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Stpiczyńska M, Kamińska M, Davies KL, Pansarin ER. Nectar-Secreting and Nectarless Epidendrum: Structure of the Inner Floral Spur. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:840. [PMID: 29973945 PMCID: PMC6019460 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Epidendrum, the largest genus of Neotropical orchids, contains both nectar-secreting and nectarless species. Here, we compare the fine structure of the inner floral spur, termed the cuniculus, in nectariferous (E. difforme, E. nocturnum,E. porpax, E. rigidum, E. vesicatum) and seemingly nectarless (E. capricornu, E. ciliare, E. criniferum, E. pseudepidendrum, E. radicans, E. xanthoianthinum) species. This is the first time for such a detailed investigation of cuniculus structure to be undertaken for Epidendrum. Our aim was to characterize features indicative of secretory activity and to ascertain whether flowers presumed to be nectarless produce alternative pollinator food-rewards. The cuniculus is formed by fusion of the basal part of the labellum and column and extends alongside the ovary and transmitting tract. Our study indicates that all investigated species produce nectar or nectar-like secretion to varying degrees, and no alternative pollinator food-rewards were observed. Even though macroscopic investigation of presumed rewardless species failed to reveal the presence of secretion within the cuniculus, close observations of the cells lining the cuniculus by LM, SEM, and TEM revealed the presence of cuticular blisters and surface material. Moreover, the similarity of both the thick tangential cell walls (with the exception of E. vesicatum) and organelle complement of cuniculus epidermal cells in both copiously nectariferous species and those producing only small quantities of surface secretion confirmed the presence of secretory activity in species generally regarded to be rewardless. The secretory character was particularly obvious in the cells of the cuniculus of E. nocturnum, but also in E. ciliare, E. radicans and E. xanthoianthinum, since electron-dense cytoplasm and mitochondria, ER and secretory vesicles were abundant. Furthermore, cell wall protuberances occurred in E. nocturnum, which was indicative of intense transmembrane transport. This investigation highlights the need to examine more closely whether Epidendrum spp. considered to lack food-rewards based solely on macroscopic examination really are rewardless and deceptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Stpiczyńska
- Faculty of Biology, Botanic Garden, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Małgorzata Stpiczyńska,
| | - Magdalena Kamińska
- Department of Botany, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kevin L. Davies
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Emerson R. Pansarin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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52
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Rakosy D, Cuervo M, Paulus HF, Ayasse M. Looks matter: changes in flower form affect pollination effectiveness in a sexually deceptive orchid. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1978-1993. [PMID: 28787530 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Many species of the sexually deceptive genus Ophrys are characterized by insect-like flowers. Their form has been traditionally considered to play an important role in pollinator attraction and manipulation. Yet, the evolution of the floral form remains insufficiently understood. We hypothesize that pollinator-mediated selection is essential for driving floral form evolution in Ophrys, but that form components are being subjected to varying selection pressures depending on their role in mediating interactions with pollinators. By using the Eucera-pollinated Ophrys leochroma as a model, our aim has been to assess whether and in what manner pollination effectiveness is altered by experimental manipulation of the flower form. Our results show that floral form plays an essential and, so far, underestimated role in ensuring effective pollination by mechanically guiding pollinators towards the reproductive structures of the flower. Pollinators are significantly less effective in interacting with flowers having forms altered to resemble those of species pollinated by different hymenopteran genera. Further, those components used by pollinators as gripping points were found to be more effective in ensuring pollinia transfer than those with which pollinators do not directly interact. Thus, mechanically active and inactive components appear to be under different selection pressures. As a consequence, mechanically active components of the flower form could reflect adaptations to the interaction with particular pollinator groups, whereas mechanically inactive components can vary more freely. Disentangling selection patterns between the functionally different components of flower form may provide valuable insights into the mechanisms driving the morphological diversification of sexually deceptive pollination systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rakosy
- Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Cuervo
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - H F Paulus
- Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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53
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(Methylthio)phenol semiochemicals are exploited by deceptive orchids as sexual attractants for Campylothynnus thynnine wasps. Fitoterapia 2017; 126:78-82. [PMID: 28965764 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, (methylthio)phenols as natural products had only been reported from bacteria. Now, four representatives of this class of sulfurous aromatic compounds have been discovered as semiochemicals in the orchid Caladenia crebra, which secures pollination by sexual deception. In this case, field bioassays confirmed that a 10:1 blend of 2-(methylthio)benzene-1,4-diol (1) and 4-hydroxy-3-(methylthio)benzaldehyde (2) sexually attracts the male thynnine wasp Campylothynnus flavopictus (Tiphiidae:Thynnineae), the exclusive pollinator of C. crebra. Here we show with field bioassays that another undescribed species of Campylothynnus (sp. A) is strongly sexually attracted to a 1:1 blend of compounds 1 and 2, which elicits very high attempted copulation rates (88%). We also confirm that this Campylothynnus species is a pollinator of Caladenia attingens subsp. attingens. Chemical analysis of the flowers of this orchid revealed two (methylthio)phenols, compound 2 and 2-(methylthio)phenol (3), as candidate semiochemicals involved in pollinator attraction. Thus, (methylthio)phenols are likely to be more widely used than presently known. The confirmation of this Campylothynnus as a pollinator of C. attingens subsp. attingens at our study sites was unexpected, since elsewhere this orchid is pollinated by a different thynnine wasp (Thynnoides sp). In general, sexually deceptive Caladenia only use a single species of pollinator, and as such, this unusual case may offer a tractable study system for understanding the chemical basis of pollinator switching in sexually deceptive orchids.
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54
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55
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Phillips RD, Brown GR, Dixon KW, Hayes C, Linde CC, Peakall R. Evolutionary relationships among pollinators and repeated pollinator sharing in sexually deceptive orchids. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1674-1691. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. D. Phillips
- Ecology and Evolution; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; The Botanic Garden and Parks Authority; West Perth WA Australia
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Nedlands WA Australia
| | - G. R. Brown
- Museum and Art Gallery of Northern Territory; Darwin NT Australia
- Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods; Charles Darwin University; Darwin NT Australia
| | - K. W. Dixon
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; The Botanic Garden and Parks Authority; West Perth WA Australia
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Environment; Curtin University; Perth WA Australia
| | - C. Hayes
- Ecology and Evolution; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - C. C. Linde
- Ecology and Evolution; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - R. Peakall
- Ecology and Evolution; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
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56
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Gervasi DDL, Selosse MA, Sauve M, Francke W, Vereecken NJ, Cozzolino S, Schiestl FP. Floral scent and species divergence in a pair of sexually deceptive orchids. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:6023-6034. [PMID: 28808562 PMCID: PMC5551101 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Speciation is typically accompanied by the formation of isolation barriers between lineages. Commonly, reproductive barriers are separated into pre‐ and post‐zygotic mechanisms that can evolve with different speed. In this study, we measured the strength of different reproductive barriers in two closely related, sympatric orchids of the Ophrys insectifera group, namely Ophrys insectifera and Ophrys aymoninii to infer possible mechanisms of speciation. We quantified pre‐ and post‐pollination barriers through observation of pollen flow, by performing artificial inter‐ and intraspecific crosses and analyzing scent bouquets. Additionally, we investigated differences in mycorrhizal fungi as a potential extrinsic factor of post‐zygotic isolation. Our results show that floral isolation mediated by the attraction of different pollinators acts apparently as the sole reproductive barrier between the two orchid species, with later‐acting intrinsic barriers seemingly absent. Also, the two orchids share most of their fungal mycorrhizal partners in sympatry, suggesting little or no importance of mycorrhizal symbiosis in reproductive isolation. Key traits underlying floral isolation were two alkenes and wax ester, present predominantly in the floral scent of O. aymoninii. These compounds, when applied to flowers of O. insectifera, triggered attraction and a copulation attempt of the bee pollinator of O. aymoninii and thus led to the (partial) breakdown of floral isolation. Based on our results, we suggest that adaptation to different pollinators, mediated by floral scent, underlies species isolation in this plant group. Pollinator switches may be promoted by low pollination success of individuals in dense patches of plants, an assumption that we also confirmed in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D L Gervasi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany University of Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Marc-Andre Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB)UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle Sorbonne Universités Paris France.,Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation University of Gdansk Gdańsk Poland
| | - Mathieu Sauve
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB)UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle Sorbonne Universités Paris France
| | - Wittko Francke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Nicolas J Vereecken
- Agroecology and Pollination Group Landscape Ecology and Plant Production Systems Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Brussels Belgium
| | | | - Florian P Schiestl
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany University of Zürich Zürich Switzerland
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57
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Cuervo M, Rakosy D, Martel C, Schulz S, Ayasse M. Sexual Deception in the Eucera-Pollinated Ophrys leochroma: A Chemical Intermediate between Wasp- and Andrena-Pollinated Species. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:469-479. [PMID: 28536987 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ophrys flowers mimic sex pheromones of attractive females of their pollinators and attract males, which attempt to copulate with the flower and thereby pollinate it. Virgin females and orchid flowers are known to use the same chemical compounds in order to attract males. The composition of the sex pheromone and its floral analogue, however, vary between pollinator genera. Wasp-pollinated Ophrys species attract their pollinators by using polar hydroxy acids, whereas Andrena-pollinated species use a mixture of non-polar hydrocarbons. The phylogeny of Ophrys shows that its evolution was marked by episodes of rapid diversification coinciding with shifts to different pollinator groups: from wasps to Eucera and consequently to Andrena and other bees. To gain further insights, we studied pollinator attraction in O. leochroma in the context of intra- and inter-generic pollinator shifts, radiation, and diversification in the genus Ophrys. Our model species, O. leochroma, is pollinated by Eucera kullenbergi males and lies in the phylogeny between the wasp and Andrena-pollinated species; therefore, it is a remarkable point to understand pollinator shifts. We collected surface extracts of attractive E. kullenbergi females and labellum extracts of O. leochroma and analyzed them by using gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We also performed field bioassays. Our results show that O. leochroma mimics the sex pheromone of its pollinator's female by using aldehydes, alcohols, fatty acids, and non-polar compounds (hydrocarbons). Therefore, in terms of the chemistry of pollinator attraction, Eucera-pollinated Ophrys species might represent an intermediate stage between wasp- and Andrena-pollinated orchid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cuervo
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 10-1, Containerstadt, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Demetra Rakosy
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carlos Martel
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 10-1, Containerstadt, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 10-1, Containerstadt, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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58
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Katsuhara KR, Kitamura S, Ushimaru A. Functional significance of petals as landing sites in fungus‐gnat pollinated flowers of
Mitella pauciflora
(Saxifragaceae). Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koki R. Katsuhara
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment Kobe University 3‐11, Tsurukabuto Kobe657‐8501 Japan
| | - Shumpei Kitamura
- Department of Environmental Science Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences Ishikawa Prefectural University 1‐308, Suematsu Nonoichi Ishikawa921‐8836 Japan
| | - Atushi Ushimaru
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment Kobe University 3‐11, Tsurukabuto Kobe657‐8501 Japan
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59
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Herberstein ME, Painting CJ, Holwell GI. Scramble Competition Polygyny in Terrestrial Arthropods. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.asb.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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60
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Brown J, York A. Fire, food and sexual deception in the neighbourhood of some Australian orchids. AUSTRAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Brown
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences; University of Melbourne; 4 Water Street Creswick Victoria 3363 Australia
| | - Alan York
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences; University of Melbourne; 4 Water Street Creswick Victoria 3363 Australia
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61
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Martel C, Cairampoma L, Stauffer FW, Ayasse M. Telipogon peruvianus (Orchidaceae) Flowers Elicit Pre-Mating Behaviour in Eudejeania (Tachinidae) Males for Pollination. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165896. [PMID: 27812201 PMCID: PMC5094723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neotropical orchid genera have been proposed as being sexually deceptive; however, this has been carefully tested in only a few cases. The genus Telipogon has long been assumed to be pollinated by male tachinid flies during pseudocopulatory events but no detailed confirmatory reports are available. Here, we have used an array of methods to elucidate the pollination mechanism in Telipogon peruvianus. The species presents flowers that have a mean floral longevity of 33 days and that are self-compatible, although spontaneous self-pollination does not occur. The flowers attract males of four tachinid species but only the males of an undescribed Eudejeania (Eudejeania aff. browni; Tachinidae) species are specific pollinators. Males visit the flowers during the first few hours of the day and the pollination success is very high (42% in one patch) compared with other sexually deceptive species. Female-seeking males are attracted to the flowers but do not attempt copulation with the flowers, as is usually described in sexually deceptive species. Nevertheless, morphological analysis and behavioural tests have shown an imperfect mimicry between flowers and females suggesting that the attractant stimulus is not based only on visual cues, as long thought. Challenging previous conclusions, our chemical analysis has confirmed that flowers of Telipogon release volatile compounds; however, the role of these volatiles in pollinator behaviour remains to be established. Pollinator behaviour and histological analyses indicate that Telipogon flowers possess scent-producing structures throughout the corolla. Our study provides the first confirmed case of (i) a sexually deceptive species in the Onciidinae, (ii) pollination by pre-copulatory behaviour and (iii) pollination by sexual deception involving tachinid flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martel
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 10–1 Containerstadt, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Lianka Cairampoma
- Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, D-55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fred W. Stauffer
- Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Université de Genève, CP 60, Chambésy, 1292, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 10–1 Containerstadt, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
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62
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Pellegrino G, Bellusci F, Palermo AM. Who helps whom? Pollination strategy of Iris tuberosa and its relationship with a sexually deceptive orchid. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:1051-1059. [PMID: 27480219 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0853-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive success of plants may be affected by interactions with co-flowering species either negatively, through competition for pollinators, or positively, by means of a magnet species effect and floral mimicry. In this study, potential interactions between Iris tuberosa, a rewarding species, and Ophrys fusca, a sexually deceptive orchid, were explored in four populations in southern Italy. In each population plots showing different ratios of the examined species were arranged in the field, and in each plot the number of pollinators and fruit set were assessed. In addition, flower size and floral hydrocarbons produced by the two species were analysed. Morphological and scent data pointed out that flower size and aliphatic compounds did not differ significantly between the two species. Interestingly, both species shared tricosane and 11-nonacosene, electrophysiologically active compounds in the shared dominant pollinator Adrena. We have found that fruit production and number of pollinators in I. tuberosa varied significantly among plots, while percentage of capsules and number of pollinators of O. fusca captured showed no significant differences across plots. These results suggested, that the presence of O. fusca contributes differentially to pollinator attraction, and thus, to total reproductive success of I. tuberosa, according to a different ratio of aggregation. These findings suggest that I. tuberosa profits from the greater abundance of insects attracted by the presence of orchid specimens, and that a sexually deceptive orchid may be a magnet species in pollination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pellegrino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 6/B, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Francesca Bellusci
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 6/B, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Palermo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 6/B, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
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63
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Nevill PG, Tomlinson S, Elliott CP, Espeland EK, Dixon KW, Merritt DJ. Seed production areas for the global restoration challenge. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:7490-7497. [PMID: 28725415 PMCID: PMC5513262 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild‐collected seed can no longer meet global demand in restoration. Dedicated Seed Production Areas (SPA) for restoration are needed and these require application of ecological, economic, and population‐genetic science. SPA design and construction must embrace the ecological sustainability principles of restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Nevill
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden Kings Park WA Australia.,School of Plant Biology University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia.,Present address: Department of Environment and Agriculture ARC Centre for Mine Restoration Curtin University Bentley 6102 WA Australia
| | | | - Carole P Elliott
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden Kings Park WA Australia.,School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Environment and Conservation Sciences Murdoch University Murdoch WA Australia
| | | | - Kingsley W Dixon
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden Kings Park WA Australia.,School of Plant Biology University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia.,Present address: Department of Environment and Agriculture ARC Centre for Mine Restoration Curtin University Bentley 6102 WA Australia
| | - David J Merritt
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden Kings Park WA Australia.,School of Plant Biology University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
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64
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Convergent evolution of sexual deception via chromatic and achromatic contrast rather than colour mimicry. Evol Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-016-9863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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65
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Bohman B, Flematti GR, Barrow RA, Pichersky E, Peakall R. Pollination by sexual deception-it takes chemistry to work. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 32:37-46. [PMID: 27368084 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Semiochemicals are of paramount importance in sexually deceptive plants. These plants sexually lure specific male insects as pollinators by chemical and physical mimicry of the female of the pollinator. The strategy has evolved repeatedly in orchids, with a wide diversity of insect groups exploited. Chemical communication systems confirmed by field bioassays include: alkenes and alkanes in bee pollinated Ophrys species, keto-acid and hydroxy-acids in scoliid wasp pollinated O. speculum, and cyclohexanediones and pyrazines in thynnine wasp pollinated Chiloglottis and Drakaea orchids, respectively. In Ophrys, stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase (SAD) enzymes have been confirmed to control species level variation in alkene double bond position. The production of cyclohexanediones in Chiloglottis unexpectedly depends on UVB light, a phenomenon unknown for other plant specialised metabolites. Potential biosynthetic pathways for other systems are explored, and alternative approaches to further accelerate chemical discovery in sexually deceptive plants are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Bohman
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia; Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Gavin R Flematti
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Russell A Barrow
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rod Peakall
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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66
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Weinstein AM, Davis BJ, Menz MHM, Dixon KW, Phillips RD. Behaviour of sexually deceived ichneumonid wasps and its implications for pollination inCryptostylis(Orchidaceae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M. Weinstein
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; The Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority; Fraser Avenue West Perth WA 6005 Australia
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Belinda J. Davis
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; The Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority; Fraser Avenue West Perth WA 6005 Australia
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Myles H. M. Menz
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution; University of Bern; Baltzerstrasse 6 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Kingsley W. Dixon
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; The Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority; Fraser Avenue West Perth WA 6005 Australia
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Environment; Curtin University; Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Ryan D. Phillips
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; The Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority; Fraser Avenue West Perth WA 6005 Australia
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
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Policha T, Davis A, Barnadas M, Dentinger BTM, Raguso RA, Roy BA. Disentangling visual and olfactory signals in mushroom-mimicking Dracula orchids using realistic three-dimensional printed flowers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:1058-1071. [PMID: 26877229 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Flowers use olfactory and visual signals to communicate with pollinators. Disentangling the relative contributions and potential synergies between signals remains a challenge. Understanding the perceptual biases exploited by floral mimicry illuminates the evolution of these signals. Here, we disentangle the olfactory and visual components of Dracula lafleurii, which mimics mushrooms in size, shape, color and scent, and is pollinated by mushroom-associated flies. To decouple signals, we used three-dimensional printing to produce realistic artificial flower molds that were color matched and cast using scent-free surgical silicone, to which we could add scent. We used GC-MS to measure scents in co-occurring mushrooms, and related orchids, and used these scents in field experiments. By combining silicone flower parts with real floral organs, we created chimeras that identified the mushroom-like labellum as a source of volatile attraction. In addition, we showed remarkable overlap in the volatile chemistry between D. lafleurii and co-occurring mushrooms. The characters defining the genus Dracula - a mushroom-like, 'gilled' labellum and a showy, patterned calyx - enhance pollinator attraction by exploiting the visual and chemosensory perceptual biases of drosophilid flies. Our techniques for the manipulation of complex traits in a nonmodel system not conducive to gene silencing or selective breeding are useful for other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Policha
- Institute of Ecology & Evolution, 5289 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Aleah Davis
- Institute of Ecology & Evolution, 5289 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Melinda Barnadas
- Department of Visual Arts, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Magpie Studio: Fabrication for Art and Science, La Jolla, CA, 92092, USA
| | - Bryn T M Dentinger
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Cledwyn Building, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DD, UK
| | - Robert A Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Bitty A Roy
- Institute of Ecology & Evolution, 5289 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
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Dalziell AH, Welbergen JA. Mimicry for all modalities. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:609-19. [PMID: 27117779 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mimicry is a canonical example of adaptive signal design. In principle, what constitutes mimicry is independent of the taxonomic identity of the mimic, the ecological context in which it operates, and the sensory modality through which it is expressed. However, in practice the study of mimicry is inconsistent across research fields, with theoretical and empirical advances often failing to cross taxonomic and sensory divides. We propose a novel conceptual framework whereby mimicry evolves if a receiver perceives the similarity between a mimic and a model and as a result confers a selective benefit onto the mimic. Here, misidentification and/or deception are no longer formal requirements, and mimicry can evolve irrespective of the underlying proximate mechanisms. The centrality of receiver perception in this framework enables us to formally distinguish mimicry from perceptual exploitation and integrate mimicry and multicomponent signalling theory for the first time. In addition, it resolves inconsistencies in our understanding of the role of learning in mimicry evolution, and shows that imperfect mimicry is expected to be the norm. Mimicry remains a key model for understanding signal evolution and cognition, and we recommend the adoption of a unified approach to stimulate future interdisciplinary developments in this fascinating area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia H Dalziell
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Justin A Welbergen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
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Cotrim H, Monteiro F, Sousa E, Pinto MJ, Fay MF. Marked hybridization and introgression in Ophrys sect. Pseudophrys in the western Iberian Peninsula. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:677-691. [PMID: 27056929 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Orchids in the genus Ophrys represent extraordinary cases of tight coevolution between plants and their pollinators, and as a result, they present opportunities for studying hybridization, or a lack thereof, during speciation. However, few studies assess the real effect of hybridization in diversification. The three most representative species of section Pseudophrys in the western Iberian Peninsula-O. dyris, O. fusca, and O. lutea-were chosen to study evolutionary relationships and examine speciation. METHODS Using eight specific nuclear microsatellite loci, 357 individuals from 28 locations were studied; 142 of these samples were also studied with four plastid microsatellite loci. Data were analyzed using Bayesian cluster analysis, a median-joint network, and multivariate analysis. KEY RESULTS Many O. dyris and O. fusca specimens had three or four alleles and were therefore treated as tetraploid. Ophrys dyris is poorly genetically separated from O. fusca, and pure populations are rare. Ophrys fusca and O. lutea are distinct, but hybrids/introgressed individuals were detected in most of the populations and supported by plastid haplotypes. Ophrys fusca is subdivided into three well-delimited genetic lineages with a strict geographic correspondence confirmed by plastid haplotypes. CONCLUSIONS Because postzygotic barriers are weak, leakage in this highly specialized orchid-pollinator system contributes to hybridization and introgression. These leakages may have occurred during periods of past climate change, promoting homogenization and the potential for generations of new biodiversity via production of novel genotypes/phenotypes interacting with pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Cotrim
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Change (CE3C), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal Botanic Garden, National Museum of Natural History and Science, University of Lisbon, 1250-102 Lisbon, Portugal Conservation Science, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, United Kingdom
| | - Filipa Monteiro
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BIOISI), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eva Sousa
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BIOISI), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuel J Pinto
- Botanic Garden, National Museum of Natural History and Science, University of Lisbon, 1250-102 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Michael F Fay
- Conservation Science, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, United Kingdom
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Competition between anthocyanin and flavonol biosynthesis produces spatial pattern variation of floral pigments between Mimulus species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2448-53. [PMID: 26884205 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1515294113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flower color patterns have long served as a model for developmental genetics because pigment phenotypes are visually striking, yet generally not required for plant viability, facilitating the genetic analysis of color and pattern mutants. The evolution of novel flower colors and patterns has played a key role in the adaptive radiation of flowering plants via their specialized interactions with different pollinator guilds (e.g., bees, butterflies, birds), motivating the search for allelic differences affecting flower color pattern in closely related plant species with different pollinators. We have identified LIGHT AREAS1 (LAR1), encoding an R2R3-MYB transcription factor, as the causal gene underlying the spatial pattern variation of floral anthocyanin pigmentation between two sister species of monkeyflower: the bumblebee-pollinated Mimulus lewisii and the hummingbird-pollinated Mimulus cardinalis. We demonstrated that LAR1 positively regulates FLAVONOL SYNTHASE (FLS), essentially eliminating anthocyanin biosynthesis in the white region (i.e., light areas) around the corolla throat of M. lewisii flowers by diverting dihydroflavonol into flavonol biosynthesis from the anthocyanin pigment pathway. FLS is preferentially expressed in the light areas of the M. lewisii flower, thus prepatterning the corolla. LAR1 expression in M. cardinalis flowers is much lower than in M. lewisii, explaining the unpatterned phenotype and recessive inheritance of the M. cardinalis allele. Furthermore, our gene-expression analysis and genetic mapping results suggest that cis-regulatory change at the LAR1 gene played a critical role in the evolution of different pigmentation patterns between the two species.
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71
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Bohman B, Karton A, Dixon RCM, Barrow RA, Peakall R. Parapheromones for Thynnine Wasps. J Chem Ecol 2015; 42:17-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Davis BJ, Phillips RD, Wright M, Linde CC, Dixon KW. Continent-wide distribution in mycorrhizal fungi: implications for the biogeography of specialized orchids. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 116:413-21. [PMID: 26105186 PMCID: PMC4549956 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although mycorrhizal associations are predominantly generalist, specialized mycorrhizal interactions have repeatedly evolved in Orchidaceae, suggesting a potential role in limiting the geographical range of orchid species. In particular, the Australian orchid flora is characterized by high mycorrhizal specialization and short-range endemism. This study investigates the mycorrhizae used by Pheladenia deformis, one of the few orchid species to occur across the Australian continent. Specifically, it examines whether P. deformis is widely distributed through using multiple fungi or a single widespread fungus, and if the fungi used by Australian orchids are widespread at the continental scale. METHODS Mycorrhizal fungi were isolated from P. deformis populations in eastern and western Australia. Germination trials using seed from western Australian populations were conducted to test if these fungi supported germination, regardless of the region in which they occurred. A phylogenetic analysis was undertaken using isolates from P. deformis and other Australian orchids that use the genus Sebacina to test for the occurrence of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in eastern and western Australia. KEY RESULTS With the exception of one isolate, all fungi used by P. deformis belonged to a single fungal OTU of Sebacina. Fungal isolates from eastern and western Australia supported germination of P. deformis. A phylogenetic analysis of Australian Sebacina revealed that all of the OTUs that had been well sampled occurred on both sides of the continent. CONCLUSIONS The use of a widespread fungal OTU in P. deformis enables a broad distribution despite high mycorrhizal specificity. The Sebacina OTUs that are used by a range of Australian orchids occur on both sides of the continent, demonstrating that the short-range endemism prevalent in the orchids is not driven by fungal species with narrow distributions. Alternatively, a combination of specific edaphic requirements and a high incidence of pollination by sexual deception may explain biogeographic patterns in southern Australian orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda J Davis
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, West Perth, 6005, Western Australia, School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia,
| | - Ryan D Phillips
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, West Perth, 6005, Western Australia
| | - Magali Wright
- Graduate School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Burnley Campus, Richmond, Victoria 3121, Australia
| | - Celeste C Linde
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia and
| | - Kingsley W Dixon
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, West Perth, 6005, Western Australia, School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia
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Whitehead MR, Linde CC, Peakall R. Pollination by sexual deception promotes outcrossing and mate diversity in self-compatible clonal orchids. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1526-41. [PMID: 26079670 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The majority of flowering plants rely on animals as pollen vectors. Thus, plant mating systems and pollen dispersal are strongly influenced by pollinator behaviour. In Australian sexually deceptive orchids pollinated by male thynnine wasps, outcrossing and extensive pollen flow is predicted due to floral deception, which minimizes multiple flower visitations within patches, and the movement of pollinators under mate-search rather than foraging behaviours. This hypothesis was tested using microsatellite markers to reconstruct and infer paternity in two clonal, self-compatible orchids. Offspring from naturally pollinated Chiloglottis valida and C. aff. jeanesii were acquired through symbiotic culture of seeds collected over three seasons. In both species, outcrossing was extensive (tm = 0.924-1.00) despite clone sizes up to 11 m wide. The median pollen flow distance based on paternity for both taxa combined was 14.5 m (n = 18, range 0-69 m), being larger than typically found by paternity analyses in other herbaceous plants. Unexpectedly for orchids, some capsules were sired by more than one father, with an average of 1.35 pollen donors per fruit. This is the first genetic confirmation of polyandry in orchid capsules. Further, we report a possible link between multiple paternity and increased seed fitness. Together, these results demonstrate that deceptive pollination by mate-searching wasps enhances offspring fitness by promoting both outcrossing and within-fruit paternal diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Whitehead
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - C C Linde
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - R Peakall
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Breitkopf H, Onstein RE, Cafasso D, Schlüter PM, Cozzolino S. Multiple shifts to different pollinators fuelled rapid diversification in sexually deceptive Ophrys orchids. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:377-389. [PMID: 25521237 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Episodes of rapid speciation provide unique insights into evolutionary processes underlying species radiations and patterns of biodiversity. Here we investigated the radiation of sexually deceptive bee orchids (Ophrys). Based on a time-calibrated phylogeny and by means of ancestral character reconstruction and divergence time estimation, we estimated the tempo and mode of this radiation within a state-dependent evolutionary framework. It appears that, in the Pleistocene, the evolution of Ophrys was marked by episodes of rapid diversification coinciding with shifts to different pollinator types: from wasps to Eucera bees to Andrena and other bees. An abrupt increase in net diversification rate was detected in three clades. Among these, two phylogenetically distant lineages switched from Eucera to Andrena and other bees in a parallel fashion and at about the same time in their evolutionary history. Lack of early radiation associated with the evolution of the key innovation of sexual deception suggests that Ophrys diversification was mainly driven by subsequent ecological opportunities provided by the exploitation of novel pollinator groups, encompassing many bee species slightly differing in their sex pheromone communication systems, and by spatiotemporal fluctuations in the pollinator mosaic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Breitkopf
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Biodiversity Research/Systematic Botany, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Renske E Onstein
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Donata Cafasso
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Philipp M Schlüter
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Yew JY, Chung H. Insect pheromones: An overview of function, form, and discovery. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 59:88-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Amarasinghe R, Poldy J, Matsuba Y, Barrow RA, Hemmi JM, Pichersky E, Peakall R. UV-B light contributes directly to the synthesis of chiloglottone floral volatiles. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:693-703. [PMID: 25649114 PMCID: PMC4343295 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Australian sexually deceptive Chiloglottis orchids attract their specific male wasp pollinators by means of 2,5-dialkylcyclohexane-1,3-diones or 'chiloglottones', representing a newly discovered class of volatiles with unique structures. This study investigated the hypothesis that UV-B light at low intensities is directly required for chiloglottone biosynthesis in Chiloglottis trapeziformis. METHODS Chiloglottone production occurs only in specific tissue (the callus) of the labellum. Cut buds and flowers, and whole plants with buds and flowers, sourced from the field, were kept in a growth chamber and interactions between growth stage of the flowers and duration and intensity of UV-B exposure on chiloglottone production were studied. The effects of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide were also examined. KEY RESULTS Chiloglottone was not present in buds, but was detected in buds that were manually opened and then exposed to sunlight, or artificial UV-B light for ≥5 min. Spectrophotometry revealed that the sepals and petals blocked UV-B light from reaching the labellum inside the bud. Rates of chiloglottone production increased with developmental stage, increasing exposure time and increasing UV-B irradiance intensity. Cycloheximide did not inhibit the initial production of chiloglottone within 5 min of UV-B exposure. However, inhibition of chiloglottone production by cycloheximide occurred over 2 h of UV-B exposure, indicating a requirement for de novo protein synthesis to sustain chiloglottone production under UV-B. CONCLUSIONS The sepals and petals of Chiloglottis orchids strongly block UV-B wavelengths of light, preventing chiloglottone production inside the bud. While initiation of chiloglottone biosynthesis requires only UV-B light, sustained chiloglottone biosynthesis requires both UV-B and de novo protein biosynthesis. The internal amounts of chiloglottone in a flower reflect the interplay between developmental stage, duration and intensity of UV-B exposure, de novo protein synthesis, and feedback loops linked to the starting amount of chiloglottone. It is concluded that UV-B light contributes directly to chiloglottone biosynthesis. These findings suggest an entirely new and unexpected biochemical reaction that might also occur in taxa other than these orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranamalie Amarasinghe
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA and School of Animal Biology & Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Poldy
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA and School of Animal Biology & Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Yuki Matsuba
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA and School of Animal Biology & Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Russell A Barrow
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA and School of Animal Biology & Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jan M Hemmi
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA and School of Animal Biology & Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA and School of Animal Biology & Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA and School of Animal Biology & Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Phillips RD, Bohman B, Anthony JM, Krauss SL, Dixon KW, Peakall R. Mismatch in the distribution of floral ecotypes and pollinators: insights into the evolution of sexually deceptive orchids. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:601-12. [PMID: 25619237 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants are predicted to show floral adaptation to geographic variation in the most effective pollinator, potentially leading to reproductive isolation and genetic divergence. Many sexually deceptive orchids attract just a single pollinator species, limiting opportunities to experimentally investigate pollinator switching. Here, we investigate Drakaea concolor, which attracts two pollinator species. Using pollinator choice tests, we detected two morphologically similar ecotypes within D. concolor. The common ecotype only attracted Zaspilothynnus gilesi, whereas the rare ecotype also attracted an undescribed species of Pogonothynnus. The rare ecotype occurred at populations nested within the distribution of the common ecotype, with no evidence of ecotypes occurring sympatrically. Surveying for pollinators at over 100 sites revealed that ecotype identity was not correlated with wasp availability, with most orchid populations only attracting the rare Z. gilesi. Using microsatellite markers, genetic differentiation among populations was very low (GST = 0.011) regardless of ecotype, suggestive of frequent gene flow. Taken together, these results may indicate that the ability to attract Pogonothynnus has evolved recently, but this ecotype is yet to spread. The nested distribution of ecotypes, rather than the more typical formation of ecotypes in allopatry, illustrates that in sexually deceptive orchids, pollinator switching could occur throughout a species' range, resulting from multiple potentially suitable but unexploited pollinators occurring in sympatry. This unusual case of sympatric pollinators highlights D. concolor as a promising study system for further understanding the process of pollinator switching from ecological, chemical and genetic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Phillips
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia; Kings Park and Botanic Garden, The Botanic Garden and Parks Authority, West Perth, 6005, Western Australia, Australia; School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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Sedeek KEM, Scopece G, Staedler YM, Schönenberger J, Cozzolino S, Schiestl FP, Schlüter PM. Genic rather than genome‐wide differences between sexually deceptive
O
phrys
orchids with different pollinators. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:6192-205. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid E. M. Sedeek
- Institute of Systematic Botany University of Zurich Zollikerstr. 107 CH‐8008 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Scopece
- Department of Biology University of Naples Federico II Complesso Universitario MSA Via Cinthia I‐80126 Naples Italy
| | - Yannick M. Staedler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research University of Vienna Rennweg 14 A‐1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research University of Vienna Rennweg 14 A‐1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Salvatore Cozzolino
- Department of Biology University of Naples Federico II Complesso Universitario MSA Via Cinthia I‐80126 Naples Italy
| | - Florian P. Schiestl
- Institute of Systematic Botany University of Zurich Zollikerstr. 107 CH‐8008 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Philipp M. Schlüter
- Institute of Systematic Botany University of Zurich Zollikerstr. 107 CH‐8008 Zurich Switzerland
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Rix MG, Edwards DL, Byrne M, Harvey MS, Joseph L, Roberts JD. Biogeography and speciation of terrestrial fauna in the south-western Australian biodiversity hotspot. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:762-93. [PMID: 25125282 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The south-western land division of Western Australia (SWWA), bordering the temperate Southern and Indian Oceans, is the only global biodiversity hotspot recognised in Australia. Renowned for its extraordinary diversity of endemic plants, and for some of the largest and most botanically significant temperate heathlands and woodlands on Earth, SWWA has long fascinated biogeographers. Its flat, highly weathered topography and the apparent absence of major geographic factors usually implicated in biotic diversification have challenged attempts to explain patterns of biogeography and mechanisms of speciation in the region. Botanical studies have always been central to understanding the biodiversity values of SWWA, although surprisingly few quantitative botanical analyses have allowed for an understanding of historical biogeographic processes in both space and time. Faunistic studies, by contrast, have played little or no role in defining hotspot concepts, despite several decades of accumulating quantitative research on the phylogeny and phylogeography of multiple lineages. In this review we critically analyse datasets with explicit supporting phylogenetic data and estimates of the time since divergence for all available elements of the terrestrial fauna, and compare these datasets to those available for plants. In situ speciation has played more of a role in shaping the south-western Australian fauna than has long been supposed, and has occurred in numerous endemic lineages of freshwater fish, frogs, reptiles, snails and less-vagile arthropods. By contrast, relatively low levels of endemism are found in birds, mammals and highly dispersive insects, and in situ speciation has played a negligible role in generating local endemism in birds and mammals. Quantitative studies provide evidence for at least four mechanisms driving patterns of endemism in south-western Australian animals, including: (i) relictualism of ancient Gondwanan or Pangaean taxa in the High Rainfall Province; (ii) vicariant isolation of lineages west of the Nullarbor divide; (iii) in situ speciation; and (iv) recent population subdivision. From dated quantitative studies we derive four testable models of historical biogeography for animal taxa in SWWA, each explicit in providing a spatial, temporal and topological perspective on patterns of speciation or divergence. For each model we also propose candidate lineages that may be worthy of further study, given what we know of their taxonomy, distributions or relationships. These models formalise four of the strongest patterns seen in many animal taxa from SWWA, although other models are clearly required to explain particular, idiosyncratic patterns. Generating numerous new datasets for suites of co-occurring lineages in SWWA will help refine our understanding of the historical biogeography of the region, highlight gaps in our knowledge, and allow us to derive general postulates from quantitative (rather than qualitative) results. For animals, this process has now begun in earnest, as has the process of taxonomically documenting many of the more diverse invertebrate lineages. The latter remains central to any attempt to appreciate holistically biogeographic patterns and processes in SWWA, and molecular phylogenetic studies should - where possible - also lead to tangible taxonomic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Rix
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia 6986, Australia
| | - Danielle L Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 21 Sachem Street, New Haven, CT 06520, U.S.A
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Science Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Locked Bag 104, Bentley DC, Western Australia 6983, Australia
| | - Mark S Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia 6986, Australia.,School of Animal Biology, Centre for Evolutionary Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Leo Joseph
- Australian National Wildlife Collection, CSIRO National Facilities and Collections, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - J Dale Roberts
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia 6986, Australia.,School of Animal Biology, Centre for Evolutionary Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management, University of Western Australia, PO Box 5771, Albany, Western Australia 6332, Australia
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81
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Bohman B, Phillips RD, Menz MHM, Berntsson BW, Flematti GR, Barrow RA, Dixon KW, Peakall R. Discovery of pyrazines as pollinator sex pheromones and orchid semiochemicals: implications for the evolution of sexual deception. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:939-952. [PMID: 24697806 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sexually deceptive orchids employ floral volatiles to sexually lure their specific pollinators. How and why this pollination system has evolved independently on multiple continents remains unknown, although preadaptation is considered to have been important. Understanding the chemistry of sexual deception is a crucial first step towards solving this mystery. The combination of gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), GC-MS, synthesis and field bioassays allowed us to identify the volatiles involved in the interaction between the orchid Drakaea glyptodon and its sexually attracted male thynnine wasp pollinator, Zaspilothynnus trilobatus. Three alkylpyrazines and one novel hydroxymethyl pyrazine were identified as the sex pheromone of Z. trilobatus and are also used by D. glyptodon for pollinator attraction. Given that our findings revealed a new chemical system for plants, we surveyed widely across representative orchid taxa for the presence of these compounds. With one exception, our chemical survey failed to detect pyrazines in related genera. Collectively, no evidence for preadaptation was found. The chemistry of sexual deception is more diverse than previously known. Our results suggest that evolutionary novelty may have played a key role in the evolution of sexual deception and highlight the value of investigating unusual pollination systems for advancing our understanding of the role of chemistry in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Bohman
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia; Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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82
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Ayasse M, Dötterl S. The role of preadaptations or evolutionary novelties for the evolution of sexually deceptive orchids. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:710-712. [PMID: 25040730 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Ayasse
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee, D-89069, Ulm, Germany
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83
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Bohman B, Peakall R. Pyrazines Attract Catocheilus Thynnine Wasps. INSECTS 2014; 5:474-87. [PMID: 26462695 PMCID: PMC4592595 DOI: 10.3390/insects5020474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Five previously identified semiochemicals from the sexually deceptive Western Australian hammer orchid Drakaea livida, all showing electrophysiological activity in gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection (EAD) studies, were tested in field bioassays as attractants for a Catocheilus thynnine wasp. Two of these compounds, (3,5,6-trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)methyl 3-methylbutanoate and 2-(3-methylbutyl)-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine, were attractive to male wasps. Additionally, the semiochemical 3-(3-methylbutyl)-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, a close analogue to 2-(3-methylbutyl)-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine, identified in five other species of thynnine wasps, was equally active. The three remaining compounds from D. livida, which were EAD-active against Catocheilus, did not attract the insects in field trials. It is interesting that two structurally similar compounds induce similar behaviours in field experiments, yet only one of these compounds is present in the orchid flower. Our findings suggest the possibility that despite the high specificity normally characterising sex pheromone systems, the evolution of sexual deception may not be entirely constrained by the need to precisely match the sex pheromone constituents and blends. Such evolutionary flexibility may be particularly important during the early stages of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn Bohman
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia.
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia.
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Rod Peakall
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia.
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
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84
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Xu M, Cerreta AL, Schultz TD, Fincke OM. Selective use of multiple cues by males reflects a decision rule for sex discrimination in a sexually mimetic damselfly. Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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85
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Thery M. Identifying animal illusions requires neuronal and cognitive approaches: comment on Kelley and Kelley. Behav Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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86
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Whitehead MR, Peakall R. POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY DRIVES STRONG PREPOLLINATION REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION IN SYMPATRIC SEXUALLY DECEPTIVE ORCHIDS. Evolution 2014; 68:1561-75. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Whitehead
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra Acton 0200 Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra Acton 0200 Australia
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87
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Phillips RD, Scaccabarozzi D, Retter BA, Hayes C, Brown GR, Dixon KW, Peakall R. Caught in the act: pollination of sexually deceptive trap-flowers by fungus gnats in Pterostylis (Orchidaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:629-41. [PMID: 24366109 PMCID: PMC3936588 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pterostylis is an Australasian terrestrial orchid genus of more than 400 species, most of which use a motile, touch-sensitive labellum to trap dipteran pollinators. Despite studies dating back to 1872, the mechanism of pollinator attraction has remained elusive. This study tested whether the fungus gnat-pollinated Pterostylis sanguinea secures pollination by sexual deception. METHODS The literature was used to establish criteria for confirming sexual deception as a pollination strategy. Observations and video recordings allowed quantification of each step of the pollination process. Each floral visitor was sexed and DNA barcoding was used to evaluate the degree of pollinator specificity. Following observations that attraction to the flowers is by chemical cues, experimental dissection of flowers was used to determine the source of the sexual attractant and the effect of labellum orientation on sexual attraction. Fruit set was quantified for 19 populations to test for a relationship with plant density and population size. KEY RESULTS A single species of male gnat (Mycetophilidae) visited and pollinated the rewardless flowers. The gnats often showed probing copulatory behaviour on the labellum, leading to its triggering and the temporary entrapment of the gnat in the flower. Pollen deposition and removal occurred as the gnat escaped from the flower via the reproductive structures. The labellum was the sole source of the chemical attractant. Gnats always alighted on the labellum facing upwards, but when it was rotated 180 ° they attempted copulation less frequently. Pollination rate showed no relationship with orchid population size or plant density. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms for the first time that highly specific pollination by fungus gnats is achieved by sexual deception in Pterostylis. It is predicted that sexual deception will be widespread in the genus, although the diversity of floral forms suggests that other mechanisms may also operate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Phillips
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Daniela Scaccabarozzi
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, The Botanic Garden and Parks Authority, West Perth, 6005, Western Australia, Australia
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, ZooPlantLab, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Bryony A. Retter
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, The Botanic Garden and Parks Authority, West Perth, 6005, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christine Hayes
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Graham R. Brown
- Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, GPO Box 4646, Darwin, 0801, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Kingsley W. Dixon
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, The Botanic Garden and Parks Authority, West Perth, 6005, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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88
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de Jager ML, Ellis AG. Costs of deception and learned resistance in deceptive interactions. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132861. [PMID: 24478302 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The costs that species suffer when deceived are expected to drive learned resistance, although this relationship has seldom been studied experimentally. Flowers that elicit mating behaviour from male insects by mimicking conspecific females provide an ideal system for such investigation. Here, we explore interactions between a sexually deceptive daisy with multiple floral forms that vary in deceptiveness, and the male flies that pollinate it. We show that male pollinators are negatively impacted by the interaction, suffering potential mating costs in terms of their ability and time taken to locate genuine females within deceptive inflorescences. The severity of these costs is determined by the amount of mating behaviour elicited by deceptive inflorescences. However, inexperienced male flies exhibit the ability to learn to discriminate the most deceptive inflorescences as female mimics and subsequently reduce the amount of mating behaviour they exhibit on them with increased exposure. Experienced males, which interact with sexually deceptive forms naturally, exhibit similar patterns of reduced mating behaviour on deceptive inflorescences in multiple populations, indicating that pollinator learning is widespread. As sexually deceptive plants are typically dependent on the elicitation of mating behaviour from male pollinators for pollination, this may result in antagonistic coevolution within these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinus L de Jager
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, , Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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89
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Carazo P, Font E. ‘Communication breakdown’: the evolution of signal unreliability and deception. Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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90
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Peakall R, Whitehead MR. Floral odour chemistry defines species boundaries and underpins strong reproductive isolation in sexually deceptive orchids. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:341-55. [PMID: 24052555 PMCID: PMC3890385 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The events leading to speciation are best investigated in systems where speciation is ongoing or incomplete, such as incipient species. By examining reproductive barriers among incipient sister taxa and their congeners we can gain valuable insights into the relative timing and importance of the various barriers involved in the speciation process. The aim of this study was to identify the reproductive barriers among sexually deceptive orchid taxa in the genus Chiloglottis. METHODS The study targeted four closely related taxa with varying degrees of geographic overlap. Chemical, morphological and genetic evidence was combined to explore the basis of reproductive isolation. Of primary interest was the degree of genetic differentiation among taxa at both nuclear and chloroplast DNA markers. To objectively test whether or not species boundaries are defined by the chemistry that controls pollinator specificity, genetic analysis was restricted to samples of known odour chemistry. KEY RESULTS Floral odour chemical analysis was performed for 600+ flowers. The three sympatric taxa were defined by their specific chiloglottones, the semiochemicals responsible for pollinator attraction, and were found to be fully cross-compatible. Multivariate morphometric analysis could not reliably distinguish among the four taxa. Although varying from very low to moderate, significant levels of genetic differentiation were detected among all pairwise combinations of taxa at both nuclear and chloroplast loci. However, the levels of genetic differentiation were lower than expected for mature species. Critically, a lack of chloroplast DNA haplotype sharing among the morphologically indistinguishable and most closely related taxon pair confirmed that chemistry alone can define taxon boundaries. CONCLUSIONS The results confirmed that pollinator isolation, mediated by specific pollinator attraction, underpins strong reproductive isolation in these taxa. A combination of large effective population sizes, initial neutral mutations in the genes controlling floral scent, and a pool of available pollinators likely drives diversity in this system.
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91
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Herberstein ME, Baldwin HJ, Gaskett AC. Deception down under: is Australia a hot spot for deception? Behav Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/art105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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92
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Gomez-Diaz C, Benton R. The joy of sex pheromones. EMBO Rep 2013; 14:874-83. [PMID: 24030282 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2013.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex pheromones provide an important means of communication to unite individuals for successful reproduction. Although sex pheromones are highly diverse across animals, these signals fulfil common fundamental roles in enabling identification of a mating partner of the opposite sex, the appropriate species and of optimal fecundity. In this review, we synthesize both classic and recent investigations on sex pheromones in a range of species, spanning nematode worms, insects and mammals. These studies reveal comparable strategies in how these chemical signals are produced, detected and processed in the brain to regulate sexual behaviours. Elucidation of sex pheromone communication mechanisms both defines outstanding models to understand the molecular and neuronal basis of chemosensory behaviours, and reveals how similar evolutionary selection pressures yield convergent solutions in distinct animal nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gomez-Diaz
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology & Medicine, Bâtiment Le Génopode, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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93
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Breitkopf H, Schlüter PM, Xu S, Schiestl FP, Cozzolino S, Scopece G. Pollinator shifts between Ophrys sphegodes
populations: might adaptation to different pollinators drive population divergence? J Evol Biol 2013; 26:2197-208. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Breitkopf
- Department of Biology; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Biodiversity Research/Systematic Botany; University of Potsdam; Potsdam Germany
| | - P. M. Schlüter
- Institute of Systematic Botany; University of Zürich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - S. Xu
- Institute of Systematic Botany; University of Zürich; Zurich Switzerland
- Molecular Ecology Department; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; Jena Germany
| | - F. P. Schiestl
- Institute of Systematic Botany; University of Zürich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - S. Cozzolino
- Department of Biology; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - G. Scopece
- Department of Biology; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
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Papadopulos AST, Powell MP, Pupulin F, Warner J, Hawkins JA, Salamin N, Chittka L, Williams NH, Whitten WM, Loader D, Valente LM, Chase MW, Savolainen V. Convergent evolution of floral signals underlies the success of Neotropical orchids. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20130960. [PMID: 23804617 PMCID: PMC3712443 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The great majority of plant species in the tropics require animals to achieve pollination, but the exact role of floral signals in attraction of animal pollinators is often debated. Many plants provide a floral reward to attract a guild of pollinators, and it has been proposed that floral signals of non-rewarding species may converge on those of rewarding species to exploit the relationship of the latter with their pollinators. In the orchid family (Orchidaceae), pollination is almost universally animal-mediated, but a third of species provide no floral reward, which suggests that deceptive pollination mechanisms are prevalent. Here, we examine floral colour and shape convergence in Neotropical plant communities, focusing on certain food-deceptive Oncidiinae orchids (e.g. Trichocentrum ascendens and Oncidium nebulosum) and rewarding species of Malpighiaceae. We show that the species from these two distantly related families are often more similar in floral colour and shape than expected by chance and propose that a system of multifarious floral mimicry—a form of Batesian mimicry that involves multiple models and is more complex than a simple one model–one mimic system—operates in these orchids. The same mimetic pollination system has evolved at least 14 times within the species-rich Oncidiinae throughout the Neotropics. These results help explain the extraordinary diversification of Neotropical orchids and highlight the complexity of plant–animal interactions.
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95
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Bohman B, Phillips RD, Flematti G, Peakall R, Barrow RA. Sharing of Pyrazine Semiochemicals between Genera of Sexually Deceptive Orchids. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently been discovered that novel di-, tri- and tetra- substituted pyrazines are semiochemicals in Drakaea, an orchid genus that secures pollination by the sexual deception of male thynnine wasps. We examined if similar pyrazines were also present in the distantly related Caladenia barbarossa, a sexually deceptive orchid that is also pollinated by a thynnine wasp. Here we report for the first time the occurrence of two pyrazines, (3,5,6-trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)methyl 3-methylbutanoate (1) and 3-(3-methylbutyl)-2,5-dimethylpyrazine (2) in the orchid genus Caladenia. The former is known as a semiochemical involved in pollinator attraction in Drakaea livida. This convergence of floral odour between distantly related plants provides an exciting opportunity to understand the evolution and molecular basis of this sophisticated chemical mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn Bohman
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ryan D. Phillips
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, The Botanic Garden and Parks Authority, West Perth WA 6005, Australia
| | - Gavin Flematti
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Russell A. Barrow
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
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96
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Sedeek KEM, Qi W, Schauer MA, Gupta AK, Poveda L, Xu S, Liu ZJ, Grossniklaus U, Schiestl FP, Schlüter PM. Transcriptome and proteome data reveal candidate genes for pollinator attraction in sexually deceptive orchids. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64621. [PMID: 23734209 PMCID: PMC3667177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexually deceptive orchids of the genus Ophrys mimic the mating signals of their pollinator females to attract males as pollinators. This mode of pollination is highly specific and leads to strong reproductive isolation between species. This study aims to identify candidate genes responsible for pollinator attraction and reproductive isolation between three closely related species, O. exaltata, O. sphegodes and O. garganica. Floral traits such as odour, colour and morphology are necessary for successful pollinator attraction. In particular, different odour hydrocarbon profiles have been linked to differences in specific pollinator attraction among these species. Therefore, the identification of genes involved in these traits is important for understanding the molecular basis of pollinator attraction by sexually deceptive orchids. RESULTS We have created floral reference transcriptomes and proteomes for these three Ophrys species using a combination of next-generation sequencing (454 and Solexa), Sanger sequencing, and shotgun proteomics (tandem mass spectrometry). In total, 121 917 unique transcripts and 3531 proteins were identified. This represents the first orchid proteome and transcriptome from the orchid subfamily Orchidoideae. Proteome data revealed proteins corresponding to 2644 transcripts and 887 proteins not observed in the transcriptome. Candidate genes for hydrocarbon and anthocyanin biosynthesis were represented by 156 and 61 unique transcripts in 20 and 7 genes classes, respectively. Moreover, transcription factors putatively involved in the regulation of flower odour, colour and morphology were annotated, including Myb, MADS and TCP factors. CONCLUSION Our comprehensive data set generated by combining transcriptome and proteome technologies allowed identification of candidate genes for pollinator attraction and reproductive isolation among sexually deceptive orchids. This includes genes for hydrocarbon and anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulation, and the development of floral morphology. These data will serve as an invaluable resource for research in orchid floral biology, enabling studies into the molecular mechanisms of pollinator attraction and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid E M Sedeek
- Institute of Systematic Botany & Zürich-Basel Plant Science Centre, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Mate-searching behaviour of common and rare wasps and the implications for pollen movement of the sexually deceptive orchids they pollinate. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59111. [PMID: 23536860 PMCID: PMC3594162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollinator behaviour directly affects patterns of pollen movement and outcrossing rates in plants. In orchids pollinated by sexual deception of insects, patterns of pollen movement are primarily determined by the mate-searching behaviour of the deceived males. Here, using a capture-mark-recapture study (CMR) and dietary analysis, we compare mate-searching behaviour in relation to local abundance of two pollinator species and explore the implications for pollen movement in sexually deceptive Drakaea (Orchidaceae). Drakaea are pollinated solely by the sexual deception of male thynnine wasps. The rare Drakaea elastica and widespread D. livida occur sympatrically and are pollinated by the rare but locally common Zaspilothynnus gilesi, and the widespread and abundant Z. nigripes, respectively. Local abundance was significantly different with Z. nigripes twice as abundant as Z. gilesi. For the 653 marked wasps, there was no significant difference in median movement distance between Z. gilesi and Z. nigripes. However, the maximum movement distance was twice as high for Z. gilesi (556 m) compared with Z. nigripes (267 m). This is up to three times greater than previously reported for thynnines in CMR studies. Recapture rates were six times higher in Z. gilesi (57%) compared to Z. nigripes (9%). Pollen loads and wasp longevity were similar, suggesting that this difference in recapture rate arises due to differences in the number of males moving at a scale >500 m rather than through diet or mortality. Differences in the frequency of longer movements may arise due to variation in the spatial distribution of the wingless females. We predict that pollen movement will largely be restricted to within populations of Drakaea (<500 m), with few movements between populations (>500 m).
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Schiestl FP, Johnson SD. Pollinator-mediated evolution of floral signals. Trends Ecol Evol 2013; 28:307-15. [PMID: 23480953 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Because most plants rely on animals for pollination, insights from animal sensory ecology and behavior are essential for understanding the evolution of flowers. In this review, we compare and contrast three main types of pollinator responses to floral signals--receiver bias, 'adaptive' innate preferences, and associative learning--and discuss how they can shape selection on floral signals. We show that pollinator-mediated selection on floral signals can be strong and that the molecular bases of floral signal variation are often surprisingly simple. These new empirical and conceptual insights into pollinator-mediated evolution provide a framework for understanding patterns of both convergent (pollination syndromes) and advergent (floral mimicry) floral signal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian P Schiestl
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland.
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99
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de Jager ML, Ellis AG. THE INFLUENCE OF POLLINATOR PHYLOGEOGRAPHY AND MATE PREFERENCE ON FLORAL DIVERGENCE IN A SEXUALLY DECEPTIVE DAISY. Evolution 2013; 67:1706-14. [PMID: 23730763 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marinus L. de Jager
- Botany and Zoology Department; Stellenbosch University; Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa
| | - Allan G. Ellis
- Botany and Zoology Department; Stellenbosch University; Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa
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100
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Falara V, Amarasinghe R, Poldy J, Pichersky E, Barrow RA, Peakall R. The production of a key floral volatile is dependent on UV light in a sexually deceptive orchid. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:21-30. [PMID: 23091095 PMCID: PMC3523645 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plants use a diverse range of visual and olfactory cues to advertize to pollinators. Australian Chiloglottis orchids employ one to three related chemical variants, all 2,5-dialkylcyclohexane-1,3-diones or 'chiloglottones' to sexually attract their specific male pollinators. Here an investigation was made of the physiological aspects of chiloglottone synthesis and storage that have not previously been examined. METHODS The location of chiloglottone production was determined and developmental and diurnal changes by GC-MS analysis of floral tissue extracts was monitored in two distantly related Chiloglottis species. Light treatment experiments were also performed using depleted flowers to evaluate if sunlight is required for chiloglottone production; which specific wavelengths of light are required was also determined. KEY RESULTS Chiloglottone production only occurs in specific floral tissues (the labellum calli and sepals) of open flowers. Upon flower opening chiloglottone production is rapid and levels remain more or less stable both day and night, and over the 2- to 3-week lifetime of the flower. Furthermore, it was determined that chiloglottone production requires continuous sunlight, and determined the optimal wavelengths of sunlight in the UV-B range (with peak of 300 nm). CONCLUSIONS UV-B light is required for the synthesis of chiloglottones - the semiochemicals used by Chiloglottis orchids to sexually lure their male pollinators. This discovery appears to be the first case to our knowledge where plant floral odour production depends on UV-B radiation at normal levels of sunlight. In the future, identification of the genes and enzymes involved, will allow us to understand better the role of UV-B light in the biosynthesis of chiloglottones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Falara
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ranamalie Amarasinghe
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Jacqueline Poldy
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Russell A. Barrow
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia
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