET-h/d]) and self-reported activity class. RESULTS PA, CRF, and body composition were significantly associated with levels of stress and recovery on workdays. MET index (P < 0.001), activity class (P = 0.001), and CRF (P = 0.019) were negatively associated with stress during working hours whereas body fat percentage (P = 0.005) was positively associated. Overall, 27.5% of the variance of total stress on workdays (P = 0.001) was accounted for by PA, CRF, and body composition. Body fat percentage and body mass index were negatively associated with night-time recovery whereas CRF was positively associated. Objective work stress was associated (P = 0.003) with subjective burnout symptoms. CONCLUSIONS PA, CRF, and body composition are associated with HRV-based stress and recovery levels, which needs to be taken into account in the measurement, prevention, and treatment of work-related stress. The HRV-based method used to determine work-related stress and recovery was associated with self-reported burnout symptoms, but more research on the clinical importance of the methodology is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Teisala
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä FIN-40014, Finland
| | - Sara Mutikainen
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä FIN-40014, Finland
| | - Asko Tolvanen
- Methodology Centre for Human Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (Y 33), Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
| | - Mirva Rottensteiner
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä FIN-40014, Finland
| | - Tuija Leskinen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, Turku FIN-20520, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Hjelt Institute, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 41, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki FI-00300, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Marjukka Kolehmainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, Joensuu FIN-70211, Finland
| | - Heikki Rusko
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä FIN-40014, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä FIN-40014, Finland
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Wada J, Yajima T, Imamatsu T, Okawai H. A New Definition of BMI Scale by Relationship between Respiration and Unconscious Behavior during Sleep with Body Motion Wave. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEM DYNAMICS APPLICATIONS 2014. [DOI: 10.4018/ijsda.2014040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently, health problems due to overwork, apparent suicide produced by the progress of the social stress and lifestyle diseases and lifestyle diseases like hyperpiesia or obesity have been reported. From this, it has become of interest to avoid these problems and to keep the health. However, the indicators for health control and physical condition haven't been defined. Body Mass Index (BMI) has traditionally been used as an indicator of health. But, there are many unclear points left in the criteria of BMI to utilize. Sleep would be an important theme to know and to keep health. During sleep, the biological information related to health state would be appeared because of predominant activity of autonomic nervous system under the state of unconsciousness. From these, the authors investigated the relationship between BMI and autonomic nervous activity. Nineteen healthy young adults participated in this study and performed sleep experiment by adopting a pressure sensor named “dynamic air-pressure sensor” and a pressure sensor array. As a result, the authors found some relationships among respiration state, motions of muscles and unconscious behavior depending on BMI. This result about sleep behavior would suggest a new definition for BMI. For example, large value of BMI brings influences, maybe bad, to respiratory behavior during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun'ya Wada
- Graduate School of Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yajima
- Graduate School of Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Okawai
- Graduate School of Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
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98
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Buchheit M. Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome? Front Physiol 2014; 5:73. [PMID: 24578692 PMCID: PMC3936188 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Measures of resting, exercise, and recovery heart rate are receiving increasing interest for monitoring fatigue, fitness and endurance performance responses, which has direct implications for adjusting training load (1) daily during specific training blocks and (2) throughout the competitive season. However, these measures are still not widely implemented to monitor athletes' responses to training load, probably because of apparent contradictory findings in the literature. In this review I contend that most of the contradictory findings are related to methodological inconsistencies and/or misinterpretation of the data rather than to limitations of heart rate measures to accurately inform on training status. I also provide evidence that measures derived from 5-min (almost daily) recordings of resting (indices capturing beat-to-beat changes in heart rate, reflecting cardiac parasympathetic activity) and submaximal exercise (30- to 60-s average) heart rate are likely the most useful monitoring tools. For appropriate interpretation at the individual level, changes in a given measure should be interpreted by taking into account the error of measurement and the smallest important change of the measure, as well as the training context (training phase, load, and intensity distribution). The decision to use a given measure should be based upon the level of information that is required by the athlete, the marker's sensitivity to changes in training status and the practical constrains required for the measurements. However, measures of heart rate cannot inform on all aspects of wellness, fatigue, and performance, so their use in combination with daily training logs, psychometric questionnaires and non-invasive, cost-effective performance tests such as a countermovement jump may offer a complete solution to monitor training status in athletes participating in aerobic-oriented sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Buchheit
- Sport Science Department, Myorobie AssociationMontvalezan, France
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99
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Robey E, Dawson B, Halson S, Gregson W, King S, Goodman C, Eastwood P. Effect of evening postexercise cold water immersion on subsequent sleep. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 45:1394-402. [PMID: 23377833 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318287f321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effect of cold water immersion after evening exercise on subsequent sleep quality and quantity in trained cyclists. METHODS In the evenings (~1900 h) on three separate occasions, male cyclists (n = 11) underwent either no exercise (control, CON), exercise only (EX), or exercise followed by cold water immersion (CWI). EX comprised cycling for 15 min at 75% peak power, then a 15-min maximal time trial. After each condition, a full laboratory-based sleep study (polysomnography) was performed. Core and skin temperature, heart rate, salivary melatonin, ratings of perceived fatigue, and recovery were measured in each trial. RESULTS No differences were observed between conditions for any whole night sleep measures, including total sleep time, sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, rapid eye movement onset latency, wake after sleep onset, or proportion of the night spent in different sleep stages. Core temperature in EX and CWI trials was higher than CON, until it decreased below that of EX and CON until bedtime in CWI. After bedtime, core temperature was similar for all conditions throughout the night, except for a 90-min period where it was lower for CWI than EX and CON (3.5-4.5 h postexercise). Heart rates for EX and CWI were both significantly higher than CON postexercise until bedtime, whereas skin temperature after CWI was significantly lower than EX and CON, remaining lower than EX until 3 h postexercise. Melatonin levels and recovery ratings were similar between conditions. Fatigue ratings were significantly elevated after exercise in both CWI and EX conditions, with EX still being elevated compared with CON at bedtime. CONCLUSION Whole night sleep architecture is not affected by evening exercise alone or when followed by CWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Robey
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
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100
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Robey E, Dawson B, Halson S, Gregson W, Goodman C, Eastwood P. Sleep quantity and quality ineliteyouth soccer players: A pilot study. Eur J Sport Sci 2013; 14:410-7. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2013.843024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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