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Dong Y, Hu S, Zhao X, He Q, Yang Q, Zhang L. Virtual screening, synthesis, and bioactivity evaluation for the discovery of β-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminidase inhibitors. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3030-3037. [PMID: 32248665 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molting is an essential insect developmental process, in which a variety of enzymes are involved. The inhibition of these enzymes effect normal insect growth and development and may even cause death. OfHex1, one of the β-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminidases, is a key enzyme involved in the molting process of the Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis), and is deemed a potential insecticidal target. RESULTS Based on the crystal structure of OfHex1, virtual screening was carried out to obtain a novel class of OfHex1 inhibitors, of which, 28 compounds were subjected to bioactivity evaluation. The compound 3, N-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)benzamide, showed good inhibition against OfHex1 with a Ki value of 11.2 μM. Structure optimization and molecular docking were applied for the structure-activity relationship analysis. The results also showed that the cyano group of this compound was essential for the maintenance of its inhibitory activity against OfHex1. Additionally, the interaction between this compound and Trp490, Glu328, Tyr475 and Trp524 were important for inhibitory activity. CONCLUSION The advantages of the derivatives of 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carbonitrile, which have simple chemical structures and are easily synthesized, suggests them to be developed further as potential OfHex1 inhibitors for pest control. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Dong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Song Hu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi He
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection and Shenzhen Agricultural Genome Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Identification of critical enzymes in the salmon louse chitin synthesis pathway as revealed by RNA interference-mediated abrogation of infectivity. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:873-889. [PMID: 32745476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of infestation by the ectoparasite Lepeophtheirus salmonis relies on a small number of chemotherapeutant treatments that currently meet with limited success. Drugs targeting chitin synthesis have been largely successful against terrestrial parasites where the pathway is well characterised. However, a comparable approach against salmon lice has been, until recently, less successful, likely due to a poor understanding of the chitin synthesis pathway. Post-transcriptional silencing of genes by RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful method for evaluation of protein function in non-model organisms and has been successfully applied to the salmon louse. In the present study, putative genes coding for enzymes involved in L. salmonis chitin synthesis were characterised after knockdown by RNAi. Nauplii I stage L. salmonis were exposed to double-stranded (ds) RNA specific for several putative non-redundant points in the pathway: glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (LsGFAT), UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (LsUAP), N-acetylglucosamine phosphate mutase (LsAGM), chitin synthase 1 (LsCHS1), and chitin synthase 2 (LsCHS2). Additionally, we targeted three putative chitin deacetylases (LsCDA4557, 5169 and 5956) by knockdown. Successful knockdown was determined after moulting to the copepodite stage by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), while infectivity potential (the number of attached chalimus II compared with the initial number of larvae in the system) was measured after exposure to Atlantic salmon and subsequent development on their host. Compared with controls, infectivity potential was not compromised in dsAGM, dsCHS2, dsCDA4557, or dsCDA5169 groups. In contrast, there was a significant effect in the dsUAP-treated group. However, of most interest was the treatment with dsGFAT, dsCHS1, dsCHS1+2, and dsCDA5956, which resulted in complete abrogation of infectivity, despite apparent compensatory mechanisms in the chitin synthesis pathway as detected by qPCR. There appeared to be a common phenotypic effect in these groups, characterised by significant aberrations in appendage morphology and an inability to swim. Ultrastructurally, dsGFAT showed a significantly distorted procuticle without distinct exo/endocuticle and intermittent electron dense (i.e. chitin) inclusions, and together with dsUAP and dsCHS1, indicated delayed entry to the pre-moult phase.
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Shaurub ESH, Abdel Aal AE, Emara SA. Suppressive effects of insect growth regulators on development, reproduction and nutritional indices of the Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2020.1741454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aziza E. Abdel Aal
- Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Protection Research Institute, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Said A. Emara
- Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Protection Research Institute, Dokki, Egypt
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Shao ZM, Li YJ, Ding JH, Liu ZX, Zhang XR, Wang J, Sheng S, Wu FA. Identification, Characterization, and Functional Analysis of Chitin Synthase Genes in Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134656. [PMID: 32629944 PMCID: PMC7370082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (G. pyloalis) causes significant damage to mulberry every year, and we currently lack effective and environmentally friendly ways to control the pest. Chitin synthase (CHS) is a critical regulatory enzyme related to chitin biosynthesis, which plays a vital role in the growth and development of insects. The function of CHS in G. pyloalis, however, has not been studied. In this study, two chitin synthase genes (GpCHSA and GpCHSB) were screened from our previously created transcriptome database. The complete coding sequences of the two genes are 5,955 bp and 5,896 bp, respectively. Expression of GpCHSA and GpCHSB could be detected throughout all developmental stages. Relatively high expression levels of GpCHSA occurred in the head and integument and GpCHSB was most highly expressed in the midgut. Moreover, silencing of GpCHSA and GpCHSB using dsRNA reduced expression of downstream chitin metabolism pathway genes and resulted in abnormal development and wings stretching, but did not affect normal pupating of larvae. Furthermore, the inhibitor of chitin synthesis diflubenzuron (DFB) was used to further validate the RNAi result. DFB treatment significantly improved expression of GpCHSA, except GpCHSB, and their downstream genes, and also effected G. Pyloali molting at 48 h (62% mortality rate) and 72 h (90% mortality rate), respectively. These results show that GpCHSA and GpCHSB play critical roles in the development and wing stretching in G. pyloalis adults, indicating that the genes are attractive potential pest control targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-Min Shao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Yi-Jiangcheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Jian-Hao Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Zhi-Xiang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Xiao-Rui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Sheng Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Fu-An Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212018, China
- Correspondence:
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Liu SH, Xia YD, Zhang Q, Li W, Li RY, Liu Y, Chen EH, Dou W, Stelinski LL, Wang JJ. Potential targets for controlling Bactrocera dorsalis using cuticle- and hormone-related genes revealed by a developmental transcriptome analysis. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:2127-2143. [PMID: 31951094 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is an important agricultural pest and has developed resistance to many insecticides. To investigate vital genes participating in metamorphosis for development of additional control strategies, a comprehensive transcriptome analysis covering ten developmental stages of B. dorsalis was performed. RESULTS There were 2132, 952, 1062, 2301 and 1333 differentially expressed genes identified during hatching, 1st-instar larval molting, 2nd-instar larval molting, pupariation and emergence, respectively. Further expression analyses indicated that genes in hormone- (20-hydroxyecdysone and juvenile hormone) and cuticle- (chitin and cuticle protein) related pathways were essential for metamorphosis in B. dorsalis. Among chitinase (Cht) genes, BdCht-5, -8 and -10 were differentially expressed during larval-larval, larval-pupal and pupal-adult moltings. However, BdCht7 was differentially expressed during egg-larval and larval-larval moltings. Knockdown of BdCht7 at the 1st-instar larval stage disrupted normal development of larvae and was lethal to B. dorsalis. Among cuticle protein (CP) genes, 15 genes (BdCPLCG-1, BdCPLCP-2, BdCPAP1-B2, BdRR1-21, BdRR1-31, BdRR2-15, BdRR2-26, BdRR2-30, BdRR2-32, BdTweedle-9, BdTweedle-24, BdRR2-10, BdCPAP3-C1, BdRR1-34 and BdRR1-41) were differentially expressed during four of five types of moltings. Among hormone-relative genes, BdJHBP-4, -9 and -13 were differentially expressed during all five types of moltings, whereas BdJHBP-5, -12 and BdHR4 were differentially expressed during four of five types of moltings. CONCLUSION This study reveals critical genes involved in development and metamorphosis of B. dorsaslis, and BdCht7 is dispensable for larval survival. It also provides comprehensive transcriptome information for finding more molecular targets to control this pest. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Huo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying-Dan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Run-Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Er-Hu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lukasz L Stelinski
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Song XG, Han MH, He F, Wang SY, Li CH, Wu GC, Huang ZG, Liu D, Liu FQ, Laborda P, Shi XC. Antifungal Mechanism of Dipicolinic Acid and Its Efficacy for the Biocontrol of Pear Valsa Canker. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:958. [PMID: 32508781 PMCID: PMC7251846 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Valsa pyri is a fatal canker pathogen that causes significant reduction of crop yield in pear orchards. V. pyri invades the trunk phloem, and is difficult to control by chemical treatment. In this work, it was found for the first time that Bacillus subtilis-produced dipicolinic acid (DPA) exhibits antifungal activity against different canker pathogens, including Alteraria alternata, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Rhizoctonia solani, and V. pyri. Growth inhibition of V. pyri was observed at less than 5 mM concentration (pH = 5.6). DPA showed the highest antifungal activity at acidic pH values and in the presence of bivalent metals, such as zinc(II), cobalt(II), and copper(II). Measurement of mRNA expression levels and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations revealed that DPA causes V. pyri apoptosis via inhibition of chitin biosynthesis and subsequent cell lysis. Interestingly, DPA showed high stability in the pear bark and was able to cross the pear tree bark into the phloem, protecting the internal phases of the pear trunk. In preventive applications, DPA reduced the canker symptoms of V. pyri on Cuigan pear trees by 90%. Taken together, an efficient strategy for the management of V. pyri-caused canker disease was developed using a novel antifungal agent, DPA, with strong antifungal activity and particular diffusion properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ge Song
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ming-Hui Han
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Feng He
- College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Su-Yan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chao-Hui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Gui-Chun Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi-Gang Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Feng-Quan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Pedro Laborda
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xin-Chi Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Rösner J, Wellmeyer B, Merzendorfer H. Tribolium castaneum: A Model for Investigating the Mode of Action of Insecticides and Mechanisms of Resistance. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:3554-3568. [PMID: 32400327 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200513113140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, is a worldwide insect pest of stored products, particularly food grains, and a powerful model organism for developmental, physiological and applied entomological research on coleopteran species. Among coleopterans, T. castaneum has the most fully sequenced and annotated genome and consequently provides the most advanced genetic model of a coleopteran pest. The beetle is also easy to culture and has a short generation time. Research on this beetle is further assisted by the availability of expressed sequence tags and transcriptomic data. Most importantly, it exhibits a very robust response to systemic RNA interference (RNAi), and a database of RNAi phenotypes (iBeetle) is available. Finally, classical transposonbased techniques together with CRISPR/Cas-mediated gene knockout and genome editing allow the creation of transgenic lines. As T. castaneum develops resistance rapidly to many classes of insecticides including organophosphates, methyl carbamates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids and insect growth regulators such as chitin synthesis inhibitors, it is further a suitable test system for studying resistance mechanisms. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in research focusing on the mode of action of insecticides and mechanisms of resistance identified using T. castaneum as a pest model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Rösner
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Benedikt Wellmeyer
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
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Fotakis EA, Mastrantonio V, Grigoraki L, Porretta D, Puggioli A, Chaskopoulou A, Osório H, Weill M, Bellini R, Urbanelli S, Vontas J. Identification and detection of a novel point mutation in the Chitin Synthase gene of Culex pipiens associated with diflubenzuron resistance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008284. [PMID: 32357192 PMCID: PMC7219787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diflubenzuron (DFB) is one of the most used insecticides in mosquito larval control including that of Culex pipiens, the proven vector of the recent West Nile Virus epidemics in Europe. Two mutations (I1043L and I1043M) in the chitin synthase (CHS) putative binding site of DFB have been previously reported in Cx. pipiens from Italy and associated with high levels of resistance against this larvicide. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we report the identification of a third mutation at the same I1043 position of the CHS gene resulting in the substitution of Isoleucine to Phenylalanine (I1043F). This mutation has also been found in agricultural pests and has been functionally validated with genome editing in Drosophila, showing to confer striking levels (>15,000 fold) of DFB resistance. The frequency of the I1043F mutation was found to be substantially higher in Cx. pipiens mosquitoes surviving DFB doses largely exceeding the recommended field dose, raising concerns about the future efficient use of this insecticide. We monitored the presence and frequency of DFB mutations in Cx. pipiens mosquitoes from several Mediterranean countries, including Italy, France, Greece, Portugal and Israel. Among the Cx. pipiens populations collected in Northern Italy all but one had at least one of the three DFB mutations at allele frequencies reaching 93.3% for the I1043M, 64.8% for the I1043L and 10% for the I1043F. The newly reported I1043F mutation was also identified in two heterozygote individuals from France (4.2% allelic frequency). In contrast to Italy and France, no DFB resistant mutations were identified in the Cx. pipiens mosquitoes sampled from Greece, Portugal and Israel. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The findings of our study are of major concern for mosquito control programs in Europe, that rely on the use of a limited number of available larvicides, and highlight the necessity for the development of appropriate Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM) programs, to ensure the sustainable use of DFB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil A Fotakis
- Department of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Lab, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Linda Grigoraki
- Vector Biology Dept, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Porretta
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Puggioli
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology Dept., Centro Agricoltura Ambiente "G. Nicoli", Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Hugo Osório
- National Institute of Health Doctor Ricardo Jorge, Centro de Estudos de Vetores e Doenças Infeciosas Doutor Francisco Cambournac, Avenida da Liberdade, Águas de Moura, Portugal
| | - Mylène Weill
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (CNRS-Université de Montpellier-IRD-EPHE), Montpellier, France
| | - Romeo Bellini
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology Dept., Centro Agricoltura Ambiente "G. Nicoli", Bologna, Italy
| | - Sandra Urbanelli
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - John Vontas
- Department of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Lab, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Rösner J, Merzendorfer H. Transcriptional plasticity of different ABC transporter genes from Tribolium castaneum contributes to diflubenzuron resistance. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 116:103282. [PMID: 31740345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of insecticide resistance challenges the sustainability of pest control and several studies have shown that ABC transporters contribute to this process. ABC transporters are known to transport a large range of chemically diverse molecules across cellular membranes, and therefore the identification of ABC transporters involved in insecticide resistance is difficult. Here, we describe a comprehensive strategy for the identification of whole sets of ABC transporters involved in insecticide resistance using the pest beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Tc) as a model. We analyzed the expression of ABCA to ABCC genes in different tissues and developmental stages using larvae that were sensitive or resistant to diflubenzuron (DFB). The mRNA levels of several ABC genes expressed in excretory or metabolic tissues such as midgut, Malpighian tubules or fat body were markedly upregulated in response to DFB. Next, we monitored mortality in the presence of the ABC inhibitor verapamil, and found that it causes sensitization to DFB. We furthermore established a competitive assay for the elimination of DFB, based on Texas Red (TR) fluorescence. We monitored TR elimination in larvae that were treated with DFB or different ABC inhibitors, and combinations of them. TR elimination was decreased significantly in the presence of DFB, verapamil and the ABCC inhibitor MK-571. The effect was synergized when DFB and verapamil were both present suggesting that the transport of TR and DFB involves overlapping sets of ABC transporters. Finally, we silenced the expression of DFB-responding ABC genes by RNA interference and then followed the survival rates after DFB exposure. Mortality increased particularly when specific ABCA and ABCC genes were silenced. Taken together, we were able to show that different ABC transporters expressed in metabolic and excretory tissues contribute to the elimination of DFB. Up- or down-regulation of gene expression occurs within a few days already at very low DFB concentrations. These results suggests that transcriptional plasticity of several ABC genes allows adaptation of the efflux capacity in different tissues to eliminate insecticides and/or their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Rösner
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany.
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Chen S, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Wang Q. Design, Synthesis, Acaricidal Activities, and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Novel Oxazolines Containing Sulfonate Moieties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13544-13549. [PMID: 31725276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With the ultimate goal of addressing pest-related constraints on global agricultural production, we used combination principles to design and synthesize 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazolines containing a sulfonate moiety at the para-position of the 4-phenyl group. The target compounds, which have strong affinity for lipids and can be expected to traverse cell membranes, were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Their activities against the larvae and eggs of carmine spider mites (Tetranychus cinnabarinus) were determined by a leaf-dipping method and compared with the activity of the commercial acaricide etoxazole. Most of the test compounds displayed good ovicidal and larvicidal activities. In particular, a tert-butylphenyl-substituent compound possessed better larvicidal activity (LC50 = 0.022 ± 0.009 mg/L) and ovicidal activity (0.044 ± 0.020 mg/L) than etoxazole (0.091 ± 0.051 and 0.095 ± 0.059 mg/L, respectively). Given its outstanding bioactivities, this compound deserves further attention as a pesticide candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qingmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071 , People's Republic of China
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Hussain A, AlJabr AM, Al-Ayedh H. Development-Disrupting Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor, Novaluron, Reprogramming the Chitin Degradation Mechanism of Red Palm Weevils. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234304. [PMID: 31779078 PMCID: PMC6930496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption in chitin regulation by using chitin synthesis inhibitor (novaluron) was investigated to gain insights into the biological activity of chitinase in red palm weevils, an invasive pest of date palms in the Middle East. Impact of novaluron against ninth instar red palm weevil larvae was examined by dose-mortality response bioassays, nutritional indices, and expression patterns of chitinase genes characterized in this study. Laboratory bioassays revealed dose-dependent mortality response of ninth-instar red palm weevil larvae with LD50 of 14.77 ppm of novaluron. Dietary growth analysis performed using different doses of novaluron (30, 25, 20, 15, 10, and 5 ppm) exhibited very high reduction in their indexes such as Efficacy of Conversion of Digested Food (82.38%) and Efficacy of Conversion of Ingested Food (74.27%), compared with control treatment. Transcriptomic analysis of red palm weevil larvae characterized numerous genes involved in chitin degradation including chitinase, chitinase-3-like protein 2, chitinase domain-containing protein 1, Endochitinase-like, chitinase 3, and chitin binding peritrophin-a domain. However, quantitative expression patterns of these genes in response to novaluron-fed larvae revealed tissue-specific time-dependent expression patterns. We recorded overexpression of all genes from mid-gut tissues. Growth retarding, chitin remodeling and larvicidal potential suggest novaluron as a promising alternate for Rhynchophorus ferrugineus management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Hussain
- Laboratory of Bio-Control and Molecular Biology, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia;
- Research and Consulting Institute, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed Mohammed AlJabr
- Laboratory of Bio-Control and Molecular Biology, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +009-6650-691-4442
| | - Hassan Al-Ayedh
- Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
- National Agriculture technology center, Life science & Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
- RPW Consultant, United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
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Liu X, Cooper AMW, Yu Z, Silver K, Zhang J, Zhu KY. Progress and prospects of arthropod chitin pathways and structures as targets for pest management. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 161:33-46. [PMID: 31685194 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is a structural component of the arthropod cuticular exoskeleton and the peritrophic matrix of the gut, which play crucial roles in growth and development. In the past few decades, our understanding of the composition, biosynthesis, assembly, degradation, and regulation of chitinous structures has increased. Many chemicals have been developed that target chitin biosynthesis (benzoyphenyl ureas, etoxazole), chitin degradation (allosamidin, psammaplin), and chitin regulation (benzoyl hydrazines), thus resulting in molting deformities and lethality. In addition, proteins that disrupt chitin structures, such as lectins, proteases, and chitinases have been utilized to halt feeding and induce mortality. Chitin-degrading enzymes, such as chitinases are also useful for improving the efficacy of bio-insecticides. Transgenic plants, baculoviruses, fungi, and bacteria have been engineered to express chitinases from a variety of organisms for control of arthropod pests. In addition, RNA interference targeting genes involved in chitin pathways and structures are now being investigated for the development of environmentally friendly pest management strategies. This review describes the chemicals and proteins used to target chitin structures and enzymes for arthropod pest management, as well as pest management strategies based upon these compounds, such as plant-incorporated-protectants and recombinant entomopathogens. Recent advances in RNA interference-based pest management, and how this technology can be used to target chitin pathways and structures are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | | | - Zhitao Yu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Kristopher Silver
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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63
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Park S, Lee JY, Park H, Song G, Lim W. Toxic effects of flufenoxuron on development and vascular formation during zebrafish embryogenesis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 216:105307. [PMID: 31557631 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flufenoxuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor that is widely used in developed countries as an insecticide, is rarely degraded in the environment. In addition to that in insects, flufenoxuron-mediated non-targeted death in organisms such as lizards and bees has been reported. However, the toxic effects of this compound on vascular development during embryogenesis, as well as the underlying mechanism, have not yet been elucidated. In the present study, we assessed abnormal development and cardiovascular damage induced by flufenoxuron in zebrafish embryos. Exposed zebrafish had malformed eyes and pathological characteristics such as heart and yolk sac edema. In accordance with developmental inhibition, cell cycle regulatory genes were dysregulated in zebrafish embryos upon exposure to flufenoxuron. We also discovered that this agent can disrupt vascular formation by interfering with angiogenesis-associated genes including the genes encoding vascular endothelial growth factor Aa (vegfaa), vegfc, fms-related tyrosine kinase 1 (flt1), and flt4 in zebrafish embryos. These anti-angiogenic effects of flufenoxuron were further verified using a well-known angiogenesis model, namely human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that flufenoxuron inhibits overall development and angiogenesis during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunwoo Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Hahyun Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea.
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64
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Montaño-Reyes A, Llanderal-Cázares C, Valdez-Carrasco J, Miranda-Perkins K, Sánchez-Arroyo H. Susceptibility and alterations by diflubenzuron in larvae of Aedes aegypti. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 102:e21604. [PMID: 31328823 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Benzoylphenyl ureas inhibit chitin synthesis and interfere with the molting process in arthropods. In this study, the effect of diflubenzuron on third-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti was evaluated. The susceptibility to the product was determined, and the alterations generated were shown through light and electron microscopy. LC50 and LC90 were 0.23 and 0.47 ppm, respectively. The main alterations observed were the incapacity to complete the molt, a reduction of mobility, the fragmentation of the old cuticle, a division of the body segments that was not evident, and the deformation of the caudal structures. Images of the ultrastructure are included, where breaking zones in the cuticle were observed, separation of the cuticle, the epidermis and the muscles, and these latter with a disorganized arrangement. In low concentrations, from 0.15 ppm, diflubenzuron causes alterations in the behavior and morphology of Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Montaño-Reyes
- Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, campus Montecillo, Montecillo, Estado de México, México
| | - Celina Llanderal-Cázares
- Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, campus Montecillo, Montecillo, Estado de México, México
| | - Jorge Valdez-Carrasco
- Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, campus Montecillo, Montecillo, Estado de México, México
| | - Kalina Miranda-Perkins
- Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, campus Montecillo, Montecillo, Estado de México, México
| | - Hussein Sánchez-Arroyo
- Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, campus Montecillo, Montecillo, Estado de México, México
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65
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Pigeyre L, Schatz M, Ravallec M, Gasmi L, Nègre N, Clouet C, Seveno M, El Koulali K, Decourcelle M, Guerardel Y, Cot D, Dupressoir T, Gosselin-Grenet AS, Ogliastro M. Interaction of a Densovirus with Glycans of the Peritrophic Matrix Mediates Oral Infection of the Lepidopteran Pest Spodoptera frugiperda. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090870. [PMID: 31533310 PMCID: PMC6783882 DOI: 10.3390/v11090870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of oral infection by viruses depends on their capacity to overcome the gut epithelial barrier of their host to crossing over apical, mucous extracellular matrices. As orally transmitted viruses, densoviruses, are also challenged by the complexity of the insect gut barriers, more specifically by the chitinous peritrophic matrix, that lines and protects the midgut epithelium; how capsids stick to and cross these barriers to reach their final cell destination where replication goes has been poorly studied in insects. Here, we analyzed the early interaction of the Junonia coenia densovirus (JcDV) with the midgut barriers of caterpillars from the pest Spodoptera frugiperda. Using combination of imaging, biochemical, proteomic and transcriptomic analyses, we examined in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo the early interaction of the capsids with the peritrophic matrix and the consequence of early oral infection on the overall gut function. We show that the JcDV particle rapidly adheres to the peritrophic matrix through interaction with different glycans including chitin and glycoproteins, and that these interactions are necessary for oral infection. Proteomic analyses of JcDV binding proteins of the peritrophic matrix revealed mucins and non-mucins proteins including enzymes already known to act as receptors for several insect pathogens. In addition, we show that JcDV early infection results in an arrest of N-Acetylglucosamine secretion and a disruption in the integrity of the peritrophic matrix, which may help viral particles to pass through. Finally, JcDV early infection induces changes in midgut genes expression favoring an increased metabolism including an increased translational activity. These dysregulations probably participate to the overall dysfunction of the gut barrier in the early steps of viral pathogenesis. A better understanding of early steps of densovirus infection process is crucial to build biocontrol strategies against major insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Pigeyre
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), PSL Research Univ, DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRA, 34095 Montpellier, France.
- Diversité des Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes Insectes (DGIMI), Univ Montpellier, INRA, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Malvina Schatz
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), PSL Research Univ, DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRA, 34095 Montpellier, France.
- Diversité des Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes Insectes (DGIMI), Univ Montpellier, INRA, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Marc Ravallec
- Diversité des Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes Insectes (DGIMI), Univ Montpellier, INRA, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Leila Gasmi
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia I Biomedicina (ERI-BIOTECMED, Deaprtment of Genetics Faculty of Biological Sciences Univ Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Nicolas Nègre
- Diversité des Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes Insectes (DGIMI), Univ Montpellier, INRA, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Cécile Clouet
- Diversité des Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes Insectes (DGIMI), Univ Montpellier, INRA, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Martial Seveno
- BioCampus, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34000 Montpellier, France.
| | | | | | - Yann Guerardel
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF) Univ Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Didier Cot
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), Univ Montpellier, CBRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Thierry Dupressoir
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), PSL Research Univ, DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRA, 34095 Montpellier, France.
- Diversité des Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes Insectes (DGIMI), Univ Montpellier, INRA, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Anne-Sophie Gosselin-Grenet
- Diversité des Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes Insectes (DGIMI), Univ Montpellier, INRA, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Mylène Ogliastro
- Diversité des Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes Insectes (DGIMI), Univ Montpellier, INRA, 34095 Montpellier, France.
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Timoumi R, Buratti FM, Abid-Essefi S, Dorne JLCM, Testai E. Metabolism of triflumuron in the human liver: Contribution of cytochrome P450 isoforms and esterases. Toxicol Lett 2019; 312:173-180. [PMID: 31082524 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Triflumuron (TFM) is a benzoylurea insecticide commonly used in Tunisian agriculture and around the world to control crop pests and flies as a promising alternative to conventional insecticides for its arthropod specificity and low toxicity. From the evidence available in animal models, it can be expected that the metabolism of TFM is catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) and esterases. However, no data are available on human metabolism of TFM with regards to phase I metabolism and CYP isoform specificity. Hence, this manuscript describes experimental investigations to underpin in vitro phase I TFM metabolism in human samples for the first time. TFM biotransformation by recombinant human CYPs was characterized, then human liver microsomes (HLM) and chemical specific inhibitors have been used to identify the relative contribution of CYPs and esterases. Our results showed that all CYP isoforms were able to metabolize TFM with different affinity and efficiency. The relative contribution based both on the kinetic parameters and the CYP hepatic content was 3A4 > >2C9 > 2C8 > 2A6 > 1A2 > 2B6 > 2D6 > 2C19 > 2C18 > 1A1 at low TFM concentration, whilst at high TFM concentration it was 1A2 > >2C9 = 3A4 = 2A6 > 2C19 > 2B6 = 2C8 > 2D6 > 1A1 > 2C18. Experiments with HLMs confirmed the involvement of the most relevant CYPs in the presence of specific chemical inhibitors with a catalytic efficiency (Cliapp) lower by an order of magnitude compared with recombinant enzymes. Esterases were also relevant to the overall TFM kinetics and metabolism, with catalytic efficiency higher than that of CYPs. It is foreseen that such isoform-specific information in humans will further support in silico models for the refinement of the human risk assessment of single pesticides or mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Timoumi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia; Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Avenue Taher Haddad 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Franca M Buratti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Environment & Health Dept., Viale Regina Elena, 299, Roma, Italy.
| | - Salwa Abid-Essefi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jean-Lou C M Dorne
- EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), Via Carlo Magno, 1A, Parma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Testai
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Environment & Health Dept., Viale Regina Elena, 299, Roma, Italy
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67
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Khorshidi M, Pour Abad RF, Saber M, Zibaee A. Effects of hexaflumuron, lufenuron and chlorfluazuron on certain biological and physiological parameters of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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68
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Lee YS, Son J, Wee J, Kim Y, Kim DY, Kwon JH, Cho K. Contributions of egg production and egg hatching to the total toxicity of teflubenzuron in Yuukianura szeptyckii (Collembola) in soil toxicity test. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:26184-26192. [PMID: 31280445 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05892-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the standard ISO soil toxicity test using Collembola, adult survival and juvenile production are the only endpoints that can be attainable. The information on egg production and egg hatching cannot be investigated in the ISO test. To overcome this limitation, in this study, the effects of teflubenzuron on life history parameters of Yuukianura szeptyckii (Collembola) were investigated with a compressed soil test. Teflubenzuron is an insect growth regulator and has a negative effect on egg production, and egg hatching process of arthropods. LC50 decreased with increases in exposure period from 6.97 mg/kg in the third week to 3.60 mg/kg in the fourth week. The EC50 for egg and juvenile production was 0.57 mg/kg and 0.26 mg/kg, respectively. The hatching rate decreased significantly from 46 to 7% as the concentration increased from 0.25 to 1.00 mg/kg, respectively, and the molting frequency was significantly affected only at > 4 mg/kg. The toxic contribution rate (TCR) was defined as the ratio of juvenile production at an exposure concentration compared with the control, and a simple life history model was developed for TCR estimations. At the lower concentrations (< 0.3 mg/kg), the hatching rate reduction was a main contributor to the total toxicity, but the adult mortality and egg production reduction were the main contributors at the higher concentrations (> 2.0 mg/kg). The contribution of egg production reduction remained relatively constant. Since collembolan populations in the soil can be composed of various developmental stages, the differences in the sensitivity to chemicals depending on the developmental stages should be included in the assessment of the toxic impact on soil ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Sik Lee
- Ojeong Eco-Resilience Institute, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jino Son
- Ojeong Eco-Resilience Institute, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - June Wee
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongeun Kim
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, OJERI, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Yung Kim
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kijong Cho
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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69
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Ren J, Li C, Gao C, Xu JR, Jiang C, Wang G. Deletion of FgHOG1 Is Suppressive to the mgv1 Mutant by Stimulating Gpmk1 Activation and Avoiding Intracellular Turgor Elevation in Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1073. [PMID: 31178834 PMCID: PMC6538775 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium graminearum is an important disease of wheat and barley. Previous studies have showed that all three MAP kinase genes, MGV1, FgHOG1, and GPMK1, are involved in regulating hyphal growth, sexual reproduction, plant infection, and stress responses in this pathogen. To determine the relationship between the Mgv1 and FgHog1 pathways, in this study, we generated and characterized the mgv1 Fghog1 double mutant. Deletion of FgHOG1 partially rescued the defects of the mgv1 mutant in vegetative growth and cell wall integrity but had no effects on its defects in plant infection and DON production. The mgv1 Fghog1 mutant grew faster and was more tolerant to cell wall stressors than the mgv1 mutant. Swollen compartments and cell burst were observed frequently in the mgv1 mutant but rarely in the mgv1 Fghog1 mutant when treated with fungicide fludioxonil or cell wall stressor Congo red. Conversely, the deletion of MGV1 also alleviated the hyperosmotic sensitivity of the Fghog1 mutant in vegetative growth. TGY assays indicated increased phosphorylation of FgHog1 in the mgv1 mutant, and TEY assays further revealed elevated activation of Gpmk1 in the mgv1 Fghog1 double mutant, particularly under cell wall stress conditions. Overall, our data showed that deletion of FgHOG1 partially suppressed the defects of the mgv1 mutant, possibly by affecting genes related to cell wall integrity and osmoregulation via the over-activation of Gpmk1 MAP kinase and avoiding intracellular turgor elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Ren
- Purdue-NWAFU Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chengliang Li
- Purdue-NWAFU Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chengyu Gao
- Purdue-NWAFU Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Cong Jiang
- Purdue-NWAFU Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Purdue-NWAFU Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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70
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Muthukrishnan S, Merzendorfer H, Arakane Y, Yang Q. Chitin Organizing and Modifying Enzymes and Proteins Involved In Remodeling of the Insect Cuticle. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1142:83-114. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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71
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Focal distribution of diflubenzuron resistance mutations in Culex pipiens mosquitoes from Northern Italy. Acta Trop 2019; 193:106-112. [PMID: 30825446 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is a major threat for vector control and prevention of mosquito borne diseases. In the Culex pipiens mosquitoes, resistance against diflubenzuron (DFB) was firstly detected in Ravenna (Emilia-Romagna region, Northern Italy), in 2015. The resistant phenotypes were associated with two mutations, I1043 M and I1043 L, at the amino acid 1043 of the chitin synthase gene. In this study, we monitored the presence, frequency and geographical distribution of the DFB resistant mutations in Cx. pipiens populations from Northern Italy, and in populations from Greece and France. In the Emilia-Romagna region, the resistant mutations were detected in 20 out of the 30 populations analysed, reaching allelic frequencies over 70%. The presence and distribution of the resistance mutations was highly focal, with a clear pattern of increasing resistant allelic frequencies moving from the Western towards the Eastern provinces of Emilia-Romagna. Contrary to Italy, DFB resistant alleles were not detected in the Cx. pipiens mosquitoes sampled from Greece and France. Following statistical, literature and bibliographical database analyses on the history of DFB insecticide use in the study areas, we suggest that the selection pressures from the intense agricultural DFB applications occurring throughout the' 80-'90 s against orchard pests, followed, from 2000s onwards by mosquito control DFB applications, may account for the high mutation frequencies observed in the Cx. pipiens populations of the Eastern provinces of Emilia-Romagna. The findings are of major concern for public health in Italy and Europe, as DFB remains a very important insecticide used for controlling arbovirus mosquito vectors, where alternative larvicides are extremely limited.
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Junquera P, Hosking B, Gameiro M, Macdonald A. Benzoylphenyl ureas as veterinary antiparasitics. An overview and outlook with emphasis on efficacy, usage and resistance. Parasite 2019; 26:26. [PMID: 31041897 PMCID: PMC6492539 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Six benzoylphenyl ureas are currently used in formulations approved as veterinary medicines: diflubenzuron for fly control mainly on cattle, lice and blowfly strike control on sheep, and lice control on farmed salmonids; lufenuron for flea control on dogs and cats and for lice control on farmed salmonids; triflumuron for lice and blowfly strike control on sheep; fluazuron for tick control on cattle; teflubenzuron for lice control on farmed salmon; and novaluron for fly and tick control on cattle and for flea control on dogs. Resistance to diflubenzuron and triflumuron has already been reported for sheep body lice and blowflies, and to fluazuron in cattle ticks. These and other minor veterinary usages, as well as the current status of resistance, are reviewed and perspectives for future opportunities are discussed based on unexplored potentials and threats posed by future resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barry Hosking
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Elanco Australasia Pty. Limited Kemps Creek 2178
NSW Australia
| | - Marta Gameiro
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Elanco Canada Limited 150 Research Lane, Suite 120 Guelph ON
N1G 4T2 Canada
| | - Alicia Macdonald
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Elanco Canada Limited 150 Research Lane, Suite 120 Guelph ON
N1G 4T2 Canada
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73
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Samal S, Mishra CSK, Sahoo S. Setal-epidermal, muscular and enzymatic anomalies induced by certain agrochemicals in the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:8039-8049. [PMID: 30684186 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Eudrilus eugeniae, the vermicomposing worm, is found in considerable numbers in agricultural fields in India due to their eventual transfer through vermimanure. These worms are very often exposed to pesticides, herbicides, chemical fertilisers and other soil amendments. This paper reports the effects of variable concentrations of urea, phosphogypsum (PG), paper mill sludge (PMS) and two organophosphorus agrochemicals, monocrotophos and glyphosate, on certain morphological, histological and biochemical parameters of E. eugeniae. Results indicated setal anomalies, epidermal lesions, clitellar swelling and constriction of the body. Disintegration of connective tissue, vacuolation of dermis and significant alterations in protein, lipid peroxidation levels and activities of lactate dehydrogenase, acetylcholinesterase and catalase have also been observed in the treated worms. It is proposed that setae, connective tissue, protein and enzymes in E. eugeniae could be useful markers to evaluate toxicity due to the test chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryasikha Samal
- Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India.
| | - C S K Mishra
- Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Sunanda Sahoo
- School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, 768019, India
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74
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Tetreau G, Wang P. Chitinous Structures as Potential Targets for Insect Pest Control. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1142:273-292. [PMID: 31102251 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitinous structures are physiologically fundamental in insects. They form the insect exoskeleton, play important roles in physiological systems and provide physical, chemical and biological protections in insects. As critically important structures in insects, chitinous structures are attractive target sites for the development of new insect-pest-control strategies. Chitinous structures in insects are complex and their formation and maintenance are dynamically regulated with the growth and development of insects. In the past few decades, studies on insect chitinous structures have shed lights on the physiological functions, compositions, structural formation, and regulation of the chitinous structures. Current understanding of the chitinous structures has indicated opportunities for exploring new target sites for insect control. Mechanisms to disrupt chitinous structures in insects have been studied and strategies for the potential development of new means of insect control by targeting chitinous structures have been proposed and are practically to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tetreau
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA.
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75
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Liu X, Zhang J, Zhu KY. Chitin in Arthropods: Biosynthesis, Modification, and Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1142:169-207. [PMID: 31102247 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is a structural constituent of extracellular matrices including the cuticle of the exoskeleton and the peritrophic matrix (PM) of the midgut in arthropods. Chitin chains are synthesized through multiple biochemical reactions, organized in several hierarchical levels and associated with various proteins that give their unique physicochemical characteristics of the cuticle and PM. Because, arthropod growth and morphogenesis are dependent on the capability of remodeling chitin-containing structures, chitin biosynthesis and degradation are highly regulated, allowing ecdysis and regeneration of the cuticle and PM. Over the past 20 years, much progress has been made in understanding the physiological functions of chitinous matrices. In this chapter, we mainly discussed the biochemical processes of chitin biosynthesis, modification and degradation, and various enzymes involved in these processes. We also discussed cuticular proteins and PM proteins, which largely determine the physicochemical properties of the cuticle and PM. Although rapid advances in genomics, proteomics, RNA interference, and other technologies have considerably facilitated our research in chitin biosynthesis, modification, and metabolism in recent years, many aspects of these processes are still partially understood. Further research is needed in understanding how the structural organization of chitin synthase in plasma membrane accommodate chitin biosynthesis, transport of chitin chain across the plasma membrane, and release of the chitin chain from the enzyme. Other research is also needed in elucidating the roles of chitin deacetylases in chitin organization and the mechanism controlling the formation of different types of chitin in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China.
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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76
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Wang H, Xie Y, Jiao M, Hu X, Li J, Xu P, Zhang Y, Chang J. Metabolism of Diflubenzuron in Lizard ( Eremias argus) and Comparative Toxicity of Diflubenzuron and Its Metabolite. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11640-11646. [PMID: 30346759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic process of diflubenzuron in rat or fish has been well studied, but little is known about its elimination pathway in lizard. The current study predicted the metabolic route of diflubenzuron in lizard feces and compared the toxicity of diflubenzuron and 4-chloroaniline on lizard thyroid system. The amido bond cleavage was the major route for diflubenzuron elimination in lizard feces. 4-Chloroaniline as the most toxic diflubenzuron metabolite was also abundant in feces. According to liver slices, 4-chloroaniline exposure induced significant changes of nuclear shape, while diflubenzuron exposure caused significant hepatocytes clustering. On the basis of thyroid hormone and thyroid-related gene levels, triiodothyronine (T3) level in lizard liver was regulated by thyroid hormone receptors, while thyroxine (T4) concentration was modulated by dio2 and udp genes after diflubenzuron or 4-chloroaniline exposure. These results showed that both diflubenzuron and 4-chloroaniline could disrupt lizard thyroid system, which could provide evidence for lizard population decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shuangqing RD 18 , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Yun Xie
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shuangqing RD 18 , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yuquan RD 19 a , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Meng Jiao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shuangqing RD 18 , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yuquan RD 19 a , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shuangqing RD 18 , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yuquan RD 19 a , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Jitong Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shuangqing RD 18 , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Peng Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shuangqing RD 18 , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shuangqing RD 18 , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Jing Chang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shuangqing RD 18 , Beijing 100085 , China
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77
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Tan D, Hu H, Tong X, Han M, Wu S, Ding X, Dai F, Lu C. Comparative Analysis of the Integument Transcriptomes between Stick Mutant and Wild-Type Silkworms. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103158. [PMID: 30322193 PMCID: PMC6214029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In insects, the integument provides mechanical support for the whole body and protects them from infections, physical and chemical injuries, and dehydration. Diversity in integument properties is often related to body shape, behavior, and survival rate. The stick (sk) silkworm is a spontaneous mutant with a stick-like larval body that is firm to the touch and, thus, less flexible. Analysis of the mechanical properties of the cuticles at day 3 of the fifth instar (L5D3) of sk larvae revealed higher storage modulus and lower loss tangent. Transcriptome sequencing identified a total of 19,969 transcripts that were expressed between wild-type Dazao and the sk mutant at L5D2, of which 11,596 transcripts were novel and detected in the integument. Differential expression analyses identified 710 upregulated genes and 1009 downregulated genes in the sk mutant. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis indicated that four chitin-binding peritrophin A domain genes and a chitinase gene were upregulated, whereas another four chitin-binding peritrophin A domain genes, a trehalase, and nine antimicrobial peptides were downregulated. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated that two functional pathways, namely, fructose and mannose metabolism and tyrosine metabolism, were significantly enriched with differentially-expressed transcripts. This study provides a foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of the stiff exoskeleton in the sk mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Hai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Xiaoling Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Minjin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Songyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Xin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Fangyin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Cheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Zhang T, Liu W, Li D, Gao L, Ma E, Zhu KY, Moussian B, Li S, Zhang J. LmCht5-1 promotes pro-nymphal molting during locust embryonic development. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 101:124-130. [PMID: 30196080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases, key enzymes involved in degradation of chitin, have been repeatedly shown to play an indispensable role during insect post-embryonic molting processes at stage transitions. However, how chitinases affect insect embryonic development remains to be analyzed. In this study, we investigated the role of chitinase 5-1 (LmCht5-1) during embryonic development of the hemimetabolous insect Locusta migratoria. LmCht5-1 transcript levels were high in pro-nymphs during late embryogenesis. The respective protein localized to both the pro-nymphal and, to a much lesser extent, the newly formed nymphal cuticle. After injection of double stranded RNA against LmCht5-1 into 8 days old embryos, LmCht5-1 transcripts were strongly reduced. Most of dsLmCht5-1-injected pro-nymphs failed to develop to first-instar nymphs and died at or before hatching. Histological analyzes showed that degradation of the pro-nymph cuticle was blocked in these animals. At the ultra-structural level, we found that LmCht5-1 was needed for the degradation of the lamellar procuticle, while the separation of the procuticle from the epicuticle and epidermis (apolysis) was independent of LmCht5-1 function. Taken together, our results indicate that LmCht5-1 and other yet unknown degrading enzymes act in parallel at distinct positions of the cuticle during molting of the pro-nymph to the first-instar nymph during locust embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Daqi Li
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China; Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030031, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Enbo Ma
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, 123 Waters Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | | | - Sheng Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Sciences and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China.
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79
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Ning X, Wang Y, Yan W, Li G, Sang N. Chitin synthesis inhibitors promote liver cancer cell metastasis via interfering with hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 206:231-237. [PMID: 29753285 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs), as alternatives to conventional insecticides, have been in worldwide demand in recent years. However, little attention has been paid to the potential ecological safety and health risks of CSIs, especially their abilities to interfere with nonsexual hormone receptors such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). In this work, we conducted a systematic study regarding the influence of CSIs on HIF-1α-related liver cancer cell metastasis. The dual-luciferase reporter gene assay revealed that two of fourteen CSIs exhibited dose-response HIF-1α agonistic activities at noncytotoxic concentrations with relative luciferase activity (RLA) values of 25.6% for diflubenzuron (DFB) and 20.9% for triflumuron (TFM). Following this result, in vitro bioassays demonstrated that both DFB and TFM stimulated HepG2 cell migration and invasion. This action was associated with the varied expression levels of genes involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) activation and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, such as the upregulation of fibronectin (FN1) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and the suppression of E-cadherin (E-cad) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2). Moreover, changes in these EMT and ECM phenotype markers were dramatically blocked by a HIF-1α inhibitor (KC7F2), which further verified the involvement of HIF-1α in CSI-induced HepG2 cell metastasis. For the first time, our findings reveal that CSIs play crucial roles in promoting the metastasis of human liver cancer cells and that HIF-1α is potentially responsible for these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ning
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Wei Yan
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Guangke Li
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China.
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80
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Poley JD, Braden LM, Messmer AM, Igboeli OO, Whyte SK, Macdonald A, Rodriguez J, Gameiro M, Rufener L, Bouvier J, Wadowska DW, Koop BF, Hosking BC, Fast MD. High level efficacy of lufenuron against sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) linked to rapid impact on moulting processes. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2018; 8:174-188. [PMID: 29627513 PMCID: PMC6039351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance in the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis is a global issue for Atlantic salmon aquaculture. Multiple resistance has been described across most available compound classes with the exception of the benzoylureas. To target this gap in effective management of L. salmonis and other species of sea lice (e.g. Caligus spp.), Elanco Animal Health is developing an in-feed treatment containing lufenuron (a benzoylurea) to be administered prior to seawater transfer of salmon smolts and to provide long-term protection of salmon against sea lice infestations. Benzoylureas disrupt chitin synthesis, formation, and deposition during all moulting events. However, the mechanism(s) of action are not yet fully understood and most research completed to date has focused on insects. We exposed the first parasitic stage of L. salmonis to 700 ppb lufenuron for three hours and observed over 90% reduction in survival to the chalimus II life stage on the host, as compared to vehicle controls. This agrees with a follow up in vivo administration study on the host, which showed >95% reduction by the chalimus I stage. Transcriptomic responses of salmon lice exposed to lufenuron included genes related to moulting, epithelial differentiation, solute transport, and general developmental processes. Global metabolite profiles also suggest that membrane stability and fluidity is impacted in treated lice. These molecular signals are likely the underpinnings of an abnormal moulting process and cuticle formation observed ultrastructurally using transmission electron microscopy. Treated nauplii-staged lice exhibited multiple abnormalities in the integument, suggesting that the coordinated assembly of the epi- and procuticle is impaired. In all cases, treatment with lufenuron had rapid impacts on L. salmonis development. We describe multiple experiments to characterize the efficacy of lufenuron on eggs, larvae, and parasitic stages of L. salmonis, and provide the most comprehensive assessment of the physiological responses of a marine arthropod to a benzoylurea chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Poley
- Hoplite Lab, Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Laura M Braden
- Hoplite Lab, Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Amber M Messmer
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria BC, V8W 3N5, Canada.
| | - Okechukwu O Igboeli
- Hoplite Lab, Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Shona K Whyte
- Hoplite Lab, Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Alicia Macdonald
- Elanco Canada Limited, 150 Research Lane, Guelph, Ontario N1G 4T2, Canada.
| | - Jose Rodriguez
- Elanco Canada Limited, 150 Research Lane, Guelph, Ontario N1G 4T2, Canada.
| | - Marta Gameiro
- Elanco Canada Limited, 150 Research Lane, Guelph, Ontario N1G 4T2, Canada.
| | - Lucien Rufener
- Elanco Centre de Recherche Santé Animale SA, CH-1566 St.-Aubin, Switzerland; INVENesis LLC, Chemin de Belleroche 14, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Jacques Bouvier
- Elanco Centre de Recherche Santé Animale SA, CH-1566 St.-Aubin, Switzerland; INVENesis LLC, Chemin de Belleroche 14, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Dorota W Wadowska
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Ben F Koop
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria BC, V8W 3N5, Canada.
| | - Barry C Hosking
- Elanco Canada Limited, 150 Research Lane, Guelph, Ontario N1G 4T2, Canada.
| | - Mark D Fast
- Hoplite Lab, Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
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81
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Mokhtari M, Jackson MD, Brown AS, Ackerley DF, Ritson NJ, Keyzers RA, Munkacsi AB. Bioactivity-Guided Metabolite Profiling of Feijoa ( Acca sellowiana) Cultivars Identifies 4-Cyclopentene-1,3-dione as a Potent Antifungal Inhibitor of Chitin Synthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:5531-5539. [PMID: 29546758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi continue to develop resistance against current antifungal drugs. To explore the potential of agricultural waste products as a source of novel antifungal compounds, we obtained an unbiased GC-MS profile of 151 compounds from 16 commercial and experimental cultivars of feijoa peels. Multivariate analysis correlated 93% of the compound profiles with antifungal bioactivities. Of the 18 compounds that significantly correlated with antifungal activity, 5 had not previously been described from feijoa. Two novel cultivars were the most bioactive, and the compound 4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione, detected in these cultivars, was potently antifungal (IC50 = 1-2 μM) against human-pathogenic Candida species. Haploinsufficiency and fluorescence microscopy analyses determined that the synthesis of chitin, a fungal-cell-wall polysaccharide, was the target of 4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione. This fungal-specific mechanism was consistent with a 22-70-fold reduction in antibacterial activity. Overall, we identified the agricultural waste product of specific cultivars of feijoa peels as a source of potential high-value antifungal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mokhtari
- School of Biological Sciences , Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6012 , New Zealand
| | - Michael D Jackson
- School of Biological Sciences , Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6012 , New Zealand
| | - Alistair S Brown
- School of Biological Sciences , Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6012 , New Zealand
| | - David F Ackerley
- School of Biological Sciences , Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6012 , New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery , Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6012 , New Zealand
| | | | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery , Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6012 , New Zealand
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences , Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6012 , New Zealand
| | - Andrew B Munkacsi
- School of Biological Sciences , Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6012 , New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery , Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6012 , New Zealand
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82
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Effect of high concentrations of lufenuron, pyriproxyfen and hydroprene on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus. Vet Parasitol 2018; 256:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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83
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Chitin, chitinases, and chitin lectins: Emerging roles in human pathophysiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:253-262. [PMID: 30266339 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is a simple β-linked repeating sugar polymer prominent in the building block structures of a wide variety of organisms, from the yeast cell wall to the exoskeleton and shells of arthropods and other forms of invertebrate life. It had previously been assumed that vertebrates did not contain chitins. However, chitin and chitinases are now documented to occur in vertebrate tissues. Chitin, chitinases and particularly chitinase-like proteins are involved in important human pathologies, though the mechanisms by which these function is unknown. These chitinase-like proteins bind to chitin and function as chitin lectins in that they bind to chitin but have lost the ability to degrade it. Emphasis is placed on one of the chitinase-like proteins, CHI3L1, that has acquired wide clinical importance. The purpose of this review is to place an array of bewildering observations associated with various human disorders into a framework, particularly the pathologies of the human gastro-intestinal tract. A reasonably cohesive story may eventually emerge.
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84
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Ning X, Ku T, Gao R, Ji X, Li G, Sang N. In vitro PPARγ agonistic potential of chitin synthesis inhibitors and their energy metabolism-related hepatotoxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:1126-1132. [PMID: 29751418 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs) in integrated pest management programs has a detrimental effect on the surrounding environment. Recent studies reveal that CSIs may affect non-target organisms at sublethal concentrations, highlighting the need for further ecological and health risk investigations of these compounds. In this study, we characterized the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonistic activity of fourteen CSIs in HepG2 cells using an in vitro reporter gene assay. Five of the tested CSIs showed remarkable PPARγ-mediated transactivation, and the relative agonistic potencies were diflubenzuron>chlorfluazuron>flucycloxuron>noviflumuron>flufenoxuron based on REC20 values. In addition, molecular docking indicated that different interactions may stabilize ligand binding to PPARγ. Next, we clarified that sublethal concentration of diflubenzuron caused a shift in cellular energy metabolism from the aerobic tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to anaerobic glycolysis and this process was associated with the activation of PPARγ. These findings suggest that CSIs act as PPARγ agonists and exert diverse hepatotoxic effects by disrupting energy metabolism at sublethal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ning
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Tingting Ku
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Rui Gao
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Ji
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Guangke Li
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China.
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85
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Sun D, Guo Z, Liu Y, Zhang Y. Progress and Prospects of CRISPR/Cas Systems in Insects and Other Arthropods. Front Physiol 2017; 8:608. [PMID: 28932198 PMCID: PMC5592444 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and the CRISPR-associated gene Cas9 represent an invaluable system for the precise editing of genes in diverse species. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is an adaptive mechanism that enables bacteria and archaeal species to resist invading viruses and phages or plasmids. Compared with zinc finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has the advantage of requiring less time and effort. This efficient technology has been used in many species, including diverse arthropods that are relevant to agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and public health; however, there is no review that systematically summarizes its successful application in the editing of both insect and non-insect arthropod genomes. Thus, this paper seeks to provide a comprehensive and impartial overview of the progress of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in different arthropods, reviewing not only fundamental studies related to gene function exploration and experimental optimization but also applied studies in areas such as insect modification and pest control. In addition, we also describe the latest research advances regarding two novel CRISPR/Cas systems (CRISPR/Cpf1 and CRISPR/C2c2) and discuss their future prospects for becoming crucial technologies in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Sun
- Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan UniversityChangsha, China.,Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Zhaojiang Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
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86
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Locomotion Inhibition of Cimex lectularius L. Following Topical, Sublethal Dose Application of the Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor Lufenuron. INSECTS 2017; 8:insects8030094. [PMID: 28862646 PMCID: PMC5620714 DOI: 10.3390/insects8030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To date, few studies have evaluated chitin synthesis inhibitors against bed bugs, although they would provide an alternative mode of action to circumvent insecticide resistance. Acute and sublethal effects of lufenuron were evaluated against two strains of the common bed bug. Combined acute and sublethal effects were used to calculate effective doses. The dose that was effective against 50% of Harlan strain bed bugs was 0.0081% (w/v), and was much higher against Bradenton strain bed bugs (1.11% w/v). Sublethal doses were chosen to determine the effect that leg abnormalities had on pulling force. Both Harlan and Bradenton strain bed bugs had significantly lower locomotion ability (p < 0.0001) following topical application of lufenuron. The observed sublethal effects that limit locomotion could prevent bed bugs from moving within a domicile and taking a blood meal, subsequently reducing a bed bug population over time.
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87
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Cruz RADL, Zanuncio JC, Lacerda MC, Wilcken CF, Fernandes FL, Tavares WDS, Soares MA, Sediyama CS. Side-effects of pesticides on the generalist endoparasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Sci Rep 2017; 7:10064. [PMID: 28855720 PMCID: PMC5577138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
New plant protection strategies focus on minimizing chemical pesticide use and increasing their compatibility with biological control agents. The objective was to evaluate the side-effects of glyphosate, diflubenzuron, malathion, tebuconazole and triflumuron (at 720, 45, 400, 150 and 20 g ai ha-1, respectively), pesticides authorized for soybean crops in Brazil, on the parasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reared on Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The emergence and female numbers produced per P. elaeisis female were higher in A. gemmatalis pupae from caterpillars fed an artificial diet treated with glyphosate. However, emergence was lower than 50% when the caterpillars were fed on soybean leaves treated with glyphosate offered ad libitum (3-5 times). Palmistichus elaeisis died before parasiting A. gemmatalis pupae treated with malathion. Diflubenzuron reduced the P. elaesis sex ratio in the second generation. Tebuconazole and triflumuron did not cause side-effects on this parasitoid. A continuous exposure to glyphosate by the host may lead to side-effects on P. elaeisis emergence, but its moderate use is acceptable for this parasitoid. Diflubenzuron had severe transgenerational side-effects. Tebuconazole fungicide and triflumuron insecticide are compatible with P. elaeisis in sustainable integrated pest management (IPM) programs, while malathion can not be included in them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Cola Zanuncio
- Departamento de Entomologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Mabio Chrisley Lacerda
- Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Santo Antônio de Goiás, 75375-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Frederico Wilcken
- Departamento de Proteção Vegetal, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", 18610-307, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Flávio Lemes Fernandes
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 38810-000, Rio Paranaíba, Brazil
| | | | - Marcus Alvarenga Soares
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 391000-000, Diamantina, Brazil
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88
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Characterization and RNAi-mediated knockdown of Chitin Synthase A in the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9502. [PMID: 28842624 PMCID: PMC5573318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a major component of insect exoskeleton, tracheal system and gut where it is synthesized by chitin synthase (CHS) enzymes. In this paper, we report the isolation and RNAi of chitin synthase A (PhoCHSA) from the potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella. The full-length cDNA of PhoCHSA is 5,627 bp with 4,689 bp open reading frame coding for 1,563 amino acids. Structural analysis of conceptual amino acid translation showed three distinct regions found in all known insect CHS proteins; N-terminus region having 9 transmembrane helices, middle catalytic region containing several conserved domains identified in insect CHS enzymes, and C-terminus region containing seven transmembrane spans. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PhoCHSA protein clustered with CHSA enzymes identified from insects from different insect orders. RNAi targeting three different regions of the gene showed different efficacy against potato tuber moth larvae and dsRNA targeting the 5′ region has the highest efficacy. Results were verified by qRT-PCR which showed that dsRNA targeting the 5′ region caused the highest reduction in PhoCHSA mRNA level. Our results show the importance of selecting the RNAi target region and that chitin synthase A can be a suitable RNAi target for the potato tuber moth control.
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89
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Suzuki Y, Shiotsuki T, Jouraku A, Miura K, Minakuchi C. Benzoylurea resistance in western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae): the presence of a point mutation in chitin synthase 1. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2017; 42:93-96. [PMID: 30364015 PMCID: PMC6183332 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d17-023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We examined the susceptibility of field strains (BO-1, BO-2, TO-1, and YH-1) and one laboratory strain (H-1) of the western flower thrip, Frankliniella occidentalis, to benzoylureas. LC50 values of novaluron were determined as 0.64 ppm against laboratory strain and 2.1-130 ppm against field strains. In the presence of piperonyl butoxide, a cytochrome P450 inhibitor, the insecticidal activity of novaluron tended to be enhanced. To examine whether point mutations in chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) discovered in an etoxazole-resistant strain of Tetranychus urticae and a benzoylurea-resistant strain of Plutella xylostella exist in F. occidentalis, the nucleotide sequence of CHS1 was analyzed. We found a nonsynonymous substitution that corresponded to the location of the mutations found in T. urticae and P. xylostella in the field strains of F. occidentalis but not in the laboratory strain, indicating that this point mutation might be associated with the benzoylurea resistance exhibited by the field strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464–8601, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shiotsuki
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305–8634, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue 690–8504, Japan
| | - Akiya Jouraku
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305–8634, Japan
| | - Ken Miura
- Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464–8601, Japan
| | - Chieka Minakuchi
- Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464–8601, Japan
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90
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Chen Q, Zhang JW, Chen LL, Yang J, Yang XL, Ling Y, Yang Q. Design and synthesis of chitin synthase inhibitors as potent fungicides. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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91
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Gohlke S, Muthukrishnan S, Merzendorfer H. In Vitro and In Vivo Studies on the Structural Organization of Chs3 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E702. [PMID: 28346351 PMCID: PMC5412288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin biosynthesis in yeast is accomplished by three chitin synthases (Chs) termed Chs1, Chs2 and Chs3, of which the latter accounts for most of the chitin deposited within the cell wall. While the overall structures of Chs1 and Chs2 are similar to those of other chitin synthases from fungi and arthropods, Chs3 lacks some of the C-terminal transmembrane helices raising questions regarding its structure and topology. To fill this gap of knowledge, we performed bioinformatic analyses and protease protection assays that revealed significant information about the catalytic domain, the chitin-translocating channel and the interfacial helices in between. In particular, we identified an amphipathic, crescent-shaped α-helix attached to the inner side of the membrane that presumably controls the channel entrance and a finger helix pushing the polymer into the channel. Evidence has accumulated in the past years that chitin synthases form oligomeric complexes, which may be necessary for the formation of chitin nanofibrils. However, the functional significance for living yeast cells has remained elusive. To test Chs3 oligomerization in vivo, we used bimolecular fluorescence complementation. We detected oligomeric complexes at the bud neck, the lateral plasma membrane, and in membranes of Golgi vesicles, and analyzed their transport route using various trafficking mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gohlke
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49068 Osnabrück, Germany.
- Institute of Biology, University of Siegen, 57068 Siegen, Germany.
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas-State University, Manhattan 66506, KS, USA.
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49068 Osnabrück, Germany.
- Institute of Biology, University of Siegen, 57068 Siegen, Germany.
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92
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Douris V, Steinbach D, Panteleri R, Livadaras I, Pickett JA, Van Leeuwen T, Nauen R, Vontas J. Resistance mutation conserved between insects and mites unravels the benzoylurea insecticide mode of action on chitin biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:14692-14697. [PMID: 27930336 PMCID: PMC5187681 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618258113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the major role of chitin biosynthesis inhibitors such as benzoylureas (BPUs) in the control of pests in agricultural and public health for almost four decades, their molecular mode of action (MoA) has in most cases remained elusive. BPUs interfere with chitin biosynthesis and were thought to interact with sulfonylurea receptors that mediate chitin vesicle transport. Here, we uncover a mutation (I1042M) in the chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) gene of BPU-resistant Plutella xylostella at the same position as the I1017F mutation reported in spider mites that confers etoxazole resistance. Using a genome-editing CRISPR/Cas9 approach coupled with homology-directed repair (HDR) in Drosophila melanogaster, we introduced both substitutions (I1056M/F) in the corresponding fly CHS1 gene (kkv). Homozygous lines bearing either of these mutations were highly resistant to etoxazole and all tested BPUs, as well as buprofezin-an important hemipteran chitin biosynthesis inhibitor. This provides compelling evidence that BPUs, etoxazole, and buprofezin share in fact the same molecular MoA and directly interact with CHS. This finding has immediate effects on resistance management strategies of major agricultural pests but also on mosquito vectors of serious human diseases such as Dengue and Zika, as diflubenzuron, the standard BPU, is one of the few effective larvicides in use. The study elaborates on how genome editing can directly, rapidly, and convincingly elucidate the MoA of bioactive molecules, especially when target sites are complex and hard to reconstitute in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Douris
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Laboratory of Molecular Entomology, Department of Biology, University of Crete, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Denise Steinbach
- Bayer CropScience AG, R&D Pest Control Biology, D-40789 Mannheim, Germany
- Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Rafaela Panteleri
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Laboratory of Molecular Entomology, Department of Biology, University of Crete, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioannis Livadaras
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - John Anthony Pickett
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Hertfordshire, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer CropScience AG, R&D Pest Control Biology, D-40789 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, GR-11855 Athens, Greece
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93
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Sandoval-Mojica AF, Scharf ME. Silencing gut genes associated with the peritrophic matrix of Reticulitermes flavipes (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) increases susceptibility to termiticides. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 25:734-744. [PMID: 27515783 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The peritrophic matrix (PM) is a noncellular structure that lines the gut of most insects. Because of its close involvement in digestive processes and its role as a barrier against pathogens and toxins, the PM is an attractive target for pest management strategies. The objectives of this study were to (1) reduce the expression of a chitin synthase gene (Reticulitermes flavipes chitin synthase B, RfCHSB), a putative peritrophin [R. flavipes Protein with Peritrophin-A domain 1, (RfPPAD1)] and a confirmed peritrophin [R. flavipes Protein with Peritrophin-A domain 2 (RfPPAD2)] in R. flavipes by means of RNA interference, and (2) to evaluate the susceptibility of R. flavipes to termiticides and a bacterial pathogen, after silencing the target genes. Force feeding termites with 55 and 100 ng of long double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), targeting RfCHSB and RfPPAD2, respectively, resulted in the highest levels of transcript suppression. RfCHSB expression was reduced by 70%, whereas the transcript level of RfPPAD2 was decreased by 90%. Force feeding 100 ng/termite of a long RfPPAD1 dsRNA reduced the expression of the transcript by 30%. Challenging termites with imidacloprid, chlorantraniliprole and noviflumuron, after silencing RfCHSB, significantly increased termite mortality. Force feeding termites a dsRNA cocktail, targeting RfCHSB, RfPPAD1 and RfPPAD2, caused the highest significant increase in termite mortality after challenging the insects with imidacloprid. These results demonstrate the viability of the R. flavipes PM as a target in termite pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M E Scharf
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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94
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Hayakawa Y, Kato D, Kamiya K, Minakuchi C, Miura K. Chitin synthase 1 gene is crucial to antifungal host defense of the model beetle, Tribolium castaneum. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 143:26-34. [PMID: 27867018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the insect cuticle as a primary protective barrier against entomopathogens has long been noted. In the present study, we addressed this issue by utilizing an experimental infection system composed of the model beetle T. castaneum and two entomopathogenic fungal species, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. The pupae were relatively susceptible to these fungi by the natural route of infection, with some refractoriness developed with age, while the adults exhibited much higher refractoriness. Whereas M. anisopliae exhibited seemingly higher infectivity to the pupae compared to B. bassiana when the natural conidium infection was employed, direct inoculation of cultured hyphal body cells into the hemocoel was found highly and equally virulent in the pupae for the both fungal species. These results collectively suggest an important role of the cuticular integument in antifungal host defense, and we subsequently conducted the knockdown of chitin synthase 1 gene (CHS1). We targeted the prepupal and mid-pupal peaks of its expression respectively by using injection of the dsRNA at very low dosages to avoid lethality. The resulting pupae looked normal, but the adults showed a mild phenotype with dimpled/wrinkled elytra. The CHS1 gene knockdown compromised significantly host defense against the fungal infection via the natural route, except the configuration of knockdown pupae and M. anisopliae, suggesting an indispensable role of CHS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Hayakawa
- Applied Entomology Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Daiki Kato
- Applied Entomology Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Katsumi Kamiya
- Applied Entomology Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Chieka Minakuchi
- Applied Entomology Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ken Miura
- Applied Entomology Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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95
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A deep insight into the whole transcriptome of midguts, ovaries and salivary glands of the Amblyomma sculptum tick. Parasitol Int 2016; 66:64-73. [PMID: 27789388 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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96
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Triflumuron Effects on the Physiology and Reproduction of Rhodnius prolixus Adult Females. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8603140. [PMID: 27822479 PMCID: PMC5086386 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8603140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy of the growth regulator triflumuron (TFM) in inducing mortality and disrupting both oviposition and egg hatching in Rhodnius prolixus adult females. TFM was administered via feeding, topically or by continuous contact with impregnated surfaces. Feeding resulted in mild biological effects compared with topical and impregnated surfaces. One day after treatment, the highest mortality levels were observed with topical surface and 30 days later both topical and impregnated surfaces induced higher mortalities than feeding. Oral treatment inhibited oviposition even at lower doses, and hatching of eggs deposited by treated females was similarly affected by the three delivery modes. Topical treatment of eggs deposited by nontreated females significantly reduced hatching. However, treatment per contact of eggs oviposited by untreated females did not disrupt eclosion. Additionally, oral treatment increased the number of immature oocytes per female, and topical treatment reduced the mean size of oocytes. TFM also affected carcass chitin content, diuresis, and innate immunity of treated insects. These results suggest that TFM acts as a potent growth inhibitor of R. prolixus adult females and has the potential to be used in integrated vector control programs against hematophagous triatomine species.
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97
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A New Class of Glucosyl Thioureas: Synthesis and Larvicidal Activities. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070925. [PMID: 27438819 PMCID: PMC6274248 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of glucosyl thioureas were synthesized in good overall yields (up to 37% over four steps) from d-glucose and primary amines, and their larvicidal activities toward Mythimna separata Walker were also investigated. This new class of glucosyl thioureas demonstrated low to moderate growth inhibition activity of Mythiman separata Walker, with a growth inhibitory rate of up to 47.5% at a concentration of 100.0 mg/L in acetone.
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98
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Zhang J, Liu J, Ma Y, Ren D, Cheng P, Zhao J, Zhang F, Yao Y. One-pot synthesis and antifungal activity against plant pathogens of quinazolinone derivatives containing an amide moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2273-7. [PMID: 27040656 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An efficient one-pot, three-component synthesis of quinazolinone derivatives containing 3-acrylamino motif was carried out using CeO2 nanoparticles as catalyst. Thirty-nine synthesized compounds were obtained with satisfied yield and elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. Four phytopathogenic fungi were chosen to test the antifungal activities by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Compounds 4ag, 4bb, 4bc showed broad antifungal activities against at least three fungi, and dramatic effects of substituents on the activities were observed. Docking studies were established to explore the potential antifungal mechanism of quinazolinone derivatives as the chitinase inhibitors, and also verified the importance of the amide moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Jia Liu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Yangmin Ma
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Decheng Ren
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Pei Cheng
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Jiawen Zhao
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Institute of Theoretical and Simulational Chemistry, Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, PR China
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99
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Zhu KY, Merzendorfer H, Zhang W, Zhang J, Muthukrishnan S. Biosynthesis, Turnover, and Functions of Chitin in Insects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 61:177-96. [PMID: 26982439 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is a major component of the exoskeleton and the peritrophic matrix of insects. It forms complex structures in association with different assortments of cuticle and peritrophic matrix proteins to yield biocomposites with a wide range of physicochemical and mechanical properties. The growth and development of insects are intimately coupled with the biosynthesis, turnover, and modification of chitin. The genes encoding numerous enzymes of chitin metabolism and proteins that associate with and organize chitin have been uncovered by bioinformatics analyses. Many of these proteins are encoded by sets of large gene families. There is specialization among members within each family, which function in particular tissues or developmental stages. Chitin-containing matrices are dynamically modified at every developmental stage and are under developmental and/or physiological control. A thorough understanding of the diverse processes associated with the assembly and turnover of these chitinous matrices offers many strategies to achieve selective pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wenqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China;
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506; ,
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100
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Lillicrap A, Macken A, Thomas KV. Recommendations for the inclusion of targeted testing to improve the regulatory environmental risk assessment of veterinary medicines used in aquaculture. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 85:1-4. [PMID: 26291502 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lillicrap
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadaléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ailbhe Macken
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadaléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadaléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
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