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Clavijo McCormick A, Boeckler GA, Köllner TG, Gershenzon J, Unsicker SB. The timing of herbivore-induced volatile emission in black poplar (Populus nigra) and the influence of herbivore age and identity affect the value of individual volatiles as cues for herbivore enemies. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:304. [PMID: 25429804 PMCID: PMC4262996 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of herbivore-induced plant volatiles as signals mediating the attraction of herbivore enemies is a well-known phenomenon. Studies with short-lived herbaceous plant species have shown that various biotic and abiotic factors can strongly affect the quantity, composition and timing of volatile emission dynamics. However, there is little knowledge on how these factors influence the volatile emission of long-lived woody perennials. The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal dynamics of herbivore-induced volatile emission of black poplar (Populus nigra) through several day-night cycles following the onset of herbivory. We also determined the influence of different herbivore species, caterpillars of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) and poplar hawkmoth (Laothoe populi), and different herbivore developmental stages on emission. RESULTS The emission dynamics of major groups of volatile compounds differed strikingly in response to the timing of herbivory and the day-night cycle. The emission of aldoximes, salicyl aldehyde, and to a lesser extent, green leaf volatiles began shortly after herbivore attack and ceased quickly after herbivore removal, irrespective of the day-night cycle. However, the emission of most terpenes showed a more delayed reaction to the start and end of herbivory, and emission was significantly greater during the day compared to the night. The identity of the caterpillar species caused only slight changes in emission, but variation in developmental stage had a strong impact on volatile emission with early instar L. dispar inducing more nitrogenous volatiles and terpenoids than late instar caterpillars of the same species. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that only a few of the many herbivore-induced black poplar volatiles are released in tight correlation with the timing of herbivory. These may represent the most reliable cues for herbivore enemies and, interestingly, have been shown in a recent study to be the best attractants for an herbivore enemy that parasitizes gypsy moth larvae feeding on black poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Clavijo McCormick
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - G Andreas Boeckler
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sybille B Unsicker
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Irmisch S, Jiang Y, Chen F, Gershenzon J, Köllner TG. Terpene synthases and their contribution to herbivore-induced volatile emission in western balsam poplar (Populus trichocarpa). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:270. [PMID: 25303804 PMCID: PMC4197230 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a response to caterpillar feeding, poplar releases a complex mixture of volatiles which comprises several classes of compounds. Poplar volatiles have been reported to function as signals in plant-insect interactions and intra- and inter-plant communication. Although the volatile blend is dominated by mono- and sesquiterpenes, there is much to be learned about their formation in poplar. RESULTS Here we report the terpene synthase (TPS) gene family of western balsam poplar (Populus trichocarpa) consisting of 38 members. Eleven TPS genes (PtTPS5-15) could be isolated from gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar)-damaged P. trichocarpa leaves and heterologous expression in Escherichia coli revealed TPS activity for ten of the encoded enzymes. Analysis of TPS transcript abundance in herbivore-damaged leaves and undamaged control leaves showed that seven of the genes, PtTPS6, PtTPS7, PtTPS9, PtTPS10, PtTPS12, PtTPS13 and PtTPS15, were significantly upregulated after herbivory. Gypsy moth-feeding on individual leaves of P. trichocarpa trees resulted in induced volatile emission from damaged leaves, but not from undamaged adjacent leaves. Moreover, the concentration of jasmonic acid and its isoleucine conjugates as well as PtTPS6 gene expression were exclusively increased in the damaged leaves, suggesting that no systemic induction occurred within the tree. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that the formation of herbivore-induced volatile terpenes in P. trichocarpa is mainly regulated by transcript accumulation of multiple TPS genes and is likely mediated by jasmonates. The specific local emission of volatiles from herbivore-damaged leaves might help herbivore enemies to find their hosts or prey in the tree canopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Irmisch
- />Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Yifan Jiang
- />Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN37996, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- />Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN37996, USA
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- />Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- />Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
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Chen H, Li G, Köllner TG, Jia Q, Gershenzon J, Chen F. Positive Darwinian selection is a driving force for the diversification of terpenoid biosynthesis in the genus Oryza. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:239. [PMID: 25224158 PMCID: PMC4172859 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terpenoids constitute the largest class of secondary metabolites made by plants and display vast chemical diversity among and within species. Terpene synthases (TPSs) are the pivotal enzymes for terpenoid biosynthesis that create the basic carbon skeletons of this class. Functional divergence of paralogous and orthologous TPS genes is a major mechanism for the diversification of terpenoid biosynthesis. However, little is known about the evolutionary forces that have shaped the evolution of plant TPS genes leading to terpenoid diversity. RESULTS The orthologs of Oryza Terpene Synthase 1 (OryzaTPS1), a rice terpene synthase gene involved in indirect defense against insects in Oryza sativa, were cloned from six additional Oryza species. In vitro biochemical analysis showed that the enzymes encoded by these OryzaTPS1 genes functioned either as (E)-β-caryophyllene synthases (ECS), or (E)-β-caryophyllene & germacrene A synthases (EGS), or germacrene D & germacrene A synthases (DAS). Because the orthologs of OryzaTPS1 in maize and sorghum function as ECS, the ECS activity was inferred to be ancestral. Molecular evolutionary detected the signature of positive Darwinian selection in five codon substitutions in the evolution from ECS to DAS. Homology-based structure modeling and the biochemical analysis of laboratory-generated protein variants validated the contribution of the five positively selected sites to functional divergence of OryzaTPS1. The changes in the in vitro product spectra of OryzaTPS1 proteins also correlated closely to the changes in in vivo blends of volatile terpenes released from insect-damaged rice plants. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we found that positive Darwinian selection is a driving force for the functional divergence of OryzaTPS1. This finding suggests that the diverged sesquiterpene blend produced by the Oryza species containing DAS may be adaptive, likely in the attraction of the natural enemies of insect herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- />Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
- />Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
| | - Guanglin Li
- />Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
- />College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710062 China
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- />Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Qidong Jia
- />Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- />Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Feng Chen
- />Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
- />Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
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Clavijo McCormick A, Irmisch S, Reinecke A, Boeckler GA, Veit D, Reichelt M, Hansson BS, Gershenzon J, Köllner TG, Unsicker SB. Herbivore-induced volatile emission in black poplar: regulation and role in attracting herbivore enemies. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1909-23. [PMID: 24471487 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
After herbivory, plants release volatile organic compounds from damaged foliage as well as from nearby undamaged leaves that attract herbivore enemies. Little is known about what controls the volatile emission differences between damaged and undamaged tissues and how these affect the orientation of herbivore enemies. We investigated volatile emission from damaged and adjacent undamaged foliage of black poplar (Populus nigra) after herbivory by gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) caterpillars and determined the compounds mediating the attraction of the gypsy moth parasitoid Glyptapanteles liparidis (Braconidae). Female parasitoids were more attracted to gypsy moth-damaged leaves than to adjacent non-damaged leaves. The most characteristic volatiles of damaged versus neighbouring undamaged leaves included terpenes, green leaf volatiles and nitrogen-containing compounds, such as aldoximes and nitriles. Electrophysiological recordings and olfactometer bioassays demonstrated the importance of nitrogenous volatiles. Under field conditions, parasitic Hymenoptera were more attracted to traps baited with these substances than most other compounds. The differences in volatile emission profiles between damaged and undamaged foliage appear to be regulated by jasmonate signalling and the local activation of volatile biosynthesis. We conclude that characteristic volatiles from damaged black poplar foliage are essential cues enabling parasitoids to find their hosts.
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Spyropoulou EA, Haring MA, Schuurink RC. Expression of Terpenoids 1, a glandular trichome-specific transcription factor from tomato that activates the terpene synthase 5 promoter. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 84:345-57. [PMID: 24142382 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Terpene biosynthesis in tomato glandular trichomes has been well studied, with most if not all terpene synthases (TPSs) being identified. However, transcription factors (TFs) that regulate TPSs have not yet been discovered from tomato. In order to unravel the transcriptional regulation of the Solanum lycopersicum linalool synthase (SlMTS1, recently renamed SlTPS5) gene in glandular trichomes, we functionally dissected its promoter. A 207 bp fragment containing the minimal promoter and the 5'UTR appeared to be sufficient for trichome-specific expression in transgenic plants. Yeast-one-hybrid screens with this fragment identified a glandular trichome-specific transcription factor, designated Expression of Terpenoids 1 (SlEOT1). SlEOT1 is a member of a conserved family of TFs that includes the Arabidopsis Stylish 1 (AtSTY1) and Short Internode (AtSHI) genes. The EOT1 protein localized to the nucleus and specifically transactivated the SlTPS5 promoter in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni A Spyropoulou
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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56
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Irmisch S, Clavijo McCormick A, Boeckler GA, Schmidt A, Reichelt M, Schneider B, Block K, Schnitzler JP, Gershenzon J, Unsicker SB, Köllner TG. Two herbivore-induced cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP79D6 and CYP79D7 catalyze the formation of volatile aldoximes involved in poplar defense. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4737-54. [PMID: 24220631 PMCID: PMC3875747 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.118265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Aldoximes are known as floral and vegetative plant volatiles but also as biosynthetic intermediates for other plant defense compounds. While the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP) from the CYP79 family forming aldoximes as biosynthetic intermediates have been intensively studied, little is known about the enzymology of volatile aldoxime formation. We characterized two P450 enzymes, CYP79D6v3 and CYP79D7v2, which are involved in herbivore-induced aldoxime formation in western balsam poplar (Populus trichocarpa). Heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that both enzymes produce a mixture of different aldoximes. Knockdown lines of CYP79D6/7 in gray poplar (Populus × canescens) exhibited a decreased emission of aldoximes, nitriles, and alcohols, emphasizing that the CYP79s catalyze the first step in the formation of a complex volatile blend. Aldoxime emission was found to be restricted to herbivore-damaged leaves and is closely correlated with CYP79D6 and CYP79D7 gene expression. The semi-volatile phenylacetaldoxime decreased survival and weight gain of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) caterpillars, suggesting that aldoximes may be involved in direct defense. The wide distribution of volatile aldoximes throughout the plant kingdom and the presence of CYP79 genes in all sequenced genomes of angiosperms suggest that volatile formation mediated by CYP79s is a general phenomenon in the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Irmisch
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Axel Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Schneider
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Katja Block
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Ali M, Sugimoto K, Ramadan A, Arimura GI. Memory of plant communications for priming anti-herbivore responses. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1872. [PMID: 23695148 PMCID: PMC3660719 DOI: 10.1038/srep01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The emission of a specific blend of volatiles in response to Mythimna separata (herbivore-induced plant volatiles, HIPVs) plays a great ecological role by priming neighbouring plants. Maize plants placed downwind of infested, conspecific plants showed reduced larval development not only immediately after exposure to HIPVs but also when receiver plants were tested after a time lag of up to 5 days, compared to those exposed to volatiles from uninfested plants and tested after the same time lag. The molecular basis of this plant memory was, in part, the similarly recalled expression of a Bowman-Birk type trypsin inhibitor (TI) gene, in a jasmonic acid induction-independent manner. Moreover, in the promoter region of TI, a suite of methylation sites was found to be demethylated by the HIPV treatment. These findings provide an innovative mechanism for the epigenetic basis of the memory of HIPV-mediated habituation for plant defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu 520-2113, Japan
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58
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Sugimoto K, Arimura GI. Maize plants prime anti-herbivore responses by the memorizing and recalling of airborne information in their genome. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:doi: 10.4161/psb.25796. [PMID: 23887489 PMCID: PMC4091119 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Intact maize plants prime for defensive action against herbivory in response to herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HI PVs) emitted from caterpillar-infested conspecific plants. The recent research showed that the primed defense in receiver plants that had been exposed to HI PVs was maintained for at least 5 d after exposure. Herbivory triggered the receiver plants to enhance the expression of a defense gene for trypsin inhibitor (TI ). At the upstream sequence of a TI gene, non-methylated cytosine residues were observed in the genome of HI PV-exposed plants more frequently than in that of healthy plant volatile-exposed plants. These findings provide an innovative mechanism for the memory of HI PV-mediated habituation for plant defense. This mechanism and further innovations for priming of defenses via plant communications will contribute to the development of plant volatile-based pest management methods in agriculture and horticulture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Sugimoto
- Center for Ecological Research; Kyoto University; Otsu, Japan
| | - Gen-Ichiro Arimura
- Department of Biological Science & Technology; Faculty of Industrial Science & Technology; Tokyo University of Science; Tokyo, Japan
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59
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Herbivore species, infestation time, and herbivore density affect induced volatiles in tea plants. CHEMOECOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-013-0141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Zapata F, Fine PVA. Diversification of the monoterpene synthase gene family (TPSb) in Protium, a highly diverse genus of tropical trees. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 68:432-42. [PMID: 23665037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plant monoterpenes are a diverse class of secondary metabolites mediating biotic and abiotic interactions with direct effects on plant fitness. To evaluate the hypothesis that monoterpene diversity is related to functional diversification after gene duplication, we reconstructed the evolutionary history of monoterpene synthases (TPSb)--the genes underlying monoterpene synthesis--in Protium, a taxonomically and chemically diverse genus of tropical trees. We isolated multiple copies of TPSb genes from chemically divergent Protium species, reconstructed the phylogeny of this gene family, used maximum-likelihood estimation of selection coefficients, and inferred residues evolving under positive selection. We found evidence for one ancient and multiple more recent duplication events giving rise to three, and potentially five, copies of TPSb genes currently present in Protium. There was evidence for adaptive evolution in one copy with a positively selected residue likely involved in protein folding and product specificity. All other copies were inferred to be evolving under a combination of stabilizing and/or relaxed selection. Although gene copy number is consistent with the extensive phenotypic diversity in monoterpenes shown in Protium, selection analyses suggest that not all copies are undergoing divergent selection consistent with a coevolutionary arms race with enemies, but instead may be under stabilizing and relaxed selection consistent with signaling or physiological stress functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Zapata
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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61
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Pecetti L, Tava A, Romani M, Cecotti R, Mella M. Variation in terpene and linear-chain hydrocarbon content in yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) germplasm from the Rhaetian Alps, Italy. Chem Biodivers 2013; 9:2282-94. [PMID: 23081927 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) is a herbaceous species common in the Alpine region of Europe and used in folk medicine since antiquity. Its organs are rich in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, two subclasses of plant terpenoids with relevant ecological significance, which were reported as valuable markers for the traceability of mountain dairy products. The variability in chemical composition of yarrow germplasm may be related with its genetic diversity, accounting for possible differences in medical properties, and supporting its use as a specific territorial marker. Aim of this work was to assess the leaf chemical composition of 16 yarrow populations collected at altitudes exceeding 1600 m in three valleys of the Rhaetian Alps, Italy, and jointly evaluated in a lowland site. The most abundant compounds detected generally differed from those of the germplasm from other countries. A trend of valley-specific pattern of composition was evident. However, the variability among individual populations was even more remarkable, regardless of their valley of origin. The concentrations of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, and oxygenated sesquiterpenes discriminated the populations in multivariate analysis. A few prevailing chemotypes were characterized, which differed from those previously reported in the literature. The geographic isolation from other germplasms, and the local ecotypization, likely originated a chemically distinct gene pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Pecetti
- CRA-FLC Centro di Ricerca per le Produzioni Foraggere e Lattiero-Casearie, viale Piacenza 29, I-26900 Lodi, Italy.
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Nieuwenhuizen NJ, Green SA, Chen X, Bailleul EJ, Matich AJ, Wang MY, Atkinson RG. Functional genomics reveals that a compact terpene synthase gene family can account for terpene volatile production in apple. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:787-804. [PMID: 23256150 PMCID: PMC3561019 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.208249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes are specialized plant metabolites that act as attractants to pollinators and as defensive compounds against pathogens and herbivores, but they also play an important role in determining the quality of horticultural food products. We show that the genome of cultivated apple (Malus domestica) contains 55 putative terpene synthase (TPS) genes, of which only 10 are predicted to be functional. This low number of predicted functional TPS genes compared with other plant species was supported by the identification of only eight potentially functional TPS enzymes in apple 'Royal Gala' expressed sequence tag databases, including the previously characterized apple (E,E)-α-farnesene synthase. In planta functional characterization of these TPS enzymes showed that they could account for the majority of terpene volatiles produced in cv Royal Gala, including the sesquiterpenes germacrene-D and (E)-β-caryophyllene, the monoterpenes linalool and α-pinene, and the homoterpene (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene. Relative expression analysis of the TPS genes indicated that floral and vegetative tissues were the primary sites of terpene production in cv Royal Gala. However, production of cv Royal Gala floral-specific terpenes and TPS genes was observed in the fruit of some heritage apple cultivars. Our results suggest that the apple TPS gene family has been shaped by a combination of ancestral and more recent genome-wide duplication events. The relatively small number of functional enzymes suggests that the remaining terpenes produced in floral and vegetative and fruit tissues are maintained under a positive selective pressure, while the small number of terpenes found in the fruit of modern cultivars may be related to commercial breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiuyin Chen
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
| | - Estelle J.D. Bailleul
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
| | - Adam J. Matich
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
| | - Mindy Y. Wang
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
| | - Ross G. Atkinson
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
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Paterson A, Kassim A, McCallum S, Woodhead M, Smith K, Zait D, Graham J. Environmental and seasonal influences on red raspberry flavour volatiles and identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and candidate genes. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2013; 126:33-48. [PMID: 22890807 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-012-1957-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Raspberry volatiles are important for perceptions of sensory quality, mould resistance and some have nutraceutical activities. Twelve raspberry character volatiles were quantified, 11 of them in fruit from two seasons, from plants from the Glen Moy × Latham mapping population growing in both open field and under cover (polytunnels). Effects of season and environment were examined for their impact on the content of α-ionone, α-ionol, β-ionone, β-damascenone, linalool, geraniol, benzyl alcohol, (Z)-3-hexenol, acetoin, acetic and hexanoic acids, whilst raspberry ketone was measured in one season. A significant variation was observed in fruit volatiles in all progeny between seasons and method of cultivation. Quantitative trait loci were determined and mapped to six of the seven linkage groups, as were candidate genes in the volatiles pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Paterson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
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Ghirardo A, Heller W, Fladung M, Schnitzler JP, Schroeder H. Function of defensive volatiles in pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) is tricked by the moth Tortrix viridana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:2192-207. [PMID: 22632165 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The indirect defences of plants are comprised of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that among other things attract the natural enemies of insects. However, the actual extent of the benefits of HIPV emissions in complex co-evolved plant-herbivore systems is only poorly understood. The observation that a few Quercus robur L. trees constantly tolerated (T-oaks) infestation by a major pest of oaks (Tortrix viridana L.), compared with heavily defoliated trees (susceptible: S-oaks), lead us to a combined biochemical and behavioural study. We used these evidently different phenotypes to analyse whether the resistance of T-oaks to the herbivore was dependent on the amount and scent of HIPVs and/or differences in non-volatile polyphenolic leaf constituents (as quercetin-, kaempferol- and flavonol glycosides). In addition to non-volatile metabolic differences, typically defensive HIPV emissions differed between S-oaks and T-oaks. Female moths were attracted by the blend of HIPVs from S-oaks, showing significantly higher amounts of (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT) and (E)-β-ocimene and avoid T-oaks with relative high fraction of the sesquiterpenes α-farnesene and germacrene D. Hence, the strategy of T-oaks exhibiting directly herbivore-repellent HIPV emissions instead of high emissions of predator-attracting HIPVs of the S-oaks appears to be the better mechanism for avoiding defoliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ghirardo
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Tang R, Zhang JP, Zhang ZN. Electrophysiological and behavioral responses of male fall webworm moths (Hyphantria cunea) to Herbivory-induced mulberry (Morus alba) leaf volatiles. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49256. [PMID: 23166622 PMCID: PMC3498160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were collected from damaged and intact mulberry leaves (Morus alba L., Moraceae) and from Hyphantria cunea larvae by headspace absorption with Super Q columns. We identified their constituents using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and evaluated the responses of male H. cunea antennae to the compounds using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection coupled with electroantennographic detection. Eleven VOC constituents were found to stimulate antennae of male H. cunea moths: β-ocimene, hexanal, cis-3-hexenal, limonene, trans-2-hexenal, cyclohexanone, cis-2-penten-1-ol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, trans-3-hexen-1-ol, and 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanol. Nine of these chemicals were released by intact, mechanically-damaged, and herbivore-damaged leaves, while cis-2-penten-1-ol was released only by intact and mechanically-damaged leaves and β-ocimene was released only by herbivore-damaged leaves. Results from wind tunnel experiments conducted with volatile components indicated that male moths were significantly more attracted to herbivory-induced volatiles than the solvent control. Furthermore, male moths' attraction to a sex pheromone lure was increased by herbivory-induced compounds and β-ocimene, but reduced by cis-2-penten-1-ol. A proof long-range field trapping experiment showed that the efficiency of sex pheromone lures in trapping male moths was increased by β-ocimene and reduced by cis-2-penten-1-ol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (GUCAS), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Jelínková H, Tremblay F, Desrochers A. Herbivore-simulated induction of defenses in clonal networks of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 32:1348-1356. [PMID: 23065192 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tps094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) as a clonal tree species possesses a complex root system through which trees of the same or different clones are connected. Root connections have been studied with respect to resource sharing, but the nature, quantities or extent of what is shared between trees is relatively unknown. In this study, we posed the hypothesis that systemic defense induction signals could also spread through these root networks and trigger defenses in neighboring ramets before arrival of pests. Temporal expression pattern of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) and dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR) genes, two markers of poplar defense, was followed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The expression was quantified in systemic leaves of wounded and healthy plants that shared the same parental root and in untreated controls grown in separate pots. Untreated interconnected plants did not show induced resistance upon herbivore-simulated attack. Although wound-treated ramets induced defense genes, untreated interconnected plants produced an expression pattern similar to non-connected controls. Root connections do not automatically lead to induction of defensive traits that are expressed in plants directly under damage thought to simulate herbivory. Rather, it seems that other communication means such as airborne volatiles can serve as signal transmission pathways among neighboring plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Jelínková
- University of Quebec in Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 445 boulevard de l'Université, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, Canada J9X 5E4
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Escalante-Pérez M, Jaborsky M, Lautner S, Fromm J, Müller T, Dittrich M, Kunert M, Boland W, Hedrich R, Ache P. Poplar extrafloral nectaries: two types, two strategies of indirect defenses against herbivores. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1176-91. [PMID: 22573802 PMCID: PMC3387703 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.196014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Many plant species grow extrafloral nectaries and produce nectar to attract carnivore arthropods as defenders against herbivores. Two nectary types that evolved with Populus trichocarpa (Ptr) and Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides (Ptt) were studied from their ecology down to the genes and molecules. Both nectary types strongly differ in morphology, nectar composition and mode of secretion, and defense strategy. In Ptt, nectaries represent constitutive organs with continuous merocrine nectar flow, nectary appearance, nectar production, and flow. In contrast, Ptr nectaries were found to be holocrine and inducible. Neither mechanical wounding nor the application of jasmonic acid, but infestation by sucking insects, induced Ptr nectar secretion. Thus, nectaries of Ptr and Ptt seem to answer the same threat by the use of different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silke Lautner
- University Würzburg, Biozentrum, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany (M.E.-P., M.J., R.H., P.A.)
- University Hamburg, Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, D–21031 Hamburg, Germany (S.L., J.F.)
- University Würzburg, Bioinformatics Department, Am Hubland/Biozentrum, D–97074 Wuerzburg, Germany (T.M., M.D.)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (M.K., W.B.); and
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (R.H.)
| | - Jörg Fromm
- University Würzburg, Biozentrum, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany (M.E.-P., M.J., R.H., P.A.)
- University Hamburg, Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, D–21031 Hamburg, Germany (S.L., J.F.)
- University Würzburg, Bioinformatics Department, Am Hubland/Biozentrum, D–97074 Wuerzburg, Germany (T.M., M.D.)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (M.K., W.B.); and
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (R.H.)
| | - Tobias Müller
- University Würzburg, Biozentrum, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany (M.E.-P., M.J., R.H., P.A.)
- University Hamburg, Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, D–21031 Hamburg, Germany (S.L., J.F.)
- University Würzburg, Bioinformatics Department, Am Hubland/Biozentrum, D–97074 Wuerzburg, Germany (T.M., M.D.)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (M.K., W.B.); and
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (R.H.)
| | - Marcus Dittrich
- University Würzburg, Biozentrum, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany (M.E.-P., M.J., R.H., P.A.)
- University Hamburg, Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, D–21031 Hamburg, Germany (S.L., J.F.)
- University Würzburg, Bioinformatics Department, Am Hubland/Biozentrum, D–97074 Wuerzburg, Germany (T.M., M.D.)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (M.K., W.B.); and
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (R.H.)
| | - Maritta Kunert
- University Würzburg, Biozentrum, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany (M.E.-P., M.J., R.H., P.A.)
- University Hamburg, Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, D–21031 Hamburg, Germany (S.L., J.F.)
- University Würzburg, Bioinformatics Department, Am Hubland/Biozentrum, D–97074 Wuerzburg, Germany (T.M., M.D.)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (M.K., W.B.); and
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (R.H.)
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- University Würzburg, Biozentrum, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany (M.E.-P., M.J., R.H., P.A.)
- University Hamburg, Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, D–21031 Hamburg, Germany (S.L., J.F.)
- University Würzburg, Bioinformatics Department, Am Hubland/Biozentrum, D–97074 Wuerzburg, Germany (T.M., M.D.)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (M.K., W.B.); and
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (R.H.)
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- University Würzburg, Biozentrum, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany (M.E.-P., M.J., R.H., P.A.)
- University Hamburg, Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, D–21031 Hamburg, Germany (S.L., J.F.)
- University Würzburg, Bioinformatics Department, Am Hubland/Biozentrum, D–97074 Wuerzburg, Germany (T.M., M.D.)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (M.K., W.B.); and
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (R.H.)
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Li T, Holopainen JK, Kokko H, Tervahauta AI, Blande JD. Herbivore-induced aspen volatiles temporally regulate two different indirect defences in neighbouring plants. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.01984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Yuan Y, Song L, Li M, Liu G, Chu Y, Ma L, Zhou Y, Wang X, Gao W, Qin S, Yu J, Wang X, Huang L. Genetic variation and metabolic pathway intricacy govern the active compound content and quality of the Chinese medicinal plant Lonicera japonica thunb. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:195. [PMID: 22607188 PMCID: PMC3443457 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traditional Chinese medicine uses various herbs for the treatment of various diseases for thousands of years and it is now time to assess the characteristics and effectiveness of these medicinal plants based on modern genetic and molecular tools. The herb Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (FLJ or Lonicera japonica Thunb.) is used as an anti-inflammatory agent but the chemical quality of FLJ and its medicinal efficacy has not been consistent. Here, we analyzed the transcriptomes and metabolic pathways to evaluate the active medicinal compounds in FLJ and hope that this approach can be used for a variety of medicinal herbs in the future. Results We assess transcriptomic differences between FLJ and L. japonica Thunb. var. chinensis (Watts) (rFLJ), which may explain the variable medicinal effects. We acquired transcriptomic data (over 100 million reads) from the two herbs, using RNA-seq method and the Illumina GAII platform. The transcriptomic profiles contain over 6,000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) for each of the three flower development stages from FLJ, as well as comparable amount of ESTs from the rFLJ flower bud. To elucidate enzymatic divergence on biosynthetic pathways between the two varieties, we correlated genes and their expression profiles to known metabolic activities involving the relevant active compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and fatty acids. We also analyzed the diversification of genes that process the active compounds to distinguish orthologs and paralogs together with the pathways concerning biosynthesis of phenolic acid and its connections with other related pathways. Conclusions Our study provides both an initial description of gene expression profiles in flowers of FLJ and its counterfeit rFLJ and the enzyme pool that can be used to evaluate FLJ quality. Detailed molecular-level analyses allow us to decipher the relationship between metabolic pathways involved in processing active medicinal compounds and gene expressions of their processing enzymes. Our evolutionary analysis revealed specific functional divergence of orthologs and paralogs, which lead to variation in gene functions that govern the profile of active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Genomics for Dao-di Herbs, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Clavijo McCormick A, Unsicker SB, Gershenzon J. The specificity of herbivore-induced plant volatiles in attracting herbivore enemies. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:303-10. [PMID: 22503606 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to herbivore attack by emitting complex mixtures of volatile compounds that attract herbivore enemies, both predators and parasitoids. Here, we explore whether these mixtures provide significant value as information cues in herbivore enemy attraction. Our survey indicates that blends of volatiles released from damaged plants are frequently specific depending on the type of herbivore and its age, abundance and feeding guild. The sensory perception of plant volatiles by herbivore enemies is also specific, according to the latest evidence from studies of insect olfaction. Thus, enemies do exploit the detailed information provided by plant volatile mixtures in searching for their prey or hosts, but this varies with the diet breadth of the enemy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Clavijo McCormick
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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Holopainen JK. Can forest trees compensate for stress-generated growth losses by induced production of volatile compounds? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 31:1356-77. [PMID: 22112623 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Under abiotic and biotic stresses, the number and amount of produced compounds can increase. Due to their long life span and large size, trees can produce biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) in much higher amounts than many other plants. It has been suggested that at cellular and tree physiological levels, induced production of VOCs is aimed at improving plant resistance to damage by reactive oxygen species generated by multiple abiotic stresses. In the few reported cases when biosynthesis of plant volatiles is inhibited or enhanced, the observed response to stress can be attributed to plant volatiles. Reported increase, e.g., in photosynthesis has mostly ranged between 5 and 50%. A comprehensive model to explain similar induction of VOCs under multiple biotic stresses is not yet available. As a result of pathogen or herbivore attack on forest trees, the induced production of VOCs is localized to the damage site but systemic induction of emissions has also been detected. These volatiles can affect fungal pathogens and the arrival rate of herbivorous insects on damaged trees, but also act as signalling compounds to maintain the trophic cascades that may improve tree fitness by improved efficiency of herbivore natural enemies. On the forest scale, biotic induction of VOC synthesis and release leads to an amplified flow of BVOCs in atmospheric reactions, which in atmospheres rich in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) results in ozone formation, and in low NOx atmospheres results in oxidation of VOCs, removal in ozone from the troposphere and the resulting formation of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles. I will summarize recent advances in the understanding of stress-induced VOC emissions from trees, with special focus on Populus spp. Particular importance is given to the ecological and atmospheric feedback systems based on BVOCs and biogenic SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmo K Holopainen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Bleeker PM, Spyropoulou EA, Diergaarde PJ, Volpin H, De Both MTJ, Zerbe P, Bohlmann J, Falara V, Matsuba Y, Pichersky E, Haring MA, Schuurink RC. RNA-seq discovery, functional characterization, and comparison of sesquiterpene synthases from Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum habrochaites trichomes. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 77:323-36. [PMID: 21818683 PMCID: PMC3193516 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9813-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum habrochaites (f. typicum) accession PI127826 emit a variety of sesquiterpenes. To identify terpene synthases involved in the production of these volatile sesquiterpenes, we used massive parallel pyrosequencing (RNA-seq) to obtain the transcriptome of the stem trichomes from these plants. This approach resulted initially in the discovery of six sesquiterpene synthase cDNAs from S. lycopersicum and five from S. habrochaites. Searches of other databases and the S. lycopersicum genome resulted in the discovery of two additional sesquiterpene synthases expressed in trichomes. The sesquiterpene synthases from S. lycopersicum and S. habrochaites have high levels of protein identity. Several of them appeared to encode for non-functional proteins. Functional recombinant proteins produced germacrenes, β-caryophyllene/α-humulene, viridiflorene and valencene from (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate. However, the activities of these enzymes do not completely explain the differences in sesquiterpene production between the two tomato plants. RT-qPCR confirmed high levels of expression of most of the S. lycopersicum sesquiterpene synthases in stem trichomes. In addition, one sesquiterpene synthase was induced by jasmonic acid, while another appeared to be slightly repressed by the treatment. Our data provide a foundation to study the evolution of terpene synthases in cultivated and wild tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra M. Bleeker
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- KeyGene NV, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eleni A. Spyropoulou
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Philipp Zerbe
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 321, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 321, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Vasiliki Falara
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048 USA
| | - Yuki Matsuba
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048 USA
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048 USA
| | - Michel A. Haring
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C. Schuurink
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Falara V, Akhtar TA, Nguyen TT, Spyropoulou EA, Bleeker PM, Schauvinhold I, Matsuba Y, Bonini ME, Schilmiller AL, Last RL, Schuurink RC, Pichersky E. The tomato terpene synthase gene family. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:770-89. [PMID: 21813655 PMCID: PMC3192577 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.179648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Compounds of the terpenoid class play numerous roles in the interactions of plants with their environment, such as attracting pollinators and defending the plant against pests. We show here that the genome of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) contains 44 terpene synthase (TPS) genes, including 29 that are functional or potentially functional. Of these 29 TPS genes, 26 were expressed in at least some organs or tissues of the plant. The enzymatic functions of eight of the TPS proteins were previously reported, and here we report the specific in vitro catalytic activity of 10 additional tomato terpene synthases. Many of the tomato TPS genes are found in clusters, notably on chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 8, and 10. All TPS family clades previously identified in angiosperms are also present in tomato. The largest clade of functional TPS genes found in tomato, with 12 members, is the TPS-a clade, and it appears to encode only sesquiterpene synthases, one of which is localized to the mitochondria, while the rest are likely cytosolic. A few additional sesquiterpene synthases are encoded by TPS-b clade genes. Some of the tomato sesquiterpene synthases use z,z-farnesyl diphosphate in vitro as well, or more efficiently than, the e,e-farnesyl diphosphate substrate. Genes encoding monoterpene synthases are also prevalent, and they fall into three clades: TPS-b, TPS-g, and TPS-e/f. With the exception of two enzymes involved in the synthesis of ent-kaurene, the precursor of gibberellins, no other tomato TPS genes could be demonstrated to encode diterpene synthases so far.
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Tholl D, Sohrabi R, Huh JH, Lee S. The biochemistry of homoterpenes--common constituents of floral and herbivore-induced plant volatile bouquets. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1635-46. [PMID: 21334702 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds emitted by plants mediate a variety of interactions between plants and other organisms. The irregular acyclic homoterpenes, 4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene (DMNT) and 4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene (TMTT), are among the most widespread volatiles produced by angiosperms with emissions from flowers and from vegetative tissues upon herbivore feeding. Special attention has been placed on the role of homoterpenes in attracting parasitoids and predators of herbivores and has sparked interest in engineering homoterpene formation to improve biological pest control. The biosynthesis of DMNT and TMTT proceeds in two enzymatic steps: the formation of the tertiary C₁₅₋, and C₂₀₋ alcohols, (E)-nerolidol and (E,E)-geranyl linalool, respectively, catalyzed by terpene synthases, and the subsequent oxidative degradation of both alcohols by a single cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450). In Arabidopsis thaliana, the herbivore-induced biosynthesis of TMTT is catalyzed by the concerted activities of the (E,E)-geranyllinalool synthase, AtGES, and CYP82G1, a P450 of the so far uncharacterized plant CYP82 family. TMTT formation is in part controlled at the level of AtGES expression. Co-expression of AtGES with CYP82G1 at wound sites allows for an efficient conversion of the alcohol intermediate. The identified homoterpene biosynthesis genes in Arabidopsis and related genes from other plant species provide tools to engineer homoterpene formation and to address questions of the regulation and specific activities of homoterpenes in plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, 408 Latham Hall, AgQuad Lane, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Danner H, Boeckler GA, Irmisch S, Yuan JS, Chen F, Gershenzon J, Unsicker SB, Köllner TG. Four terpene synthases produce major compounds of the gypsy moth feeding-induced volatile blend of Populus trichocarpa. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:897-908. [PMID: 21492885 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
After herbivore damage, many plants increase their emission of volatile compounds, with terpenes usually comprising the major group of induced volatiles. Populus trichocarpa is the first woody species with a fully sequenced genome, enabling rapid molecular approaches towards characterization of volatile terpene biosynthesis in this and other poplar species. We identified and characterized four terpene synthases (PtTPS1-4) from P. trichocarpa which form major terpene compounds of the volatile blend induced by gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) feeding. The enzymes were heterologously expressed and assayed with potential prenyl diphosphate substrates. PtTPS1 and PtTPS2 accepted only farnesyl diphosphate and produced (-)-germacrene D and (E,E)-α-farnesene as their major products, respectively. In contrast, PtTPS3 and PtTPS4 showed both mono- and sesquiterpene synthase activity. They produce the acyclic terpene alcohols linalool and nerolidol but exhibited opposite stereospecificity. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of the respective terpene synthase genes was induced after feeding of gypsy moth caterpillars. The TPS enzyme products may play important roles in indirect defense of poplar to herbivores and in mediating intra- and inter-plant signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Danner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - G Andreas Boeckler
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Irmisch
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Joshua S Yuan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sybille B Unsicker
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Beyaert I, Köpke D, Stiller J, Hammerbacher A, Yoneya K, Schmidt A, Gershenzon J, Hilker M. Can insect egg deposition 'warn' a plant of future feeding damage by herbivorous larvae? Proc Biol Sci 2011; 279:101-8. [PMID: 21561977 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant anti-herbivore defence is inducible by both insect feeding and egg deposition. However, little is known about the ability of insect eggs to induce defences directed not against the eggs themselves, but against larvae that subsequently hatch from the eggs. We studied how oviposition (OP) by the sawfly Diprion pini on Pinus sylvestris foliage affects the plant's defensive potential against sawfly larvae. Larvae that initiated their development on P. sylvestris twigs on which they hatched from eggs gained less weight and suffered higher mortality than those fed on egg-free twigs. The poor performance of these larvae also affected the next herbivore generation since fecundity of resulting females was lower than that of females which spent their larval development on egg-free pine. Transcript levels of P. sylvestris sesquiterpene synthases (PsTPS1, PsTPS2) were increased by D. pini OP, reached their highest levels just before larval hatching, and decreased when larvae started to feed. However, concentrations of terpenoid and phenolic metabolites presumed to act as feeding deterrents or toxins for herbivores did not change significantly after OP and feeding. Nevertheless, our performance data suggest that insect egg deposition may act to 'warn' a plant of upcoming feeding damage by larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Beyaert
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Strasse 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany
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78
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Chen F, Tholl D, Bohlmann J, Pichersky E. The family of terpene synthases in plants: a mid-size family of genes for specialized metabolism that is highly diversified throughout the kingdom. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 66:212-29. [PMID: 21443633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 778] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Some plant terpenes such as sterols and carotenes are part of primary metabolism and found essentially in all plants. However, the majority of the terpenes found in plants are classified as 'secondary' compounds, those chemicals whose synthesis has evolved in plants as a result of selection for increased fitness via better adaptation to the local ecological niche of each species. Thousands of such terpenes have been found in the plant kingdom, but each species is capable of synthesizing only a small fraction of this total. In plants, a family of terpene synthases (TPSs) is responsible for the synthesis of the various terpene molecules from two isomeric 5-carbon precursor 'building blocks', leading to 5-carbon isoprene, 10-carbon monoterpenes, 15-carbon sesquiterpenes and 20-carbon diterpenes. The bryophyte Physcomitrella patens has a single TPS gene, copalyl synthase/kaurene synthase (CPS/KS), encoding a bifunctional enzyme producing ent-kaurene, which is a precursor of gibberellins. The genome of the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii contains 18 TPS genes, and the genomes of some model angiosperms and gymnosperms contain 40-152 TPS genes, not all of them functional and most of the functional ones having lost activity in either the CPS- or KS-type domains. TPS genes are generally divided into seven clades, with some plant lineages having a majority of their TPS genes in one or two clades, indicating lineage-specific expansion of specific types of genes. Evolutionary plasticity is evident in the TPS family, with closely related enzymes differing in their product profiles, subcellular localization, or the in planta substrates they use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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79
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Eco-evolutionary dynamics in herbivorous insect communities mediated by induced plant responses. POPUL ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-010-0253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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80
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Herbivore-induced and floral homoterpene volatiles are biosynthesized by a single P450 enzyme (CYP82G1) in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:21205-10. [PMID: 21088219 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1009975107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpene volatiles play important roles in plant-organism interactions as attractants of pollinators or as defense compounds against herbivores. Among the most common plant volatiles are homoterpenes, which are often emitted from night-scented flowers and from aerial tissues upon herbivore attack. Homoterpene volatiles released from herbivore-damaged tissue are thought to contribute to indirect plant defense by attracting natural enemies of pests. Moreover, homoterpenes have been demonstrated to induce defensive responses in plant-plant interaction. Although early steps in the biosynthesis of homoterpenes have been elucidated, the identity of the enzyme responsible for the direct formation of these volatiles has remained unknown. Here, we demonstrate that CYP82G1 (At3g25180), a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase of the Arabidopsis CYP82 family, is responsible for the breakdown of the C(20)-precursor (E,E)-geranyllinalool to the insect-induced C(16)-homoterpene (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene (TMTT). Recombinant CYP82G1 shows narrow substrate specificity for (E,E)-geranyllinalool and its C(15)-analog (E)-nerolidol, which is converted to the respective C(11)-homoterpene (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT). Homology-based modeling and substrate docking support an oxidative bond cleavage of the alcohol substrate via syn-elimination of the polar head, together with an allylic C-5 hydrogen atom. CYP82G1 is constitutively expressed in Arabidopsis stems and inflorescences and shows highly coordinated herbivore-induced expression with geranyllinalool synthase in leaves depending on the F-box protein COI-1. CYP82G1 represents a unique characterized enzyme in the plant CYP82 family with a function as a DMNT/TMTT homoterpene synthase.
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81
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Philippe RN, Ralph SG, Mansfield SD, Bohlmann J. Transcriptome profiles of hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa × deltoides) reveal rapid changes in undamaged, systemic sink leaves after simulated feeding by forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 188:787-802. [PMID: 20955416 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
• Poplar has been established as a model tree system for genomic research of the response to biotic stresses. This study describes a series of induced transcriptome changes and the associated physiological characterization of local and systemic responses in hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa × deltoides) after simulated herbivory. • Responses were measured in local source (LSo), systemic source (SSo), and systemic sink (SSi) leaves following application of forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) oral secretions to mechanically wounded leaves. • Transcriptome analyses identified spatially and temporally dynamic, distinct patterns of local and systemic gene expression in LSo, SSo and SSi leaves. Galactinol synthase was strongly and rapidly upregulated in SSi leaves. Genome analyses and full-length cDNA cloning established an inventory of poplar galactinol synthases. Induced changes of galactinol and raffinose oligosaccharides were detected by anion-exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography. • The LSo leaves showed a rapid and strong transcriptome response compared with a weaker and slower response in adjacent SSo leaves. Surprisingly, the transcriptome response in distant, juvenile SSi leaves was faster and stronger than that observed in SSo leaves. Systemic transcriptome changes of SSi leaves have signatures of rapid change of metabolism and signaling, followed by later induction of defense genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N Philippe
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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82
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Martemyanov VV, Domrachev DV, Pavlushin SV, Belousova IA, Bakhvalov SA, Tkachev AV, Glupov VV. Induction of terpenoid synthesis in leaves of silver birch after defoliation caused by gypsy moth caterpillars. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2010; 435:407-410. [PMID: 21221895 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496610060104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V V Martemyanov
- Institute of Animal Systematics and Ecology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630091, Russia
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83
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Wu J, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Huang H, Folta KM, Lu J. Whole genome wide expression profiles of Vitis amurensis grape responding to downy mildew by using Solexa sequencing technology. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:234. [PMID: 21029438 PMCID: PMC3017854 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Downy mildew (DM), caused by pathogen Plasmopara viticola (PV) is the single most damaging disease of grapes (Vitis L.) worldwide. However, the mechanisms of the disease development in grapes are poorly understood. A method for estimating gene expression levels using Solexa sequencing of Type I restriction-endonuclease-generated cDNA fragments was used for deep sequencing the transcriptomes resulting from PV infected leaves of Vitis amurensis Rupr. cv. Zuoshan-1. Our goal is to identify genes that are involved in resistance to grape DM disease. RESULTS Approximately 8.5 million (M) 21-nt cDNA tags were sequenced in the cDNA library derived from PV pathogen-infected leaves, and about 7.5 M were sequenced from the cDNA library constructed from the control leaves. When annotated, a total of 15,249 putative genes were identified from the Solexa sequencing tags for the infection (INF) library and 14,549 for the control (CON) library. Comparative analysis between these two cDNA libraries showed about 0.9% of the unique tags increased by at least five-fold, and about 0.6% of the unique tags decreased more than five-fold in infected leaves, while 98.5% of the unique tags showed less than five-fold difference between the two samples. The expression levels of 12 differentially expressed genes were confirmed by Real-time RT-PCR and the trends observed agreed well with the Solexa expression profiles, although the degree of change was lower in amplitude. After pathway enrichment analysis, a set of significantly enriched pathways were identified for the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which associated with ribosome structure, photosynthesis, amino acid and sugar metabolism. CONCLUSIONS This study presented a series of candidate genes and pathways that may contribute to DM resistance in grapes, and illustrated that the Solexa-based tag-sequencing approach was a powerful tool for gene expression comparison between control and treated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Horticultural Sciences Department and the Graduate Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Yali Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huiqin Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hong Huang
- School of Information, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Kevin M Folta
- Horticultural Sciences Department and the Graduate Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jiang Lu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Center for Viticulture and Small Fruit Research, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32317, USA
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84
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Martin DM, Aubourg S, Schouwey MB, Daviet L, Schalk M, Toub O, Lund ST, Bohlmann J. Functional annotation, genome organization and phylogeny of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera) terpene synthase gene family based on genome assembly, FLcDNA cloning, and enzyme assays. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:226. [PMID: 20964856 PMCID: PMC3017849 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terpenoids are among the most important constituents of grape flavour and wine bouquet, and serve as useful metabolite markers in viticulture and enology. Based on the initial 8-fold sequencing of a nearly homozygous Pinot noir inbred line, 89 putative terpenoid synthase genes (VvTPS) were predicted by in silico analysis of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera) genome assembly 1. The finding of this very large VvTPS family, combined with the importance of terpenoid metabolism for the organoleptic properties of grapevine berries and finished wines, prompted a detailed examination of this gene family at the genomic level as well as an investigation into VvTPS biochemical functions. RESULTS We present findings from the analysis of the up-dated 12-fold sequencing and assembly of the grapevine genome that place the number of predicted VvTPS genes at 69 putatively functional VvTPS, 20 partial VvTPS, and 63 VvTPS probable pseudogenes. Gene discovery and annotation included information about gene architecture and chromosomal location. A dense cluster of 45 VvTPS is localized on chromosome 18. Extensive FLcDNA cloning, gene synthesis, and protein expression enabled functional characterization of 39 VvTPS; this is the largest number of functionally characterized TPS for any species reported to date. Of these enzymes, 23 have unique functions and/or phylogenetic locations within the plant TPS gene family. Phylogenetic analyses of the TPS gene family showed that while most VvTPS form species-specific gene clusters, there are several examples of gene orthology with TPS of other plant species, representing perhaps more ancient VvTPS, which have maintained functions independent of speciation. CONCLUSIONS The highly expanded VvTPS gene family underpins the prominence of terpenoid metabolism in grapevine. We provide a detailed experimental functional annotation of 39 members of this important gene family in grapevine and comprehensive information about gene structure and phylogeny for the entire currently known VvTPS gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Martin
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sébastien Aubourg
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV) UMR INRA 1165 - Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne - ERL CNRS 8196, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry Cedex, France
| | | | - Laurent Daviet
- Firmenich SA, Corporate R&D Division, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Michel Schalk
- Firmenich SA, Corporate R&D Division, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Omid Toub
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Steven T Lund
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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85
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Staudt M, Jackson B, El-Aouni H, Buatois B, Lacroze JP, Poëssel JL, Sauge MH. Volatile organic compound emissions induced by the aphid Myzus persicae differ among resistant and susceptible peach cultivars and a wild relative. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 30:1320-1334. [PMID: 20739428 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpq072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Little is known on aphid-induced emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from trees and particularly on their intraspecific variability in association with resistance traits. We compared VOC emissions from five peach cultivars (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) and a wild relative (Prunus davidiana (Carrière) Franch) that differ in their level (susceptible/resistant) and type (antixenosis, antibiosis) of resistance to the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Additionally, the kinetics of VOC induction in response to aphids was compared with that by mechanical wounding. Qualitative and overall quantitative differences among peach genotypes were found in VOC emissions that were mainly composed of methyl-salicylate, farnesenes, (E)-β-ocimene and (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene. Irrespective of the type of resistance, all resistant genotypes had increased VOC emissions upon aphid attack, while in susceptible genotypes emissions remained low. Emission increases were highest in the genotypes that express increased aphid resistance during second infestations, which had also the highest proportions of methyl-salicylate in their emissions. VOC induction by aphids proceeded slowly with a delay of several hours. Artificial wounding of leaves did not result in emissions of aphid-induced VOCs but caused an immediate burst of green leaf volatiles and benzaldehyde. We conclude that VOC induction in resistant peach cultivars is part of a general defence syndrome that is being avoided or suppressed by M. persicae in the susceptible genotypes. The induction likely involves an aphid-specific elicitor and (methyl)-salicylate in the subsequent signalling and regulation processes that should include gene activation due to the marked delay in the emission response. The results are compared with those of the literature and discussed in view of their ecological and environmental significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheal Staudt
- CEFE-CNRS, 1919, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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86
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Mumm R, Dicke M. Variation in natural plant products and the attraction of bodyguards involved in indirect plant defenseThe present review is one in the special series of reviews on animal–plant interactions. CAN J ZOOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1139/z10-032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants can respond to feeding or egg deposition by herbivorous arthropods by changing the volatile blend that they emit. These herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) can attract carnivorous natural enemies of the herbivores, such as parasitoids and predators, a phenomenon that is called indirect plant defense. The volatile blends of infested plants can be very complex, sometimes consisting of hundreds of compounds. Most HIPVs can be classified as terpenoids (e.g., (E)-β-ocimene, (E,E)-α-farnesene, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene), green leaf volatiles (e.g., hexanal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate), phenylpropanoids (e.g., methyl salicylate, indole), and sulphur- or nitrogen-containing compounds (e.g., isothiocyanates or nitriles, respectively). One highly intriguing question has been which volatiles out of the complex blend are the most important ones for the carnivorous natural enemies to locate "suitable host plants. Here, we review the methods and techniques that have been used to elucidate the carnivore-attracting compounds. Electrophysiological methods such as electroantennography have been used with parasitoids to elucidate which compounds can be perceived by the antennae. Different types of elicitors and inhibitors have widely been applied to manipulate plant volatile blends. Furthermore, transgenic plants that were genetically modified in specific steps in one of the signal transduction pathways or biosynthetic routes have been used to find steps in HIPV emission crucial for indirect plant defense. Furthermore, we provide an overview on biotic and abiotic factors that influence the emission of HIPVs and how this can affect the interactions between members of different trophic levels. Consequently, we review the progress that has been made in this exciting research field during the past 30 years since the first studies on HIPVs emerged and we highlight important issues to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Mumm
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 EH Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Plant Research International, Wageningen UR, 6700 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Centre of BioSystems Genomics, 6700AB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 EH Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Plant Research International, Wageningen UR, 6700 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Centre of BioSystems Genomics, 6700AB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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87
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Specialist leaf beetle larvae use volatiles from willow leaves infested by conspecifics for reaggregation in a tree. J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:671-9. [PMID: 20544261 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9808-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Young, gregariously living larvae of the willow leaf beetles Plagiodera versicolora are known to exhibit characteristic aggregation-dispersion-reaggregation behavior and local fidelity to a host tree. In this study, we investigated whether plant volatiles induced by feeding P. versicolora larvae were involved in the reaggregation behavior. Under laboratory conditions, we conducted dual-choice bioassays and found that the first and second instars discriminated between volatiles from leaves infested by larvae and volatiles from uninfested leaves. The discriminative behavior was dependent on both the time leaves were infested and the age of discriminating larvae. First and second instars preferred odor from 1-d-infested leaves to odor from uninfested leaves, whereas third instars (solitary stage) did not discriminate between these volatile blends. Odor from 2-d-infested leaves was preferred to odor from 1-d-infested leaves by first instars, whereas odor from leaves infested for 3 d was not attractive to these very young larvae. Neither was odor of leaves infested for 1 d and then left uninfested for 1 or 2 d attractive to young larvae. The data suggest that the first and second instars use volatiles from a leaf newly infested by conspecific larvae as one of the reaggregation cues. We detected several herbivore-induced compounds in the headspace of the attractive leaves. Among those, a mixture of synthetic (E)-beta-ocimene, (Z)-beta-ocimene, allo-ocimene, and linalool was found to attract the larvae.
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88
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Snoeren TAL, Kappers IF, Broekgaarden C, Mumm R, Dicke M, Bouwmeester HJ. Natural variation in herbivore-induced volatiles in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:3041-56. [PMID: 20488836 PMCID: PMC2892144 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To study whether natural variation in Arabidopsis thaliana could be used to dissect the genetic basis of responses to herbivory in terms of induced volatile emissions, nine accessions were characterized upon herbivory by biting-chewing Pieris rapae caterpillars or after treatment with the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA). Analysis of 73 compounds in the headspace showed quantitative differences in the emission rates of several individual compounds among the accessions. Moreover, variation in the emission of volatile compounds after JA treatment was reflected in the behaviour of the parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum when they were offered the headspace volatiles of several combinations of accessions in two-choice experiments. Accessions also differ in transcript levels of genes that are associated with the emission of plant volatiles. The genes BSMT1 and Cyp72A13 could be connected to the emission of methyl salicylate and (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene (TMTT), respectively. Overall, Arabidopsis showed interesting phenotypic variations with respect to the volatile blend emitted in response to herbivory that can be exploited to identify genes and alleles that underlie this important plant trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjeerd A L Snoeren
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, EH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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89
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Loreto F, Schnitzler JP. Abiotic stresses and induced BVOCs. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2010; 15:154-66. [PMID: 20133178 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a wide spectrum of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in various tissues above and below ground to communicate with other plants and organisms. However, BVOCs also have various functions in biotic and abiotic stresses. For example abiotic stresses enhance BVOCs emission rates and patterns, altering the communication with other organisms and the photochemical cycles. Recent new insights on biosynthesis and eco-physiological control of constitutive or induced BVOCs have led to formulation of hypotheses on their functions which are presented in this review. Specifically, oxidative and thermal stresses are relieved in the presence of volatile terpenes. Terpenes, C6 compounds, and methyl salicylate are thought to promote direct and indirect defence by modulating the signalling that biochemically activate defence pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Loreto
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante (IPP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
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90
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Schnitzler JP, Louis S, Behnke K, Loivamäki M. Poplar volatiles - biosynthesis, regulation and (eco)physiology of isoprene and stress-induced isoprenoids. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2010; 12:302-16. [PMID: 20398237 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants interact with their environment through a wide variety of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), with isoprenoids ( identical with terpenes), i.e. isoprene, mono- and sesquiterpenes, playing an important role. Isoprene, a hemiterpene, is the simplest isoprenoid compound mainly emitted by tree species like poplars, oaks and willows. Woody plants alone comprise 75% of the global isoprene emitted to the atmosphere. Due to its significant influence on atmospheric chemistry, research has been focused on this C5 compound, with poplar being the most prominent model system. Recent studies indicate that isoprene can enhance thermotolerance or quench oxidative stress, while also interfering with the attraction of herbivores and parasitoids to plants. In this paper, we report on biosynthesis, regulation and function of isoprene and other stress-induced volatile isoprenoids in poplar, and discuss the future scientific challenges in this genus with respect to the importance of plant volatiles in high-density poplar biomass plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Schnitzler
- Karlsruhe Institut for Technologie (KIT), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
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91
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Schaub A, Blande JD, Graus M, Oksanen E, Holopainen JK, Hansel A. Real-time monitoring of herbivore induced volatile emissions in the field. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2010; 138:123-33. [PMID: 20002328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
When plants are damaged by herbivorous insects they emit a blend of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which include a range or terpenoids and green leaf volatiles (GLVs) formed via different metabolic pathways. The precise timing of these emissions upon the onset of herbivore feeding has not been fully elucidated, and the information that is available has been mainly obtained through laboratory based studies. We investigated emissions of VOCs from Populus tremula L. xP. tremuloides Michx. during the first 20 h of feeding by Epirrita autumnata (autumnal moth) larvae in a field site. The study was conducted using Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) to measure emissions online, with samples collected for subsequent analysis by complementary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for purposes of compound identification. GLV emission peaks occurred sporadically from the outset, indicating herbivore activity, while terpene emissions were induced within 16 h. We present data detailing the patterns of monoterpene (MT), GLV and sesquiterpene (SQT) emissions during the early stages of herbivore feeding showing diurnal MT and SQT emission that is correlated more with temperature than light. Peculiarities in the timing of SQT emissions prompted us to conduct a thorough characterization of the equipment used to collect VOCs and thus corroborate the accuracy of results. A laboratory based analysis of the throughput of known GLV, MT and SQT standards at different temperatures was made with PTR-MS. Enclosure temperatures of 12, 20 and 25 degrees C had little influence on the response time for dynamic measurements of a GLV or MT. However, there was a clear effect on SQT measurements. Elucidation of emission patterns in real-time is dependent upon the dynamics of cuvettes at different temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schaub
- Ionicon Analytik GmbH, Technikerstrasse 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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92
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Nagegowda DA, Rhodes D, Dudareva N. Chapter 10 The Role of the Methyl-Erythritol-Phosphate (MEP)Pathway in Rhythmic Emission of Volatiles. THE CHLOROPLAST 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-8531-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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93
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Koo AJ, Howe GA. The wound hormone jasmonate. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1571-80. [PMID: 19695649 PMCID: PMC2784233 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant tissues are highly vulnerable to injury by herbivores, pathogens, mechanical stress, and other environmental insults. Optimal plant fitness in the face of these threats relies on complex signal transduction networks that link damage-associated signals to appropriate changes in metabolism, growth, and development. Many of these wound-induced adaptive responses are triggered by de novo synthesis of the plant hormone jasmonate (JA). Recent studies provide evidence that JA mediates systemic wound responses through distinct cell autonomous and non-autonomous pathways. In both pathways, bioactive JAs are recognized by an F-box protein-based receptor system that couples hormone binding to ubiquitin-dependent degradation of transcriptional repressor proteins. These results provide a framework for understanding how plants recognize and respond to tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J.K. Koo
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Gregg A. Howe
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Corresponding author: Tel.: 1-517-355-5159; Fax: 1-517-353-9168. E-mail address:
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94
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Yu F, Utsumi R. Diversity, regulation, and genetic manipulation of plant mono- and sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3043-52. [PMID: 19547916 PMCID: PMC11115753 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Among plant secondary metabolites, terpenoids are the most abundant and structurally diverse group. In addition to their important roles in pollinator attraction and direct and indirect plant defense, terpenoids are also commercially valuable due to their broad applications in the cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Because of their functional versatility and wide distribution, great efforts have been made to decipher terpenoid biosynthetic pathways, to investigate the molecular mechanism determining their structural diversity, and to understand their biosynthetic regulation. Recent progress on the manipulation of terpenoid production in transgenic plants not only holds considerable promise for improving various plant traits and crop protection but also increases our understanding of the significance of terpenoid metabolites in mediating plant-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengnian Yu
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505 Japan
| | - Ryutaro Utsumi
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505 Japan
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95
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Nieuwenhuizen NJ, Wang MY, Matich AJ, Green SA, Chen X, Yauk YK, Beuning LL, Nagegowda DA, Dudareva N, Atkinson RG. Two terpene synthases are responsible for the major sesquiterpenes emitted from the flowers of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:3203-19. [PMID: 19516075 PMCID: PMC2718223 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Kiwifruit vines rely on bees for pollen transfer between spatially separated male and female individuals and require synchronized flowering to ensure pollination. Volatile terpene compounds, which are important cues for insect pollinator attraction, were studied by dynamic headspace sampling in the major green-fleshed kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) cultivar 'Hayward' and its male pollinator 'Chieftain'. Terpene volatile levels showed a profile dominated by the sesquiterpenes alpha-farnesene and germacrene D. These two compounds were emitted by all floral tissues and could be observed throughout the day, with lower levels at night. The monoterpene (E)-beta-ocimene was also detected in flowers but was emitted predominantly during the day and only from petal tissue. Using a functional genomics approach, two terpene synthase (TPS) genes were isolated from a 'Hayward' petal EST library. Bacterial expression and transient in planta data combined with analysis by enantioselective gas chromatography revealed that one TPS produced primarily (E,E)-alpha-farnesene and small amounts of (E)-beta-ocimene, whereas the second TPS produced primarily (+)-germacrene D. Subcellular localization using GFP fusions showed that both enzymes were localized in the cytoplasm, the site for sesquiterpene production. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that both TPS genes were expressed in the same tissues and at the same times as the corresponding floral volatiles. The results indicate that two genes can account for the major floral sesquiterpene volatiles observed in both male and female A. deliciosa flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels J Nieuwenhuizen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New Zealand.
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96
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De Alwis R, Fujita K, Ashitani T, Kuroda K. Volatile and non-volatile monoterpenes produced by elicitor-stimulated Cupressus lusitanica cultured cells. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 166:720-728. [PMID: 19027192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Elicitor treatment initiates defense responses in cultured Cupressus lusitanica cells. In order to investigate the defense mechanism with a yeast extract elicitor, we carried out solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography for monoterpene analysis. Ten hydrocarbon monoterpenes, including high amounts of sabinene and limonene, were detected in the gas phase of the elicitor-treated cell cultures. Six oxidized monoterpenes including beta-thujaplicin were also detected in the ether extract of the cells and the medium. Time-course profiles of volatile monoterpenes showed that one group of hydrocarbon monoterpenes was maximized on the second day after elicitation, while the other group was maximized on the third day. There were no oxidized monoterpenes that are structurally related to sabinene and limonene in the gas phase or cell extracts, suggesting that these compounds are produced exclusively for emission. Other monoterpenes, which are produced during later stages of elicitation, are metabolized into more complex compounds such as oxidized monoterpenes, including beta-thujaplicin. Although terpinolene synthase was the principal monoterpene synthase in these cell cultures, terpinolene was detected only as a minor compound in the gas phase. The time course for terpinolene synthase activity coincided with beta-thujaplicin biosynthesis. Thus, most of the terpinolene is metabolized rapidly to oxidized terpenes such as beta-thujaplicin rather than emitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ransika De Alwis
- Department of Forestry and Forest Products Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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97
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Brilli F, Ciccioli P, Frattoni M, Prestininzi M, Spanedda AF, Loreto F. Constitutive and herbivore-induced monoterpenes emitted by Populus x euroamericana leaves are key volatiles that orient Chrysomela populi beetles. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:542-52. [PMID: 19183286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chrysomela populi beetles feed on poplar leaves and extensively damage plantations. We investigated whether olfactory cues orientate landing and feeding. Young, unexpanded leaves of hybrid poplar emit constitutively a blend of monoterpenes, primarily (E)-beta-ocimene and linalool. This blend attracts inexperienced adults of C. populi that were not previously fed with poplar leaves. In mature leaves constitutively emitting isoprene, insect attack induces biosynthesis and emission of the same blend of monoterpenes, but in larger amount than in young leaves. The olfactometric test indicates that inexperienced beetles are more attracted by adult than by young attacked leaves, suggesting that attraction by induced monoterpenes is dose dependent. The blend does not attract adults that previously fed on poplar leaves. Insect-induced emission of monoterpenes peaks 4 d after the attack, and is also detected in non-attacked leaves. Induced monoterpene emission is associated in mature leaves with a larger decrease of isoprene emission. The reduction of isoprene emission is faster than photosynthesis reduction in attacked leaves, and also occurs in non-attacked leaves. Insect-induced monoterpenes are quickly and completely labelled by 13C. It is speculated that photosynthetic carbon preferentially allocated to constitutive isoprene in healthy leaves is in part diverted to induced monoterpenes after the insect attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Brilli
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
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98
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The bouquet of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) flowers arises from the biosynthesis of sesquiterpene volatiles in pollen grains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:7245-50. [PMID: 19359488 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0901387106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoid volatiles are important information molecules that enable pollinators to locate flowers and may protect reproductive tissues against pathogens or herbivores. Inflorescences of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) are composed of tiny green flowers that produce an abundance of sesquiterpenoid volatiles. We demonstrate that male flower parts of grapevines are responsible for sesquiterpenoid floral scent formation. We describe temporal and spatial patterns of biosynthesis and release of floral volatiles throughout the blooming of V. vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. The biosynthesis of sesquiterpene volatiles, which are emitted with a light-dependent diurnal pattern early in the morning at prebloom and bloom, is localized to anthers and, more specifically, within the developing pollen grains. Valencene synthase (VvValCS) enzyme activity, which produces the major sesquiterpene volatiles of grapevine flowers, is present in anthers. VvValCS transcripts are most abundant in flowers at prebloom stages. Western blot analysis identified VvValCS protein in anthers, and in situ immunolabeling located VvValCS protein in pollen grains during bloom. Histochemical staining, as well as immunolabeling analysis by fluorescent microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, indicated that VvValCS localizes close to lipid bodies within the maturing microspore.
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99
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Laothawornkitkul J, Taylor JE, Paul ND, Hewitt CN. Biogenic volatile organic compounds in the Earth system. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 183:27-51. [PMID: 19422541 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02859.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds produced by plants are involved in plant growth, development, reproduction and defence. They also function as communication media within plant communities, between plants and between plants and insects. Because of the high chemical reactivity of many of these compounds, coupled with their large mass emission rates from vegetation into the atmosphere, they have significant effects on the chemical composition and physical characteristics of the atmosphere. Hence, biogenic volatile organic compounds mediate the relationship between the biosphere and the atmosphere. Alteration of this relationship by anthropogenically driven changes to the environment, including global climate change, may perturb these interactions and may lead to adverse and hard-to-predict consequences for the Earth system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane E Taylor
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Nigel D Paul
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - C Nicholas Hewitt
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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100
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Blande JD, Turunen K, Holopainen JK. Pine weevil feeding on Norway spruce bark has a stronger impact on needle VOC emissions than enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:174-80. [PMID: 18775595 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants can respond physiologically to damaging ultraviolet-B radiation by altering leaf chemistry, especially UV absorbing phenolic compounds. However, the effects on terpene emissions have received little attention. We conducted two field trials in plots with supplemented UV-B radiation and assessed the influence of feeding by pine weevils, Hylobius abietis L., on volatile emissions from 3-year old Norway spruce trees (Picea abies L. Karst.). We collected emissions from branch tips distal to the feeding weevils, and from whole branches including the damage sites. Weevil feeding clearly induced the emission of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, particularly linalool and (E)-beta-farnesene, from branch tips, and the sums of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes emitted by whole branches were substantially increased. We discovered little effect of UV-B radiation up to 30% above the ambient level on volatile emissions from branch tips distal to damage sites, but there was a possible effect on bark emissions from damage sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Blande
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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