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Singh SK, Patra B, Paul P, Liu Y, Pattanaik S, Yuan L. Revisiting the ORCA gene cluster that regulates terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 293:110408. [PMID: 32081258 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor (TF) gene clusters in plants, such as tomato, potato, petunia, tobacco, and almond, have been characterized for their roles in the biosynthesis of diverse array of specialized metabolites. In Catharanthus roseus, three AP2/ERF TFs, ORCA3, ORCA4, and ORCA5, have been shown to be present on the same genomic scaffold, forming a cluster that regulates the biosynthesis of pharmaceutically important terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs). Our analysis of the recently updated C. roseus genome sequence revealed that the ORCA cluster comprises two additional AP2/ERFs, the previously characterized ORCA2 and a newly identified member designated as ORCA6. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the ORCAs are highly expressed in stems, followed by leaves, roots and flowers. Expression of ORCAs was differentially induced in response to methyl-jasmonate and ethylene treatment. In addition, ORCA6 activated the strictosidine synthase (STR) promoter in tobacco cells. Activation of the STR promoter was significantly higher when ORCA2 or ORCA6 was coexpressed with the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, CrMPKK1. Furthermore, transient overexpression of ORCA6 in C. roseus flower petals activated TIA pathway gene expression and TIA accumulation. The results described here advance our understanding of regulation of TIA pathway by the ORCA gene cluster and the evolution for plant ERF gene clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar Singh
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
| | - Barunava Patra
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
| | - Priyanka Paul
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
| | - Yongliang Liu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY 40546 USA; South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sitakanta Pattanaik
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY 40546 USA.
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY 40546 USA; South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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Meraj TA, Fu J, Raza MA, Zhu C, Shen Q, Xu D, Wang Q. Transcriptional Factors Regulate Plant Stress Responses through Mediating Secondary Metabolism. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040346. [PMID: 32218164 PMCID: PMC7230336 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are adapted to sense numerous stress stimuli and mount efficient defense responses by directing intricate signaling pathways. They respond to undesirable circumstances to produce stress-inducible phytochemicals that play indispensable roles in plant immunity. Extensive studies have been made to elucidate the underpinnings of defensive molecular mechanisms in various plant species. Transcriptional factors (TFs) are involved in plant defense regulations through acting as mediators by perceiving stress signals and directing downstream defense gene expression. The cross interactions of TFs and stress signaling crosstalk are decisive in determining accumulation of defense metabolites. Here, we collected the major TFs that are efficient in stress responses through regulating secondary metabolism for the direct cessation of stress factors. We focused on six major TF families including AP2/ERF, WRKY, bHLH, bZIP, MYB, and NAC. This review is the compilation of studies where researches were conducted to explore the roles of TFs in stress responses and the contribution of secondary metabolites in combating stress influences. Modulation of these TFs at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels can facilitate molecular breeding and genetic improvement of crop plants regarding stress sensitivity and response through production of defensive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tehseen Ahmad Meraj
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (T.A.M.); (J.F.); (C.Z.); (Q.S.); (D.X.)
| | - Jingye Fu
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (T.A.M.); (J.F.); (C.Z.); (Q.S.); (D.X.)
| | - Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Chenying Zhu
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (T.A.M.); (J.F.); (C.Z.); (Q.S.); (D.X.)
| | - Qinqin Shen
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (T.A.M.); (J.F.); (C.Z.); (Q.S.); (D.X.)
| | - Dongbei Xu
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (T.A.M.); (J.F.); (C.Z.); (Q.S.); (D.X.)
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (T.A.M.); (J.F.); (C.Z.); (Q.S.); (D.X.)
- Correspondence:
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Qin Y, Bai S, Li W, Sun T, Galbraith DW, Yang Z, Zhou Y, Sun G, Wang B. Transcriptome analysis reveals key genes involved in the regulation of nicotine biosynthesis at early time points after topping in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:30. [PMID: 31959100 PMCID: PMC6971868 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotiana tabacum is an important economic crop. Topping, a common agricultural practice employed with flue-cured tobacco, is designed to increase leaf nicotine contents by increasing nicotine biosynthesis in roots. Many genes are found to be differentially expressed in response to topping, particularly genes involved in nicotine biosynthesis, but comprehensive analyses of early transcriptional responses induced by topping are not yet available. To develop a detailed understanding of the mechanisms regulating nicotine biosynthesis after topping, we have sequenced the transcriptomes of Nicotiana tabacum roots at seven time points following topping. RESULTS Differential expression analysis revealed that 4830 genes responded to topping across all time points. Amongst these, nine gene families involved in nicotine biosynthesis and two gene families involved in nicotine transport showed significant changes during the immediate 24 h period following topping. No obvious preference to the parental species was detected in the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Significant changes in transcript levels of nine genes involved in nicotine biosynthesis and phytohormone signal transduction were validated by qRT-PCR assays. 549 genes encoding transcription factors (TFs), found to exhibit significant changes in gene expression after topping, formed 15 clusters based on similarities of their transcript level time-course profiles. 336 DEGs involved in phytohormone signal transduction, including genes functionally related to the phytohormones jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, auxin, ethylene, and gibberellin, were identified at the earliest time point after topping. CONCLUSIONS Our research provides the first detailed analysis of the early transcriptional responses to topping in N. tabacum, and identifies excellent candidates for further detailed studies concerning the regulation of nicotine biosynthesis in tobacco roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Shenglong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Wenzheng Li
- Tobacco Breeding Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021 Yunnan China
| | - Ting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - David W. Galbraith
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
- School of Plant Sciences and Bio5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Zefeng Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Guiling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Bingwu Wang
- Tobacco Breeding Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021 Yunnan China
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Zhang S, Zhu C, Lyu Y, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Lai Z, Lin Y. Genome-wide identification, molecular evolution, and expression analysis provide new insights into the APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor (AP2/ERF) superfamily in Dimocarpus longan Lour. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:62. [PMID: 31959122 PMCID: PMC6971931 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor (AP2/ERF) superfamily members are transcription factors that regulate diverse developmental processes and stress responses in plants. They have been identified in many plants. However, little is known about the AP2/ERF superfamily in longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.), which is an important tropical/subtropical evergreen fruit tree that produces a variety of bioactive compounds with rich nutritional and medicinal value. We conducted a genome-wide analysis of the AP2/ERF superfamily and its roles in somatic embryogenesis (SE) and developmental processes in longan. Results A genome-wide survey of the AP2/ERF superfamily was carried out to discover its evolution and function in longan. We identified 125 longan AP2/ERF genes and classified them into the ERF (101 members), AP2 (19 members), RAV (four members) families, and one Soloist. The AP2 and Soloist genes contained one to ten introns, whereas 87 genes in the ERF and RAV families had no introns. Hormone signaling molecules such as methyl jasmonate (MeJA), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin, auxin, and salicylic acid (SA), and stress response cis-acting element low-temperature (55) and defense (49) boxes also were identified. We detected diverse single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between the ‘Hong He Zi’ (HHZ) and ‘SI JI MI’ (SJM) cultivars. The number of insertions and deletions (InDels) was far fewer than SNPs. The AP2 family members exhibited more alternative splicing (AS) events in different developmental processes of longan than members of the other families. Expression pattern analysis revealed that some AP2/ERF members regulated early SE and developmental processes in longan seed, root, and flower, and responded to exogenous hormones such as MeJA, SA, and ABA, and 2,4-D, a synthetic auxin. Protein interaction predictions indicated that the Baby Boom (BBM) transcription factor, which was up-regulated at the transcriptional level in early SE, may interact with the LALF/AGL15 network. Conclusions The comprehensive analysis of molecular evolution and expression patterns suggested that the AP2/ERF superfamily may plays an important role in longan, especially in early SE, and in seed, root, flower, and young fruit. This systematic analysis provides a foundation for further functional characterization of the AP2/ERF superfamily with the aim of longan improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Zhang
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yumeng Lyu
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Zihao Zhang
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
| | - Yuling Lin
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
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Bai Z, Wu J, Huang W, Jiao J, Zhang C, Hou Z, Yan K, Zhang X, Han R, Liang Z, Zhang X. The ethylene response factor SmERF8 regulates the expression of SmKSL1 and is involved in tanshinone biosynthesis in Saliva miltiorrhiza hairy roots. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 244:153006. [PMID: 31805420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Saliva miltiorrhiza ethylene response factor (SmERF), predicted to be expressed genome-wide, is the potential regulator of tanshinone biosynthesis. However, few studies have investigated its transcriptional regulation pathways in tanshinone biosynthesis. Here, we report an ethylene response factor (SmERF8), which was screened by the SmKSL1 (a key gene in tanshinone biosynthesis) promoter from the S. miltiorrhiza cDNA library. The SmERF8, highly expressed in S. miltiorrhiza root head, is sensitive to Eth stress, and its protein was enriched in the nucleus. The SmERF8 recognizes the GCC-box in the SmKSL1 promoter. Overexpression and RNAi of SmERF8 in S. miltiorrhiza transgenic hairy roots showed that the tanshinone contents were significantly increased in the overexpression transgenic lines and decreased in RNAi lines. These results suggest that the SmERF8 may be a central activator that regulates the expression of SmKSL1 by binding the GCC-box and then promoting tanshinone biosynthesis. Thus, the SmERF8 may functionally accelerate tanshinone biosynthesis by the transcriptional regulation of its key gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqing Bai
- College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China; College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube (Yan'an, University), Yan'an, China; Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Institute of Biotechnology, Hohhot, China
| | - Jiawen Wu
- College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube (Yan'an, University), Yan'an, China
| | - Wenli Huang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jie Jiao
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chenlu Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhuoni Hou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaijing Yan
- Tasly R&D Institute, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Xuemin Zhang
- Tasly R&D Institute, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Ruilian Han
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Institute of Biotechnology, Hohhot, China
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Chen X, Wang DD, Fang X, Chen XY, Mao YB. Plant Specialized Metabolism Regulated by Jasmonate Signaling. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2638-2647. [PMID: 31418777 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
As sessile and autotrophic organisms, plants have evolved sophisticated pathways to produce a rich array of specialized metabolites, many of which are biologically active and function as defense substances in protecting plants from herbivores and pathogens. Upon stimuli, these structurally diverse small molecules may be synthesized or constitutively accumulated. Jasmonate acids (JAs) are the major defense phytohormone involved in transducing external signals (such as wounding) to activate defense reactions, including, in particular, the reprogramming of metabolic pathways that initiate and enhance the production of defense compounds against insect herbivores and pathogens. In this review, we summarize the progress of recent research on the control of specialized metabolic pathways in plants by JA signaling, with an emphasis on the molecular regulation of terpene and alkaloid biosynthesis. We also discuss the interplay between JA signaling and various signaling pathways during plant defense responses. These studies provide valuable data for breeding insect-proof crops and pave the way to engineering the production of valuable metabolites in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ying-Bo Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Li SJ, Xie XL, Liu SC, Chen KS, Yin XR. Auto- and mutual-regulation between two CitERFs contribute to ethylene-induced citrus fruit degreening. Food Chem 2019; 299:125163. [PMID: 31319344 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Citrus fruit postharvest degreening is a critical stage in marketing, carried out by exposure to ethylene or ethephon. Genome-wide screening of the AP2/ERF superfamily indicated that a novel ERF-II (CitERF6) was shown to trans-activate the CitPPH promoter. Expression of CitERF6 is associated with both developmental and postharvest degreening in citrus fruit. Transient and stable over-expression of CitERF6 in Nicotiana tabacum leaves and 'Ponkan' fruit also results in rapid chlorophyll degradation. Auto- and mutual-regulation was also found between CitERF6 and the previously characterized CitERF13 using the dual-luciferase and yeast one-hybrid assays. Moreover, substitution of the 35S promoter for endogenous promoters showed that both pCitERF6::CitERF6 and pCitERF13::CitERF13 were effective in trans-activating their promoters or triggering chlorophyll degradation. It is proposed that ethylene is one of the triggers activating promoters of CitERF6 and CitERF13, and subsequent auto- and mutual-regulation between CitERF6 and CitERF13 might facilitate the effect of ethylene, leading to fruit degreening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jia Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xiu-Lan Xie
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an Campus, Ya'an 625014, PR China.
| | - Sheng-Chao Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Kun-Song Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xue-Ren Yin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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Bai Q, He B, Cai Y, Lian H, Zhang Q. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal several critical metabolic pathways and candidate genes involved in resin biosynthesis in Pinus massoniana. Mol Genet Genomics 2019; 295:327-341. [PMID: 31735985 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-019-01624-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pine resin, which typically consists of terpenoids, is a natural product used in various industrial applications. Oleoresin can be obtained from the xylem tissue by wounding the stem bark. Pinus massoniana (masson pine) is an important resin-tapping tree species that originated in southern China. Masson pines with different genetic backgrounds typically have different resin-yielding capacities (RYCs). However, the mechanisms underlying high resin yield in masson pines are unclear. The aim of this study was to identify the possible genetic regulation pathways and functional genes that influence the resin yield. In this study, we conducted transcriptomic and metabolomic studies of masson pine secondary xylem with high, medium, and low RYCs. A total of 230,068 unigenes and 3894 metabolites were identified from the tissue of the secondary xylem. Several differentially expressed regulation factors, including WRKY, bHLH, and ERF, and functional genes such as PKc and LRR-RLKs, were identified among these masson pines. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways were mainly focused on diterpenoid biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, and ABC transporters. Furthermore, integration of the transcriptomic and metabolomic data indicated that the PKc- and LRR-RLK-related regulatory and metabolic pathways may play critical roles in the biosynthesis of terpenoids. These above results improve our understanding of the biosynthesis mechanism of oleoresin in P. massoniana and facilitate further research work into the functional analysis of these candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Boxiang He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Yanling Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Huiming Lian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China.
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Liu H, Kotova TI, Timko MP. Increased Leaf Nicotine Content by Targeting Transcription Factor Gene Expression in Commercial Flue-Cured Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.). Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E930. [PMID: 31739571 PMCID: PMC6896058 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine, the most abundant pyridine alkaloid in cultivated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), is a potent inhibitor of insect and animal herbivory and a neurostimulator of human brain function. Nicotine biosynthesis is controlled developmentally and can be induced by abiotic and biotic stressors via a jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated signal transduction mechanism involving members of the APETALA 2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF) and basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor (TF) families. AP2/ERF and bHLH TFs work combinatorically to control nicotine biosynthesis and its subsequent accumulation in tobacco leaves. Here, we demonstrate that overexpression of the tobacco NtERF32, NtERF221/ORC1, and NtMYC2a TFs leads to significant increases in nicotine accumulation in T2 transgenic K326 tobacco plants before topping. Up to 9-fold higher nicotine production was achieved in transgenics overexpressing NtERF221/ORC1 under the control of a constitutive GmUBI3 gene promoter compared to wild-type plants. The constitutive 2XCaMV35S promoter and a novel JA-inducible 4XGAG promoter were less effective in driving high-level nicotine formation. Methyljasmonic acid (MeJA) treatment further elevated nicotine production in all transgenic lines. Our results show that targeted manipulation of NtERF221/ORC1 is an effective strategy for elevating leaf nicotine levels in commercial tobacco for use in the preparation of reduced risk tobacco products for smoking replacement therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael P. Timko
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (H.L.); (T.I.K.)
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Srivastava R, Kumar R. The expanding roles of APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factors and their potential applications in crop improvement. Brief Funct Genomics 2019; 18:240-254. [PMID: 30783669 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular basis of the gene-regulatory networks underlying agronomic traits or plant responses to abiotic/biotic stresses is very important for crop improvement. In this context, transcription factors, which either singularly or in conjugation directly control the expression of many target genes, are suitable candidates for improving agronomic traits via genetic engineering. In this regard, members of one of the largest class of plant-specific APETALA2/Ethylene Response Factor (AP2/ERF) superfamily, which is implicated in various aspects of development and plant stress adaptation responses, are considered high-value targets for crop improvement. Besides their long-known regulatory roles in mediating plant responses to abiotic stresses such as drought and submergence, the novel roles of AP2/ERFs during fruit ripening or secondary metabolites production have also recently emerged. The astounding functional plasticity of AP2/ERF members is considered to be achieved by their interplay with other regulatory networks and signalling pathways. In this review, we have integrated the recently accumulated evidence from functional genomics studies and described their newly emerged functions in plants. The key structural features of AP2/ERF proteins and the modes of their action are briefly summarized. The importance of AP2/ERFs in plant development and stress responses and a summary of the event of their successful applications in crop improvement programs are also provided. Altogether, we envisage that the synthesized information presented in this review will be useful to design effective strategies for improving agronomic traits in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Srivastava
- Plant Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Plant Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Wang L, Wang Y. Transcription factor VqERF114 regulates stilbene synthesis in Chinese wild Vitis quinquangularis by interacting with VqMYB35. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:1347-1360. [PMID: 31414199 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02456-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
VqERF114 regulates stilbene synthesis by interacting with VqMYB35. Resveratrol is a stilbene, an important class of secondary metabolites that accumulates in some plant species, including grapevine. In the plant, these are involved in the response to attack by plant pathogens and, as a component of the human diet, they offer a range of significant health benefits. Stilbene synthase (STS), the key enzyme responsible for resveratrol synthesis, has been characterised in a small number of plant species. However, the regulatory mechanisms for stilbene synthesis are uncertain. Here, an ERF family transcription factor from Chinese wild Vitis quinquangularis, VqERF114, was characterised as an indirect regulator of stilbene synthesis. A transient overexpression assay of VqERF114 in grapevine leaves led to increased STS expression and stilbene accumulation. However, VqERF114 did not bind to the promoters of VqSTSs but the MYB transcription factor, VqMYB35, did interact with VqERF114. This interaction was confirmed by a yeast two-hybrid assay and bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Furthermore, VqMYB35 showed activation effects on the expressions of VqSTS15, VqSTS28, VqSTS42 and VqSTS46 by binding directly to the MBS elements in their promoters. Co-overexpression of VqERF114 and VqMYB35 resulted in higher VqSTSs expression and more stilbene synthesis. These results demonstrate that VqERF114 regulates stilbene synthesis by interacting with VqMYB35.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuejin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Sui X, Zhang H, Song Z, Gao Y, Li W, Li M, Zhao L, Li Y, Wang B. Ethylene response factor NtERF91 positively regulates alkaloid accumulations in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 517:164-171. [PMID: 31326115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco alkaloid metabolism is regulated by various transcription factors (TFs). Here, we have characterized a non-NIC2 locus gene, Ethylene Response Factor 91 (ERF91), function in regulation of alkaloid accumulation in tobacco. NtERF91 was preferentially expressed in roots and induced by jasmonic acid. Additionally, NtERF91 was able to in vitro bind to the NtPMT2 and NtQPT2 promoters via directly targeting the GCC-box elements and transactivate NtQPT2 gene expression. Ectopic overexpression of NtERF91 not only increased the expression of most nicotine biosynthetic genes, but also altered alkaloid accumulation profile, resulting in dramatically anatabine accumulation. We conclude that NtERF91 plays an overlapped but distinct role in regulating tobacco alkaloid accumulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi Sui
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Zhongbang Song
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Wenzheng Li
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Meiyun Li
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Yongping Li
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Bingwu Wang
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.
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Thines B, Parlan EV, Fulton EC. Circadian Network Interactions with Jasmonate Signaling and Defense. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8080252. [PMID: 31357700 PMCID: PMC6724144 DOI: 10.3390/plants8080252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants experience specific stresses at particular, but predictable, times of the day. The circadian clock is a molecular oscillator that increases plant survival by timing internal processes to optimally match these environmental challenges. Clock regulation of jasmonic acid (JA) action is important for effective defenses against fungal pathogens and generalist herbivores in multiple plant species. Endogenous JA levels are rhythmic and under clock control with peak JA abundance during the day, a time when plants are more likely to experience certain types of biotic stresses. The expression of many JA biosynthesis, signaling, and response genes is transcriptionally controlled by the clock and timed through direct connections with core clock proteins. For example, the promoter of Arabidopsis transcription factor MYC2, a master regulator for JA signaling, is directly bound by the clock evening complex (EC) to negatively affect JA processes, including leaf senescence, at the end of the day. Also, tobacco ZEITLUPE, a circadian photoreceptor, binds directly to JAZ proteins and stimulates their degradation with resulting effects on JA root-based defenses. Collectively, a model where JA processes are embedded within the circadian network at multiple levels is emerging, and these connections to the circadian network suggest multiple avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Thines
- Biology Department, University of Puget Sound, 1500 North Warner St., Tacoma, WA 98416, USA.
| | - Emily V Parlan
- Biology Department, University of Puget Sound, 1500 North Warner St., Tacoma, WA 98416, USA
| | - Elena C Fulton
- Biology Department, University of Puget Sound, 1500 North Warner St., Tacoma, WA 98416, USA
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Chen X, Li J, Wang X, Zhong L, Tang Y, Zhou X, Liu Y, Zhan R, Zheng H, Chen W, Chen L. Full-length transcriptome sequencing and methyl jasmonate-induced expression profile analysis of genes related to patchoulol biosynthesis and regulation in Pogostemon cablin. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:266. [PMID: 31221095 PMCID: PMC6585090 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1884-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Patchouli) is an important aromatic and medicinal plant and widely used in traditional Chinese medicine as well as in the perfume industry. Patchoulol is the primary bioactive component in P. cablin, its biosynthesis has attracted widespread interests. Previous studies have surveyed the putative genes involved in patchoulol biosynthesis using next-generation sequencing method; however, technical limitations generated by short-read sequencing restrict the yield of full-length genes. Additionally, little is known about the expression pattern of genes especially patchoulol biosynthesis related genes in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Our understanding of patchoulol biosynthetic pathway still remained largely incomplete to date. RESULTS In this study, we analyzed the morphological character and volatile chemical compounds of P. cablin cv. 'Zhanxiang', and 39 volatile chemical components were detected in the patchouli leaf using GC-MS, most of which were sesquiterpenes. Furthermore, high-quality RNA isolated from leaves and stems of P. cablin were used to generate the first full-length transcriptome of P. cablin using PacBio isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq). In total, 9.7 Gb clean data and 82,335 full-length UniTransModels were captured. 102 transcripts were annotated as 16 encoding enzymes involved in patchouli alcohol biosynthesis. Accorded with the uptrend of patchoulol content, the vast majority of genes related to the patchoulol biosynthesis were up-regulated after MeJA treatment, indicating that MeJA led to an increasing synthesis of patchoulol through activating the expression level of genes involved in biosynthesis pathway of patchoulol. Moreover, expression pattern analysis also revealed that transcription factors participated in JA regulation of patchoulol biosynthesis were differentially expressed. CONCLUSIONS The current study comprehensively reported the morphological specificity, volatile chemical compositions and transcriptome characterization of the Chinese-cultivated P. cablin cv. 'Zhanxiang', these results contribute to our better understanding of the physiological and molecular features of patchouli, especially the molecular mechanism of biosynthesis of patchoulol. Our full-length transcriptome data also provides a valuable genetic resource for further studies in patchouli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhen Chen
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education; Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Junren Li
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education; Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education; Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Liting Zhong
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education; Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Tang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education; Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuanxuan Zhou
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education; Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanting Liu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education; Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruoting Zhan
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education; Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai Zheng
- Guangdong Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510520 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwen Chen
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education; Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Likai Chen
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education; Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 People’s Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Ji A, Xu Z, Luo H, Song J. The AP2/ERF transcription factor SmERF128 positively regulates diterpenoid biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:83-93. [PMID: 30847712 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00845-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The novel AP2/ERF transcription factor SmERF128 positively regulates diterpenoid tanshinone biosynthesis by activating the expression of SmCPS1, SmKSL1, and SmCYP76AH1 in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Certain members of the APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF) family regulate plant secondary metabolism. Although it is clearly documented that AP2/ERF transcription factors (TFs) are involved in sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis, the regulation of diterpenoid biosynthesis by AP2/ERF TFs remains elusive. Here, we report that the novel AP2/ERF TF SmERF128 positively regulates diterpenoid tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Overexpression of SmERF128 increased the expression levels of copalyl diphosphate synthase 1 (SmCPS1), kaurene synthase-like 1 (SmKSL1) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 76AH1 (SmCYP76AH1), whereas their expression levels were decreased when SmERF128 was silenced. Accordingly, the content of tanshinone was reduced in SmERF128 RNA interference (RNAi) hairy roots and dramatically increased in SmERF128 overexpression hairy roots, as demonstrated through Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Furthermore, SmERF128 activated the expression of SmCPS1, SmKSL1, and SmCYP76AH1 by binding to the GCC box, and to the CRTDREHVCBF2 (CBF2) and RAV1AAT (RAA) motifs within their promoters during in vivo and in vitro assays. Our findings not only reveal the molecular basis of how the AP2/ERF transcription factor SmERF128 regulates diterpenoid biosynthesis, but also provide useful information for improving tanshinone production through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, China
| | - Aijia Ji
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongmei Luo
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingyuan Song
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Jinghong, 666100, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Frick KM, Foley RC, Siddique KHM, Singh KB, Kamphuis LG. The role of jasmonate signalling in quinolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis, wounding and aphid predation response in narrow-leafed lupin. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:443-454. [PMID: 30940332 DOI: 10.1071/fp18278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs) are toxic secondary metabolites produced in lupin species that protect the plant against insects. They form in vegetative tissues and accumulate to a different extent in the grains: high levels in 'bitter' narrow-leafed lupin (NLL) and low levels in 'sweet' NLL. Grain QA levels vary considerably, and sometimes exceed the industry limit for food and feed purposes. We hypothesised that jasmonates regulate QA biosynthesis in response to environmental stresses such as wounding and aphid predation, which may explain non-genetic variability in grain QA levels. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-inducible genes were identified and verified in NLL. Exogenous MeJA application-induced expression of QA biosynthetic genes and QA levels for bitter, but not sweet NLL. Although MeJA-inducible genes responded to wounding, the expression of QA biosynthetic genes was not induced for bitter and sweet NLL. We assessed the effect of aphid predation on QA production for two cultivars - one moderately resistant and one susceptible to aphid predation. Although MeJA-inducible genes responded to aphid predation, no change in QA levels was found for either cultivar. These findings offer insights into the regulation of QA biosynthesis in bitter and sweet NLL and concludes that aphids are not a concern for increasing grain QAs in NLL cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Frick
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, LB 5005, Perth, WA 6001, Australia; and CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 147 Underwood Avenue, Floreat, WA 6014, Australia; and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, LB 5005, Perth, WA 6001, Australia; and Present address: Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Rhonda C Foley
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 147 Underwood Avenue, Floreat, WA 6014, Australia
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, LB 5005, Perth, WA 6001, Australia
| | - Karam B Singh
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 147 Underwood Avenue, Floreat, WA 6014, Australia; and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, LB 5005, Perth, WA 6001, Australia; and Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Lars G Kamphuis
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 147 Underwood Avenue, Floreat, WA 6014, Australia; and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, LB 5005, Perth, WA 6001, Australia; and Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; and Corresponding author.
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Donde R, Gupta MK, Gouda G, Kumar J, Vadde R, Sahoo KK, Dash SK, Behera L. Computational characterization of structural and functional roles of DREB1A, DREB1B and DREB1C in enhancing cold tolerance in rice plant. Amino Acids 2019; 51:839-853. [PMID: 30900088 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02727-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Shoji T. The Recruitment Model of Metabolic Evolution: Jasmonate-Responsive Transcription Factors and a Conceptual Model for the Evolution of Metabolic Pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:560. [PMID: 31156658 PMCID: PMC6528166 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a vast array of structurally diverse specialized metabolites with various biological activities, including medicinal alkaloids and terpenoids, from relatively simple precursors through a series of enzymatic steps. Massive metabolic flow through these pathways usually depends on the transcriptional coordination of a large set of metabolic, transport, and regulatory genes known as a regulon. The coexpression of genes involved in certain metabolic pathways in a wide range of developmental and environmental contexts has been investigated through transcriptomic analysis, which has been successfully exploited to mine the genes involved in various metabolic processes. Transcription factors are DNA-binding proteins that recognize relatively short sequences known as cis-regulatory elements residing in the promoter regions of target genes. Transcription factors have positive or negative effects on gene transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II. Evolutionarily conserved transcription factors of the APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) and basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) families have been identified as jasmonate (JA)-responsive transcriptional regulators of unrelated specialized pathways in distinct plant lineages. Here, I review the current knowledge and propose a conceptual model for the evolution of metabolic pathways, termed "recruitment model of metabolic evolution." According to this model, structural genes are repeatedly recruited into regulons under the control of conserved transcription factors through the generation of cognate cis-regulatory elements in the promoters of these genes. This leads to the adjustment of catalytic activities that improve metabolic flow through newly established passages.
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Lv Z, Wang Y, Liu Y, Peng B, Zhang L, Tang K, Chen W. The SPB-Box Transcription Factor AaSPL2 Positively Regulates Artemisinin Biosynthesis in Artemisia annua L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:409. [PMID: 31024586 PMCID: PMC6465324 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin, an important compound produced by Artemisia annua, is the active ingredient in the treatment of malaria. Jasmonic acid, one of the phytohormones, is an important elicitor of artemisinin biosynthesis by enhancing transcription levels of transcription factors. SPL transcription factors are plant-specific transcription factors of plant growth, development, and secondary metabolism regulation. However, to date, the SPL transcription factors that regulate artemisinin biosynthesis is currently unclear. Here, we show that an SPL transcription factor can positively regulate artemisinin biosynthesis by binding to the promoter of artemisinin biosynthetic pathway genes. We screened AaSPL2 by gene expression profiles analysis in 14 SPL transcription factors. We demonstrated that AaSPL2 can activate the promoter of DBR2 by dual-LUC assy. Moreover, in the AaSPL2 overexpression plants, the artemisinin content was increased by 33-86%, and in the AaSPL2 -RNAi transgenic plants, artemisinin content was decreased by 33-65%. These data suggest that AaSPL2 and DBR2 interact with a "GTAC" cis-element in the DBR2 promoter, mediating the transcriptional activation of DBR2 in response to JA and resulting in the improvement on artemisinin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyou Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bowen Peng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Zhang, Kexuan Tang, Wansheng Chen,
| | - Kexuan Tang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Zhang, Kexuan Tang, Wansheng Chen,
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Zhang, Kexuan Tang, Wansheng Chen,
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Han Y, Wang H, Wang X, Li K, Dong M, Li Y, Zhu Q, Shang F. Mechanism of floral scent production in Osmanthus fragrans and the production and regulation of its key floral constituents, β-ionone and linalool. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:106. [PMID: 31645961 PMCID: PMC6804851 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans Lour.) is among the top ten most well-known flowers in China and is recognized as both an aromatic plant and ornamental flower. Here, manual sectioning, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy of sweet osmanthus petals revealed that large amounts of lipids are present inside the petal cells and on the cell surfaces. However, no secretory structures were observed. Instead, the petal cells protrude slightly outward, and the surfaces of the cells are adorned with highly regular brush-shaped hairs. The surfaces of the 'Yingui' petals possessed mostly curled and more numerous hairs, whereas the 'Dangui' petals possessed fewer brush-shaped and more sparsely arranged hairs. In addition, many granular substances were attached to the brush-shaped hairs, and the granules were denser on the hairs of the 'Yingui' petals compared to the hairs on the 'Dangui' petals. Furthermore, 35 aromatic components in the 'Yingui' petals and 30 aromatic components in the 'Dangui' petals were detected via GC-MS. The main aromatic component of the 'Yingui' petals was β-ionone, whereas that of the 'Dangui' petals was linalool and its oxides. Transcriptome sequencing and qRT-PCR indicated that the high β-ionone content in the 'Yingui' petals was due to the overexpression of CCD1 and CCD4 and that the high linalool content in the 'Dangui' petals was due to the overexpression of MECS, HDR, IDI1, and LIS1, which function upstream of the linalool synthetic pathway. In particular, the expression levels of CCD4 and LIS1 were upregulated by 5.5- and 5.1-fold in the 'Yingui' and 'Dangui' petals, respectively. One transcription factor (ERF61) was cloned and named, and the expression pattern of ERF61 in sweet osmanthus petals was found to be generally consistent with that of CCD4. Tobacco transformation experiments, yeast one-hybrid experiments, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that ERF61 binds to the CCD4 promoter and stimulates CCD4 expression, thereby regulating the synthesis of β-ionone in sweet osmanthus petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanji Han
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Hongyun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Ke Li
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Meifang Dong
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Yong Li
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Qian Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Fude Shang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
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Sun M, Shi M, Wang Y, Huang Q, Yuan T, Wang Q, Wang C, Zhou W, Kai G. The biosynthesis of phenolic acids is positively regulated by the JA-responsive transcription factor ERF115 in Salvia miltiorrhiza. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:243-254. [PMID: 30299490 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic acids are important secondary metabolites produced in the Chinese medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza, but little is known about the transcription factors involved in the regulation of tanshinone and phenolic acid biosynthesis. Here, a novel AP2/ERF transcription factor SmERF115 was isolated and functionally characterized. SmERF115 was most responsive to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment and was localized in the nucleus. The phenolic acid production was increased in SmERF115-overexpressing hairy roots, but with a decrease in tanshinone content. In contrast, silencing of SmERF115 reduced the phenolic acid level, but increased tanshinone content. The expression of the key biosynthetic gene SmRAS1 was up-regulated in SmERF115 overexpression lines but was down-regulated in SmERF115-RNAi lines. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay and EMSA showed that SmERF115 directly binds to the promoter of SmRAS1, while dual-luciferase assays showed that SmERF115 could activate expression of SmRAS1 in vivo. Furthermore, global transcriptomic analysis by RNA sequencing revealed that expression of other genes such as PAL3, 4CL5, TAT3, and RAS4 was also increased in the overexpression line, implying that they were potentially involved in the SmERF115-mediated pathway. Our data show that SmERF115 is a positive regulator of phenolic acid biosynthesis, and may be a potential target for further metabolic engineering of phenolic acid biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihong Sun
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Min Shi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tingpan Yuan
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Can Wang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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72
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Shi T, Sun J, Wu X, Weng J, Wang P, Qie H, Huang Y, Wang H, Gao Z. Transcriptome analysis of Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) fruit treated with heat and 1-MCP. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 133:40-49. [PMID: 30390430 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) is a typical fruit tree grown in the hilly region of Southern China. The fruit is sensitive to storage and transportation conditions and presents a major problem in its commercialization. The present study was conducted to investigate the regulation of gene expression involved in plant hormone signaling pathway in the Chinese bayberry with different treatments of heat and 1-methylcyclopene (1-MCP) during postharvest storage. In one treatment group (HM group), we exposed Chinese bayberry fruit to 48 °C for 10 min and then sealed them in a desiccator with 5 μl·L-1 of 1-MCP for 24 h at 20 °C, followed by storage at 10 °C. Another group (CK group) was directly stored at 10 °C without any prior treatment. Samples of fruit were collected every three days, at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 d (CK3, CK6, CK9, CK12 and CK15; and HM3, HM6, HM9, HM12, and HM15, respectively). The decay index of fruits in the CK group increased after six days of storage but did not increase until nine days of storage in the HM group. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the CK group was shown a downtrend during storage, and almost no fluctuation from six days. In the HM group, SOD activity increased after three days, but decreased sharply after six days storage. Besides, peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities were shown the similar trend during the storage, both of them first increased and then decreased form the six days of storage. These physiological data indicated that the sixth day is a crucial time during the storage of Chinese bayberry treated with heat and 1-MCP. Therefore, the transcriptome libraries were constructed from CK0, CK6, HM6 group, respectively. The analysis of top 20 KEGG pathways showed that most differentially expressed genes were involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, particularly flavonoids and flavanols biosynthesis, in CK0 vs. CK6 and CK0 vs. HM6. However, the top three KEGG pathways in CK6 vs. HM6 were the ribosome, RNA transport and endocytosis during the storage. Expression of six ethylene receptor (ETR) genes and four ethylene-responsive transcription factor (ERF) genes were activated at transcriptional level during the postharvest stage and were decreased by heat and 1-MCP treatment, and serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (CTR1) was also repressed by treatment. Abscisic acid (ABA) -responsive element binding factor (ABF) gene, auxin-responsive GH3 gene and transcription factor MYC2 gene also showed similar expression pattern with ethylene pathway genes. These results might improve our understanding of the mechanisms of heat and 1-MCP inhibition of fruit postharvest physiology and prolongation of fruit shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shi
- Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Jie Sun
- Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Taihu Extension Center for Evergreen Fruit of Jiangsu Province, Eastern Mountain Town, Suzhou, 215107, PR China
| | - Xinxin Wu
- Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Jinyang Weng
- Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Pengkai Wang
- Taihu Extension Center for Evergreen Fruit of Jiangsu Province, Eastern Mountain Town, Suzhou, 215107, PR China
| | - Hongli Qie
- Taihu Extension Center for Evergreen Fruit of Jiangsu Province, Eastern Mountain Town, Suzhou, 215107, PR China
| | - Yinghong Huang
- Taihu Extension Center for Evergreen Fruit of Jiangsu Province, Eastern Mountain Town, Suzhou, 215107, PR China
| | - Huakun Wang
- Taihu Extension Center for Evergreen Fruit of Jiangsu Province, Eastern Mountain Town, Suzhou, 215107, PR China
| | - Zhihong Gao
- Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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Jiang M, Li H. High-throughput sequencing analysis of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud provides insights into the molecular mechanism of pharmaceutical ingredient biosynthesis. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:449. [PMID: 30333951 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing is an effective approach to analyse the bioinformation on the molecular biological and whole genome levels, especially in non-model plants for which reference genome sequences are unavailable. In this study, high-throughput sequencing analysis of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud was conducted on the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. A total of 9,6481,893 raw reads were generated and assembled into 304,217 transcripts and 186,384 unigenes. Of the 186,384 unigenes, 77.45% were annotated in at least one database, and some pathways involved in the biosynthesis of the terpenoid backbone were closely linked to the main anticancer components. In addition, 7452 transcription factors and 76,193 SSRs were detected. This study may provide a candidate pathway for terpenoid backbone biosynthesis in this medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jiang
- Department of Science and Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006 Heilongjiang China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Science and Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006 Heilongjiang China
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74
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De novo assembly and analysis of the Artemisia argyi transcriptome and identification of genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5824. [PMID: 29643397 PMCID: PMC5895812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemisia argyi Lev. et Vant. (A. argyi) is widely utilized for moxibustion in Chinese medicine, and the mechanism underlying terpenoid biosynthesis in its leaves is suggested to play an important role in its medicinal use. However, the A. argyi transcriptome has not been sequenced. Herein, we performed RNA sequencing for A. argyi leaf, root and stem tissues to identify as many as possible of the transcribed genes. In total, 99,807 unigenes were assembled by analysing the expression profiles generated from the three tissue types, and 67,446 of those unigenes were annotated in public databases. We further performed differential gene expression analysis to compare leaf tissue with the other two tissue types and identified numerous genes that were specifically expressed or up-regulated in leaf tissue. Specifically, we identified multiple genes encoding significant enzymes or transcription factors related to terpenoid synthesis. This study serves as a valuable resource for transcriptome information, as many transcribed genes related to terpenoid biosynthesis were identified in the A. argyi transcriptome, providing a functional genomic basis for additional studies on molecular mechanisms underlying the medicinal use of A. argyi.
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75
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Colinas M, Goossens A. Combinatorial Transcriptional Control of Plant Specialized Metabolism. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:324-336. [PMID: 29395832 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce countless specialized compounds of diverse chemical nature and biological activities. Their biosynthesis often exclusively occurs either in response to environmental stresses or is limited to dedicated anatomical structures. In both scenarios, regulation of biosynthesis appears to be mainly controlled at the transcriptional level, which is generally dependent on a combined interplay of DNA-related mechanisms and the activity of transcription factors that may act in a combinatorial manner. How environmental and developmental cues are integrated into a coordinated cell type-specific stress response has only partially been unraveled so far. Building on the available examples from (metabolic) gene expression, here we propose theoretical models of how this integration of signals may occur at the level of transcriptional control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Colinas
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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76
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Alotaibi SS, Sparks CA, Parry MAJ, Simkin AJ, Raines CA. Identification of Leaf Promoters for Use in Transgenic Wheat. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7020027. [PMID: 29597282 PMCID: PMC6027260 DOI: 10.3390/plants7020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Wheat yields have plateaued in recent years and given the growing global population there is a pressing need to develop higher yielding varieties to meet future demand. Genetic manipulation of photosynthesis in elite wheat varieties offers the opportunity to significantly increase yields. However, the absence of a well-defined molecular tool-box of promoters to manipulate leaf processes in wheat hinders advancements in this area. Two promoters, one driving the expression of sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase) and the other fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBPA) from Brachypodium distachyon were identified and cloned into a vector in front of the GUS reporter gene. Both promoters were shown to be functionally active in wheat in both transient assays and in stably transformed wheat plants. Analysis of the stable transformants of wheat (cv. Cadenza) showed that both promoters controlled gus expression throughout leaf development as well as in other green tissues. The availability of these promoters provides new tools for the expression of genes in transgenic wheat leaves and also paves the way for multigene manipulation of photosynthesis to improve yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqer S Alotaibi
- School of Biological Sciences, Wivenhoe Park, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK.
- Biotechnology Department, Biological Sciences College, Taif University, At Taif 26571, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Caroline A Sparks
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Martin A J Parry
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK.
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | - Andrew J Simkin
- School of Biological Sciences, Wivenhoe Park, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK.
- Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, NIAB EMR, New Road, East Malling ME19 6BJ, UK.
| | - Christine A Raines
- School of Biological Sciences, Wivenhoe Park, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK.
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Pei T, Ma P, Ding K, Liu S, Jia Y, Ru M, Dong J, Liang Z. SmJAZ8 acts as a core repressor regulating JA-induced biosynthesis of salvianolic acids and tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1663-1678. [PMID: 29281115 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are important plant hormones that regulate a variety of plant development and defense processes, including biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins act as negative regulators in the JA signaling pathways of plants. We first verified that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) enhanced the accumulation of both salvianolic acids and tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) hairy roots by inducing the expression of their biosynthetic pathway genes. Nine JAZ genes were cloned from Danshen and their expression levels in hairy roots were all increased by treatment with MeJA. When analyzed in detail, however, SmJAZ8 showed the strongest expression in the induced hairy roots. Overexpression or RNAi of SmJAZ8 deregulated or up-regulated the yields of salvianolic acids and tanshinones in the MeJA-induced transgenic hairy roots, respectively, and transcription factors and biosynthetic pathway genes showed an expression pattern that mirrored the production of the compounds. Genetic transformation of SmJAZ8 altered the expression of other SmJAZ genes, suggesting evidence of crosstalk occurring in JAZ-regulated secondary metabolism. Furthermore, the transcriptome analysis revealed a primary-secondary metabolism balance regulated by SmJAZ8. Altogether, we propose a novel role for SmJAZ8 as a negative feedback loop controller in the JA-induced biosynthesis of salvianolic acids and tanshinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlin Pei
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Pengda Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Kai Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanyan Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mei Ru
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Juane Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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78
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Identification of JAZ-interacting MYC transcription factors involved in latex drainage in Hevea brasiliensis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:909. [PMID: 29343866 PMCID: PMC5772448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg. is one of the most frequently wounded plants worldwide. Expelling latex upon mechanical injury is a wound response of rubber trees. However, JA-mediated wound responses in rubber trees are not well documented. In this work, three JAZ-interacting MYC transcription factors of H. brasiliensis (termed HbMYC2/3/4) were identified by yeast two-hybrid screening. HbMYC2/3/4 each showed specific interaction profiles with HbJAZs. HbMYC2/3/4 each localized in the nucleus and exhibited strong transcriptional activity. To identify the target genes potentially regulated by HbMYC2/3/4, cis-elements interacting with HbMYC2/3/4 were first screened by yeast one-hybrid assays; the results indicated that HbMYC2/3/4 each could bind G-box elements. Additional analysis confirmed that HbMYC2/3/4 bound the HbPIP2;1 promoter, which contains five G-box cis-elements, and regulated the expression of reporter genes in yeast cells and in planta. HbMYC2/3/4 were induced by exogenous JA treatment but suppressed by ethylene (ET) treatment; in contrast, HbPIP2;1 was positively regulated by ET but negatively regulated by JA treatment. Given that HbPIP2;1 is involved in latex drainage, it could be proposed that HbMYC2/3/4 are involved in the regulation of HbPIP2;1 expression as well as latex drainage, both of which are coordinated by the JA and ET signalling pathways.
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79
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Wang CC, Meng LH, Gao Y, Grierson D, Fu DQ. Manipulation of Light Signal Transduction Factors as a Means of Modifying Steroidal Glycoalkaloids Accumulation in Tomato Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:437. [PMID: 29706975 PMCID: PMC5906708 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are cholesterol-derived specialized metabolites produced by Solanaceous plant species. They contribute to pathogen defense but are considered as anti-nutritional compounds and toxic to humans. Although the genes involved in the SGA biosynthetic pathway have been successfully cloned and identified, transcription factors regulating this pathway are still poorly understood. We report that silencing tomato light signal transduction transcription factors ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (SlHY5) and PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR3 (SlPIF3), by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), altered glycoalkaloids levels in tomato leaves compared to control plant. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis confirmed that SlHY5 and SlPIF3 bind to the promoter of target genes of GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM (GAME1, GAME4, GAME17), affecting the steady-state concentrations of transcripts coding for SGA pathway enzymes. The results indicate that light-signaling transcription factors HY5 and PIF3 regulate the abundance of SGAs by modulating the transcript levels of these GAME genes. This insight into the regulation of SGA biosynthesis can be used for manipulating the level of these metabolites in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-cui Wang
- Fruit Biology Laboratory, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lan-huan Meng
- Fruit Biology Laboratory, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Fruit Biology Laboratory, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Da-qi Fu
- Fruit Biology Laboratory, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Da-qi Fu
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80
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Chen H, Wang B, Geng S, Arellano C, Chen S, Qu R. Effects of overexpression of jasmonic acid biosynthesis genes on nicotine accumulation in tobacco. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00036. [PMID: 31245684 PMCID: PMC6508566 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is naturally synthesized in tobacco roots and accumulates in leaves as a defense compound against herbivory attack. Nicotine biosynthesis pathway has been extensively studied with major genes and enzymes being isolated and functionally characterized. However, the molecular regulation of nicotine synthesis has not been fully understood. The phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) mediates many aspects of plant defense responses including nicotine biosynthesis. In this study, five key genes (AtLOX2, AtAOS, AtAOC2, AtOPR3, AtJAR1) involved in JA biosynthesis from Arabidopsis were individually overexpressed, and a JA-Ile hydrolysis-related gene, NtJIH1, was suppressed by RNAi approach, to understand their effects on nicotine accumulation in tobacco. Interestingly, while transgene expression was high, levels of JA-Ile (the biologically active form of JA) were often significantly reduced. Meanwhile, nicotine content in these transgenic plants did not increase. The research revealed a tightly controlled JA signaling pathway and a complicated regulatory network for nicotine biosynthesis by JA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Chen
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Bingwu Wang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Sisi Geng
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | | | - Sixue Chen
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Rongda Qu
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
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81
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Zhang M, Jin X, Chen Y, Wei M, Liao W, Zhao S, Fu C, Yu L. TcMYC2a, a Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor, Transduces JA-Signals and Regulates Taxol Biosynthesis in Taxus chinensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:863. [PMID: 29977250 PMCID: PMC6021540 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The multitherapeutic taxol, which can be obtained from Taxus spp., is the most widely used anticancer drug. Taxol biosynthesis is significantly regulated by jasmonate acid (JA), one of the most important endogenous hormones in land plants. Nevertheless, the JA-inducing mechanism remains poorly understood. MYC2 is one of the key regulators of JA signal transfer and the biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites. Here, TcMYC2a was identified to contain a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-leucine zipper domain, a bHLH-MYC_N domain, and a BIF/ACT-like domain. TcMYC2a was also found to bind with TcJAZ3 in yeast, which was a homolog of Arabidopsis JASMONATE ZIM-domain JAZ proteins, indicating that TcMYC2a had a similar function to AtMYC2 of JA signal transduction. TcMYC2a was able to affect the expression of GUS reporter gene by binding with the T/G-box, G-box, and E-box, which were the key cis-elements of TASY and TcERF12/15 promoter. TcMYC2a overexpression also led to significantly increased expression of TASY, tat, dbtnbt, t13h, and t5h genes. Additionally, TcERF15, which played the positive role to regulate tasy gene, was up-regulated by TcMYC2a. All these results revealed that TcMYC2a can regulate taxol biosynthesis either directly or via ERF regulators depending on JA signaling transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofei Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mi Wei
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weifang Liao
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengying Zhao
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunhua Fu
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Chunhua Fu, Longjiang Yu,
| | - Longjiang Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Chunhua Fu, Longjiang Yu,
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82
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Liu J, Gao F, Ren J, Lu X, Ren G, Wang R. A Novel AP2/ERF Transcription Factor CR1 Regulates the Accumulation of Vindoline and Serpentine in Catharanthus roseus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2082. [PMID: 29270185 PMCID: PMC5724233 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As one type of the most important alkaloids in the world, terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs) show a wide range of pharmaceutical activities that are beneficial for clinical treatments. Catharanthus roseus produces approximately 130 identified TIAs and is considered to be a model plant to study TIA biosynthesis. In order to increase the production of high medical value metabolites whose yields are extremely low in C. roseus, genetic engineering combined with transcriptional regulation has been applied in recent years. By using bioinformatics which is based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-treated C. roseus as well as phylogenetic analysis, the present work aims to screen candidate genes that may be involved in the regulation of TIA biosynthesis, resulting in a novel AP2/ERF transcription factor, CR1 (Catharanthus roseus 1). Subsequently, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of CR1 was carried out to identify the involvement of CR1 in the accumulations of several TIAs and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was then applied to detect the expression levels of 7 genes in the related biosynthetic pathway in silenced plants. The results show that all the 7 genes were upregulated in CR1-silenced plants. Furthermore, metabolite analyses indicate that silencing CR1 could increase the accumulations of vindoline and serpentine in C. roseus. These results suggest a novel negative regulator which may be involved in the TIAs biosynthetic pathway.
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83
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Gu C, Guo ZH, Hao PP, Wang GM, Jin ZM, Zhang SL. Multiple regulatory roles of AP2/ERF transcription factor in angiosperm. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2017; 58:6. [PMID: 28510189 PMCID: PMC5432895 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-016-0159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
APETALA2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF) transcription factor (TF) is a superfamily in plant kingdom, which has been reported to be involved in regulation of plant growth and development, fruit ripening, defense response, and metabolism. As the final response gene in ethylene signaling pathway, AP2/ERF TF could feedback modulate phytohormone biosynthesis, including ethylene, cytokinin, gibberellin, and abscisic acid. Moreover, AP2/ERF TF also participates in response to the signals of auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, and jasmonate. Thus, this superfamily is key regulator for connecting the phytohormonal signals. In this review, based on the evidence of structural and functional studies, we discussed the multiple regulator roles of AP2/ERF TF in angiosperm, and then constructed the network model of AP2/ERF TF in response to various phytohormonal signals and regulatory mechanism of the cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Zhi-Hua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Ping-Ping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Guo-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Zi-Ming Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Shao-Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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84
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Hoang XLT, Nhi DNH, Thu NBA, Thao NP, Tran LSP. Transcription Factors and Their Roles in Signal Transduction in Plants under Abiotic Stresses. Curr Genomics 2017; 18:483-497. [PMID: 29204078 PMCID: PMC5684650 DOI: 10.2174/1389202918666170227150057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In agricultural production, abiotic stresses are known as the main disturbance leading to negative impacts on crop performance. Research on elucidating plant defense mechanisms against the stresses at molecular level has been addressed for years in order to identify the major contributors in boosting the plant tolerance ability. From literature, numerous genes from different species, and from both functional and regulatory gene categories, have been suggested to be on the list of potential candidates for genetic engineering. Noticeably, enhancement of plant stress tolerance by manipulating expression of Transcription Factors (TFs) encoding genes has emerged as a popular approach since most of them are early stress-responsive genes and control the expression of a set of downstream target genes. Consequently, there is a higher chance to generate novel cultivars with better tolerance to either single or multiple stresses. Perhaps, the difficult task when deploying this approach is selecting appropriate gene(s) for manipulation. In this review, on the basis of the current findings from molecular and post-genomic studies, our interest is to highlight the current understanding of the roles of TFs in signal transduction and mediating plant responses towards abiotic stressors. Furthermore, interactions among TFs within the stress-responsive network will be discussed. The last section will be reserved for discussing the potential applications of TFs for stress tolerance improvement in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Lan Thi Hoang
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Du Ngoc Hai Nhi
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Binh Anh Thu
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Phuong Thao
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Plant Abiotic Stress Research Group & Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Signaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
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85
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De novo Transcriptome Sequencing of MeJA-Induced Taraxacum koksaghyz Rodin to Identify Genes Related to Rubber Formation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15697. [PMID: 29146946 PMCID: PMC5691164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increase in the consumption of natural rubber (NR) has necessitated the identification of alternative sources of NR. The quality of NR produced by Taraxacum koksaghyz Rodin (TKS) is comparable to that from Hevea brasiliensis (H.brasiliensis), and therefore, TKS is being considered as an alternative source of NR. Here, we sequenced the TKS root transcriptome after wild TKS seedlings were treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) for 0, 6, and 24 h. The clean reads generated for each experimental line were assembled into 127,833 unigenes. The Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway prediction suggested that methyl jasmonate regulated secondary metabolism in TKS. Differential expression analysis showed that the expression of HMGCR, FPPS, IDI, GGPPS, and REF/SRPP increased with methyl jasmonate treatment. Interestingly, differential expression analysis of the jasmonate (JA)-related transcription factors (TFs), indicated that certain genes encoding these transcription factors (namely, bHLH, MYB, AP2/EREBP, and WRKY) showed the same expression pattern in the lines treated for 6 h and 24 h. Moreover, HMGCR was up-regulated in the transgenic seedlings overexpressing DREB. We predicted that methyl jasmonate regulated secondary metabolism and affected rubber biosynthesis via the interaction of the JA-related TFs with genes associated with rubber biosynthesis in TKS.
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86
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Yang N, Zhou W, Su J, Wang X, Li L, Wang L, Cao X, Wang Z. Overexpression of SmMYC2 Increases the Production of Phenolic Acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1804. [PMID: 29230228 PMCID: PMC5708653 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
MYC2 is a core transcription factor in the plant response to jasmonates. It also functions in secondary metabolism and various processes for growth and development. However, the knowledge about its role in Salvia miltiorrhiza is still very limited. We determined that the biosynthesis of salvianolic acid B (Sal B) was strongly induced in 2-month-old transgenic plants that over-expressed SmMYC2. In the roots of transgenic line 12 that over-expressed SmMYC2 (OEM-12), the Sal B concentration was as high as 5.95 ± 0.07 mg g-1, a level that was 1.88-fold higher than that in control plants that had been transformed with an empty vector. Neither tanshinone IIA nor cryptotanshinone was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography in any of the genotypes. Global transcriptomic analysis using RNA sequencing revealed that most enzyme-encoding genes for the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway were up-regulated in the overexpression lines. Furthermore, both the phenylalanine and tyrosine biosynthesis pathways were activated in those transgenics. Our data demonstrate that overexpression of SmMYC2 promotes the production of phenolic acids by simultaneously activating both primary and secondary pathways for metabolism in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoyan Cao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhezhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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87
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Wasternack C, Strnad M. Jasmonates are signals in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites - Pathways, transcription factors and applied aspects - A brief review. N Biotechnol 2017; 48:1-11. [PMID: 29017819 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are signals in plant stress responses and development. One of the first observed and prominent responses to JAs is the induction of biosynthesis of different groups of secondary compounds. Among them are nicotine, isoquinolines, glucosinolates, anthocyanins, benzophenanthridine alkaloids, artemisinin, and terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs), such as vinblastine. This brief review describes modes of action of JAs in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, nicotine, TIAs, glucosinolates and artemisinin. After introducing JA biosynthesis, the central role of the SCFCOI1-JAZ co-receptor complex in JA perception and MYB-type and MYC-type transcription factors is described. Brief comments are provided on primary metabolites as precursors of secondary compounds. Pathways for the biosynthesis of anthocyanin, nicotine, TIAs, glucosinolates and artemisinin are described with an emphasis on JA-dependent transcription factors, which activate or repress the expression of essential genes encoding enzymes in the biosynthesis of these secondary compounds. Applied aspects are discussed using the biotechnological formation of artemisinin as an example of JA-induced biosynthesis of secondary compounds in plant cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Wasternack
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale) Germany; Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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88
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Song S, Huang H, Wang J, Liu B, Qi T, Xie D. MYC5 is Involved in Jasmonate-Regulated Plant Growth, Leaf Senescence and Defense Responses. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1752-1763. [PMID: 29017003 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs), lipid-derived phytohormones, regulate plant growth, development and defenses against biotic stresses. CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 perceives bioactive JA and recruits JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation via the 26S proteasome, which de-represses JAZ-targeted transcription factors that regulate diverse JA responses. Recent studies showed that the Arabidopsis basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor MYC5 interacts with JAZs and regulates stamen development. However, whether MYC5 mediates other JA responses is unclear. Here, we show that MYC5 functions redundantly with MYC2, MYC3 and MYC4 to modulate JA-regulated root growth inhibition and plant defenses against insect attack and pathogen infection, and that it positively regulates JA-induced leaf senescence. Our findings define MYC5 as an important regulator that is essential for diverse JA responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susheng Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Huang Huang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Tiancong Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Daoxin Xie
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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89
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Li H, Xiao Q, Zhang C, Du J, Li X, Huang H, Wei B, Li Y, Yu G, Liu H, Hu Y, Liu Y, Zhang J, Huang Y. Identification and characterization of transcription factor ZmEREB94 involved in starch synthesis in maize. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 216:11-16. [PMID: 28549232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Maize is an important food crop and industrial material owing to its high starch content. However, the mechanism of starch synthesis is not fully elucidated, especially with regard to the expression and regulation of starch synthetic genes. The APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) family plays a crucial role in various biological processes via regulating gene expression. In this study, the ZmEREB94 gene was identified through co-expression analysis. Bioinformatics analysis confirmed that ZmEREB94 belongs to the AP2/ERF family. Expression pattern analysis showed that this protein is strongly expressed in the maize endosperm. A ZmEREB94-GFP fusion protein was localized in the nuclei of onion epidermal cells, and ZmEREB94 showed strong transcriptional activation activity, which indicated that this protein is a transcription factor. In addition, yeast-one hybrid assays and transient expression in maize endosperm showed that ZmEREB94 could directly bind to the ZmSSI promoter and indirectly regulate ZmSh2 and ZmGBSSI expression. Our results revealed that ZmEREB94 might act as a key regulator of starch synthesis in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qianlin Xiao
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Chunxia Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jia Du
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Huanhuan Huang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Bin Wei
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yangping Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Guowu Yu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hanmei Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yufeng Hu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yinghong Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Junjie Zhang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yubi Huang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
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90
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Yang Y, Yan P, Yi C, Li W, Chai Y, Fei L, Gao P, Zhao H, Wang Y, Timko MP, Wang B, Han S. Transcriptome-wide analysis of jasmonate-treated BY-2 cells reveals new transcriptional regulators associated with alkaloid formation in tobacco. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 215:1-10. [PMID: 28527333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are well-known regulators of stress, defence, and secondary metabolism in plants, with JA perception triggering extensive transcriptional reprogramming, including both activation and/or repression of entire metabolic pathways. We performed RNA sequencing based transcriptomic profiling of tobacco BY-2 cells before and after treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to identify novel transcriptional regulators associated with alkaloid formation. A total of 107,140 unigenes were obtained through de novo assembly, and at least 33,213 transcripts (31%) encode proteins, in which 3419 transcription factors (TFs) were identified, representing 72 gene families, as well as 840 transcriptional regulators (TRs) distributed among 19 gene families. After MeJA treatment BY-2 cells, 7260 differentially expressed transcripts were characterised, which include 4443 MeJA-upregulated and 2817 MeJA-downregulated genes. Of these, 227 TFs/TRs in 36 families were specifically upregulated, and 102 TFs/TRs in 38 families were downregulated in MeJA-treated BY-2 cells. We further showed that the expression of 12 ethylene response factors and four basic helix-loop-helix factors increased at the transcriptional level after MeJA treatment in BY-2 cells and displayed specific expression patterns in nic mutants with or without MeJA treatments. Our data provide a catalogue of transcripts of tobacco BY-2 cells and benefit future study of JA-modulated regulation of secondary metabolism in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| | - Pengcheng Yan
- Department of Computational Biology, Beijing Computing Center, Beijing 100094, China.
| | - Che Yi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Wenzheng Li
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Yuxi, Yunnan 653100, China.
| | - Yuhui Chai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Lingling Fei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Ping Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Heping Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yingdian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Michael P Timko
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| | - Bingwu Wang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Yuxi, Yunnan 653100, China.
| | - Shengcheng Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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91
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Jasmonate-induced biosynthesis of steroidal glycoalkaloids depends on COI1 proteins in tomato. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 489:206-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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92
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Zhao Y, Chang X, Qi D, Dong L, Wang G, Fan S, Jiang L, Cheng Q, Chen X, Han D, Xu P, Zhang S. A Novel Soybean ERF Transcription Factor, GmERF113, Increases Resistance to Phytophthora sojae Infection in Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:299. [PMID: 28326092 PMCID: PMC5339286 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean caused by the oomycete Phytophthora sojae, is a destructive disease worldwide. Ethylene response factors (ERFs) play important roles in regulating plant biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. In this study, a new ERF gene, GmERF113, was isolated from the highly resistant soybean 'Suinong 10.' Sequence analysis suggested that the protein encoded by GmERF113 contained a conserved AP2/ERF domain of 58 amino acid and belonged to the B-4 subgroup of the ERF subfamily. Expression of GmERF113 was significantly induced by P. sojae, ethylene, and methyl jasmonate. GmERF113 protein localized to the nucleus when transiently expressed in Arabidopsis protoplasts, could bind to the GCC-box, and acted as a transcription activator. In addition, a region of the full-length GmERF113, GmERF113-II, interacted with a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor (GmbHLH) in yeast cells. Full-length GmERF113 also interacted with GmbHLH in planta. GmERF113-overexpressing transgenic plants in susceptible cultivar 'Dongnong 50' soybean exhibited increased resistance to P. sojae and positively regulated the expression of the pathogenesis-related genes, PR1 and PR10-1. These results indicate that GmERF113 may play a crucial role in the defense of soybean against P. sojae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Xin Chang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Dongyue Qi
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Lidong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Guangjin Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Sujie Fan
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Liangyu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Qun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Dan Han
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
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93
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Paul P, Singh SK, Patra B, Sui X, Pattanaik S, Yuan L. A differentially regulated AP2/ERF transcription factor gene cluster acts downstream of a MAP kinase cascade to modulate terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1107-1123. [PMID: 27801944 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Catharanthus roseus produces bioactive terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs), including the chemotherapeutics, vincristine and vinblastine. Transcriptional regulation of TIA biosynthesis is not fully understood. The jasmonic acid (JA)-responsive AP2/ERF transcription factor (TF), ORCA3, and its regulator, CrMYC2, play key roles in TIA biosynthesis. ORCA3 forms a physical cluster with two uncharacterized AP2/ERFs, ORCA4 and 5. Here, we report that (1) the ORCA gene cluster is differentially regulated; (2) ORCA4, while overlapping functionally with ORCA3, modulates an additional set of TIA genes. Unlike ORCA3, ORCA4 overexpression resulted in dramatic increase of TIA accumulation in C. roseus hairy roots. In addition, CrMYC2 is capable of activating ORCA3 and co-regulating TIA pathway genes concomitantly with ORCA3. The ORCA gene cluster and CrMYC2 act downstream of a MAP kinase cascade that includes a previously uncharacterized MAP kinase kinase, CrMAPKK1. Overexpression of CrMAPKK1 in C. roseus hairy roots upregulated TIA pathways genes and increased TIA accumulation. This work provides detailed characterization of a TF gene cluster and advances our understanding of the transcriptional and post-translational regulatory mechanisms that govern TIA biosynthesis in C. roseus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Paul
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research Development Center, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Sanjay K Singh
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research Development Center, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Barunava Patra
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research Development Center, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Xueyi Sui
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research Development Center, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Sitakanta Pattanaik
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research Development Center, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research Development Center, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
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94
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Frick KM, Kamphuis LG, Siddique KHM, Singh KB, Foley RC. Quinolizidine Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Lupins and Prospects for Grain Quality Improvement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:87. [PMID: 28197163 PMCID: PMC5281559 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs) are toxic secondary metabolites found within the genus Lupinus, some species of which are commercially important grain legume crops including Lupinus angustifolius (narrow-leafed lupin, NLL), L. luteus (yellow lupin), L. albus (white lupin), and L. mutabilis (pearl lupin), with NLL grain being the most largely produced of the four species in Australia and worldwide. While QAs offer the plants protection against insect pests, the accumulation of QAs in lupin grain complicates its use for food purposes as QA levels must remain below the industry threshold (0.02%), which is often exceeded. It is not well understood what factors cause grain QA levels to exceed this threshold. Much of the early work on QA biosynthesis began in the 1970-1980s, with many QA chemical structures well-characterized and lupin cell cultures and enzyme assays employed to identify some biosynthetic enzymes and pathway intermediates. More recently, two genes associated with these enzymes have been characterized, however, the QA biosynthetic pathway remains only partially elucidated. Here, we review the research accomplished thus far concerning QAs in lupin and consider some possibilities for further elucidation and manipulation of the QA pathway in lupin crops, drawing on examples from model alkaloid species. One breeding strategy for lupin is to produce plants with high QAs in vegetative tissues while low in the grain in order to confer insect resistance to plants while keeping grain QA levels within industry regulations. With the knowledge achieved on alkaloid biosynthesis in other plant species in recent years, and the recent development of genomic and transcriptomic resources for NLL, there is considerable scope to facilitate advances in our knowledge of QAs, leading to the production of improved lupin crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Frick
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationFloreat, WA, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
| | - Lars G. Kamphuis
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationFloreat, WA, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Karam B. Singh
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationFloreat, WA, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
| | - Rhonda C. Foley
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationFloreat, WA, Australia
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95
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Phukan UJ, Jeena GS, Tripathi V, Shukla RK. Regulation of Apetala2/Ethylene Response Factors in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:150. [PMID: 28270817 PMCID: PMC5318435 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple environmental stresses affect growth and development of plants. Plants try to adapt under these unfavorable condition through various evolutionary mechanisms like physiological and biochemical alterations connecting various network of regulatory processes. Transcription factors (TFs) like APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTORS (AP2/ERFs) are an integral component of these signaling cascades because they regulate expression of a wide variety of down stream target genes related to stress response and development through different mechanism. This downstream regulation of transcript does not always positively or beneficially affect the plant but also they display some developmental defects like senescence and reduced growth under normal condition or sensitivity to stress condition. Therefore, tight auto/cross regulation of these TFs at transcriptional, translational and domain level is crucial to understand. The present manuscript discuss the multiple regulation and advantage of plasticity and specificity of these family of TFs to a wide or single downstream target(s) respectively. We have also discussed the concern which comes with the unwanted associated traits, which could only be averted by further study and exploration of these AP2/ERFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal J. Phukan
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic PlantsLucknow, India
| | - Gajendra S. Jeena
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic PlantsLucknow, India
| | - Vineeta Tripathi
- Botany Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research InstituteLucknow, India
| | - Rakesh K. Shukla
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic PlantsLucknow, India
- *Correspondence: Rakesh K. Shukla
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96
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Ma H, Wang F, Wang W, Yin G, Zhang D, Ding Y, Timko MP, Zhang H. Alternative splicing of basic chitinase gene PR3b in the low-nicotine mutants of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Burley 21. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5799-5809. [PMID: 27664270 PMCID: PMC5066497 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Two unlinked semi-dominant loci, A (NIC1) and B (NIC2), control nicotine and related alkaloid biosynthesis in Burley tobaccos. Mutations in either or both loci (nic1 and nic2) lead to low nicotine phenotypes with altered environmental stress responses. Here we show that the transcripts derived from the pathogenesis-related (PR) protein gene PR3b are alternatively spliced to a greater extent in the nic1 and nic2 mutants of Burley 21 tobacco and the nic1nic2 double mutant. The alternative splicing results in a deletion of 65 nucleotides and introduces a premature stop codon into the coding region of PR3b that leads to a significant reduction of PR3b specific chitinase activity. Assays of PR3b splicing in F2 individuals derived from crosses between nic1 and nic2 mutants and wild-type plants showed that the splicing phenotype is controlled by the NIC1 and NIC2 loci, even though NIC1 and NIC2 are unlinked loci. Moreover, the transcriptional analyses showed that the splicing patterns of PR3b in the low-nicotine mutants were differentially regulated by jasmonate (JA) and ethylene (ET). These data suggest that the NIC1 and NIC2 loci display differential roles in regulating the alternative splicing of PR3b in Burley 21. The findings in this study have provided valuable information for extending our understanding of the broader effects of the low-nicotine mutants of Burley 21 and the mechanism by which JA and ET signalling pathways post-transcriptionally regulate the activity of PR3b protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Ma
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Guoying Yin
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Dingyu Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yongqiang Ding
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Michael P Timko
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
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97
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Goossens J, Fernández-Calvo P, Schweizer F, Goossens A. Jasmonates: signal transduction components and their roles in environmental stress responses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 68:1333-1347. [PMID: 27927998 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates, oxylipin-type plant hormones, are implicated in diverse aspects of plant growth development and interaction with the environment. Following diverse developmental and environmental cues, jasmonate is produced, conjugated to the amino acid isoleucine and perceived by a co-receptor complex composed of the Jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) repressor proteins and an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex containing the F-box CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (COI1). This event triggers the degradation of the JAZ proteins and the release of numerous transcription factors, including MYC2 and its homologues, which are otherwise bound and inhibited by the JAZ repressors. Here, we will review the role of the COI1, JAZ and MYC2 proteins in the interaction of the plant with its environment, illustrating the significance of jasmonate signalling, and of the proteins involved, for responses to both biotic stresses caused by insects and numerous microbial pathogens and abiotic stresses caused by adverse climatic conditions. It has also become evident that crosstalk with other hormone signals, as well as light and clock signals, plays an important role in the control and fine-tuning of these stress responses. Finally, we will discuss how several pathogens exploit the jasmonate perception and early signalling machinery to decoy the plants defence systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patricia Fernández-Calvo
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fabian Schweizer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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98
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Goossens J, Fernández-Calvo P, Schweizer F, Goossens A. Jasmonates: signal transduction components and their roles in environmental stress responses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:673-89. [PMID: 27086135 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates, oxylipin-type plant hormones, are implicated in diverse aspects of plant growth development and interaction with the environment. Following diverse developmental and environmental cues, jasmonate is produced, conjugated to the amino acid isoleucine and perceived by a co-receptor complex composed of the Jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) repressor proteins and an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex containing the F-box CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (COI1). This event triggers the degradation of the JAZ proteins and the release of numerous transcription factors, including MYC2 and its homologues, which are otherwise bound and inhibited by the JAZ repressors. Here, we will review the role of the COI1, JAZ and MYC2 proteins in the interaction of the plant with its environment, illustrating the significance of jasmonate signalling, and of the proteins involved, for responses to both biotic stresses caused by insects and numerous microbial pathogens and abiotic stresses caused by adverse climatic conditions. It has also become evident that crosstalk with other hormone signals, as well as light and clock signals, plays an important role in the control and fine-tuning of these stress responses. Finally, we will discuss how several pathogens exploit the jasmonate perception and early signalling machinery to decoy the plants defence systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patricia Fernández-Calvo
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fabian Schweizer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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99
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Shen Q, Lu X, Yan T, Fu X, Lv Z, Zhang F, Pan Q, Wang G, Sun X, Tang K. The jasmonate-responsive AaMYC2 transcription factor positively regulates artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:1269-81. [PMID: 26864531 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The plant Artemisia annua is well known due to the production of artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone that is widely used in malaria treatment. Phytohormones play important roles in plant secondary metabolism, such as jasmonic acid (JA), which can induce artemisinin biosynthesis in A. annua. Nevertheless, the JA-inducing mechanism remains poorly understood. The expression of gene AaMYC2 was rapidly induced by JA and AaMYC2 binds the G-box-like motifs within the promoters of gene CYP71AV1 and DBR2, which are key structural genes in the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway. Overexpression of AaMYC2 in A. annua significantly activated the transcript levels of CYP71AV1 and DBR2, which resulted in an increased artemisinin content. By contrast, artemisinin content was reduced in the RNAi transgenic A. annua plants in which the expression of AaMYC2 was suppressed. Meanwhile, the RNAi transgenic A. annua plants showed lower sensitivity to methyl jasmonate treatment than the wild-type plants. These results demonstrate that AaMYC2 is a positive regulator of artemisinin biosynthesis and is of great value in genetic engineering of A. annua for increased artemisinin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingxiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xueqing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zongyou Lv
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Fangyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qifang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guofeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaofen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Kexuan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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100
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Dalton HL, Blomstedt CK, Neale AD, Gleadow R, DeBoer KD, Hamill JD. Effects of down-regulating ornithine decarboxylase upon putrescine-associated metabolism and growth in Nicotiana tabacum L. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3367-81. [PMID: 27126795 PMCID: PMC4892731 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plants of Nicotiana tabacum L. homozygous for an RNAi construct designed to silence ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) had significantly lower concentrations of nicotine and nornicotine, but significantly higher concentrations of anatabine, compared with vector-only controls. Silencing of ODC also led to significantly reduced concentrations of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine), tyramine and phenolamides (caffeoylputrescine and dicaffeoylspermidine) with concomitant increases in concentrations of amino acids ornithine, arginine, aspartate, glutamate and glutamine. Root transcript levels of S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase, S-adenosyl methionine synthase and spermidine synthase (polyamine synthesis enzymes) were reduced compared with vector controls, whilst transcript levels of arginine decarboxylase (putrescine synthesis), putrescine methyltransferase (nicotine production) and multi-drug and toxic compound extrusion (alkaloid transport) proteins were elevated. In contrast, expression of two other key proteins required for alkaloid synthesis, quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (nicotinic acid production) and a PIP-family oxidoreductase (nicotinic acid condensation reactions), were diminished in roots of odc-RNAi plants relative to vector-only controls. Transcriptional and biochemical differences associated with polyamine and alkaloid metabolism were exacerbated in odc-RNAi plants in response to different forms of shoot damage. In general, apex removal had a greater effect than leaf wounding alone, with a combination of these injury treatments producing synergistic responses in some cases. Reduced expression of ODC appeared to have negative effects upon plant growth and vigour with some leaves of odc-RNAi lines being brittle and bleached compared with vector-only controls. Together, results of this study demonstrate that ornithine decarboxylase has important roles in facilitating both primary and secondary metabolism in Nicotiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L Dalton
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Cecilia K Blomstedt
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Alan D Neale
- Deakin University, Centre for Regional and Rural Futures (CeRRF), Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Ros Gleadow
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kathleen D DeBoer
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - John D Hamill
- Deakin University, Centre for Regional and Rural Futures (CeRRF), Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
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