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Farahnak S, Chronopoulos J, Martin JG. Nucleic Acid Sensing in Allergic Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 345:1-33. [PMID: 30904191 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances indicate that there is crosstalk between allergic disorders and nucleic acid sensing. Triggers that activate inflammatory mechanisms via nucleic acid sensors affect both allergic phenotypes and anti-viral responses, depending on the timing and the order of exposure. Viral respiratory infections, such as those caused by the rhinovirus, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus, are the most frequent cause of significant asthma exacerbations through effects mediated predominantly by TLR3. However, agonists of other nucleic acid sensors, such as TLR7/8 and TLR9 agonists, may inhibit allergic inflammation and reduce clinical manifestations of disease. The allergic state can predispose the immune system to both exaggerated responses to viral infections or protection from anti-viral inflammatory responses. TH2 cytokines appear to alter the epithelium, leading to defective viral clearance or exaggerated responses to viral infections. However, a TH2 skewed allergic response may be protective against a TH1-dependent inflammatory anti-viral response. This review briefly introduces the receptors involved in nucleic acid sensing, addresses mechanisms by which nucleic acid sensing and allergic responses can counteract one another, and discusses the strategies in experimental settings, both in animal and human studies, to harness the nucleic acid sensing machinery for the intervention of allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroor Farahnak
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julia Chronopoulos
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - James G Martin
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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53
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de Queiroz NMGP, Xia T, Konno H, Barber GN. Ovarian Cancer Cells Commonly Exhibit Defective STING Signaling Which Affects Sensitivity to Viral Oncolysis. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 17:974-986. [PMID: 30587523 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the sixth most prevalent cancer in women and the most lethal of the gynecologic malignancies. Treatments have comprised the use of immunotherapeutic agents as well as oncolytic viruses, with varying results for reasons that remain to be clarified. To better understand the mechanisms that may help predict treatment outcome, we have evaluated innate immune signaling in select ovarian cancer cell lines, governed by the Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING), which controls self or viral DNA-triggered cytokine production. Our results indicate that STING-dependent signaling is habitually defective in majority of ovarian cancer cells examined, frequently through the suppression of STING and/or the cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) enzyme Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) expression, by epigenetic processes. However, STING-independent, dsRNA-activated innate immune cytokine production, which require RIG-I/MDA5, were largely unaffected. Such defects enabled ovarian cancer cells to avoid DNA damage-mediated cytokine production, which would alert the immunosurveillance system. Loss of STING signaling also rendered ovarian cancer cells highly susceptible to viral oncolytic γ34.5 deleted-HSV1 (Herpes simplex virus) infection in vitro and in vivo. IMPLICATIONS: STING signaling evaluation in tumors may help predict disease outcome and possibly dictate the efficacy of oncoviral and other types of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Marí Gual Pimenta de Queiroz
- Department of Cell Biology and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Tianli Xia
- Department of Cell Biology and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Hiroyasu Konno
- Department of Cell Biology and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Glen N Barber
- Department of Cell Biology and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
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Lu LF, Li S, Wang ZX, Liu SB, Chen DD, Zhang YA. Zebrafish NDRG1a Negatively Regulates IFN Induction by Promoting the Degradation of IRF7. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:119-130. [PMID: 30504422 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Viral infection activates the transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), which plays a critical role in the induction of IFNs and innate antiviral immune response. How virus-induced IFN signaling is controlled in fish is not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate that N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1a (NDRG1a) in zebrafish plays a role as a negative regulator for virus-triggered IFN induction. First, the activation of the IFN promoter stimulated by the polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid or spring viremia of carp virus was decreased by the overexpression of NDRG1a. Second, NDRG1a interacted with IRF7 and blocked the IFN transcription activated by IRF7. Furthermore, NDRG1a was phosphorylated by TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and promoted the K48-linked ubiquitination and degradation of IRF7. Finally, the overexpression of NDRG1a blunted the transcription of several IFN-stimulated genes, resulting in the host cells becoming susceptible to spring viremia of carp virus infection. Our findings suggest that fish NDRG1a negatively regulates the cellular antiviral response by targeting IRF7 for ubiquitination and degradation, providing insights into the novel role of NDRG1a on the innate antiviral immune response in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Feng Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Shun Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Zhao-Xi Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China; and
| | - Shu-Bo Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China; and
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China; .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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55
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Dai T, Wu L, Wang S, Wang J, Xie F, Zhang Z, Fang X, Li J, Fang P, Li F, Jin K, Dai J, Yang B, Zhou F, van Dam H, Cai D, Huang H, Zhang L. FAF1 Regulates Antiviral Immunity by Inhibiting MAVS but Is Antagonized by Phosphorylation upon Viral Infection. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:776-790.e5. [PMID: 30472208 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) is an adaptor of the innate immune receptor retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I) that links recognition of viral RNA to antiviral signaling. Upon interacting with RIG-I, MAVS undergoes lysine 63-linked poly-ubiquitination by the E3 ligase TRIM31 and subsequently aggregates to activate downstream signaling effectors. We find that the scaffold protein FAF1 forms aggregates that negatively regulate MAVS. FAF1 antagonizes the poly-ubiquitination and aggregation of MAVS by competing with TRIM31 for MAVS association. FAF1 knockout mice are more resistant to RNA virus infection, and FAF1 deficiency in myeloid cells results in enhanced innate signaling and reduced viral load and morbidity in vivo. Upon virus infection, the kinase IKKɛ directly phosphorylates FAF1 at Ser556 and triggers FAF1 de-aggregation. Moreover, Ser556 phosphorylation promotes FAF1 lysosomal degradation, consequently relieving FAF1-dependent suppression of MAVS. These findings establish FAF1 as a modulator of MAVS and uncover mechanisms that regulate FAF1 to insure timely activation of antiviral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Dai
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Liming Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jing Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Feng Xie
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhengkui Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiuwu Fang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jingxian Li
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pengfei Fang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fang Li
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ke Jin
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianfeng Dai
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Bing Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hans van Dam
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dachuan Cai
- Department for Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chonqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Huizhe Huang
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chonqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Long Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Pescarmona R, Belot A, Villard M, Besson L, Lopez J, Mosnier I, Mathieu AL, Lombard C, Garnier L, Frachette C, Walzer T, Viel S. Comparison of RT-qPCR and Nanostring in the measurement of blood interferon response for the diagnosis of type I interferonopathies. Cytokine 2018; 113:446-452. [PMID: 30413290 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferonopathies are characterized by an increase of circulating type I interferon (IFN) concentration. Type I interferonopathies refer to rare Mendelian genetic disorders such as Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome (AGS) as well as more frequent and polygenic auto-immune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Yet, detection of type I IFN in these patients remains challenging as its amount is usually very low in patients' sera. Thus, the detection of interferon-stimulating genes has been proposed as an alternative for the detection of this cytokine but sensitivy, specificity and predictive values of the assay have not been reported so far. In this study, we propose two different methods based on Nanostring or RT-qPCR to measure in the clinical routine the IFN response, defined as a set of transcripts that are systemically induced by IFNs. The IFN signature is composed of 6 IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) and has a strong predictive value for the diagnosis of type I interferonopathies. The use of this simple test might represent a gold standard for the evaluation of various autoimmune diseases. Moreover, this test could also be used to monitor patients treated with drugs targeting type I IFN pathway. When comparing both methods - Nanostring and qPCR - in terms of analytical performance, they provided similar results but Nanostring was quicker, easier to multiplex, and almost fully-automated, which represent a more reliable assay for the daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Pescarmona
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France; Inserm, U1111 Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France; Service d'Immunologie biologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon and Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
| | - Alexandre Belot
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France; Inserm, U1111 Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France; Service de néphrologie rhumatologie dermatologie pédiatriques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Centre de référence des rhumatismes inflammatoires et maladies auto-immunes systémiques rares de l'enfant RAISE, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Bron, France
| | - Marine Villard
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France; Inserm, U1111 Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France; Service d'Immunologie biologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon and Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Laurie Besson
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France; Inserm, U1111 Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Jonathan Lopez
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Service de Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; CRCL, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France; Inserm, U1052 Lyon, France; CNRS, U5286 Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Mosnier
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Laure Mathieu
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France; Inserm, U1111 Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France; Centre de référence des rhumatismes inflammatoires et maladies auto-immunes systémiques rares de l'enfant RAISE, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Bron, France
| | - Christine Lombard
- Service d'Immunologie biologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon and Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Lorna Garnier
- Service d'Immunologie biologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon and Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Cécile Frachette
- Service de néphrologie rhumatologie dermatologie pédiatriques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Thierry Walzer
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France; Inserm, U1111 Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France; Centre de référence des rhumatismes inflammatoires et maladies auto-immunes systémiques rares de l'enfant RAISE, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Bron, France
| | - Sébastien Viel
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France; Inserm, U1111 Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France; Service d'Immunologie biologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon and Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Centre de référence des rhumatismes inflammatoires et maladies auto-immunes systémiques rares de l'enfant RAISE, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Bron, France
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57
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Vijay N, Chande A. A hypothetical new role for single-stranded DNA binding proteins in the immune system. Immunobiology 2018; 223:671-676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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58
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Bordignon V, Cavallo I, D'Agosto G, Trento E, Pontone M, Abril E, Di Domenico EG, Ensoli F. Nucleic Acid Sensing Perturbation: How Aberrant Recognition of Self-Nucleic Acids May Contribute to Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 344:117-137. [PMID: 30798986 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria and mammalian cells have developed sophisticated sensing mechanisms to detect and eliminate foreign genetic material or to restrict its expression and replication. Progress has been made in the understanding of these mechanisms, which keep foreign or unwanted nucleic acids in check. The complex of mechanisms involved in RNA and DNA sensing is part of a system which is now appreciated as "immune sensing of nucleic acids" or better "nucleic acid immunity." Nucleic acids, which are critical components for inheriting genetic information in all species, including pathogens, are key structures recognized by the innate immune system. However, while nucleic acid recognition is required for host defense against pathogens, there is a potential risk of self-nucleic acids recognition. In fact, besides its essential contribution to antiviral or microbial defense and restriction of endogenous retro elements, deregulation of nucleic acid immunity can also lead to human diseases due to erroneous detection and response to self-nucleic acids, causing sterile inflammation and autoimmunity. In this review we will discuss the roles of nucleic acid receptors in guarding against pathogen invasion, and how the microbial environment could interfere or influence immune sensing in discriminating between self and non-self and how this may contribute to autoimmunity or inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bordignon
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Cavallo
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna D'Agosto
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Trento
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Pontone
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elva Abril
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Enea Gino Di Domenico
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ensoli
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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59
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Matz KM, Guzman RM, Goodman AG. The Role of Nucleic Acid Sensing in Controlling Microbial and Autoimmune Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 345:35-136. [PMID: 30904196 PMCID: PMC6445394 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity, the first line of defense against invading pathogens, is an ancient form of host defense found in all animals, from sponges to humans. During infection, innate immune receptors recognize conserved molecular patterns, such as microbial surface molecules, metabolites produces during infection, or nucleic acids of the microbe's genome. When initiated, the innate immune response activates a host defense program that leads to the synthesis proteins capable of pathogen killing. In mammals, the induction of cytokines during the innate immune response leads to the recruitment of professional immune cells to the site of infection, leading to an adaptive immune response. While a fully functional innate immune response is crucial for a proper host response and curbing microbial infection, if the innate immune response is dysfunctional and is activated in the absence of infection, autoinflammation and autoimmune disorders can develop. Therefore, it follows that the innate immune response must be tightly controlled to avoid an autoimmune response from host-derived molecules, yet still unencumbered to respond to infection. In this review, we will focus on the innate immune response activated from cytosolic nucleic acids, derived from the microbe or host itself. We will depict how viruses and bacteria activate these nucleic acid sensing pathways and their mechanisms to inhibit the pathways. We will also describe the autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders that develop when these pathways are hyperactive. Finally, we will discuss gaps in knowledge with regard to innate immune response failure and identify where further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keesha M Matz
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - R Marena Guzman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Alan G Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
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60
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The Immunologic Role of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Chronic HBV Infection. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:2361963. [PMID: 30148173 PMCID: PMC6083645 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2361963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic liver damage due to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) caused by chronic HBV infection often leads to increased mortality. However, the gut and liver have the same embryonic origin; therefore, a close relationship must exist in terms of anatomy and function, and the gut microbiota plays an important role in host metabolic and immune modulation. It is believed that structural changes in the gut microbiota, bacterial translocation, and the resulting immune injury may affect the occurrence and development of liver inflammation caused by chronic HBV infection based on the in-depth cognition of the concept of the “gut-liver axis” and the progress in intestinal microecology. This review aims to summarize and discuss the immunologic role of the gut microbiota in chronic HBV infection.
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61
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Caso F, Costa L, Nucera V, Barilaro G, Masala IF, Talotta R, Caso P, Scarpa R, Sarzi-Puttini P, Atzeni F. From autoinflammation to autoimmunity: old and recent findings. Clin Rheumatol 2018; 37:2305-2321. [PMID: 30014358 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-018-4209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases and autoinflammatory diseases have a number of similar etiopathogenetic and clinical characteristics, including genetic predisposition and recurrent systemic inflammatory flares. The first phase of ADs involves innate immunity: by means of TLRs, autoantigen presentation, B and T cell recruitment and autoantibody synthesis. The second phase involves adaptive immunity, a self-sustaining process in which immune complexes containing nucleic acids and autoantibodies activate self-directed inflammation. The link between autoimmunity and autoinflammation is IL-1ß, which is crucial in connecting the innate immune response due to NLR activation and the adaptive immune responses of T and B cells. In conclusion, although ADs are still considered adaptive immunity-mediated disorders, there is increasing evidence that innate immunity and inflammasomes are also involved. The aim of this review is to highlight the link between the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms involved in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Caso
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Costa
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Nucera
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Barilaro
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rossella Talotta
- Rheumatology Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco Buzzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Caso
- Geriatric Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, S. Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Scarpa
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Fabiola Atzeni
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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62
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Bellinger DL, Lorton D. Sympathetic Nerve Hyperactivity in the Spleen: Causal for Nonpathogenic-Driven Chronic Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases (IMIDs)? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041188. [PMID: 29652832 PMCID: PMC5979464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases (IMIDs) is a descriptive term coined for an eclectic group of diseases or conditions that share common inflammatory pathways, and for which there is no definitive etiology. IMIDs affect the elderly most severely, with many older individuals having two or more IMIDs. These diseases include, but are not limited to, type-1 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, chronic pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and autoimmunity, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjőgren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. These diseases are ostensibly unrelated mechanistically, but increase in frequency with age and share chronic systemic inflammation, implicating major roles for the spleen. Chronic systemic and regional inflammation underlies the disease manifestations of IMIDs. Regional inflammation and immune dysfunction promotes targeted end organ tissue damage, whereas systemic inflammation increases morbidity and mortality by affecting multiple organ systems. Chronic inflammation and skewed dysregulated cell-mediated immune responses drive many of these age-related medical disorders. IMIDs are commonly autoimmune-mediated or suspected to be autoimmune diseases. Another shared feature is dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. Here, we focus on dysautonomia. In many IMIDs, dysautonomia manifests as an imbalance in activity/reactivity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). These major autonomic pathways are essential for allostasis of the immune system, and regulating inflammatory processes and innate and adaptive immunity. Pathology in ANS is a hallmark and causal feature of all IMIDs. Chronic systemic inflammation comorbid with stress pathway dysregulation implicate neural-immune cross-talk in the etiology and pathophysiology of IMIDs. Using a rodent model of inflammatory arthritis as an IMID model, we report disease-specific maladaptive changes in β₂-adrenergic receptor (AR) signaling from protein kinase A (PKA) to mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in the spleen. Beta₂-AR signal "shutdown" in the spleen and switching from PKA to G-coupled protein receptor kinase (GRK) pathways in lymph node cells drives inflammation and disease advancement. Based on these findings and the existing literature in other IMIDs, we present and discuss relevant literature that support the hypothesis that unresolvable immune stimulation from chronic inflammation leads to a maladaptive disease-inducing and perpetuating sympathetic response in an attempt to maintain allostasis. Since the role of sympathetic dysfunction in IMIDs is best studied in RA and rodent models of RA, this IMID is the primary one used to evaluate data relevant to our hypothesis. Here, we review the relevant literature and discuss sympathetic dysfunction as a significant contributor to the pathophysiology of IMIDs, and then discuss a novel target for treatment. Based on our findings in inflammatory arthritis and our understanding of common inflammatory process that are used by the immune system across all IMIDs, novel strategies to restore SNS homeostasis are expected to provide safe, cost-effective approaches to treat IMIDs, lower comorbidities, and increase longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L Bellinger
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Dianne Lorton
- College of Arts and Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44304, USA.
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Polymer-Mediated Inhibition of Pro-invasive Nucleic Acid DAMPs and Microvesicles Limits Pancreatic Cancer Metastasis. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1020-1031. [PMID: 29550075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid binding polymers (NABPs) have been extensively used as vehicles for DNA and RNA delivery. More recently, we discovered that a subset of these NABPs can also serve as anti-inflammatory agents by capturing pro-inflammatory extracellular nucleic acids and associated protein complexes that promote activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in diseases such as lupus erythematosus. Nucleic-acid-mediated TLR signaling also facilitates tumor progression and metastasis in several cancers, including pancreatic cancer (PC). In addition, extracellular DNA and RNA circulate on or within lipid microvesicles, such as microparticles or exosomes, which also promote metastasis by inducing pro-tumorigenic signaling in cancer cells and pre-conditioning secondary sites for metastatic establishment. Here, we explore the use of an NABP, the 3rd generation polyamidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM-G3), as an anti-metastatic agent. We show that PAMAM-G3 not only inhibits nucleic-acid-mediated activation of TLRs and invasion of PC tumor cells in vitro, but can also directly bind extracellular microvesicles to neutralize their pro-invasive effects as well. Moreover, we demonstrate that PAMAM-G3 dramatically reduces liver metastases in a syngeneic murine model of PC. Our findings identify a promising therapeutic application of NABPs for combating metastatic disease in PC and potentially other malignancies.
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Liver-Targeted Anti-HBV Single-Stranded Oligonucleotides with Locked Nucleic Acid Potently Reduce HBV Gene Expression In Vivo. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 11:441-454. [PMID: 29858079 PMCID: PMC5992345 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB) is an area of high unmet medical need. Current standard-of-care therapies only rarely lead to a functional cure, defined as durable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss following treatment. The goal for next generation CHB therapies is to achieve a higher rate of functional cure with finite treatment duration. To address this urgent need, we are developing liver-targeted single-stranded oligonucleotide (SSO) therapeutics for CHB based on the locked nucleic acid (LNA) platform. These LNA-SSOs target hepatitis B virus (HBV) transcripts for RNase-H-mediated degradation. Here, we describe a HBV-specific LNA-SSO that effectively reduces intracellular viral mRNAs and viral antigens (HBsAg and HBeAg) over an extended time period in cultured human hepatoma cell lines that were infected with HBV with mean 50% effective concentration (EC50) values ranging from 1.19 to 1.66 μM. To achieve liver-specific targeting and minimize kidney exposure, this LNA-SSO was conjugated to a cluster of three N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) moieties that direct specific binding to the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) expressed specifically on the surface of hepatocytes. The GalNAc-conjugated LNA-SSO showed a strikingly higher level of potency when tested in the AAV-HBV mouse model as compared with its non-conjugated counterpart. Remarkably, higher doses of GalNAc-conjugated LNA-SSO resulted in a rapid and long-lasting reduction of HBsAg to below the detection limit for quantification, i.e., by 3 log10 (p < 0.0003). This antiviral effect depended on a close match between the sequences of the LNA-SSO and its HBV target, indicating that the antiviral effect is not due to non-specific oligonucleotide-driven immune activation. These data support the development of LNA-SSO therapeutics for the treatment of CHB infection.
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65
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Lck/Hck/Fgr-Mediated Tyrosine Phosphorylation Negatively Regulates TBK1 to Restrain Innate Antiviral Responses. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 21:754-768.e5. [PMID: 28618271 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic nucleic acid sensing elicits interferon production for primary antiviral defense through cascades controlled by protein ubiquitination and Ser/Thr phosphorylation. Here we show that TBK1, a core kinase of antiviral pathways, is inhibited by tyrosine phosphorylation. The Src family kinases (SFKs) Lck, Hck, and Fgr directly phosphorylate TBK1 at Tyr354/394, to prevent TBK1 dimerization and activation. Accordingly, antiviral sensing and resistance were substantially enhanced in Lck/Hck/Fgr triple knockout cells and ectopic expression of Lck/Hck/Fgr dampened the antiviral defense in cells and zebrafish. Small-molecule inhibitors of SFKs, which are conventional anti-tumor therapeutics, enhanced antiviral responses and protected zebrafish and mice from viral attack. Viral infection induced the expression of Lck/Hck/Fgr through TBK1-mediated mobilization of IRF3, thus constituting a negative feedback loop. These findings unveil the negative regulation of TBK1 via tyrosine phosphorylation and the functional integration of SFKs into innate antiviral immunity.
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66
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaiz Rivera Vargas
- Centre de Recherche; INSERM U1231; Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie; Dijon France
- Faculté de Médecine; Université de Bourgogne Franche comté; Dijon France
| | - Lionel Apetoh
- Centre de Recherche; INSERM U1231; Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie; Dijon France
- Faculté de Médecine; Université de Bourgogne Franche comté; Dijon France
- Centre Georges François Leclerc; Dijon France
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67
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Qin Y, Li M, Zhou SL, Yin W, Bian Z, Shu HB. SPI-2/CrmA inhibits IFN-β induction by targeting TBK1/IKKε. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10495. [PMID: 28874755 PMCID: PMC5585206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses modulate the host immune system to evade host antiviral responses. The poxvirus proteins serine proteinase inhibitor 2 (SPI-2) and cytokine response modifier A (CrmA) are involved in multiple poxvirus evasion strategies. SPI-2 and CrmA target caspase-1 to prevent apoptosis and cytokine activation. Here, we identified SPI-2 and CrmA as negative regulators of virus-triggered induction of IFN-β. Ectopic expression of SPI-2 or CrmA inhibited virus-triggered induction of IFN-β and its downstream genes. Consistently, knockdown of SPI-2 by RNAi potentiated VACV-induced transcription of antiviral genes. Further studies revealed that SPI-2 and CrmA associated with TBK1 and IKKε to disrupt the MITA-TBK1/IKKε-IRF3 complex. These findings reveal a novel mechanism of SPI-2/CrmA-mediated poxvirus immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qin
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei Province and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education (Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBME), School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Mi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Sheng-Long Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei Province and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education (Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBME), School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wei Yin
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei Province and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education (Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBME), School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Zhuan Bian
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei Province and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education (Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBME), School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.,Medical Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Viral Immunology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
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68
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Cervantes J. Doctor says you are cured, but you still feel the pain. Borrelia DNA persistence in Lyme disease. Microbes Infect 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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69
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Zhou Y, He C, Wang L, Ge B. Post-translational regulation of antiviral innate signaling. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1414-1426. [PMID: 28744851 PMCID: PMC7163624 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201746959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system initiates immune responses by pattern‐recognition receptors (PRR). Virus‐derived nucleic acids are sensed by the retinoic acid‐inducible gene I (RIG‐I)‐like receptor (RLR) family and the toll‐like receptor (TLR) family as well as the DNA sensor cyclic GMP‐AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS). These receptors activate IRF3/7 and NF‐κB signaling pathways to induce the expression of type I interferons (IFNs) and other cytokines firing antiviral responses within the cell. However, to achieve a favorable outcome for the host, a balanced production of IFNs and activation of antiviral responses is required. Post‐translational modifications (PTMs), such as the covalent linkage of functional groups to amino acid chains, are crucial for this immune homeostasis in antiviral responses. Canonical PTMs including phosphorylation and ubiquitination have been extensively studied and other PTMs such as methylation, acetylation, SUMOylation, ADP‐ribosylation and glutamylation are being increasingly implicated in antiviral innate immunity. Here we summarize our recent understanding of the most important PTMs regulating the antiviral innate immune response, and their role in virus‐related immune pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Zhou
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxi He
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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70
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Hawkes JE, Gonzalez JA, Krueger JG. Autoimmunity in Psoriasis: Evidence for Specific Autoantigens. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-017-0177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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71
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Wang S, Xie F, Chu F, Zhang Z, Yang B, Dai T, Gao L, Wang L, Ling L, Jia J, van Dam H, Jin J, Zhang L, Zhou F. YAP antagonizes innate antiviral immunity and is targeted for lysosomal degradation through IKKɛ-mediated phosphorylation. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:733-743. [PMID: 28481329 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The transcription regulator YAP controls organ size by regulating cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis. However, whether YAP has a role in innate antiviral immunity is largely unknown. Here we found that YAP negatively regulated an antiviral immune response. YAP deficiency resulted in enhanced innate immunity, a diminished viral load, and morbidity in vivo. YAP blocked dimerization of the transcription factor IRF3 and impeded translocation of IRF3 to the nucleus after viral infection. Notably, virus-activated kinase IKKɛ phosphorylated YAP at Ser403 and thereby triggered degradation of YAP in lysosomes and, consequently, relief of YAP-mediated inhibition of the cellular antiviral response. These findings not only establish YAP as a modulator of the activation of IRF3 but also identify a previously unknown regulatory mechanism independent of the kinases Hippo and LATS via which YAP is controlled by the innate immune pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Xie
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Chu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengkui Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tong Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Ling
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junling Jia
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hans van Dam
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jin Jin
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Ni G, Konno H, Barber GN. Ubiquitination of STING at lysine 224 controls IRF3 activation. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/11/eaah7119. [PMID: 28763789 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aah7119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA species derived from invading microbes or leaked from the nuclear or mitochondrial compartments of the cell can trigger the induction of host defense genes by activating the endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein STING (stimulator of interferon genes). Using a mass spectrometry-based approach, we show that after association with cyclic dinucleotides, delivery of Tank-binding kinase 1 to interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), such as IRF3, relies on K63-linked ubiquitination of K224 on STING. Blocking K224 ubiquitination specifically prevented IRF3 but not nuclear factor κB activation, additionally indicating that STING trafficking is not required to stimulate the latter signaling pathway. By carrying out a limited small interfering RNA screen, we have identified MUL1 (mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1) as an E3 ligase that catalyzes the ubiquitination of STING on K224. These data demonstrate the critical role of K224 ubiquitination in STING function and provide molecular insight into the mechanisms governing host defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Ni
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Hiroyasu Konno
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Glen N Barber
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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73
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Augusto JF, Poli C, Beauvillain C, Subra JF, Jaillon S, Renier G, Chevailler A, Puéchal X, Delneste Y, Jeannin P. Anti-pentraxin antibodies in autoimmune systemic diseases: Focus on anti-pentraxin-3 autoantibodies. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36:145-153. [DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1284210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Augusto
- Department of Nephrology-Dialysis-Transplantation, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
- Angers University Hospital, University of Angers, Angers, France
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology”, Angers, France
| | - Caroline Poli
- Angers University Hospital, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Céline Beauvillain
- Angers University Hospital, University of Angers, Angers, France
- Immunology and Allergology Laboratory, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology”, Angers, France
| | - Jean-François Subra
- Department of Nephrology-Dialysis-Transplantation, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
- Angers University Hospital, University of Angers, Angers, France
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology”, Angers, France
| | - Sebastien Jaillon
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gilles Renier
- Immunology and Allergology Laboratory, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Alain Chevailler
- Angers University Hospital, University of Angers, Angers, France
- Immunology and Allergology Laboratory, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology”, Angers, France
| | - Xavier Puéchal
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Yves Delneste
- Angers University Hospital, University of Angers, Angers, France
- Immunology and Allergology Laboratory, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology”, Angers, France
| | - Pascale Jeannin
- Angers University Hospital, University of Angers, Angers, France
- Immunology and Allergology Laboratory, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology”, Angers, France
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74
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Zhang XT, Zhang GR, Shi ZC, Yuan YJ, Zheng H, Lin L, Wei KJ, Ji W. Expression analysis of nine Toll-like receptors in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) responding to Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 63:384-393. [PMID: 28223111 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important components of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which play significant roles in innate immunity to defense against pathogen invasion. Many TLRs have been found in teleosts, but there are no reports about cloning and expression of TLR genes in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). In this study, we analyzed the sequence characters and the relative mRNA expression levels of nine TLRs (TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4-1, TLR5, TLR7, TLR8-2, TLR9 and TLR22) in different tissues of yellow catfish. The results showed that all nine TLR genes are highly expressed in head kidney, trunk kidney, spleen and liver, all of which are related to host immunity. Subsequently we used Aeromonas hydrophila as a stimulating agent to detect the expression profiles of these nine TLRs in the liver, spleen, trunk kidney and head kidney of yellow catfish at different time points after injection with killed Aeromonas hydrophila. All nine TLRs responded to A. hydrophila challenge with tissue-specific patterns in different immune tissues. The kinetics of up- or down-regulation of these nine TLRs exhibited a similar trend, rising to an elevated level at first and then falling to the basal level, but the peak value differed at different time points in different tissues. The expression levels of the TLR3, TLR4-1, TLR9 and TLR22 genes were significantly up-regulated after bacterial challenge in the liver, spleen, head kidney and trunk kidney. The relatively high expression of TLR genes in the immune tissues in response to the A. hydrophila challenge indicated that TLRs may play important roles in the innate immune response against gram-negative bacteria in yellow catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Gui-Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ze-Chao Shi
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yu-Jie Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li Lin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kai-Jian Wei
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Wei Ji
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
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75
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The Five Immune Forces Impacting DNA-Based Cancer Immunotherapeutic Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030650. [PMID: 28304339 PMCID: PMC5372662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-based vaccine strategy is increasingly realized as a viable cancer treatment approach. Strategies to enhance immunogenicity utilizing tumor associated antigens have been investigated in several pre-clinical and clinical studies. The promising outcomes of these studies have suggested that DNA-based vaccines induce potent T-cell effector responses and at the same time cause only minimal side-effects to cancer patients. However, the immune evasive tumor microenvironment is still an important hindrance to a long-term vaccine success. Several options are currently under various stages of study to overcome immune inhibitory effect in tumor microenvironment. Some of these approaches include, but are not limited to, identification of neoantigens, mutanome studies, designing fusion plasmids, vaccine adjuvant modifications, and co-treatment with immune-checkpoint inhibitors. In this review, we follow a Porter’s analysis analogy, otherwise commonly used in business models, to analyze various immune-forces that determine the potential success and sustainable positive outcomes following DNA vaccination using non-viral tumor associated antigens in treatment against cancer.
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Herpes Simplex Virus 1 UL24 Abrogates the DNA Sensing Signal Pathway by Inhibiting NF-κB Activation. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00025-17. [PMID: 28100608 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00025-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a newly identified DNA sensor that recognizes foreign DNA, including the genome of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Upon binding of viral DNA, cGAS produces cyclic GMP-AMP, which interacts with and activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to trigger the transcription of antiviral genes such as type I interferons (IFNs), and the production of inflammatory cytokines. HSV-1 UL24 is widely conserved among members of the herpesviruses family and is essential for efficient viral replication. In this study, we found that ectopically expressed UL24 could inhibit cGAS-STING-mediated promoter activation of IFN-β and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and UL24 also inhibited interferon-stimulatory DNA-mediated IFN-β and IL-6 production during HSV-1 infection. Furthermore, UL24 selectively blocked nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) but not IFN-regulatory factor 3 promoter activation. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that UL24 bound to the endogenous NF-κB subunits p65 and p50 in HSV-1-infected cells, and UL24 was also found to bind the Rel homology domains (RHDs) of these subunits. Furthermore, UL24 reduced the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-mediated nuclear translocation of p65 and p50. Finally, mutational analysis revealed that the region spanning amino acids (aa) 74 to 134 of UL24 [UL24(74-134)] is responsible for inhibiting cGAS-STING-mediated NF-κB promoter activity. For the first time, UL24 was shown to play an important role in immune evasion during HSV-1 infection.IMPORTANCE NF-κB is a critical component of the innate immune response and is strongly induced downstream of most pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to the production of IFN-β as well as a number of inflammatory chemokines and interleukins. To establish persistent infection, viruses have evolved various mechanisms to counteract the host NF-κB pathway. In the present study, for the first time, HSV-1 UL24 was demonstrated to inhibit the activation of NF-κB in the DNA sensing signal pathway via binding to the RHDs of the NF-κB subunits p65 and p50 and abolishing their nuclear translocation.
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Thierry AR, El Messaoudi S, Gahan PB, Anker P, Stroun M. Origins, structures, and functions of circulating DNA in oncology. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2017; 35:347-76. [PMID: 27392603 PMCID: PMC5035665 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-016-9629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While various clinical applications especially in oncology are now in progress such as diagnosis, prognosis, therapy monitoring, or patient follow-up, the determination of structural characteristics of cell-free circulating DNA (cirDNA) are still being researched. Nevertheless, some specific structures have been identified and cirDNA has been shown to be composed of many “kinds.” This structural description goes hand-in-hand with the mechanisms of its origins such as apoptosis, necrosis, active release, phagocytosis, and exocytose. There are multiple structural forms of cirDNA depending upon the mechanism of release: particulate structures (exosomes, microparticles, apoptotic bodies) or macromolecular structures (nucleosomes, virtosomes/proteolipidonucleic acid complexes, DNA traps, links with serum proteins or to the cell-free membrane parts). In addition, cirDNA concerns both nuclear and/or mitochondrial DNA with both species exhibiting different structural characteristics that potentially reveal different forms of biological stability or diagnostic significance. This review focuses on the origins, structures and functional aspects that are paradoxically less well described in the literature while numerous reviews are directed to the clinical application of cirDNA. Differentiation of the various structures and better knowledge of the fate of cirDNA would considerably expand the diagnostic power of cirDNA analysis especially with regard to the patient follow-up enlarging the scope of personalized medicine. A better understanding of the subsequent fate of cirDNA would also help in deciphering its functional aspects such as their capacity for either genometastasis or their pro-inflammatory and immunological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Thierry
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, F-34298, Montpellier, France.
| | - S El Messaoudi
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, F-34298, Montpellier, France
| | - P B Gahan
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, F-34298, Montpellier, France
| | - P Anker
- , 135 route des fruitières, 74160, Beaumont, France
| | - M Stroun
- , 6 Pedro-meylan, 1208, Geneva, Switzerland
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Lin L, Zhang J. Role of intestinal microbiota and metabolites on gut homeostasis and human diseases. BMC Immunol 2017; 18:2. [PMID: 28061847 PMCID: PMC5219689 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A vast diversity of microbes colonizes in the human gastrointestinal tract, referred to intestinal microbiota. Microbiota and products thereof are indispensable for shaping the development and function of host innate immune system, thereby exerting multifaceted impacts in gut health. Methods This paper reviews the effects on immunity of gut microbe-derived nucleic acids, and gut microbial metabolites, as well as the involvement of commensals in the gut homeostasis. We focus on the recent findings with an intention to illuminate the mechanisms by which the microbiota and products thereof are interacting with host immunity, as well as to scrutinize imbalanced gut microbiota (dysbiosis) which lead to autoimmune disorders including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and systemic immune syndromes such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Results In addition to their well-recognized benefits in the gut such as occupation of ecological niches and competition with pathogens, commensal bacteria have been shown to strengthen the gut barrier and to exert immunomodulatory actions within the gut and beyond. It has been realized that impaired intestinal microbiota not only contribute to gut diseases but also are inextricably linked to metabolic disorders and even brain dysfunction. Conclusions A better understanding of the mutual interactions of the microbiota and host immune system, would shed light on our endeavors of disease prevention and broaden the path to our discovery of immune intervention targets for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianqiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Mechanisms of Chromatin Remodeling and Repurposing During Extracellular Translocation. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 106:113-137. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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80
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MAP4-regulated dynein-dependent trafficking of BTN3A1 controls the TBK1-IRF3 signaling axis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:14390-14395. [PMID: 27911820 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615287113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system detects viral nucleic acids and induces type I interferon (IFN) responses. The RNA- and DNA-sensing pathways converge on the protein kinase TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and the transcription factor IFN-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Activation of the IFN signaling pathway is known to trigger the redistribution of key signaling molecules to punctate perinuclear structures, but the mediators of this spatiotemporal regulation have yet to be defined. Here we identify butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3A1) as a positive regulator of nucleic acid-mediated type I IFN signaling. Depletion of BTN3A1 inhibits the cytoplasmic nucleic acid- or virus-triggered activation of IFN-β production. In the resting state, BTN3A1 is constitutively associated with TBK1. Stimulation with nucleic acids induces the redistribution of the BTN3A1-TBK1 complex to the perinuclear region, where BTN3A1 mediates the interaction between TBK1 and IRF3, leading to the phosphorylation of IRF3. Furthermore, we show that microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4) controls the dynein-dependent transport of BTN3A1 in response to nucleic acid stimulation, thereby identifying MAP4 as an upstream regulator of BTN3A1. Thus, the depletion of either MAP4 or BTN3A1 impairs cytosolic DNA- or RNA-mediated type I IFN responses. Our findings demonstrate a critical role for MAP4 and BTN3A1 in the spatiotemporal regulation of TBK1, a central player in the intracellular nucleic acid-sensing pathways involved in antiviral signaling.
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81
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Hatesuer B, Hoang HTT, Riese P, Trittel S, Gerhauser I, Elbahesh H, Geffers R, Wilk E, Schughart K. Deletion of Irf3 and Irf7 Genes in Mice Results in Altered Interferon Pathway Activation and Granulocyte-Dominated Inflammatory Responses to Influenza A Infection. J Innate Immun 2016; 9:145-161. [PMID: 27811478 DOI: 10.1159/000450705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN) pathway plays an essential role in the innate immune response following viral infections and subsequent shaping of adaptive immunity. Infections with influenza A viruses (IAV) activate the IFN pathway after the recognition of pathogen-specific molecular patterns by respective pattern recognition receptors. The IFN regulatory factors IRF3 and IRF7 are key players in the regulation of type I and III IFN genes. In this study, we analyzed the role of IRF3 and IRF7 for the host response to IAV infections in Irf3-/-, Irf7-/-, and Irf3-/-Irf7-/- knockout mice. While the absence of IRF3 had only a moderate impact on IFN expression, deletion of IRF7 completely abolished IFNα production after infection. In contrast, lack of both IRF3 and IRF7 resulted in the absence of both IFNα and IFNβ after IAV infection. In addition, IAV infection of double knockout mice resulted in a strong increase of mortality associated with a massive influx of granulocytes in the lung and reduced activation of the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Hatesuer
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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82
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Hamerman JA, Pottle J, Ni M, He Y, Zhang ZY, Buckner JH. Negative regulation of TLR signaling in myeloid cells--implications for autoimmune diseases. Immunol Rev 2016; 269:212-27. [PMID: 26683155 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are transmembrane pattern recognition receptors that recognize microbial ligands and signal for production of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferon in macrophages and dendritic cells (DC). Whereas TLR-induced inflammatory mediators are required for pathogen clearance, many are toxic to the host and can cause pathological inflammation when over-produced. This is demonstrated by the role of TLR-induced cytokines in autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Because of the potent effects of TLR-induced cytokines, we have diverse mechanisms to dampen TLR signaling. Here, we highlight three pathways that participate in inhibition of TLR responses in macrophages and DC, and their implications in autoimmunity; A20, encoded by the TNFAIP3 gene, Lyp encoded by the PTPN22 gene, and the BCAP/PI3K pathway. We present new findings that Lyp promotes TLR responses in primary human monocytes and that the autoimmunity risk Lyp620W variant is more effective at promoting TLR-induced interleukin-6 than the non-risk Lyp620R protein. This suggests that Lyp serves to downregulate a TLR inhibitory pathway in monocytes, and we propose that Lyp inhibits the TREM2/DAP12 inhibitory pathway. Overall, these pathways demonstrate distinct mechanisms of negative regulation of TLR responses, and all impact autoimmune disease pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Hamerman
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica Pottle
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Minjian Ni
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yantao He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
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83
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Gasser S, Zhang WYL, Tan NYJ, Tripathi S, Suter MA, Chew ZH, Khatoo M, Ngeow J, Cheung FSG. Sensing of dangerous DNA. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 165:33-46. [PMID: 27614000 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of damaged and microbial DNA can pose a threat to the survival of organisms. Cells express various sensors that recognize specific aspects of such potentially dangerous DNA. Recognition of damaged or microbial DNA by sensors induces cellular processes that are important for DNA repair and inflammation. Here, we review recent evidence that the cellular response to DNA damage and microbial DNA are tightly intertwined. We also discuss insights into the parameters that enable DNA sensors to distinguish damaged and microbial DNA from DNA present in healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Gasser
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore.
| | - Wendy Y L Zhang
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Nikki Yi Jie Tan
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Shubhita Tripathi
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Manuel A Suter
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Zhi Huan Chew
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
| | - Muznah Khatoo
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Joanne Ngeow
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore; Divsion of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, 169610, Singapore; Oncology Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Florence S G Cheung
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore.
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84
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Lipoproteins of Gram-Positive Bacteria: Key Players in the Immune Response and Virulence. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:891-903. [PMID: 27512100 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00028-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery in 1973 of the first of the bacterial lipoproteins (Lpp) in Escherichia coli, Braun's lipoprotein, the ever-increasing number of publications indicates the importance of these proteins. Bacterial Lpp belong to the class of lipid-anchored proteins that in Gram-negative bacteria are anchored in both the cytoplasmic and outer membranes and in Gram-positive bacteria are anchored only in the cytoplasmic membrane. In contrast to the case for Gram-negative bacteria, in Gram-positive bacteria lipoprotein maturation and processing are not vital. Physiologically, Lpp play an important role in nutrient and ion acquisition, allowing particularly pathogenic species to better survive in the host. Bacterial Lpp are recognized by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) of the innate immune system. The important role of Lpp in Gram-positive bacteria, particularly in the phylum Firmicutes, as key players in the immune response and pathogenicity has emerged only in recent years. In this review, we address the role of Lpp in signaling and modulating the immune response, in inflammation, and in pathogenicity. We also address the potential of Lpp as promising vaccine candidates.
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85
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Abstract
"Rotaviruses represent the most important etiological agents of acute, severe gastroenteritis in the young of many animal species, including humans." This statement, variations of which are a common beginning in articles about rotaviruses, reflects the fact that these viruses have evolved efficient strategies for evading the innate immune response of the host and for successfully replicating in the population. In this review, we summarize what is known about the defense mechanisms that host cells employ to prevent rotavirus invasion and the countermeasures that these viruses have successfully developed to surpass cellular defenses. Rotaviruses use at least two viral multifunctional proteins to directly interact with, and prevent the activation of, the interferon system, and they use at least one other protein to halt the protein synthesis machinery and prevent the expression of most of the transcriptional antiviral program of the cell. Characterization of the confrontation between rotaviruses and their host cells has allowed us to learn about the virus-host coevolution that prevents the damaging effects of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana López
- Departamento de Génetica del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México;
| | - Liliana Sánchez-Tacuba
- Departamento de Génetica del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México;
| | - Joaquin Moreno
- Departamento de Génetica del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México;
| | - Carlos F Arias
- Departamento de Génetica del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México;
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Abstract
Immune sensing of foreign nucleic acids among abundant self nucleic acids is a hallmark of virus detection and antiviral defence. Efficient antiviral defence requires a balanced process of sensing foreign nucleic acids and ignoring self nucleic acids. This balance is accomplished by a multilevel, fail-safe system which combines immune sensing of pathogen-specific nucleic acid structures with specific labelling of self nucleic acids and nuclease-mediated degradation. Cellular localization of nucleic acids, nucleic acid secondary structure, nucleic acid sequence and chemical modification all contribute to selective recognition of foreign nucleic acids. Nucleic acid sensing occurs in immune cells and non-immune cells and results in antiviral responses that include the induction of antiviral effector proteins, the secretion of cytokines alarming neighbouring cells, the secretion of chemokines, which attract immune cells, and the induction of cell death. Vertebrate cells cannot completely avoid the occurrence of endogenous self nucleic acid structures with immunostimulatory properties. Therefore, additional mechanisms involving self-nucleic acid modification and nuclease-mediated degradation are necessary to diminish uncontrolled immune activation. Viruses have established sophisticated mechanisms to exploit and adopt endogenous tolerance mechanisms or to avoid the presentation of characteristic molecular features recognized by nucleic acid sensing receptors.
The detection of viruses by the immune system is mediated predominantly by the sensing of nucleic acids. Here, the authors review our current understanding of how this complex immune sensory system discriminates self from non-self nucleic acids to reliably detect pathogenic viruses, and discuss the future perspectives and implications for human disease. Innate immunity against pathogens relies on an array of immune receptors to detect molecular patterns that are characteristic of the pathogens, including receptors that are specialized in the detection of foreign nucleic acids. In vertebrates, nucleic acid sensing is the dominant antiviral defence pathway. Stimulation of nucleic acid receptors results in antiviral immune responses with the production of type I interferon (IFN), as well as the expression of IFN-stimulated genes, which encode molecules such as cell-autonomous antiviral effector proteins. This Review summarizes the tremendous progress that has been made in understanding how this sophisticated immune sensory system discriminates self from non-self nucleic acids in order to reliably detect pathogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schlee
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
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87
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Nakamura
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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88
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Xiang W, Zhang Q, Lin X, Wu S, Zhou Y, Meng F, Fan Y, Shen T, Xiao M, Xia Z, Zou J, Feng XH, Xu P. PPM1A silences cytosolic RNA sensing and antiviral defense through direct dephosphorylation of MAVS and TBK1. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501889. [PMID: 27419230 PMCID: PMC4942338 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic RNA sensing is a prerequisite for initiation of innate immune response against RNA viral pathogens. Signaling through RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I)-like receptors (RLRs) to TBK1 (Tank-binding kinase 1)/IKKε (IκB kinase ε) kinases is transduced by mitochondria-associated MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein). However, the precise mechanism of how MAVS-mediated TBK1/IKKε activation is strictly controlled still remains obscure. We reported that protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1A (PPM1A; also known as PP2Cα), depending on its catalytic ability, dampened the RLR-IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3) axis to silence cytosolic RNA sensing signaling. We demonstrated that PPM1A was an inherent partner of the TBK1/IKKε complex, targeted both MAVS and TBK1/IKKε for dephosphorylation, and thus disrupted MAVS-driven formation of signaling complex. Conversely, a high level of MAVS can dissociate the TBK1/PPM1A complex to override PPM1A-mediated inhibition. Loss of PPM1A through gene ablation in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and mouse primary macrophages enabled robustly enhanced antiviral responses. Consequently, Ppm1a(-/-) mice resisted to RNA virus attack, and transgenic zebrafish expressing PPM1A displayed profoundly increased RNA virus vulnerability. These findings identify PPM1A as the first known phosphatase of MAVS and elucidate the physiological function of PPM1A in antiviral immunity on whole animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Xiang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xia Lin
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shiying Wu
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fansen Meng
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yunyun Fan
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mu Xiao
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zongping Xia
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Zou
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin-Hua Feng
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Corresponding author. (X.-H.F.); (P.X.)
| | - Pinglong Xu
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Corresponding author. (X.-H.F.); (P.X.)
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89
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Hull CM, Bevilacqua PC. Discriminating Self and Non-Self by RNA: Roles for RNA Structure, Misfolding, and Modification in Regulating the Innate Immune Sensor PKR. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1242-9. [PMID: 27269119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens are recognized by the innate immune system in part via their unique and complex RNA signatures. A key sensor in human innate immunity is the RNA-activated protein kinase, protein kinase R (PKR), which has two double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding motifs (dsRBMs) at its N-terminus. Early studies described PKR as being activated potently by long stretches of perfect dsRNA, a signature typical of viruses. More recently, we and others have found that PKR is also activated by RNAs having structural defects such as bulges and internal loops. This Account describes advances in our understanding of the ability of PKR to detect diverse foreign RNAs and how that recognition plays significant roles in discriminating self from non-self. The experiments discussed employ a wide range of techniques including activation assays, native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), protein footprinting, and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). We discuss how misfolding and dimerization of RNA lead to activation of PKR. We also present recent findings on the activation of PKR by varied bacterial functional RNAs including ribozymes and riboswitches, which are among the few structured RNAs known to interact with PKR in a site-specific manner. Molecular models for how these structured RNAs activate PKR are provided. Studies by SAXS revealed that PKR straightens bent RNAs. Most external and internal RNA cellular modifications introduced in vitro and found naturally, such as the m7G cap and m6A group, abrogate activation of PKR, but other modifications, such as 5'-ppp and 2'-fluoro groups, are immunostimulatory and potential anticancer agents. Genome-wide studies of RNA folding in vitro and in vivo have provided fresh insights into general differences in RNA structure among bacteria, viruses, and human. These studies suggest that in vivo, cellular human RNAs are less folded than once thought, unwound by helicases, destabilized by m6A modifications, and often bound up with proteins, all conditions known to abrogate activation of PKR. It thus appears that non-self RNAs are detected as unmodified, naked RNAs with appreciable secondary and tertiary structure. Observation that PKR is activated by structured but otherwise diverse RNAs is consistent both with the broad-spectrum nature of innate immunity and the nonspecific recognition of RNA by the dsRBM family. These findings provide a possible explanation for the apparent absence of protein-free structured human RNAs, such as ribozymes and riboswitches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M. Hull
- Department of Chemistry and Center for RNA Molecular
Biology and ‡Department of
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Philip C. Bevilacqua
- Department of Chemistry and Center for RNA Molecular
Biology and ‡Department of
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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90
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The kinase CK1ɛ controls the antiviral immune response by phosphorylating the signaling adaptor TRAF3. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:397-405. [PMID: 26928339 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The signaling adaptor TRAF3 is a highly versatile regulator of both innate immunity and adaptive immunity, but how its phosphorylation is regulated is still unknown. Here we report that deficiency in or inhibition of the conserved serine-threonine kinase CK1ɛ suppressed the production of type I interferon in response to viral infection. CK1ɛ interacted with and phosphorylated TRAF3 at Ser349, which thereby promoted the Lys63 (K63)-linked ubiquitination of TRAF3 and subsequent recruitment of the kinase TBK1 to TRAF3. Consequently, CK1ɛ-deficient mice were more susceptible to viral infection. Our findings establish CK1ɛ as a regulator of antiviral innate immune responses and indicate a novel mechanism of immunoregulation that involves CK1ɛ-mediated phosphorylation of TRAF3.
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Sohn J, Hur S. Filament assemblies in foreign nucleic acid sensors. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 37:134-44. [PMID: 26859869 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Helical filamentous assembly is ubiquitous in biology, but was only recently realized to be broadly employed in the innate immune system of vertebrates. Accumulating evidence suggests that the filamentous assemblies and helical oligomerization play important roles in detection of foreign nucleic acids and activation of the signaling pathways to produce antiviral and inflammatory mediators. In this review, we focus on the helical assemblies observed in the signaling pathways of RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and AIM2-like receptors (ALRs). We describe ligand-dependent oligomerization of receptor, receptor-dependent oligomerization of signaling adaptor molecules, and their functional implications and regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungsan Sohn
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sun Hur
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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92
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Zhao K, Zhang Q, Li X, Zhao D, Liu Y, Shen Q, Yang M, Wang C, Li N, Cao X. Cytoplasmic STAT4 Promotes Antiviral Type I IFN Production by Blocking CHIP-Mediated Degradation of RIG-I. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:1209-17. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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93
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Tsuzuki S, Tachibana M, Hemmi M, Yamaguchi T, Shoji M, Sakurai F, Kobiyama K, Kawabata K, Ishii KJ, Akira S, Mizuguchi H. TANK-binding kinase 1-dependent or -independent signaling elicits the cell-type-specific innate immune responses induced by the adenovirus vector. Int Immunol 2015; 28:105-15. [PMID: 26489883 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus vectors (Adv) elicit innate immune responses via several pattern-recognition receptors. Although it has been suggested that various Adv-induced mechanisms play important roles in the induction of innate immunity in vitro, the impacts of these mechanisms in vivo remain unclear. Viral nucleic acids elicit innate immune responses through the recognition of cytosolic nucleic acid sensors and transduce intracellular signals to TANK-binding kinase (TBK) 1. In this study, to determine the impacts of viral nucleic acids on innate immune responses in vivo, we administered transgene-expressing Adv to Tbk1-deficient mice. The systemic Adv administration failed to induce type I interferons (type I IFNs) in the spleen, but not the liver, of Tbk1-deficient mice, resulting in the increase of transgene-expressing cells in the spleen, but not the liver. Moreover, Adv failed to induce type I IFNs in the bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells, but not the mouse embryonic fibroblasts, from Tbk1-deficient mice in vitro. These results support the idea that Adv elicit innate immunity in immune cells and non-immune cells in a TBK1-dependent and TBK1-independent manner, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Tsuzuki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masashi Tachibana
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahisa Hemmi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Masaki Shoji
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sakurai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Laboratory of Regulatory Sciences for Oligonucleotide Therapeutics, Clinical Drug Development Unit, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kouji Kobiyama
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawabata
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Laboratory of Vaccine Design, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan Center for Drug Design Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan Department of Virology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Department of Host Defense, The Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan iPS Cell-Based Research Project on Hepatic Toxicity and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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94
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Munoz J, Marque M, Dandurand M, Meunier L, Crow YJ, Bessis D. [Type I interferonopathies]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2015; 142:653-63. [PMID: 26363997 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferonopathies are a group of Mendelian disorders characterized by a common physiopathology: the up-regulation of type I interferons. To date, interferonopathies include Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, familial chilblain lupus, spondyenchondromatosis, PRoteasome-associated auto-inflammatory syndrome (PRAAS) and Singleton-Merten syndrome. These diseases present phenotypic overlap including cutaneous features like chilblain lupus, that can be inaugural or present within the first months of life. This novel set of inborn errors of immunity is evolving rapidly, with recognition of new diseases and genes. Recent and improved understanding of the physiopathology of overexpression of type I interferons has allowed the development of targeted therapies, currently being evaluated, like Janus-kinases or reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Munoz
- Département de dermatologie, hôpital Caremeau, CHRU de Nîmes, 4, rue du Professeur-Debré, 30029 Nîmes, France
| | - M Marque
- Département de dermatologie, hôpital Caremeau, CHRU de Nîmes, 4, rue du Professeur-Debré, 30029 Nîmes, France
| | - M Dandurand
- Département de dermatologie, hôpital Caremeau, CHRU de Nîmes, 4, rue du Professeur-Debré, 30029 Nîmes, France
| | - L Meunier
- Département de dermatologie, hôpital Caremeau, CHRU de Nîmes, 4, rue du Professeur-Debré, 30029 Nîmes, France; UMR CNRS 5247, institut des biomolécules Max-Mousseron, faculté de pharmacie, 15, avenue Charles-Flahault, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Y-J Crow
- Laboratoire de neurogénétique et de neuro-inflammation, institut Imagine, hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, université Paris Descartes, 24, boulevard du Montparnasse, 75015 Paris, France; Manchester centre for genomic medicine, institute of human development, faculty of medical and human sciences, Manchester academic health sciences centre, university of Manchester, M13 9WL Manchester, Royaume-Uni
| | - D Bessis
- Département de dermatologie, hôpital Saint-Eloi, CHRU de Montpellier, 80, avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Université Montpellier 1, 163, rue Auguste-Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France; Inserm U1058, UFR de pharmacie, 15, avenue Charles-Flahaut, 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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95
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Kobayashi S, Haraguchi T. A novel pathway to detect and cope with exogenous dsDNA. Commun Integr Biol 2015; 8:e1065361. [PMID: 27064942 PMCID: PMC4802740 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2015.1065361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
How a living cell responds to exogenous materials is one of the fundamental questions in the life sciences. In particular, understanding the mechanisms by which a cell recognizes exogenous double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) is important for immunology research because it will facilitate the control of pathogen infections that entail the presence of exogenous dsDNA in the cytoplasm of host cells. Several cytosolic dsDNA sensor proteins that trigger innate immune responses have been identified and the downstream signaling pathways have been investigated. However, the events that occur at the site of exogenous dsDNA when it is exposed to the cytosol of the host cell remain unknown. Using dsDNA-coated polystyrene beads incorporated into living cells, we recently found that barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF) binds to the exogenous dsDNA immediately after its appearance in the cytosol and plays a role in DNA avoidance of autophagy. Our findings reveal a novel pathway in which BAF plays a key role in the detection of and response to exogenous dsDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouhei Kobayashi
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology ; Nishi-ku, Japan
| | - Tokuko Haraguchi
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology; Nishi-ku, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University; Suita, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Osaka University; Toyonaka, Japan
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96
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Kobold S, Wiedemann G, Rothenfußer S, Endres S. Modes of action of TLR7 agonists in cancer therapy. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:1085-95. [PMID: 25428647 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
From the numerous Toll-like receptor agonists, only TLR7 agonists have been approved for cancer treatment, although they are current restricted to topical application. The main target cells of TLR7 agonists are plasmacytoid dendritic cells, producing IFN-α and thus acting on other immune cells. Thereby dendritic cells acquire enhanced costimulatory and antigen-presenting capacity, priming an adaptive immune response. Besides NK cells, antigen-specific T cells are the main terminal effectors of TLR7 agonists in tumor therapy. This qualifies TLR7 agonists as vaccine adjuvants, which is currently being tested in clinical trials. However, the systemic application of TLR7 agonists shows insufficient efficacy, most likely owing to toxicity-limited dosing. The use of TLR7 agonists in combinational therapy holds the promise of synergistic activity and lower required doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) & Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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97
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The DNA damage response and immune signaling alliance: Is it good or bad? Nature decides when and where. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 154:36-56. [PMID: 26145166 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The characteristic feature of healthy living organisms is the preservation of homeostasis. Compelling evidence highlight that the DNA damage response and repair (DDR/R) and immune response (ImmR) signaling networks work together favoring the harmonized function of (multi)cellular organisms. DNA and RNA viruses activate the DDR/R machinery in the host cells both directly and indirectly. Activation of DDR/R in turn favors the immunogenicity of the incipient cell. Hence, stimulation of DDR/R by exogenous or endogenous insults triggers innate and adaptive ImmR. The immunogenic properties of ionizing radiation, a prototypic DDR/R inducer, serve as suitable examples of how DDR/R stimulation alerts host immunity. Thus, critical cellular danger signals stimulate defense at the systemic level and vice versa. Disruption of DDR/R-ImmR cross talk compromises (multi)cellular integrity, leading to cell-cycle-related and immune defects. The emerging DDR/R-ImmR concept opens up a new avenue of therapeutic options, recalling the Hippocrates quote "everything in excess is opposed by nature."
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98
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Abstract
Autoimmune reactions reflect an imbalance between effector and regulatory immune responses, typically develop through stages of initiation and propagation, and often show phases of resolution (indicated by clinical remissions) and exacerbations (indicated by symptomatic flares). The fundamental underlying mechanism of autoimmunity is defective elimination and/or control of self-reactive lymphocytes. Studies in humans and experimental animal models are revealing the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to autoimmunity. A major goal of research in this area is to exploit this knowledge to better understand the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and to develop strategies for reestablishing the normal balance between effector and regulatory immune responses.
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99
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O'Gorman WE, Hsieh EWY, Savig ES, Gherardini PF, Hernandez JD, Hansmann L, Balboni IM, Utz PJ, Bendall SC, Fantl WJ, Lewis DB, Nolan GP, Davis MM. Single-cell systems-level analysis of human Toll-like receptor activation defines a chemokine signature in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1326-36. [PMID: 26037552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) induces inflammatory responses involved in immunity to pathogens and autoimmune pathogenesis, such as in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although TLRs are differentially expressed across the immune system, a comprehensive analysis of how multiple immune cell subsets respond in a system-wide manner has not been described. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize TLR activation across multiple immune cell subsets and subjects, with the goal of establishing a reference framework against which to compare pathologic processes. METHODS Peripheral whole-blood samples were stimulated with TLR ligands and analyzed by means of mass cytometry simultaneously for surface marker expression, activation states of intracellular signaling proteins, and cytokine production. We developed a novel data visualization tool to provide an integrated view of TLR signaling networks with single-cell resolution. We studied 17 healthy volunteer donors and 8 patients with newly diagnosed and untreated SLE. RESULTS Our data revealed the diversity of TLR-induced responses within cell types, with TLR ligand specificity. Subsets of natural killer cells and T cells selectively induced nuclear factor κ light chain enhancer of activated B cells in response to TLR2 ligands. CD14(hi) monocytes exhibited the most polyfunctional cytokine expression patterns, with more than 80 distinct cytokine combinations. Monocytic TLR-induced cytokine patterns were shared among a group of healthy donors, with minimal intraindividual and interindividual variability. Furthermore, autoimmune disease altered baseline cytokine production; newly diagnosed untreated SLE patients shared a distinct monocytic chemokine signature, despite clinical heterogeneity. CONCLUSION Mass cytometry defined a systems-level reference framework for human TLR activation, which can be applied to study perturbations in patients with inflammatory diseases, such as SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E O'Gorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Elena W Y Hsieh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Erica S Savig
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | | | - Joseph D Hernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Leo Hansmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Imelda M Balboni
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Paul J Utz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Sean C Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Wendy J Fantl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - David B Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.
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100
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BAF is a cytosolic DNA sensor that leads to exogenous DNA avoiding autophagy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:7027-32. [PMID: 25991860 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1501235112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the mechanisms by which a cell detects exogenous DNA is important for controlling pathogen infection, because most pathogens entail the presence of exogenous DNA in the cytosol, as well as for understanding the cell's response to artificially transfected DNA. The cellular response to pathogen invasion has been well studied. However, spatiotemporal information of the cellular response immediately after exogenous double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) appears in the cytosol is lacking, in part because of difficulties in monitoring when exogenous dsDNA enters the cytosol of the cell. We have recently developed a method to monitor endosome breakdown around exogenous materials using transfection reagent-coated polystyrene beads incorporated into living human cells as the objective for microscopic observations. In the present study, using dsDNA-coated polystyrene beads (DNA-beads) incorporated into living cells, we show that barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF) bound to exogenous dsDNA immediately after its appearance in the cytosol at endosome breakdown. The BAF(+) DNA-beads then assembled a nuclear envelope (NE)-like membrane and avoided autophagy that targeted the remnants of the endosome membranes. Knockdown of BAF caused a significant decrease in the assembly of NE-like membranes and increased the formation of autophagic membranes around the DNA-beads, suggesting that BAF-mediated assembly of NE-like membranes was required for the DNA-beads to evade autophagy. Importantly, BAF-bound beads without dsDNA also assembled NE-like membranes and avoided autophagy. We propose a new role for BAF: remodeling intracellular membranes upon detection of dsDNA in mammalian cells.
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