51
|
Gu J, Chen J, Yang N, Hou X, Wang J, Tan X, Feng L, Jia X. Combination of Ligusticum chuanxiong and Radix Paeoniae ameliorate focal cerebral ischemic in MCAO rats via endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent apoptotic signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 187:313-324. [PMID: 27108052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Combination of Ligusticum chuanxiong and Radix Paeoniae (XS) is highly effective in the treatment for focal cerebral ischemic, but the underlying mechanism is not clear. This study was conducted to evaluate the combinative effects of XS on MCAO rats and explore the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS MCAO rats were used to evaluate the protective effect of Ligusticum chuanxiong (CX), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (CS) and their combination (XS) on ameliorating focal cerebral ischemic. Cerebral ischemia deficits and infarct size were performed by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) and hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) staining. Activities of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px, as well as levels of LPO and MDA were detected by commercial kits while ELISA kits for the content of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and plasminogen activator (PA). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot analysis (WB) were carried out to examine the protein expressions including PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), cytoplasmic of glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), X box-binding protein-1 (XBP-1), activating transcription factor-6 (ATF-6), C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), and porcineB-cellleukemia/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) in brain tissues. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) were applied to examine vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAR1) mRNA levels. RESULTS CX, CS and their combination (XS) could reduce cerebral ischemia deficits and infarct size of MCAO rats. They increased SOD, CAT and GSH-Px activities, and reduced MDA and LPO levels in serum, markedly. A significant decrease of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related factors PERK, XBP-1, ATF-6 and CHOP protein expression levels while an increase of GRP78 and MVD expression by the treatment of CX, CS and XS. It could also be observed that their treatment could reduce apoptotic damage of brain tissues by up-regulating Bax level and down-regulating Bcl-2 level. Furthermore, the levels of MMP-9 and PAI-1 in serum and tissues of rats were down-regulated remarkably while TIMP-1 and PA levels were up-regulated. VEGF mRNA level was up-regulated dramatically whereas NMDAR1 was reduced. Importantly, the combination of CX and CS, namely XS, has a more meaningful improvement on focal cerebral ischemic than CX or CS alone. CONCLUSION All these revealed that the combined XS exerted more remarkable protective effects than alone. XS could inhibit neuronal apoptosis by attenuating ER-stress-dependent apoptotic signaling and protected the blood-brain barrier. These findings might supply beneficial hints for the synergy of CX and CS, and provide the basis for rationality of XS preparation and deserve further clinical investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Gu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China; Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China
| | - Juan Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China
| | - Nan Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Hou
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China
| | - Xiaobin Tan
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China
| | - Liang Feng
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China.
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Rao G, Yadav VR, Awasthi S, Roberts PR, Awasthi V. Effect of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin resuscitation on proteostasis in small intestinal epithelium after hemorrhagic shock. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G180-91. [PMID: 27288424 PMCID: PMC4967179 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00157.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gut barrier dysfunction is the major trigger for multiorgan failure associated with hemorrhagic shock (HS). Although the molecular mediators responsible for this dysfunction are unclear, oxidative stress-induced disruption of proteostasis contributes to the gut pathology in HS. The objective of this study was to investigate whether resuscitation with nanoparticulate liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (LEH) is able to restore the gut proteostatic mechanisms. Sprague-Dawley rats were recruited in four groups: control, HS, HS+LEH, and HS+saline. HS was induced by withdrawing 45% blood, and isovolemic LEH or saline was administered after 15 min of shock. The rats were euthanized at 6 h to collect plasma and ileum for measurement of the markers of oxidative stress, unfolded protein response (UPR), proteasome function, and autophagy. HS significantly increased the protein and lipid oxidation, trypsin-like proteasome activity, and plasma levels of IFNγ. These effects were prevented by LEH resuscitation. However, saline was not able to reduce protein oxidation and plasma IFNγ in hemorrhaged rats. Saline resuscitation also suppressed the markers of UPR and autophagy below the basal levels; the HS or LEH groups showed no effect on the UPR and autophagy. Histological analysis showed that LEH resuscitation significantly increased the villus height and thickness of the submucosal and muscularis layers compared with the HS and saline groups. Overall, the results showed that LEH resuscitation was effective in normalizing the indicators of proteostasis stress in ileal tissue. On the other hand, saline-resuscitated animals showed a decoupling of oxidative stress and cellular protective mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Rao
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and
| | - Vivek R. Yadav
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and
| | - Shanjana Awasthi
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and
| | - Pamela R. Roberts
- 2Department of Anesthesiology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Vibhudutta Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Daulatzai MA. Cerebral hypoperfusion and glucose hypometabolism: Key pathophysiological modulators promote neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:943-972. [PMID: 27350397 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging, hypertension, diabetes, hypoxia/obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), obesity, vitamin B12/folate deficiency, depression, and traumatic brain injury synergistically promote diverse pathological mechanisms including cerebral hypoperfusion and glucose hypometabolism. These risk factors trigger neuroinflammation and oxidative-nitrosative stress that in turn decrease nitric oxide and enhance endothelin, Amyloid-β deposition, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and blood-brain barrier disruption. Proinflammatory cytokines, endothelin-1, and oxidative-nitrosative stress trigger several pathological feedforward and feedback loops. These upstream factors persist in the brain for decades, upregulating amyloid and tau, before the cognitive decline. These cascades lead to neuronal Ca2+ increase, neurodegeneration, cognitive/memory decline, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, strategies are available to attenuate cerebral hypoperfusion and glucose hypometabolism and ameliorate cognitive decline. AD is the leading cause of dementia among the elderly. There is significant evidence that pathways involving inflammation and oxidative-nitrosative stress (ONS) play a key pathophysiological role in promoting cognitive dysfunction. Aging and several comorbid conditions mentioned above promote diverse pathologies. These include inflammation, ONS, hypoperfusion, and hypometabolism in the brain. In AD, chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and glucose hypometabolism precede decades before the cognitive decline. These comorbid disease conditions may share and synergistically activate these pathophysiological pathways. Inflammation upregulates cerebrovascular pathology through proinflammatory cytokines, endothelin-1, and nitric oxide (NO). Inflammation-triggered ONS promotes long-term damage involving fatty acids, proteins, DNA, and mitochondria; these amplify and perpetuate several feedforward and feedback pathological loops. The latter includes dysfunctional energy metabolism (compromised mitochondrial ATP production), amyloid-β generation, endothelial dysfunction, and blood-brain-barrier disruption. These lead to decreased cerebral blood flow and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion- that would modulate metabolic dysfunction and neurodegeneration. In essence, hypoperfusion deprives the brain from its two paramount trophic substances, viz., oxygen and nutrients. Consequently, the brain suffers from synaptic dysfunction and neuronal degeneration/loss, leading to both gray and white matter atrophy, cognitive dysfunction, and AD. This Review underscores the importance of treating the above-mentioned comorbid disease conditions to attenuate inflammation and ONS and ameliorate decreased cerebral blood flow and hypometabolism. Additionally, several strategies are described here to control chronic hypoperfusion of the brain and enhance cognition. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mak Adam Daulatzai
- Sleep Disorders Group, EEE Dept/MSE, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Divolis G, Mavroeidi P, Mavrofrydi O, Papazafiri P. Differential effects of calcium on PI3K-Akt and HIF-1α survival pathways. Cell Biol Toxicol 2016; 32:437-49. [PMID: 27344565 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-016-9345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Calcium signaling participates in the regulation of numberless cellular functions including cell cycle progression and cellular migration, important processes for cancer expansion. Cancer cell growth, migration, and invasion are typically supported by PI3K/Akt activation, while a hypoxic environment is critical in cancer development. Accordingly, in the present study, we aimed at investigating whether perturbations in calcium homeostasis induce alterations of HIF-1α and activate Akt levels in epithelial A549 and A431 cells. Survival was drastically reduced in the presence of calcium chelator BAPTA-AM and thapsigargin, a SERCA inhibitor inducing store-operated calcium entry, to a lesser extent. Calcium chelation provoked a transient but strong upregulation of HIF-1α protein levels and accumulation in the nucleus, whereas in the presence of thapsigargin, HIF-1α levels were rapidly abolished before reaching and exceeding control levels. Despite cell death, calcium chelation merely inhibited Akt, which was significantly activated in the presence of thapsigargin. Moreover, when store-operated calcium entry was simulated by reintroducing calcium ions in cell suspensions, Akt was rapidly activated in the absence of any growth factor. These data further underscore the growing importance of calcium entry and directly link this elementary event of calcium homeostasis to the Akt pathway, which is commonly deregulated in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Divolis
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784, Athens, Greece.,Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou Efesiou 4, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Mavroeidi
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Mavrofrydi
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Papazafiri
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784, Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Zhu X, Zhou Y, Tao R, Zhao J, Chen J, Liu C, Xu Z, Bao G, Zhang J, Chen M, Shen J, Cheng C, Zhang D. Upregulation of PTP1B After Rat Spinal Cord Injury. Inflammation 2016; 38:1891-902. [PMID: 25894283 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family, attaches to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via its C-terminal tail. Previous studies have reported that PTP1B participates in various signal transduction pathways in many human diseases, including diabetes, cancers, osteoporosis, and obesity. It also plays an important role in the ER stress. ER stress induced by spinal cord injury (SCI) was reported to result in cell apoptosis. Till now, the role of PTP1B in the injury of the central nervous system remains unknown. In the present study, we built an adult rat SCI model to investigate the potential role of PTP1B in SCI. Western blot analysis detected a notable alteration of PTP1B expression after SCI. Immunohistochemistry indicated that PTP1B expressed at a low level in the normal spinal cord and greatly increased after SCI. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed that PTP1B immunoreactivity was predominantly increased in neurons following SCI. In addition, SCI resulted in a significant alteration in the level of active caspase-3, caspase-12, and 153/C/EBP homologous transcription factor protein, which were correlated with the upregulation of PTP1B. Co-localization of PTP1B/active caspase-3 was also detected in neurons. Taken together, our findings elucidated the PTP1B expression in the SCI for the first time. These results suggested that PTP1B might be deeply involved in the injury response and probably played an important role in the neuro-pathological process of SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Zhu
- Department of Osteology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Abstract
Stroke is the second foremost cause of mortality worldwide and a major cause of long-term disability. Due to changes in lifestyle and an aging population, the incidence of stroke continues to increase and stroke mortality predicted to exceed 12 % by the year 2030. However, the development of pharmacological treatments for stroke has failed to progress much in over 20 years since the introduction of the thrombolytic drug, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. These alarming circumstances caused many research groups to search for alternative treatments in the form of neuroprotectants. Here, we consider the potential use of phytochemicals in the treatment of stroke. Their historical use in traditional medicine and their excellent safety profile make phytochemicals attractive for the development of therapeutics in human diseases. Emerging findings suggest that some phytochemicals have the ability to target multiple pathophysiological processes involved in stroke including oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, epidemiological studies suggest that the consumption of plant sources rich in phytochemicals may reduce stroke risk, and so reinforce the possibility of developing preventative or neuroprotectant therapies for stroke. In this review, we describe results of preclinical studies that demonstrate beneficial effects of phytochemicals in experimental models relevant to stroke pathogenesis, and we consider their possible mechanisms of action.
Collapse
|
57
|
Exploring the Conserved Role of MANF in the Unfolded Protein Response in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151550. [PMID: 26975047 PMCID: PMC4790953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in the homeostasis of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) referred to as ER stress is involved in a variety of human diseases. ER stress activates unfolded protein response (UPR), a cellular mechanism the purpose of which is to restore ER homeostasis. Previous studies show that Mesencephalic Astrocyte-derived Neurotrophic Factor (MANF) is an important novel component in the regulation of UPR. In vertebrates, MANF is upregulated by ER stress and protects cells against ER stress-induced cell death. Biochemical studies have revealed an interaction between mammalian MANF and GRP78, the major ER chaperone promoting protein folding. In this study we discovered that the upregulation of MANF expression in response to drug-induced ER stress is conserved between Drosophila and mammals. Additionally, by using a genetic in vivo approach we found genetic interactions between Drosophila Manf and genes encoding for Drosophila homologues of GRP78, PERK and XBP1, the key components of UPR. Our data suggest a role for Manf in the regulation of Drosophila UPR.
Collapse
|
58
|
Lin CL. Attenuation of endoplasmic reticulum stress as a treatment strategy against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2016; 10:1930-1. [PMID: 26889173 PMCID: PMC4730809 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.169615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Li Lin
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, China
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Anuncibay-Soto B, Santos-Galdiano M, Fernández-López A. Neuroprotection by salubrinal treatment in global cerebral ischemia. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1744-1745. [PMID: 28123406 PMCID: PMC5204218 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.194711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Berta Anuncibay-Soto
- Area de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - María Santos-Galdiano
- Area de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Bickler P, Clark J, Gabatto P, Brosnan H. Hypoxic preconditioning and cell death from oxygen/glucose deprivation co-opt a subset of the unfolded protein response in hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience 2015; 310:306-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
61
|
Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment Protects Against Spinal Cord Injury by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Rats. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2015; 40:E1276-83. [PMID: 26192724 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000001056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Experimental animal study of treatment of SCI. OBJECTIVE To explore whether HBO treatment protects against secondary SCI by inhibiting the ER stress response. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA SCI is a neurological disorder that can severely limit the execution of the simplest day-to-day functions. ER stress plays an important role in the induction of neuronal apoptosis after SCI. HBO treatment can alleviate secondary injury and benefit neurological recovery after SCI, but the effect of HBO on ER stress response after SCI is yet to be characterized. METHODS The spinal cord of rats was injured via T10 laminectomy. Experimental animals were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: sham-operated, SCI, and SCI+HBO. Each group was analyzed 1, 2, 3, 7, and 14 days after injury. Neurological recovery was evaluated using the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scoring system and the TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling reaction was carried out to visualize apoptotic cells. The expression of ER stress-related factors was evaluated by immunohistochemical, western blot, and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses. RESULTS SCI-induced apoptosis and an increase in the levels of CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), and caspase-12 and caspase-3 compared with the sham-operated group. HBO treatment decreased CHOP and caspase-12 and caspase-3 expression as well as apoptosis compared with the SCI group. In addition, BBB scores were improved in the SCI+HBO relative to the SCI group at 7 and 14 days. CONCLUSION These results suggest that HBO treatment alleviates secondary injury to the spinal cord by inhibiting ER stress induced apoptosis, thereby promoting the recovery of neurological function. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
Collapse
|
62
|
BAO WENHUA, GU YIQI, TA LA, WANG KEREN, XU ZHELI. Induction of autophagy by the MG-132 proteasome inhibitor is associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress in MCF-7 cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:796-804. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
63
|
Mechanisms of Neuronal Protection against Excitotoxicity, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Stroke and Neurodegenerative Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:964518. [PMID: 26576229 PMCID: PMC4630664 DOI: 10.1155/2015/964518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In stroke and neurodegenerative disease, neuronal excitotoxicity, caused by increased extracellular glutamate levels, is known to result in calcium overload and mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial deficits may involve a deficiency in energy supply as well as generation of high levels of oxidants which are key contributors to neuronal cell death through necrotic and apoptotic mechanisms. Excessive glutamate receptor stimulation also results in increased nitric oxide generation which can be detrimental to cells as nitric oxide interacts with superoxide to form the toxic molecule peroxynitrite. High level oxidant production elicits neuronal apoptosis through the actions of proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members resulting in mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. In addition to apoptotic responses to severe stress, accumulation of misfolded proteins and high levels of oxidants can elicit endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways which may also contribute to induction of apoptosis. Two categories of therapeutics are discussed that impact major pro-death events that include induction of oxidants, calcium overload, and ER stress. The first category of therapeutic agent includes the amino acid taurine which prevents calcium overload and is also capable of preventing ER stress by inhibiting specific ER stress pathways. The second category involves N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA receptor) partial antagonists illustrated by S-Methyl-N, N-diethyldithiocarbamate sulfoxide (DETC-MeSO), and memantine. DETC-MeSO is protective through preventing excitotoxicity and calcium overload and by blocking specific ER stress pathways. Another NMDA receptor partial antagonist is memantine which prevents excessive glutamate excitation but also remarkably allows maintenance of physiological neurotransmission. Targeting of these major sites of neuronal damage using pharmacological agents is discussed in terms of potential therapeutic approaches for neurological disorders.
Collapse
|
64
|
Tanimukai H, Kudo T. Fluvoxamine alleviates paclitaxel-induced neurotoxicity. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 4:202-206. [PMID: 29124205 PMCID: PMC5668922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel (Px) is an effective chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of various cancers. However, it is often associated with neurological side effects, including chemotherapy-associated cognitive impairment (CACI), such as "chemobrain". Previously, we reported that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in Px-induced neurotoxicity, and immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein (BiP) inducer X (BIX) alleviates Px-induced neurotoxicity. However, BIX has not been used in clinical practice yet. We recently reported that fluvoxamine (Flv) alleviates ER stress via induction of sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Flv could alleviate Px-induced neurotoxicity in vitro. SK-N-SH cells were pre-treated for 12 h with or without 10 μg/ml Flv followed by treatment with 1 μM Px with or without co-existence of 10 μg/ml Flv for 24 h. To investigate the involvement of Sig-1R in alleviation effect on Px-induced neurotoxicity,1 μM NE100, an antagonist of Sig-1R, was added for 24 h. Neurotoxicity was assessed using the MTS viability assay and ER stress-mediated neurotoxicity was assessed by evaluating the expression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), cleaved caspase 4, and cleaved caspase 3. Pre-treatment with Flv significantly alleviated the induction of CHOP, cleaved caspase 4, and cleaved caspase 3 in SK-N-SH cells. At the same time, pre-treatment with Flv significantly induced Sig-1R in SK-N-SH cells. In addition, viability was significantly higher in Flv-treated cells than in untreated cells, which was reversed by treatment with NE100. Our results suggest that Flv alleviates Px-induced neurotoxicity in part through the induction of Sig-1R. Our findings should contribute to one of the novel approaches for the alleviation of Px-induced neurotoxicity, including chemobrain.
Collapse
Key Words
- BIX, BiP inducer X
- BiP, immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein
- CACI, chemotherapy-associated cognitive impairments
- CHOP, C/EBP homologous protein
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- Chemobrain
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- Endoplasmic reticulum stress
- Fluvoxamine
- Flv, fluvoxamine
- JNK, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase
- Paclitaxel
- Px, paclitaxel
- QOL, quality of life
- SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
- Sig-1R, sigma 1 receptor
- Sigma 1 receptor
- UPR, unfolded protein response
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Tanimukai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Pharmacogenomics, and Palliative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.,Palliative Care Center, Department of Palliative Medicine, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Syogoin, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Health Care Center, 1-17, Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Kwon SK, Ahn M, Song HJ, Kang SK, Jung SB, Harsha N, Jee S, Moon JY, Suh KS, Lee SD, Jeon BH, Kim DW, Kim CS. Nafamostat mesilate attenuates transient focal ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury via the inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Brain Res 2015; 1627:12-20. [PMID: 26390938 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nafamostat mesilate (NM), a serine protease inhibitor, has a broad range of clinical applications that include use as an anticoagulant during hemodialysis in cerebral hemorrhage patients, as a hemoperfusion anticoagulant for patients with intravascular coagulation, hemorrhagic lesions, and hemorrhagic tendencies, and for the improvement of acute pancreatitis. However, the effects of NM on acute cerebral ischemia have yet to be investigated. Thus, the present study utilized a rat model in which transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was used to induce ischemic injury to investigate the effects of NM on infarct volume and histological and biological changes. NM (1mg/kg) was intravenously administered prior to and after the MCAO procedure. Compared to control rats, the administration of NM significantly decreased infarct size and the extent of brain edema after the induction of focal ischemia via MCAO. Additionally, NM treatment attenuated MCAO-induced neuronal degeneration and activation of microglia and astrocytes. NM treatment also inhibited the MCAO-induced expression levels of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), CATT/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and p-eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), which are endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, in the cerebral cortex. The present findings demonstrate that NM exerts neuroprotective effects in the brain following focal ischemia via, at least in part, the inhibition of ER stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Kwan Kwon
- Department of physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonsang Ahn
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Song
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 301-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Kwang Kang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Saet-Byel Jung
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Nagar Harsha
- Department of physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungju Jee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 301-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 301-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Sun Suh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Do Lee
- Department of physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Hwa Jeon
- Department of physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cuk-Seong Kim
- Department of physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Zhu SP, Wang ZG, Zhao YZ, Wu J, Shi HX, Ye LB, Wu FZ, Cheng Y, Zhang HY, He S, Wei X, Fu XB, Li XK, Xu HZ, Xiao J. Gelatin Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Incorporating Nerve Growth Factor Inhibit Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Apoptosis and Improve Recovery in Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4375-86. [PMID: 26232067 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Clinical translation of growth factor therapies faces multiple challenges; the most significant one is the short half-life of the naked protein. Gelatin nanostructured lipid carriers (GNLs) had previously been used to encapsulate the basic fibroblast growth factor to enhance the functional recovery in hemiparkinsonian rats. In this research, we comparatively study the enhanced therapy between nerve growth factor (NGF) loaded GNLs (NGF-GNLs) and NGF only in spinal cord injury (SCI). The effects of NGF-GNLs and NGF only were tested by the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) locomotion scale, inclined plane test, and footprint analysis. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescent staining were further performed to identify the expression of ER stress-related proteins, neuron-specific marker neuronal nuclei (NeuN), and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43). Correlated downstream signals Akt/GSK-3β and ERK1/2 were also analyzed with or without inhibitors. Results showed that NGF-GNLs, compared to NGF only, enhanced the neuroprotection effect in SCI rats. The ER stress-induced apoptosis response proteins CHOP, GRP78 and caspase-12 inhibited by NGF-GNL treatment were more obvious. Meanwhile, NGF-GNLs in the recovery of SCI are related to the inhibition of ER stress-induced cell death via the activation of downstream signals PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β and ERK1/2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Pin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhou-Guang Wang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying-Zheng Zhao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong-Xue Shi
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Bing Ye
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fen-Zan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cixi People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Songbin He
- Department of Neurology, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Xiaojie Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cixi People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Fu
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua-Zi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China. .,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Xu ZC, Yin J, Zhou B, Liu YT, Yu Y, Li GQ. Grape seed proanthocyanidin protects liver against ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:7468-7477. [PMID: 26139992 PMCID: PMC4481441 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i24.7468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin (GSP) in liver ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury and alleviation of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (220-250 g) were divided into three groups, namely, sham, IR, and GSP groups (n = 8 each). A liver IR (70%) model was established and reperfused for 6 h. Prior to reperfusion, the GSP group was administered with GSP (100 mg/kg) for 15 d, and liver histology was then investigated. Serum aminotransferase and inflammatory mediators coupled with superoxide dismutase and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde were detected. Western blot was conducted to analyze the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, activating transcription factor-4, inositol-requiring enzyme-1, procaspase-12, and nuclear factor-κb. Apoptotic cells were detected by TUNEL staining.
RESULTS: The serum aminotransferase, apoptotic cells, and Suzuki scores decreased in the GSP group compared with the IR group (Ps < 0.05). The methane dicarboxylic aldehyde level was decreased in the GSP group, but the superoxide dismutase level was reversed (Ps < 0.05). Similarly, GSP downregulated the proinflammatory factors and upregulated the levels of anti-inflammatory factors (Ps < 0.05). Western blot data showed that GSP increased glucose-regulated protein 78 expression and suppressed expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, activating transcription factor-4, inositol-requiring enzyme-1, procaspase-12, and nuclear factor-κb compared with the IR group.
CONCLUSION: GSP possesses antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects by relieving endoplasmic reticulum stress through regulation of related signaling pathways to protect the liver against IR injury.
Collapse
|
68
|
Burton GJ, Yung HW. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathogenesis of early-onset pre-eclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens 2015; 1:72-8. [PMID: 22242213 PMCID: PMC3252240 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent data have provided molecular evidence of high levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress in non-laboured placentas from cases of early-onset pre-eclampsia. Endoplasmic reticulum stress is intricately linked to oxidative stress, and the two often share the same aetiology. In the case of pre-eclampsia this is likely to be placental malperfusion, secondary to deficient conversion of the spiral arteries. Endoplasmic reticulum stress activates a number of signalling pathways aimed at restoring homeostasis, but if these attempts fail then the apoptotic machinery may be activated. The potential consequences for placental development and function are numerous and diverse. Inhibition of protein synthesis results in lower levels of many kinases, growth factors and regulatory proteins involved in cell cycle control, and experiments in vitro reveal that endoplasmic reticulum stress slows cell proliferation. Chronic, low levels of stress during the second and third trimesters may therefore result in a growth restricted phenotype. Higher levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress lead to activation of pro-inflammatory pathways, a feature of pre-eclampsia that may contribute to maternal endothelial cell activation. These findings emphasise the complexity of cellular responses to stress, and the need to approach these in a holistic fashion when considering therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Burton
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Zhang E, Yi MH, Shin N, Baek H, Kim S, Kim E, Kwon K, Lee S, Kim HW, Chul Bae Y, Kim Y, Kwon OY, Lee WH, Kim DW. Endoplasmic reticulum stress impairment in the spinal dorsal horn of a neuropathic pain model. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11555. [PMID: 26109318 PMCID: PMC4479804 DOI: 10.1038/srep11555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, but its role in neuropathic pain remains unclear. In this study, we examined the ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) activation in a L5 spinal nerve ligation (SNL)-induced rat neuropathic pain model. SNL-induced neuropathic pain was assessed behaviorally using the CatWalk system, and histologically with microglial activation in the dorsal spinal horn. L5 SNL induced BIP upregulation in the neuron of superficial laminae of dorsal spinal horn. It also increased the level of ATF6 and intracellular localization into the nuclei in the neurons. Moreover, spliced XBP1 was also markedly elevated in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn. The PERK-elF2 pathway was activated in astrocytes of the spinal dorsal horn in the SNL model. In addition, electron microscopy revealed the presence of swollen cisternae in the dorsal spinal cord after SNL. Additionally, inhibition of the ATF6 pathway by intrathecal treatment with ATF6 siRNA reduced pain behaviors and BIP expression in the dorsal horn. The results suggest that ER stress might be involved in the induction and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Furthermore, a disturbance in UPR signaling may render the spinal neurons vulnerable to peripheral nerve injury or neuropathic pain stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enji Zhang
- 1] Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea [2] Department of Anesthesiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanbian, 133000, China
| | - Min-Hee Yi
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Nara Shin
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Hyunjung Baek
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Sena Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Eunjee Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Kisang Kwon
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Sunyeul Lee
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 301-721, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- Department of Physiology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, South Korea
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - O-Yu Kwon
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Won Hyung Lee
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 301-721, South Korea
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Liu H, Chen J, Li W, Rose ME, Shinde SN, Balasubramani M, Uechi GT, Mutus B, Graham SH, Hickey RW. Protein disulfide isomerase as a novel target for cyclopentenone prostaglandins: implications for hypoxic ischemic injury. FEBS J 2015; 282:2045-59. [PMID: 25754985 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an important contributor to ischemic brain injury. Identification of the downstream mediators of COX-2 toxicity may allow the development of targeted therapies. Of particular interest is the cyclopentenone family of prostaglandin metabolites. Cyclopentenone prostaglandins (CyPGs) are highly reactive molecules that form covalent bonds with cellular thiols. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is an important molecule for the restoration of denatured proteins following ischemia. Because PDI has several thiols, including thiols within the active thioredoxin-like domain, we hypothesized that PDI is a target of CyPGs and that CyPG binding of PDI is detrimental. CyPG-PDI binding was detected in vitro via immunoprecipitation and MS. CyPG-PDI binding decreased PDI enzymatic activity in recombinant PDI treated with CyPG, and PDI immunoprecipitated from neuronal culture treated with CyPG or anoxia. Toxic effects of binding were demonstrated in experiments showing that: (a) pharmacologic inhibition of PDI increased cell death in anoxic neurons, (b) PDI overexpression protected neurons exposed to anoxia and SH-SY5Y cells exposed to CyPG, and (c) PDI overexpression in SH-SY5Y cells attenuated ubiquitination of proteins and decreased activation of pro-apoptotic caspases. In conclusion, CyPG production and subsequent binding of PDI is a novel and potentially important mechanism of ischemic brain injury. We show that CyPGs bind to PDI, cyclopentenones inhibit PDI activity, and CyPG-PDI binding is associated with increased neuronal susceptibility to anoxia. Additional studies are necessary to determine the relative role of CyPG-dependent inhibition of PDI activity in ischemia and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wenjin Li
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Marie E Rose
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Sunita N Shinde
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Guy T Uechi
- Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bülent Mutus
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Steven H Graham
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Robert W Hickey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Cao S, Yan B, Lu Y, Zhang G, Li J, Guo W, Zhao Y, Zhang S. C/EBP Homologous Protein-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Related Renal Apoptosis Is Involved in Rats With Brain Death. Transplant Proc 2015; 47:354-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
72
|
Tunicamycin-induced unfolded protein response in the developing mouse brain. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 283:157-67. [PMID: 25620058 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causes ER stress, resulting in the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). ER stress and UPR are associated with many neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. The developing brain is particularly susceptible to environmental insults which may cause ER stress. We evaluated the UPR in the brain of postnatal mice. Tunicamycin, a commonly used ER stress inducer, was administered subcutaneously to mice of postnatal days (PDs) 4, 12 and 25. Tunicamycin caused UPR in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of mice of PD4 and PD12, which was evident by the upregulation of ATF6, XBP1s, p-eIF2α, GRP78, GRP94 and MANF, but failed to induce UPR in the brain of PD25 mice. Tunicamycin-induced UPR in the liver was observed at all stages. In PD4 mice, tunicamycin-induced caspase-3 activation was observed in layer II of the parietal and optical cortex, CA1-CA3 and the subiculum of the hippocampus, the cerebellar external germinal layer and the superior/inferior colliculus. Tunicamycin-induced caspase-3 activation was also shown on PD12 but to a much lesser degree and mainly located in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, deep cerebellar nuclei and pons. Tunicamycin did not activate caspase-3 in the brain of PD25 mice and the liver of all stages. Similarly, immature cerebellar neurons were sensitive to tunicamycin-induced cell death in culture, but became resistant as they matured in vitro. These results suggest that the UPR is developmentally regulated and the immature brain is more susceptible to ER stress.
Collapse
|
73
|
Gulyaeva NV. Brain ischemia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and astroglial activation: new insights. J Neurochem 2015; 132:263-5. [PMID: 25586383 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Gulyaeva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Yoshikawa A, Kamide T, Hashida K, Ta HM, Inahata Y, Takarada-Iemata M, Hattori T, Mori K, Takahashi R, Matsuyama T, Hayashi Y, Kitao Y, Hori O. Deletion of Atf6α impairs astroglial activation and enhances neuronal death following brain ischemia in mice. J Neurochem 2015; 132:342-53. [PMID: 25351847 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To dissect the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response in brain ischemia, we investigated the relevance of activating transcription factor 6α (ATF6α), a master transcriptional factor in the unfolded protein response, after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice. Enhanced expression of glucose-regulated protein78, a downstream molecular chaperone of ATF6α, was observed in both neurons and glia in the peri-infarct region of wild-type mice after MCAO. Analysis using wild-type and Atf6α(-/-) mice revealed a larger infarct volume and increased cell death in the peri-ischemic region of Atf6α(-/-) mice 5 days after MCAO. These phenotypes in Atf6α(-/-) mice were associated with reduced levels of astroglial activation/glial scar formation, and a spread of tissue damage into the non-infarct area. Further analysis in mice and cultured astrocytes revealed that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)-glial fibrillary acidic protein signaling were diminished in Atf6α(-/-) astrocytes. A chemical chaperone, 4-phenylbutyrate, restored STAT3-glial fibrillary acidic protein signaling, while ER stressors, such as tunicamycin and thapsigargin, almost completely abolished signaling in cultured astrocytes. Furthermore, ER stress-induced deactivation of STAT3 was mediated, at least in part, by the ER stress-responsive tyrosine phosphatase, TC-PTP/PTPN2. These results suggest that ER stress plays critical roles in determining the level of astroglial activation and neuronal survival after brain ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Yoshikawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Chen H, Tian M, Jin L, Jia H, Jin Y. PUMA is invovled in ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis of mouse cerebral astrocytes. Neuroscience 2014; 284:824-832. [PMID: 25451294 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PUMA (p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis), a BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 protein family, is required for p53-dependent and p53-independent forms of apoptosis. PUMA has been invovled in the onset and progress of several diseases, including cancer, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and ischemic brain disease. Although many studies have shown that ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) can induce the apoptosis of astrocytes, the role of PUMA in I/R-mediated apoptosis of cerebral astrocyte apoptosis remains unclear. To mimic in vivo I/R conditions, primary mouse cerebral astrocytes were incubated in a combinational cultural condition of oxygen, glucose, and serum deprivation (OSGD) for 1 h followed by reperfusion (OSGD/R). Cell death determination assays and cell viability assays indicated that OSGD and OSGD/R induce the apoptosis of primary cerebral astrocytes. The expression of PUMA was significantly elevated in primary cerebral astrocytes during OSGD/R. Moreover, targeted down-regulation of PUMA by siRNA transfection significantly decreased the OSGD/R-induced apoptosis of primary cerebral astrocytes. We also found that OSGD and OSGD/R triggered the release of cytochrome c in astrocytes, indicating the dependence on a mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was extremely generated during OSGD and OSGD/R, and the elimination of ROS by treated with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) remarkably inhibited the expression of PUMA and the apoptosis of primary cerebral astrocytes. The activation of Caspase 3 and Caspase 9 was extremely elevated in primary cerebral astrocytes during OSGD. In addition, we found that knockdown of PUMA led to the depressed expression of Bax, cleaved caspase-9 and caspase-3 during OSGD/R. These results indicate that PUMA is invovled in the apoptosis of cerebral astrocytes upon I/R injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - M Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - L Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - H Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Y Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Brooks AC, Guo Y, Singh M, McCracken J, Xuan YT, Srivastava S, Bolli R, Bhatnagar A. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent activation of ATF3 mediates the late phase of ischemic preconditioning. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 76:138-47. [PMID: 25151953 PMCID: PMC4336548 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (PC) is an adaptive response to transient myocardial ischemia that protects the heart from subsequent ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the mechanisms underlying its cardioprotective effects remain unclear. Myocardium of adult male C57/BL6 mice, preconditioned by 6 cycles of 4 minute coronary occlusion and reperfusion, showed nuclear translocation of ATF3 and ATF6 and PERK phosphorylation 30 min after PC. The abundance of ER proteins, ATF3 and ATF4 was increased 24h after PC; however, there was no evidence of IRE-1 activation in WT or ER-stress activated indicator (ERAI) mice expressing XBP-1-Venus fusion protein. PC-induced nuclear translocation of ATF3 was attenuated in transgenic mice with cardiac-restricted overexpression of inducible ATF6. Ischemic PC increased the abundance of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, heme oxygenase-1 and aldose reductase to levels similar between WT and ATF3-null hearts; however, the increase in IL-6 and ICAM-1 was exaggerated in ATF3-null hearts. Genetic deletion of ATF3 did not increase infarct size in non-preconditioned hearts but abolished the cardioprotective effects of PC. Larger infarct size in preconditioned ATF3-null hearts was associated with greater neutrophil infiltration in the myocardium, but no ATF3-dependent changes in the total or relative abundance of inflammatory monocytes were observed. Ischemic PC activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the activation of ATF3 by ER stress is essential for the cardioprotective effects of late PC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Brooks
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Yiru Guo
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - James McCracken
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Yu-Ting Xuan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Roberto Bolli
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Abstract
Abstract:Taurine appears to exert potent protections against glutamate (Glu)-induced injury to neurons, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. The possibly protected targets consist of the plasma membrane and the mitochondrial as well as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes. Protection may be provided through a variety of effects, including the prevention of membrane depolarization, neuronal excitotoxicity and mitochondrial energy failure, increases in intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i), activation of calpain, and reduction of Bcl-2 levels. These activities are likely to be linked spatially and temporally in the neuroprotective functions of taurine. In addition, events that occur downstream of Glu stimulation, including altered enzymatic activities, apoptotic pathways, and necrosis triggered by the increased [Ca2+]i, can be inhibited by taurine. This review discusses the possible molecular mechanisms of taurine against Glu-induced neuronal injury, providing a better understanding of the protective processes, which might be helpful in the development of novel interventional strategies.
Collapse
|
78
|
Omi T, Tanimukai H, Kanayama D, Sakagami Y, Tagami S, Okochi M, Morihara T, Sato M, Yanagida K, Kitasyoji A, Hara H, Imaizumi K, Maurice T, Chevallier N, Marchal S, Takeda M, Kudo T. Fluvoxamine alleviates ER stress via induction of Sigma-1 receptor. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1332. [PMID: 25032855 PMCID: PMC4123092 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induces sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) expression through the PERK pathway, which is one of the cell's responses to ER stress. In addition, it has been demonstrated that induction of Sig-1R can repress cell death signaling. Fluvoxamine (Flv) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) with a high affinity for Sig-1R. In the present study, we show that treatment of neuroblastoma cells with Flv induces Sig-1R expression by increasing ATF4 translation directly, through its own activation, without involvement of the PERK pathway. The Flv-mediated induction of Sig-1R prevents neuronal cell death resulting from ER stress. Moreover, Flv-induced ER stress resistance reduces the infarct area in mice after focal cerebral ischemia. Thus, Flv, which is used frequently in clinical practice, can alleviate ER stress. This suggests that Flv could be a feasible therapy for cerebral diseases caused by ER stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Omi
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka General Medical center, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - H Tanimukai
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - D Kanayama
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Sakagami
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka General Medical center, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Tagami
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Okochi
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Morihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Sato
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - K Yanagida
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - A Kitasyoji
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Department of Biofunctional Molecules, Gifu, Japan
| | - H Hara
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Department of Biofunctional Molecules, Gifu, Japan
| | - K Imaizumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - T Maurice
- Team II Endogenous Neuroprotection in Neurodegenerative Diseases INSERM U. 710, EPHE, University of Montpellier cc 105, place Eugene Bataillon, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - N Chevallier
- Team II Endogenous Neuroprotection in Neurodegenerative Diseases INSERM U. 710, EPHE, University of Montpellier cc 105, place Eugene Bataillon, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - S Marchal
- Team II Endogenous Neuroprotection in Neurodegenerative Diseases INSERM U. 710, EPHE, University of Montpellier cc 105, place Eugene Bataillon, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - M Takeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Kudo
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Health Care Center, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Nerve growth factor improves functional recovery by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neuronal apoptosis in rats with spinal cord injury. J Transl Med 2014; 12:130. [PMID: 24884850 PMCID: PMC4039547 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis plays a major role in various diseases, including spinal cord injury (SCI). Nerve growth factor (NGF) show neuroprotective effect and improve the recovery of SCI, but the relations of ER stress-induced apoptosis and the NGF therapeutic effect in SCI still unclear. Methods Young adult female Sprague-Dawley rats’s vertebral column was exposed and a laminectomy was done at T9 vertebrae and moderate contusion injuries were performed using a vascular clip. NGF stock solution was diluted with 0.9% NaCl and administered intravenously at a dose of 20 μg/kg/day after SCI and then once per day until they were executed. Subsequently, the rats were executed at 1d, 3 d, 7d and 14d. The locomotor activities of SCI model rats were tested by the 21-point Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) locomotion scale, inclined plane test and footprint analysis. In addition, Western blot analysis was performed to identify the expression of ER-stress related proteins including CHOP, GRP78 and caspase-12 both in vivo and in vitro. The level of cell apoptosis was determined by TUNEL in vivo and Flow cytometry in vitro. Relative downstream signals Akt/GSK-3β and ERK1/2were also analyzed with or without inhibitors in vitro. Results Our results demonstrated that ER stress-induced apoptosis was involved in the injury of SCI model rats. NGF administration improved the motor function recovery and increased the neurons survival in the spinal cord lesions of the model rats. NGF decreases neuron apoptosis which measured by TUNEL and inhibits the activation of caspase-3 cascade. The ER stress-induced apoptosis response proteins CHOP, GRP78 and caspase-12 are inhibited by NGF treatment. Meanwhile, NGF administration also increased expression of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43). The administration of NGF activated downstream signals Akt/GSK-3β and ERK1/2 in ER stress cell model in vitro. Conclusion The neuroprotective role of NGF in the recovery of SCI is related to the inhibition of ER stress-induced cell death via the activation of downstream signals, also suggested a new trend of NGF translational drug development in the central neural system injuries which involved in the regulation of chronic ER stress.
Collapse
|
80
|
Mode of action of S-methyl-N, N-diethylthiocarbamate sulfoxide (DETC-MeSO) as a novel therapy for stroke in a rat model. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:655-72. [PMID: 24573692 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
One approach for protecting neurons from excitotoxic damage in stroke is to attenuate receptor activity with specific antagonists. S-Methyl-N, N-diethylthiocarbamate sulfoxide (DETC-MeSO), the active metabolite of disulfiram, has been shown to be a partial antagonist of glutamate receptors and effective in reducing seizure. First, we investigated neuroprotective effect of DETC-MeSO on primary cortical neuronal culture under hypoxia/reoxygenation condition in vitro. Then, DETC-MeSO was administered subcutaneously for 4 and 8 days with the first injection occurring 1 h before or 24 h after reperfusion in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model. Rats were subjected to the neuroscore test, and the brain was analyzed for infarct size. Monitoring neurotransmitter release was carried out by microdialysis. Heat shock proteins, key proteins involved in apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, were analyzed by immunoblotting. DETC-MeSO greatly reduced both cell death following hypoxia/reoxygenation and brain infarct size. It improved performance on the neuroscore test and attenuated proteolysis of αII-spectrin. The level of pro-apoptotic proteins declined, and anti-apoptotic and HSP27 protein expressions were markedly increased. Levels of the ER stress protein markers p-PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF4, JNK, XBP-1, GADD34, and CHOP significantly declined after DETC-MeSO administration. Microdialysis data showed that DETC-MeSO increased high potassium-induced striatal dopamine release indicating that more neurons were protected and survived under ischemic insult in the presence of DETC-MeSO. We also showed that DETC-MeSO can prevent gliosis. DETC-MeSO elicits neuroprotection through the preservation of ER resulting in reduction of apoptosis by increase of anti-apoptotic proteins and decrease of pro-apoptotic proteins.
Collapse
|
81
|
Grek C, Townsend D. Protein Disulfide Isomerase Superfamily in Disease and the Regulation of Apoptosis. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS IN DISEASES 2014; 1:4-17. [PMID: 25309899 PMCID: PMC4192724 DOI: 10.2478/ersc-2013-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis requires the balance of a multitude of signaling cascades that are contingent upon the essential proteins being properly synthesized, folded and delivered to appropriate subcellular locations. In eukaryotic cells the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a specialized organelle that is the central site of synthesis and folding of secretory, membrane and a number of organelletargeted proteins. The integrity of protein folding is enabled by the presence of ATP, Ca++, molecular chaperones, as well as an oxidizing redox environment. The imbalance between the load and capacity of protein folding results in a cellular condition known as ER stress. Failure of these pathways to restore ER homeostasis results in the activation of apoptotic pathways. Protein disulfide isomerases (PDI) compose a superfamily of oxidoreductases that have diverse sequences and are localized in the ER, nucleus, cytosol, mitochondria and cell membrane. The PDI superfamily has multiple functions including, acting as molecular chaperones, protein-binding partners, and hormone reservoirs. Recently, PDI family members have been implicated in the regulation of apoptotic signaling events. The complexities underlying the molecular mechanisms that define the switch from pro-survival to pro-death response are evidenced by recent studies that reveal the roles of specific chaperone proteins as integration points in signaling pathways that determine cell fate. The following review discusses the dual role of PDI in cell death and survival during ER stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Grek
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
| | - D.M. Townsend
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Begum G, Harvey L, Dixon CE, Sun D. ER stress and effects of DHA as an ER stress inhibitor. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 4:635-42. [PMID: 24323417 PMCID: PMC3864671 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of newly synthesized transmembrane and secretory proteins. The ER also has important roles in the storage of intracellular Ca(2+) and regulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis. The integrity of the Ca(2+) homeostasis in the ER lumen is vital for proper folding of proteins. Dysregulation of ER Ca(2+) could result in an increase in unfolded or misfolded proteins and ER stress. ER stress triggers activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is a fundamentally adaptive cell response and functions as a cytoprotective mechanism by over-expression of relevant chaperones and the global shutdown of protein synthesis. UPR activation occurs when three key ER membrane-sensor proteins detect an accumulation of aberrant proteins. The UPR acts to alleviate ER stress, but if the stress is too severe or prolonged, apoptosis will be triggered. In this review, we focused on ER stress and the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on ER stress. DHA and its bioactive compounds, such as protectins and resolvins, provide neuroprotection against oxidative stress and apoptosis and have the ability to resolve inflammation in neurological diseases. New studies reveal that DHA blocks inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)-mediated ER Ca(2+) depletion and ER stress. The administration of DHA post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) reduces ER stress, aberrant protein accumulation, and neurological deficits. Therefore, DHA presents therapeutic potentials for TBI via its pleiotropic effects including inhibition of ER stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gulnaz Begum
- Dept. of Neurology, Brain Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Lloyd Harvey
- Dept. of Neurology, Brain Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - C. Edward Dixon
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, Brain Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Dandan Sun
- Dept. of Neurology, Brain Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
YAO CHENGYE, ZHANG JIANCHENG, LIU GONGPING, CHEN FANG, LIN YUN. Neuroprotection by (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in a rat model of stroke is mediated through inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:69-76. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
84
|
Caldeira MV, Salazar IL, Curcio M, Canzoniero LMT, Duarte CB. Role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in brain ischemia: friend or foe? Prog Neurobiol 2013; 112:50-69. [PMID: 24157661 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a catalytic machinery that targets numerous cellular proteins for degradation, thus being essential to control a wide range of basic cellular processes and cell survival. Degradation of intracellular proteins via the UPS is a tightly regulated process initiated by tagging a target protein with a specific ubiquitin chain. Neurons are particularly vulnerable to any change in protein composition, and therefore the UPS is a key regulator of neuronal physiology. Alterations in UPS activity may induce pathological responses, ultimately leading to neuronal cell death. Brain ischemia triggers a complex series of biochemical and molecular mechanisms, such as an inflammatory response, an exacerbated production of misfolded and oxidized proteins, due to oxidative stress, and the breakdown of cellular integrity mainly mediated by excitotoxic glutamatergic signaling. Brain ischemia also damages protein degradation pathways which, together with the overproduction of damaged proteins and consequent upregulation of ubiquitin-conjugated proteins, contribute to the accumulation of ubiquitin-containing proteinaceous deposits. Despite recent advances, the factors leading to deposition of such aggregates after cerebral ischemic injury remain poorly understood. This review discusses the current knowledge on the role of the UPS in brain function and the molecular mechanisms contributing to UPS dysfunction in brain ischemia with consequent accumulation of ubiquitin-containing proteins. Chemical inhibitors of the proteasome and small molecule inhibitors of deubiquitinating enzymes, which promote the degradation of proteins by the proteasome, were both shown to provide neuroprotection in brain ischemia, and this apparent contradiction is also discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarida V Caldeira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ivan L Salazar
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), Portugal
| | - Michele Curcio
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Carlos B Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Kucharz K, Wieloch T, Toresson H. Fission and Fusion of the Neuronal Endoplasmic Reticulum. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 4:652-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
86
|
Chi Z, Ma X, Cui G, Li M, Li F. Cinnamtannin B-1 regulates cell proliferation of spinal cord astrocytes and protects the cell from oxygen-glucose-serum deprivation/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15827-37. [PMID: 23903044 PMCID: PMC3759888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140815827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are important for protecting neurons in the central nervous system. It has been reported that some antioxidants could protect astrocytes from ischemia/reperfusion-induced dysfunction. Cinnamtannin B-1 is a naturally occurring A-type proanthocyanidin that exhibits anti-oxidant properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of cinnamtannin B-1 on spinal cord astrocytes. Astrocytes were subjected to oxygen-glucose-serum deprivation for eight hours followed by reoxygenation with or without cinnamtannin B-1. We found that cinnamtannin B-1 protected astrocytes from oxygen-glucose-serum deprivation and reoxygenation-induced apoptosis. Concurrently, cinnamtannin B-1 promoted the proliferation of astrocytes whereas the extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) inhibitor reversed this effect. The results indicated that cinnamtannin B-1 protects astrocytes from oxygen-glucose-serum deprivation/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis by promoting astrocyte proliferation via an ERK pathway. Therefore, as an anti-oxidant, cinnamtannin B-1 might provide extra benefit for astrocyte protection during ischemia/reperfusion in the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Chi
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, NO.23 Youzheng St., Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; E-Mails: (Z.C.); (G.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Xueling Ma
- Department of Neurology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, NO.37 Yiyuan Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; E-Mail:
| | - Guofeng Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, NO.23 Youzheng St., Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; E-Mails: (Z.C.); (G.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Mingchao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, NO.23 Youzheng St., Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; E-Mails: (Z.C.); (G.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Fuchun Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, NO.23 Youzheng St., Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; E-Mails: (Z.C.); (G.C.); (M.L.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +86-451-5364-3849
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Temperature increase exacerbates apoptotic neuronal death in chemically-induced ischemia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68796. [PMID: 23861942 PMCID: PMC3704595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-established that hyperthermia increases neuronal death and worsens stroke outcome. However, little is known about the mechanisms of how hyperthermia is involved in this neuronal death process. In the present study, we examined how temperature increase exacerbates neuronal death using a model of chemical ischemia. Chemical ischemia was induced by treating SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells with sodium azide and deoxyglucose. Temperature increase was treated by placing the cells at 37°C (control) and 41°C (experimental). Cell survival was determined by trypan blue assay and ATP levels were measured with ATP assay kits. Protein expression was detected by western blot. Treatment with sodium azide resulted in cell death in a dose-responsive manner. Increased temperature worsened the ATP depletion and cell volume shrinkage. Temperature increase also enhanced ER stress as demonstrated by the elevated level of phospho-eIF2α and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). Inhibition of CHOP expression significantly decreased sodium azide-induced neuronal death. In addition, the increased temperature intensified the activation of caspase-3, an apoptotic effector protease, and inhibition of capspase-3 significantly reduced cell death. These findings support that temperature increase worsened the neuronal death by depleting intracellular ATP, inducing ER stress response and activating apoptotic signal transduction.
Collapse
|
88
|
Llorente IL, Burgin TC, Pérez-Rodríguez D, Martínez-Villayandre B, Pérez-García CC, Fernández-López A. Unfolded protein response to global ischemia following 48 h of reperfusion in the rat brain: the effect of age and meloxicam. J Neurochem 2013; 127:701-10. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene L. Llorente
- Área de Biología Celular; Instituto de Biomedicina; Universidad de León; León Spain
| | - Taiana C. Burgin
- Área de Biología Celular; Instituto de Biomedicina; Universidad de León; León Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Mao L, Franke J. Hormesis in aging and neurodegeneration-a prodigy awaiting dissection. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13109-28. [PMID: 23799363 PMCID: PMC3742177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormesis describes the drug action of low dose stimulation and high dose inhibition. The hormesis phenomenon has been observed in a wide range of biological systems. Although known in its descriptive context, the underlying mode-of-action of hormesis is largely unexplored. Recently, the hormesis concept has been receiving increasing attention in the field of aging research. It has been proposed that within a certain concentration window, reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) could act as major mediators of anti-aging and neuroprotective processes. Such hormetic phenomena could have potential therapeutic applications, if properly employed. Here, we review the current theories of hormetic phenomena in regard to aging and neurodegeneration, with the focus on its underlying mechanism. Facilitated by a simple mathematical model, we show for the first time that ROS-mediated hormesis can be explained by the addition of different biomolecular reactions including oxidative damage, MAPK signaling and autophagy stimulation. Due to their divergent scales, the optimal hormetic window is sensitive to each kinetic parameter, which may vary between individuals. Therefore, therapeutic utilization of hormesis requires quantitative characterizations in order to access the optimal hormetic window for each individual. This calls for a personalized medicine approach for a longer human healthspan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Mao
- Department of Life Science Engineering, HTW Berlin, University of Applied Sciences, Wilhelminenhofstraße 75A, Berlin 12459, Germany; E-Mail:
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenbruger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-30-5019-3616; Fax: +49-30-5019-3648
| | - Jacqueline Franke
- Department of Life Science Engineering, HTW Berlin, University of Applied Sciences, Wilhelminenhofstraße 75A, Berlin 12459, Germany; E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Wu CX, Liu R, Gao M, Zhao G, Wu S, Wu CF, Du GH. Pinocembrin protects brain against ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress induced apoptosis. Neurosci Lett 2013; 546:57-62. [PMID: 23669639 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) is known to play a vital role in mediating ischemic reperfusion damage in brain. Our previous studies showed that pinocembrin alleviated cerebral ischemic injury in ischemia/reperfusion and vascular dementia animal models, but whether attenuation of ER stress-induced apoptosis contributes to the mechanisms remains to be elucidated. In this study, an attempt was therefore made to investigate the modulation effect of pinocembrin on ischemia/reperfusion-induced ER stress in brain. Focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rats were induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2h followed by 6h reperfusion. Pinocembrin was administered in different doses (1mg/kg, 3mg/kg, and 10mg/kg, respectively) at the same time of onset of reperfusion. Neurological function and brain infarction were evaluated. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method, and flow cytometer (FCM) were used to investigate cell apoptosis in penumbra cortex. DNA fragmentation assay was also performed using electrophoresis. The expression of ER stress proteins of GRP78, CHOP/GADD153, ATF4, eIF2α phosphorylation was detected by western blot, and caspase-12 was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. Our results demonstrate that pinocembrin-treatment (3mg/kg and 10mg/kg) significantly reduced neurological deficit scores, infarct volume, and neuron apoptosis in the ischemia/reperfusion rats. It can also significantly modulate the protein levels by increasing GRP78 (10mg/kg) and attenuating CHOP/GADD153 expression along with caspase-12 activation (3mg/kg and 10mg/kg). At the same time, eIF2α phosphorylation was restrained and the expression of ATF4 was reduced (3mg/kg and 10mg/kg). These results suggest that the attenuation of ER stress induced apoptosis may be involved in the mechanisms of pinocembrin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Xia Wu
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Chen G, Gong M, Yan M, Zhang X. Sevoflurane induces endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated apoptosis in hippocampal neurons of aging rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57870. [PMID: 23469093 PMCID: PMC3585271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Elderly patients are more likely to suffer from postoperative memory impairment for volatile anesthetics could induce aging neurons degeneration and apoptosis while the mechanism was still elusive. Therefore we hypothesized that ER stress mediated hippocampal neurons apoptosis might play an important role in the mechanism of sevoflurane-induced cognitive impairment in aged rats. Thirty 18-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: the sham anesthesia group (exposure to simply humidified 30-50% O2 balanced by N2 in an acrylic anesthetizing chamber for 5 hours) and the sevoflurane anesthesia group (received 2% sevoflurane in the same humidified mixed air in an identical chamber for the same time). Spatial memory of rats was assayed by the Morris water maze test. The ultrastructure of the hippocampus was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The expressions of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and caspase-12 in the hippocampus were observed by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR analysis. The apoptosis neurons were also assessed by TUNEL assay. The Morris water maze test showed that sevoflurane anesthesia induced spatial memory impairment in aging rats (P<0.05). The apoptotic neurons were condensed and had clumped chromatin with fragmentation of the nuclear membrane, verifying apoptotic degeneration in the sevoflurane group rats by TEM observation. The expressions of CHOP and caspase-12 increased, and the number of TUNEL positive cells of the hippocampus also increased in the sevoflurane group rats (P<0.05). The present results suggested that the long time exposure of sevoflurane could induce neuronal degeneration and cognitive impairment in aging rats. The ER stress mediated neurons apoptosis may play a role in the sevoflurane-induced memory impairment in aging rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
The unfolded protein response to endoplasmic reticulum stress in cultured astrocytes and rat brain during experimental diabetes. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:784-95. [PMID: 23411409 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative-nitrosative stress and inflammatory responses are associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in diabetic retinopathy, raising the possibility that disturbances in ER protein processing may contribute to CNS dysfunction in diabetics. Upregulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) is a homeostatic response to accumulation of abnormal proteins in the ER, and the present study tested the hypothesis that the UPR is upregulated in two models for diabetes, cultured astrocytes grown in 25mmol/L glucose for up to 4weeks and brain of streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats with diabetes for 1-7months. Markers associated with translational blockade (phospho-eIF2α and apoptosis (CHOP), inflammatory response (inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS), and nitrosative stress (nuclear translocation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH) were not detected in either model. Nrf2 was present in nuclei of low- and high-glucose cultures, consistent with oxidative stress. Astrocytic ATF4 expression was not altered by culture glucose concentration, whereas phospho-IRE and ATF6 levels were higher in low- compared with high-glucose cultures. The glucose-regulated chaperones, GRP78 and GRP94, were also expressed at higher levels in low- than high-glucose cultures, probably due to recurrent glucose depletion between feeding cycles. In STZ-rat cerebral cortex, ATF4 level was transiently reduced at 4months, and p-IRE levels were transiently elevated at 3months. However, GRP78 and GRP94 expression was not upregulated, and iNOS, amyloid-β, and nuclear accumulation of GAPDH were not evident in STZ-diabetic brain. High-glucose cultured astrocytes and STZ-diabetic brain are relatively resistant to diabetes-induced ER stress, in sharp contrast with cultured retinal Müller cells and diabetic rodent retina.
Collapse
|
93
|
Ye Z, Wang N, Xia P, Wang E, Liao J, Guo Q. Parecoxib suppresses CHOP and Foxo1 nuclear translocation, but increases GRP78 levels in a rat model of focal ischemia. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:686-93. [PMID: 23325452 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parecoxib, a novel COX-2 inhibitor, functions as a neuroprotective agent and rescues neurons from cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury-induced apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying parecoxib neuroprotection remain to be elucidated. There is growing evidence that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in neuronal death caused by brain ischemia. However, very little is known about the role of parecoxib in mediating pathophysiological reactions to ER stress induced by ischemic reperfusion injury. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether delayed administration of parecoxib attenuates brain damage via suppressing ER stress-induced cell death. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered parecoxib (10 or 30 mg kg(-1), IP) or isotonic saline twice a day starting 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for three consecutive days. The expressions of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and oxygen-regulated protein 150 (ORP150) and C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) and forkhead box protein O 1 (Foxo1) in cytoplasmic and nuclear fraction were determined by Western blotting. The levels of caspase-12 expression were checked by immunohistochemistry analysis, served as a marker for ER stress-induced apoptosis. Parecoxib significantly suppressed cerebral ischemic injury-induced nuclear translocation of CHOP and Foxo1 and attenuated the immunoreactivity of caspase-12 in ischemic penumbra. Furthermore, the protective effect of delayed administration of parecoxib was accompanied by an increased GRP78 and ORP150 expression. Therefore, our study suggested that elevation of GRP78 and ORP150, and suppression of CHOP and Foxo1 nuclear translocation may contribute to parecoxib-mediated neuroprotection during ER stress responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410078 Hunan Province, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Liu X, Wang M, Chen H, Guo Y, Ma F, Shi F, Bi Y, Li Y. Hypothermia protects the brain from transient global ischemia/reperfusion by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum response-induced apoptosis through CHOP. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53431. [PMID: 23301071 PMCID: PMC3536702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in the pathology of cerebral ischemia. Apoptotic cell death occurs during prolonged period of stress or when the adaptive response fails. Hypothermia blocked the TNF or Fas-mediated extrinsic apoptosis pathway and the mitochondria pathway of apoptosis, however, whether hypothermia can block endoplasmic reticulum mediated apoptosis is never known. This study aimed to elucidate whether hypothermia attenuates brain cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage by suppressing ER stress-induced apoptosis. A 15 min global cerebral ischemia rat model was used in this study. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) positive cells in hippocampus CA1 were assessed after reperfusion of the brain. The expressions of C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) in ischemic hippocampus CA1 were measured at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after reperfusion. The results showed that hypothermia significantly attenuated brain I/R injury, as shown by reduction in cell apoptosis, CHOP expression, and increase in GRP78 expression. These results suggest that hypothermia could protect brain from I/R injury by suppressing ER stress-induced apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Mingshan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Huailong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Yunliang Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Fuguo Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Yanlin Bi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Gharibani PM, Modi J, Pan C, Menzie J, Ma Z, Chen PC, Tao R, Prentice H, Wu JY. The mechanism of taurine protection against endoplasmic reticulum stress in an animal stroke model of cerebral artery occlusion and stroke-related conditions in primary neuronal cell culture. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 776:241-58. [PMID: 23392887 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6093-0_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Taurine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter and is one of the most abundant amino acids present in the mammalian nervous system. Taurine has been shown to provide protection against neurological diseases, such as Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke. Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the world. It is generally believed that ischemia-induced brain injury is largely due to excessive release of glutamate resulting in excitotoxicity and cell death. Despite extensive research, there are still no effective interventions for stroke. Recently, we have shown that taurine can provide effective protection against endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by excitotoxicity or oxidative stress in PC12 cell line or primary neuronal cell cultures. In this study, we employed hypoxia/reoxygenation conditions for primary cortical neuronal cell cultures as an in vitro model of stroke as well as the in vivo model of rat focal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Our data showed that when primary neuronal cultures were first subjected to hypoxic conditions (0.3%, 24 h) followed by reoxygenation (21%, 24-48 h), the cell viability was greatly reduced. In the animal model of stroke (MCAO), we found that 2 h ischemia followed by 4 days reperfusion resulted in an infarct of 47.42 ± 9.86% in sections 6 mm from the frontal pole. Using taurine greatly increased cell viability in primary neuronal cell culture and decreased the infarct area of sections at 6 mm to 26.76 ± 6.91% in the MCAO model. Furthermore, levels of the ER stress protein markers GRP78, caspase-12, CHOP, and p-IRE-1 which were markedly increased in both the in vitro and in vivo models significantly declined after taurine administration, suggesting that taurine may exert neuroprotection functions in both models. Moreover, taurine could downregulate the ratio of cleaved ATF6 and full-length ATF6 in both models. In the animal model of stroke, taurine induced an upregulation of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and downregulation of caspase-3 protein activity indicating that it attenuates apoptosis in the core of the ischemic infarct. Our results show not only taurine elicits neuroprotection through the activation of the ATF6 and the IRE1 pathways, but also it can reduce apoptosis in these models.
Collapse
|
96
|
Wang Z, Zhang C, Hong Z, Chen H, Chen W, Chen G. C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) mediates neuronal apoptosis in rats with spinal cord injury. Exp Ther Med 2012; 5:107-111. [PMID: 23251250 PMCID: PMC3523958 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe health problem and the mechanism involved remains elusive. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), a prominent protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis in SCI. A total of 20 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups at random, ten rats were subjected to a modified Allen's test (using a weight-drop device) to induce a SCI model and the remaining ten rats only had the corresponding vertebral lamina removed with no injury and served as the sham-operated group. Pathological changes in the spinal cord were observed 12 h after injury by hematoxylin and eosin staining and TUNEL staining was performed to visualize apoptotic cells. The expression of CHOP was also detected by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that a typical apoptotic morphology, namely the increased the number of TUNEL-positive cells in the injured spinal cord. The expression levels of CHOP in the rats with SCI were increased compared with the sham-operated rats (P<0.05). These results revealed that CHOP-mediated ER stress-induced apoptosis may be involved in SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangfu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Liu YP, Zeng L, Tian A, Bomkamp A, Rivera D, Gutman D, Barber GN, Olson JK, Smith JA. Endoplasmic reticulum stress regulates the innate immunity critical transcription factor IRF3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4630-9. [PMID: 23028052 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) regulates early type I IFNs and other genes involved in innate immunity. We have previously shown that cells undergoing an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response called the unfolded protein response produce synergistically augmented IFN-β when stimulated with pattern recognition receptor agonists such as LPS. Concomitant ER stress and LPS stimulation resulted in greater recruitment of the IRF3 transcription factor to ifnb1 gene regulatory elements. In this study, we used murine cells to demonstrate that both oxygen-glucose deprivation and pharmacologic unfolded protein response inducers trigger phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3, even in the absence of exogenous LPS. Different ER stressors used distinct mechanisms to activate IRF3: IRF3 phosphorylation due to calcium-mobilizing ER stress (thapsigargin treatment, oxygen-glucose deprivation) critically depended upon stimulator of IFN gene, an ER-resident nucleic acid-responsive molecule. However, calcium mobilization alone by ionomycin was insufficient for IRF3 phosphorylation. In contrast, other forms of ER stress (e.g., tunicamycin treatment) promote IRF3 phosphorylation independently of stimulator of IFN gene and TANK-binding kinase 1. Rather, IRF3 activation by tunicamycin and 2-deoxyglucose was inhibited by 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride, a serine protease inhibitor that blocks activating transcription factor 6 processing. Interfering with ER stress-induced IRF3 activation abrogated IFN-β synergy. Together, these data suggest ER stress primes cells to respond to innate immune stimuli by activating the IRF3 transcription factor. Our results also suggest certain types of ER stress accomplish IRF3 phosphorylation by co-opting existing innate immune pathogen response pathways. These data have implications for diseases involving ER stress and type I IFN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Wang MD, Huang Y, Zhang GP, Mao L, Xia YP, Mei YW, Hu B. Exendin-4 improved rat cortical neuron survival under oxygen/glucose deprivation through PKA pathway. Neuroscience 2012; 226:388-96. [PMID: 23000625 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that exendin-4 (Ex-4) may possess neurotrophic and neuroprotective functions in ischemia insults, but its mechanism remained unknown. Here, by using real-time PCR and ELISA, we identified the distribution of active GLP-1Rs in the rat primary cortical neurons. After establishment of an in vitro ischemia model by oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD), neurons were treated with various dosages of Ex-4. The MTT assay showed that the relative survival rate increased with the dosage of Ex-4 ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 μg/ml (P<0.001, vs. OGD group). The apoptosis rate was reduced from (49.47±2.70)% to (14.61±0.81)% after Ex-4 treatment (0.4 μg/ml) 12h after OGD (P<0.001). Moreover, immunofluorescence staining indicated that Ex-4 increased glucose-regulated proteins 78 (GRP78) and reduced C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP). Western blot analysis demonstrated that, after neurons were treated with Ex-4, GRP78 was up-regulated over time (P<0.01, vs. OGD group), while CHOP levels rose to a peak 8h after OGD and then decreased (P<0.05, vs. OGD group). This effect was changed by both the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89 (P<0.01, P<0.05, respectively, vs. Ex-4 group) and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 (P<0.01, P<0.01, respectively, vs. Ex-4 group) but not by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor U0126. Our study also revealed that, compared with the Ex-4 group, inhibition of the PKA signaling pathway significantly decreased the survival rate of neurons, down-regulated the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and up-regulated the Bax expression 3h after ODG (P<0.05, P<0.01, respectively), while neither PI3K nor MAPK inhibition exerted such effects. Furthermore, Western blotting exhibited that PKA expression was elevated in the presence or absence of OGD insults (P<0.05). This study indicated that Ex-4 protected neurons against OGD by modulating the unfolded protein response (UPR) through the PKA pathway and may serve as a novel therapeutic agent for stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M-D Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Ibuki T, Yamasaki Y, Mizuguchi H, Sokabe M. Protective effects of XBP1 against oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation injury in rat primary hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Lett 2012; 518:45-8. [PMID: 22580202 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induces ER stress, activating the unfolded protein response (UPR). One of the effectors of the UPR is XBP1, a critical transcriptional factor for genes responsible for cell survival. ER stress is also known to play a vital role in mediating ischemic reperfusion damage in the brain. In this study, we investigated the role of XBP1 in rat primary hippocampal neurons subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation (OGD/R) stress, an in vitro model of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Primary neurons subjected to OGD had increased levels of spliced XBP1 (XBP1s) mRNA. Interestingly, the level of XBP1s decreased during the initial reoxygenation stress period. The combination of OGD and the subsequent 20-h reoxygenation stress period significantly increased the apoptotic death of primary cells. Overexpression of XBP1s suppressed cell death induced by OGD/R stress. These results suggest that suppression of XBP1 activation accelerates neuronal cell death after I/R and that activation of the XBP1 pathway may provide a therapeutic approach for the treatment of cerebral I/R injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Ibuki
- Qs' Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Rininger A, Dejesus C, Totten A, Wayland A, Halterman MW. MKP-1 antagonizes C/EBPβ activity and lowers the apoptotic threshold after ischemic injury. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:1634-43. [PMID: 22522596 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The dual specificity phosphatase MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) feeds back on MAP kinase signaling to regulate metabolic, inflammatory and survival responses. MKP-1 is widely expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and induced after ischemic stress, although its function in these contexts remains unclear. Here we report that MKP-1 activated several cell death factors, including BCL2 and adenovirus E1B 19 kDa interacting protein 3, and caspases 3 and 12 culminating in apoptotic cell death in vitro. MKP-1 also exerted inhibitory effects on the bZIP transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPβ), previously shown to have neuroprotective properties. These effects included reduced expression of the full-length C/EBPβ variant and hypo-phosphorylation at the MEK-ERK1/2-sensitive Thr(188) site. Notably, enforced expression C/EBPβ rescued cells from MKP-1-induced toxicity. Studies performed in knock-out mice indicate that the MKP-1 activity is required to exclude C/EBPβ from the nucleus basally, and that MKP-1 antagonizes C/EBPβ expression after global forebrain ischemia, particularly within the vulnerable CA1 sector of the hippocampus. Overall, MKP-1 appears to lower the cellular apoptotic threshold by inhibiting C/EBPβ and enhancing both BH3 protein expression and cellular caspase activity. Thus, although manipulation of the MKP-1-C/EBPβ axis could have therapeutic value in ischemic disorders, our observations using MKP-1 catalytic mutants suggest that approaches geared towards inhibiting MKP-1's phosphatase activity alone may be ineffective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Rininger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|