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Abiedalla Y, DeRuiter J, Clark CR. GC–MS, GC–MS/MS and GC-IR differentiation of desoxy cathinone derivatives: Cyclic tertiary amines related to MDPV. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1048:38-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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52
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Abiedalla Y, DeRuiter J, Clark CR. GC–MS, GC–MS/MS and GC-IR differentiation of carbonyl modified analogues of MDPV. Forensic Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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53
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Botanas CJ, Yoon SS, de la Peña JB, Dela Peña IJ, Kim M, Woo T, Seo JW, Jang CG, Park KT, Lee YH, Lee YS, Kim HJ, Cheong JH. The Abuse Potential of α-Piperidinopropiophenone (PIPP) and α-Piperidinopentiothiophenone (PIVT), Two New Synthetic Cathinones with Piperidine Ring Substituent. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:122-129. [PMID: 28173643 PMCID: PMC5340536 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A diversity of synthetic cathinones has flooded the recreational drug marketplace worldwide. This variety is often a response to legal control actions for one specific compound (e.g. methcathinone) which has resulted in the emergence of closely related replacement. Based on recent trends, the nitrogen atom is one of the sites in the cathinone molecule being explored by designer type modifications. In this study, we designed and synthesized two new synthetic cathinones, (1) α-piperidinopropiophenone (PIPP) and (2) α-piperidinopentiothiophenone (PIVT), which have piperidine ring substituent on their nitrogen atom. Thereafter, we evaluated whether these two compounds have an abuse potential through the conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice and self-administration (SA) in rats. We also investigated whether the substances can induce locomotor sensitization in mice following 7 days daily injection and challenge. qRT-PCR analyses were conducted to determine their effects on dopamine-related genes in the striatum. PIPP (10 and 30 mg/kg) induced CPP in mice, but not PIVT. However, both synthetic cathinones were not self-administered by the rats and did not induce locomotor sensitization in mice. qRT-PCR analyses showed that PIPP, but not PIVT, reduced dopamine transporter gene expression in the striatum. These data indicate that PIPP, but not PIVT, has rewarding effects, which may be attributed to its ability to affect dopamine transporter gene expression. Altogether, this study suggests that PIPP may have abuse potential. Careful monitoring of this type of cathinone and related drugs are advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrislean Jun Botanas
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Shoon Yoon
- Center for Safety Pharmacology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - June Bryan de la Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Irene Joy Dela Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Mikyung Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeseon Woo
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Wook Seo
- Center for Safety Pharmacology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Park
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hun Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sup Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders caused by toxic substances pose a great diagnostic challenge due to the large variety of changes caused in the central and peripheral nervous system. The pathogenetic mechanisms at work are multifaceted and partly not solved. In human drug abusers (cannabis, opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine and "designer drugs"), a broad spectrum of central nervous system alterations are observed including infarction, intracerebral and subarachnoidal hemorrhage, hypoxic-ischemic leukoencephalopathy, infections, neuronal loss, specific astroglial and microglial reaction patterns, and vascular changes, including the endothelial cell as well as the basal lamina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Weis
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, Kepler University Hospital and School of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria.
| | - Andreas Büttner
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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55
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Ponzoni L, Braida D, Bondiolotti G, Sala M. The Non-Peptide Arginine-Vasopressin v 1a Selective Receptor Antagonist, SR49059, Blocks the Rewarding, Prosocial, and Anxiolytic Effects of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and Its Derivatives in Zebra Fish. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:146. [PMID: 28855876 PMCID: PMC5557732 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its derivatives, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromo-amphetamine hydrobromide (DOB) and para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), are recreational drugs whose pharmacological effects have recently been attributed to serotonin 5HT2A/C receptors. However, there is growing evidence that the oxytocin (OT)/vasopressin system can modulate some the effects of MDMA. In this study, MDMA (2.5-10 mg/kg), DOB (0.5 mg/kg), or PMA (0.005, 0.1, or 0.25 mg/kg) were administered intramuscularly to adult zebra fish, alone or in combination with the V1a vasopressin antagonist, SR49059 (0.01-1 ng/kg), before carrying out conditioned place preference (CPP), social preference, novel tank diving, and light-dark tests in order to evaluate subsequent rewarding, social, and emotional-like behavior. The combination of SR49059 and each drug progressively blocked: (1) rewarding behavior as measured by CPP in terms of time spent in drug-paired compartment; (2) prosocial effects measured on the basis of the time spent in the proximity of a nacre fish picture; and (3) anxiolytic effects in terms of the time spent in the upper half of the novel tank and in the white compartment of the tank used for the light-dark test. Antagonism was obtained at SR49059 doses which, when given alone, did not change motor function. In comparison with a control group, receiving vehicle alone, there was a three to five times increase in the brain release of isotocin (the analog of OT in fish) after treatment with the most active doses of MDMA (10 mg/kg), DOB (0.5 mg/kg), and PMA (0.1 mg/kg) as evaluated by means of bioanalytical reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Taken together, these findings show that the OT/vasopressin system is involved in the rewarding, prosocial, and anxiolytic effects of MDMA, DOB, and PMA in zebra fish and underline the association between this system and the behavioral alterations associated with disorders related to substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Braida
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianpietro Bondiolotti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariaelvina Sala
- Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Milan, Italy
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56
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Differentiation of homologous and regioisomeric methoxy-cathinone derivatives by GC–MS, MS/MS and GC–IR. Forensic Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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57
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Seltzman HH, Shiner C, Hirt EE, Gilliam AF, Thomas BF, Maitra R, Snyder R, Black SL, Patel PR, Mulpuri Y, Spigelman I. Peripherally Selective Cannabinoid 1 Receptor (CB1R) Agonists for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7525-43. [PMID: 27482723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alleviation of neuropathic pain by cannabinoids is limited by their central nervous system (CNS) side effects. Indole and indene compounds were engineered for high hCB1R affinity, peripheral selectivity, metabolic stability, and in vivo efficacy. An epithelial cell line assay identified candidates with <1% blood-brain barrier penetration for testing in a rat neuropathy induced by unilateral sciatic nerve entrapment (SNE). The SNE-induced mechanical allodynia was reversibly suppressed, partially or completely, after intraperitoneal or oral administration of several indenes. At doses that relieve neuropathy symptoms, the indenes completely lacked, while the brain-permeant CB1R agonist HU-210 (1) exhibited strong CNS side effects, in catalepsy, hypothermia, and motor incoordination assays. Pharmacokinetic findings of ∼0.001 cerebrospinal fluid:plasma ratio further supported limited CNS penetration. Pretreatment with selective CB1R or CB2R blockers suggested mainly CB1R contribution to an indene's antiallodynic effects. Therefore, this class of CB1R agonists holds promise as a viable treatment for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert H Seltzman
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Craig Shiner
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Erin E Hirt
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Anne F Gilliam
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Brian F Thomas
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Rod Snyder
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Sherry L Black
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Purvi R Patel
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Yatendra Mulpuri
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California , 10833 Le Conte Avenue, 63-078 CHS, Los Angeles, California 090095-1668, United States
| | - Igor Spigelman
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California , 10833 Le Conte Avenue, 63-078 CHS, Los Angeles, California 090095-1668, United States
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58
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Schneir A, Metushi IG, Sloane C, Benaron DJ, Fitzgerald RL. Near death from a novel synthetic opioid labeled U-47700: emergence of a new opioid class. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2016; 55:51-54. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2016.1209764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Schneir
- Division of Medical Toxicology, University of California, San Diego Health System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego Health System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Imir G. Metushi
- Department of Pathology, Center for Advanced Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Diego Health System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christian Sloane
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego Health System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David J. Benaron
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego Health System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert L. Fitzgerald
- Department of Pathology, Center for Advanced Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Diego Health System, San Diego, CA, USA
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59
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Nieddu M, Burrai L, Baralla E, Pasciu V, Varoni MV, Briguglio I, Demontis MP, Boatto G. ELISA Detection of 30 New Amphetamine Designer Drugs in Whole Blood, Urine and Oral Fluid using Neogen®“Amphetamine” and “Methamphetamine/MDMA” Kits. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:492-7. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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60
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Chinnadurai T, Shrestha S, Ayinla R. A Curious Case of Inhalation Fever Caused by Synthetic Cannabinoid. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2016; 17:379-83. [PMID: 27262587 PMCID: PMC4917070 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.898500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This case report describes inhalation fever as an uncommon pulmonary adverse effect of synthetic cannabinoids. CASE REPORT A 29-year-old man was brought in for severe agitation after smoking K2, a synthetic cannabinoid. He required multiple doses of lorazepam and haloperidol for sedation. His vital signs were notable for a mild fever and tachycardia. Otherwise, the rest of his exam was unremarkable. The laboratory test was significant for leucocytosis and diffuse reticular-nodular and interstitial infiltrates on chest radiograph. Urine drug toxicology was negative. Interestingly, his symptoms and pulmonary infiltrates on the chest radiograph resolved spontaneously after 24 hours of observation. CONCLUSIONS This patient developed transient pulmonary infiltrates and fever following the synthetic cannabinoid inhalation, as seen in self-limiting inhalation fever. Inhalation fever as a consequence of synthetic cannabinoid has not been described previously and there is a need for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiru Chinnadurai
- Department of Medicine, Harlem Hospital Center in affiliation with Columbia University College of Physician and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Srijan Shrestha
- Department of Medicine, Harlem Hospital Center in affiliation with Columbia University College of Physician and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raji Ayinla
- Department of Medicine, Harlem Hospital Center in affiliation with Columbia University College of Physician and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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61
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Abdel-Hay KM, De Ruiter J, Smith F, Alsegiani AS, Thaxton-Weissenfluh A, Clark CR. GC–MS differentiation of the six regioisomeric dimethoxybenzoyl-1-pentylindoles: Isomeric cannabinoid substances. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 125:360-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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62
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63
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Determination of selected synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites by micellar electrokinetic chromatography – mass spectrometry employing perfluoroheptanoic acid-based micellar phase. Talanta 2016; 150:568-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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64
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Bremer PT, Kimishima A, Schlosburg JE, Zhou B, Collins KC, Janda KD. Combatting Synthetic Designer Opioids: A Conjugate Vaccine Ablates Lethal Doses of Fentanyl Class Drugs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3772-5. [PMID: 26879590 PMCID: PMC4860013 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fentanyl is an addictive prescription opioid that is over 80 times more potent than morphine. The synthetic nature of fentanyl has enabled the creation of dangerous "designer drug" analogues that escape toxicology screening, yet display comparable potency to the parent drug. Alarmingly, a large number of fatalities have been linked to overdose of fentanyl derivatives. Herein, we report an effective immunotherapy for reducing the psychoactive effects of fentanyl class drugs. A single conjugate vaccine was created that elicited high levels of antibodies with cross-reactivity for a wide panel of fentanyl analogues. Moreover, vaccinated mice gained significant protection from lethal fentanyl doses. Lastly, a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based technique was established enabling drug-specificity profiling of antibodies derived directly from serum. Our newly developed fentanyl vaccine and analytical methods may assist in the battle against synthetic opioid abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Atsushi Kimishima
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Joel E Schlosburg
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Karen C Collins
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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65
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Bremer PT, Kimishima A, Schlosburg JE, Zhou B, Collins KC, Janda KD. Combatting Synthetic Designer Opioids: A Conjugate Vaccine Ablates Lethal Doses of Fentanyl Class Drugs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM); The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582 La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Atsushi Kimishima
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM); The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582 La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Joel E. Schlosburg
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM); The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582 La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM); The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582 La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Karen C. Collins
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM); The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582 La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM); The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582 La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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66
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Bora T, Aksoy Ç, Tunay Z, Aydın F. Determination of trace elements in illicit spice samples by using ICP-MS. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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67
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Beck O, Franzen L, Bäckberg M, Signell P, Helander A. Intoxications involving MDPV in Sweden during 2010–2014: Results from the STRIDA project. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2015; 53:865-73. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2015.1089576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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68
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Nielsen LM, Holm NB, Olsen L, Linnet K. Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of the synthetic cannabinoids UR-144 and XLR-11. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:792-800. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Line Marie Nielsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederik V's Vej 11, 3 DK-2100 Denmark
- Biostructural Research, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Jagtvej 162 DK-2100 Denmark
| | - Niels Bjerre Holm
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederik V's Vej 11, 3 DK-2100 Denmark
| | - Lars Olsen
- Biostructural Research, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Jagtvej 162 DK-2100 Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederik V's Vej 11, 3 DK-2100 Denmark
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69
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Freijo TD, Harris SE, Kala SV. A rapid quantitative method for the analysis of synthetic cannabinoids by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 38:466-78. [PMID: 25217534 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids represent an emerging drug problem in the USA, as these compounds are constantly being modified and rapidly sold as soon as they become available. Laboratories around the world are constantly improving the analytical methods to detect and identify these newly available designer drugs. This study used a simple approach to detect and quantify a variety of synthetic cannabinoids (14 parent compounds and 15 metabolites including series XLR, AM, JWH, UR, RCS, PB, HU and AB-FUBINACA) using LC-MS-MS. Drug-free urine samples spiked with various synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites were separated on a C18-Hypersil Gold column using an Agilent 1290 ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and detected by an AB Sciex API 4000 tandem mass spectrometer. Studies were carried out to determine limit of detection, limit of quantitation, upper limit of linearity, ion suppression, interference, precision and accuracy to validate the method. Urine samples from patients and known users were hydrolyzed with β-glucuronidase prior to the analysis by LC-MS-MS, and the data are presented. The method described here is rapid, highly sensitive and specific for the identification of a variety of synthetic cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom D Freijo
- One Source Toxicology Laboratory, 1213 Genoa Red Bluff, Pasadena, TX 77504, USA
| | - Steve E Harris
- One Source Toxicology Laboratory, 1213 Genoa Red Bluff, Pasadena, TX 77504, USA
| | - Subbarao V Kala
- One Source Toxicology Laboratory, 1213 Genoa Red Bluff, Pasadena, TX 77504, USA
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70
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Girreser U, Rösner P, Vasilev A. Structure elucidation of the designer drug N
-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-pyrazole-5-carboxamide and the relevance of predicted 13
C NMR shifts - a case study. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:668-75. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Girreser
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Gutenbergstraße 76 Kiel D-24118 Germany
| | - Peter Rösner
- Digilab Software GmbH; Posener Str. 18 Altenholz D-24161 Germany
| | - Andrej Vasilev
- Republican Drug Dispensary of Health Care Ministry of Chuvash Republic; Pirogova Str. 6 Cheboksary 428015 Chuvash Republic Russia
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71
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GC-MS studies on the six naphthoyl-substituted 1-n-pentyl-indoles: JWH-018 and five regioisomeric equivalents. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 252:107-13. [PMID: 25965306 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The GC-MS properties of the synthetic cannabinoid drug of abuse 3-(1-naphthoyl)-1-pentylindole (JWH-018) and all 5 of its' regioisomeric 1-naphthoyl substituted 1-n-pentylindoles are compared in this report. These compounds have the 1-naphthoyl-group attached at each of the possible substituent positions of the indole ring. The six compounds have the same elemental composition C24H23NO and the same substituents attached to the indole ring. The electron ionization mass spectra showed equivalent regioisomeric major fragment ions resulting from cleavage of the groups attached to the central indole nucleus. The characteristic (M-17)(+) fragment ion at m/z 324 resulting from the loss of an OH group was significant in the EI-MS of 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-(1-naphthoyl)-1-pentylindole. Fragment ions occurred at m/z 127 and 155 for the naphthyl and naphthoyl cations common to all six regioisomeric substances. Indole containing fragments produced the cations at m/z 284, 270, 214 and 186. The unique fragment at m/z 141 observed in the 1,2- and 1,7-isomers resulted from a rearrangement involving the two indole substituents to yield the C10H7CH2(+) cation. The major points of EI-MS differentiation of the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 from the other five isomers are the high relative abundance of both the m/z 144 ion and the m/z 324 ion in the JWH-018 spectrum. GC separations on a capillary column containing a trifluoropropyl methyl polysiloxane (Rtx-200) stationary phase provided excellent resolution of these six compounds. The elution order appears related to the relative distance between the two indole substituents with the lowest retention associated with minimum distance between the groups attached to the indole nucleus.
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72
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Kim HK, Nelson LS. Reducing the harm of opioid overdose with the safe use of naloxone: a pharmacologic review. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2015; 14:1137-46. [DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2015.1037274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Hohmann N, Mikus G, Czock D. Effects and risks associated with novel psychoactive substances: mislabeling and sale as bath salts, spice, and research chemicals. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 111:139-47. [PMID: 24661585 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2014.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of newly reported psychoactive substances in Europe is now higher than ever. In order to evade legal restrictions, old and novel psychoactive substances from medical research and their derivatives are commonly mislabeled as "not for human consumption" and offered for sale on the Internet and elsewhere. Such substances are widely taken by young people as "club drugs." Their consumption must be considered in the differential diagnosis of psychiatric, neurological, cardiovascular, or metabolic disturbances of unclear origin in a young patient. METHOD Selective review of pertinent literature retrieved by a PubMed search, including publications by government-sponsored organizations. RESULTS From 2010 to 2012, 163 substances were reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), mostly either synthetic cannabinoids (39.3%) or synthetic cathinones (16.6%). Synthetic cannabinoids alter mood and perception; intoxications cause agitation, tachy cardia, and arterial hypertension. Synthetic cathinones are hallucinogenic stimulants with predominantly cardiovascular and psychiatric side effects. Severe intoxications cause serotonin syndrome and potentially fatal rhabdomyolysis. Substances in either of these classes often escape detection in screening tests. CONCLUSION Young persons who present with agitation and cardiovascular and/or psychiatric manifestations of unclear origin and whose drug screening tests are negative may be suffering from an intoxication with a novel psychoactive substance. Physicians should know the classes of such substances and their effects. Targeted toxicological analysis can be carried out in a toxicology laboratory or a facility for forensic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Hohmann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital
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Kriikku P, Rintatalo J, Pihlainen K, Hurme J, Ojanperä I. The effect of banning MDPV on the incidence of MDPV-positive findings among users of illegal drugs and on court decisions in traffic cases in Finland. Int J Legal Med 2015; 129:741-9. [PMID: 25833171 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-015-1184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we sought to determine what impact the banning of 3, 4- methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) had on the incidence of MDPV-positive findings and on user profiles in driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) and postmortem (PM) investigations in Finland. All MDPV-positive cases and a selection of corresponding court cases between 2009 and 2012 were examined. The median serum concentration of MDPV in DUID cases was 0.030 mg/L and in PM blood 0.12 mg/L. The number of MDPV-positive cases decreased both in DUID and PM investigations after the drug was banned. The decrease in the mean monthly numbers of MDPV-positive DUID cases was 51.1%. In court cases, MDPV was rarely mentioned until banned and frequently mentioned thereafter. Of the convicted, 37% were without a fixed abode, 98% had other charges besides that of DUID, and 13% appeared in the study material more than once. In MDPV-positive PM cases, the proportion of suicides was very high (24%). Research on new psychoactive substances is required not only to support banning decisions but more importantly to be able to provide a scientific assessment of the risks of these new substances to the public and potential users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirkko Kriikku
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 40, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland,
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75
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Zawilska JB. "Legal Highs"--An Emerging Epidemic of Novel Psychoactive Substances. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 120:273-300. [PMID: 26070762 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, there has been an increase in the availability and use of novel psychoactive substances (NPS), also known as "legal highs," across the world. They include a wide range of products, from natural plant-originated substances to synthetic compounds, that can be purchased both online and from high street retailers. "Legal highs" mimic psychoactive effects of illicit drugs of abuse. However, they are claimed to consist of compounds that are legal to sell, possess, and use, often labeled as "not for human consumption" to circumvent drug abuse legislation. Based on the spectrum of their actions on cognitive processes, mood, and behavior, "legal highs" can be classified into four basis categories: amphetamine- and ecstasy-like stimulants, synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), hallucinogenic/dissociative, and opioid-like compounds. NPS may, however, exhibit a combination of these actions due to their designed chemical structure. Although the prevalence and pattern of NPS use differ between various countries, the most popular groups are SCs and psychostimulants, described in this chapter. Currently, there is limited information available on the potential acute toxicity (harms) associated with the use of these substances. However, the number of intoxicated people presenting with emergencies is constantly increasing, providing evidence that negative health and social consequences may indeed seriously affect recreational and chronic users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta B Zawilska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland.
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Gregg RA, Baumann MH, Partilla JS, Bonano JS, Vouga A, Tallarida CS, Velvadapu V, Smith GR, Peet MM, Reitz AB, Negus SS, Rawls SM. Stereochemistry of mephedrone neuropharmacology: enantiomer-specific behavioural and neurochemical effects in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:883-94. [PMID: 25255824 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Synthetic cathinones, commonly referred to as 'bath salts', are a group of amphetamine-like drugs gaining popularity worldwide. 4-Methylmethcathinone (mephedrone, MEPH) is the most commonly abused synthetic cathinone in the UK, and exerts its effects by acting as a substrate-type releaser at monoamine transporters. Similar to other cathinone-related compounds, MEPH has a chiral centre and exists stably as two enantiomers: R-mephedrone (R-MEPH) and S-mephedrone (S-MEPH). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Here, we provide the first investigation into the neurochemical and behavioural effects of R-MEPH and S-MEPH. We analysed both enantiomers in rat brain synaptosome neurotransmitter release assays and also investigated their effects on locomotor activity (e.g. ambulatory activity and repetitive movements), behavioural sensitization and reward. KEY RESULTS Both enantiomers displayed similar potency as substrates (i.e. releasers) at dopamine transporters, but R-MEPH was much less potent than S-MEPH as a substrate at 5-HT transporters. Locomotor activity was evaluated in acute and repeated administration paradigms, with R-MEPH producing greater repetitive movements than S-MEPH across multiple doses. After repeated drug exposure, only R-MEPH produced sensitization of repetitive movements. R-MEPH produced a conditioned place preference whereas S-MEPH did not. Lastly, R-MEPH and S-MEPH produced biphasic profiles in an assay of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), but R-MEPH produced greater ICSS facilitation than S-MEPH. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data are the first to demonstrate stereospecific effects of MEPH enantiomers and suggest that the predominant dopaminergic actions of R-MEPH (i.e. the lack of serotonergic actions) render this stereoisomer more stimulant-like when compared with S-MEPH. This hypothesis warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Gregg
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Vouga A, Gregg RA, Haidery M, Ramnath A, Al-Hassani HK, Tallarida CS, Grizzanti D, Raffa RB, Smith GR, Reitz AB, Rawls SM. Stereochemistry and neuropharmacology of a 'bath salt' cathinone: S-enantiomer of mephedrone reduces cocaine-induced reward and withdrawal in invertebrates. Neuropharmacology 2014; 91:109-16. [PMID: 25496724 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about the neuropharmacology of mephedrone (MEPH) applies primarily to the racemate, or street form of the drug, but not to its individual enantiomers. Here, through chemical isolation of MEPH enantiomers and subsequent behavioral characterization in established invertebrate (planarian) assays, we began separating adverse effects of MEPH from potential therapeutic actions. We first compared stereotypical and environmental place conditioning (EPC) effects of racemic MEPH, S-MEPH, and R-MEPH. Stereotypy was enhanced by acute treatment (100-1000 μM) with each compound; however, S-MEPH was less potent and efficacious than racemate and R-MEPH. Both R-MEPH (10, 100, 250 μM) and racemate (100 μM) produced EPC, but S-MEPH was ineffective at all concentrations (10-100 μM). After showing that S-MEPH lacked rewarding efficacy, we investigated its ability to alter three of cocaine's behavioral effects (EPC, withdrawal, and stereotypy). Cocaine (1 μM) produced EPC that was abolished when S-MEPH (100 μM) was administered after cocaine conditioning. Spontaneous withdrawal from chronic cocaine exposure caused a reduction in motility that was not evident during acute or continuous cocaine treatment but was attenuated by S-MEPH (100 μM) treatment during the cocaine abstinence interval. Acute stereotypy produced by 1 mM cocaine, nicotine or racemic MEPH was not affected by S-MEPH (10-250 μM). The present results obtained using planarian assays suggest that the R-enantiomer of MEPH is predominantly responsible for its stimulant and rewarding effects and the S-enantiomer is capable of antagonizing cocaine's addictive-like behaviors without producing rewarding effects of its own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vouga
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ryan A Gregg
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maryah Haidery
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anita Ramnath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hassan K Al-Hassani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher S Tallarida
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Grizzanti
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert B Raffa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Garry R Smith
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center Inc., Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Allen B Reitz
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center Inc., Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Scott M Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Buser GL, Gerona RR, Horowitz BZ, Vian KP, Troxell ML, Hendrickson RG, Houghton DC, Rozansky D, Su SW, Leman RF. Acute kidney injury associated with smoking synthetic cannabinoid. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014; 52:664-73. [PMID: 25089722 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2014.932365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES Synthetic cannabinoids are illegal drugs of abuse known to cause adverse neurologic and sympathomimetic effects. They are an emerging health risk: 11% of high school seniors reported smoking them during the previous 12 months. We describe the epidemiology of a toxicologic syndrome of acute kidney injury associated with synthetic cannabinoids, review the toxicologic and public health investigation of the cluster, and describe clinical implications of the cluster investigation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Case series of nine patients affected by the toxicologic syndrome in Oregon and southwestern Washington during May-October 2012. Cases were defined as acute kidney injury (creatinine > 1.3 mg/dL) among persons aged 13-40 years without known renal disease who reported smoking synthetic cannabinoids. Toxicology laboratories used liquid chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry to test clinical and product specimens for synthetic cannabinoids, their metabolites, and known nephrotoxins. Public health alerts informed clinicians, law enforcement, and the community about the cluster and the need to be alert for toxidromes associated with emerging drugs of abuse. RESULTS Patients were males aged 15-27 years (median, 18 years), with intense nausea and flank or abdominal pain, and included two sets of siblings. Peak creatinine levels were 2.6-17.7 mg/dL (median, 6.6 mg/dL). All patients were hospitalized; one required dialysis; none died. No alternate causes of acute kidney injury or nephrotoxins were identified. Patients reported easily purchasing synthetic cannabinoids at convenience, tobacco, and adult bookstores. One clinical and 2 product samples contained evidence of a novel synthetic cannabinoid, XLR-11 ([1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Whether caused by direct toxicity, genetic predisposition, or an as-yet unidentified nephrotoxin, this association between synthetic cannabinoid exposure and acute kidney injury reinforces the need for vigilance to detect new toxicologic syndromes associated with emerging drugs of abuse. Liquid chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry are useful tools in determining the active ingredients in these evolving products and evaluating them for toxic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Buser
- Acute and Communicable Disease Prevention, Oregon Public Health Division, Oregon Health Authority , Portland, OR , USA
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79
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Blough BE, Landavazo A, Decker AM, Partilla JS, Baumann MH, Rothman RB. Interaction of psychoactive tryptamines with biogenic amine transporters and serotonin receptor subtypes. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:4135-44. [PMID: 24800892 PMCID: PMC4194234 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Synthetic hallucinogenic tryptamines, especially those originally described by Alexander Shulgin, continue to be abused in the USA. The range of subjective experiences produced by different tryptamines suggests that multiple neurochemical mechanisms are involved in their actions, in addition to the established role of agonist activity at serotonin 2A (5-HT₂A) receptors. OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the interaction of a series of synthetic tryptamines with biogenic amine neurotransmitter transporters and with serotonin (5-HT) receptor subtypes implicated in psychedelic effects. METHODS Neurotransmitter transporter activity was determined in rat brain synaptosomes. Receptor activity was determined using calcium mobilization and DiscoveRx PathHunter assays in HEK293, Gα16-CHO, and CHOk1 cells transfected with human receptors. RESULTS Twenty-one tryptamines were analyzed in transporter uptake and release assays, and 5-HT₂A, serotonin 1A (5-HT₁A), and 5-HT₂A β-arrestin functional assays. Eight of the compounds were found to have 5-HT-releasing activity. Thirteen compounds were found to be 5-HT uptake inhibitors or were inactive. All tryptamines were 5-HT₂A agonists with a range of potencies and efficacies, but only a few compounds were 5-HT1A agonists. Most tryptamines recruited β-arrestin through 5-HT₂A activation. CONCLUSIONS All psychoactive tryptamines are 5-HT₂A agonists, but 5-HT transporter (SERT) activity may contribute significantly to the pharmacology of certain compounds. The in vitro transporter data confirm structure-activity trends for releasers and uptake inhibitors whereby releasers tend to be structurally smaller compounds. Interestingly, two tertiary amines were found to be selective substrates at SERT, which dispels the notion that 5-HT-releasing activity is limited only to primary or secondary amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E. Blough
- Discovery Science Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA,Corresponding author. Tel.: 919-541-1244; fax: 919-541-6499;
| | - Antonio Landavazo
- Discovery Science Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Discovery Science Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - John S. Partilla
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Michael H. Baumann
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Richard B. Rothman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Švidrnoch M, Lněníčková L, Válka I, Ondra P, Maier V. Utilization of micellar electrokinetic chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry employed volatile micellar phase in the analysis of cathinone designer drugs. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1356:258-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Methods for urine drug testing using one-step dilution and direct injection in combination with LC–MS/MS and LC–HRMS. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:2229-44. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of LC combined with MS made it possible to design analytical methods for urine drug testing based on the very simple concept of diluting urine with an internal standard as the sole preparation procedure prior to instrumental analysis. The number of publications using this method design increased after the development of high-efficiency LC based on sub-2 μm particles. The success of this method design for drug testing, doping control and toxicological investigations of urine is now well documented and comprise both screening and confirmation methods. The nondiscriminating nature of this method design makes it even more attractive in combination with high-resolution MS for multicomponent target and general unknown analysis applications.
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Adám A, Gerecsei LI, Lepesi N, Csillag A. Apoptotic effects of the 'designer drug' methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) on the neonatal mouse brain. Neurotoxicology 2014; 44:231-6. [PMID: 25063209 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The designer drug of cathinone family, methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), is a cheap and frequently used psychoactive drug of abuse. However, its mechanism of action, particularly its potential detrimental effect on the developing brain, is largely unknown, despite the fact that pregnant females may occur among the users. The objective of our study was to identify the brain areas sensitive for a possible apoptotic effect of the widely abused MDPV on the developing brain. To this end, we used a mouse model which can be compared with the human fetus of third trimester, considering the developmental stage of the brain. Litters of 7-day-old C57BL/6J mice were treated either with i.p. injection of 10mg/kg b.wt.of MDPV or vehicle (saline), and sacrificed after 24h. Similar dose of MDPV enhanced locomotor activity of pups. The brains were processed for anti-caspase 3 (Casp3) immunohistochemistry and the apoptotic cells were identified and counted. We found prominent increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the piriform cortex, retrosplenial area, hippocampus CA1 and nucleus accumbens, whereas the overall density of cells did not change significantly in these regions. The neurons of the nucleus accumbens appeared to be especially sensitive to MDPV: Casp3-immunoreactive cells marked out the core and shell regions of the accumbens. Highest percentage of apoptotic cells as compared to total cell density was also found in the nucleus accumbens. However, we did not observe the same effect on the brain of adult mice. Thus, MDPV did not seem to increase apoptosis in the mature nervous system. The results are in agreement with the assumption that cathinones (in particular MDPV) may adversely affect neural integrity in the developing CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agota Adám
- Semmelweis University, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Budapest, 58. Tuzolto utca, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - László István Gerecsei
- Semmelweis University, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Budapest, 58. Tuzolto utca, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Lepesi
- Semmelweis University, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Budapest, 58. Tuzolto utca, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Csillag
- Semmelweis University, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Budapest, 58. Tuzolto utca, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
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Mazzarino M, de la Torre X, Botrè F. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method based on class characteristic fragmentation pathways to detect the class of indole-derivative synthetic cannabinoids in biological samples. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 837:70-82. [PMID: 25000860 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric method, based on the use of precursor ion scan as the acquisition mode, specifically developed to detect indole-derived cannabinoids (phenylacetylindoles, naphthoylindoles and benzoylindoles) in biological fluids (saliva, urine and blood). The method is designed to recognize one or more common "structural markers", corresponding to mass spectral fragments originating from the specific portion of the molecular structure that is common to the aminoalkylindole analogues and that is fundamental for their pharmacological classification. As such, the method is also suitable for detecting unknown substances, provided they contain the targeted portion of the molecular structure. The pre-treatment procedure consists in a liquid/liquid extraction step carried out at neutral pH: this is the only pretreatment in the case of analyses carried out in saliva, while it follows an enzymatic hydrolysis procedure in the case of urine samples, or a protein precipitation step in the case of blood samples. The chromatographic separation is achieved using an octadecyl reverse-phase 5 μm fused-core particle column; while the mass spectrometric detection is carried out by a triple-quadrupole instrument in positive electrospray ionization and precursor ion scan as acquisition mode, selecting, as mass spectral fragments, the indole (m/z 144), the carbonylnaphthalenyl (m/z 155) and the naphthalenyl (m/z 127) moieties. Once developed and optimized, the analytical procedure was validated in term of sensitivity (lower limits of detection in the range of 0.1-0.5 ng mL(-1)), specificity (no interference was detected at the retention times of the analytes under investigation), recovery (higher than 65% with a satisfactory repeatability: CV% lower than 10), matrix effect (lower than 30% for all the biological specimens tested), repeatability of the retention times (CV% lower than 0.1), robustness, and carry over (the positive reference samples at a concentration 20 times the LLOD value did not affect the blank samples). The suitability of the proposed procedure, both as a targeted and an untargeted approach, was verified by analyzing samples containing synthetic cannabinoids and/or their metabolites and samples obtained from the incubation of synthetic cannabinoids with human liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mazzarino
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Paumgartten FJR, Moreira DDL. Illicit drugs, legal highs and over-consumption of psychoactive medicines: the many faces of a public health problem. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2014; 30:1349-50. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311xca010614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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85
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Comprehensive analytical strategies based on high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry to identify new psychoactive substances. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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86
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Luciano RL, Perazella MA. Nephrotoxic effects of designer drugs: synthetic is not better! Nat Rev Nephrol 2014; 10:314-24. [PMID: 24662435 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2014.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Designer drugs are synthetic, psychoactive substances with similar structures and activity to existing scheduled drugs or controlled chemical compounds. The use of these drugs is not generally considered illegal and they cannot be detected using standard toxicology tests--essentially they are considered to be 'legal highs'. Over the past several years, increasing numbers of designer drugs have become available. These drugs are classified as amphetamine derivatives, phenylpiperazine derivatives, synthetic cathinones, synthetic cannabinoids, phencyclidine derivatives and synthetic opioids. Although euphoria is the desired effect, neuropsychiatric and cardiac manifestations are frequently observed in individuals using these drugs at high doses or using drugs that are contaminated with other substances. Some designer drugs are also associated with adverse renal effects, including acute kidney injury from pigment nephropathy, acute tubular necrosis, obstructive nephropathy and hyponatraemia. The misuse of these drugs should be recognized and clinicians made aware of the potential for acute nephrotoxicity as the health burden of these compounds increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy L Luciano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, BB 114, 330 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8029, USA
| | - Mark A Perazella
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, BB 114, 330 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8029, USA
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87
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Detection of β-methylphenethylamine, a novel doping substance, by means of UPLC/MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:3681-8. [PMID: 24633566 PMCID: PMC4026626 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7728-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Novel substances of expected doping activity are constantly introduced to the market. β-Methylphenethylamine (BMPEA) is classified as a doping agent by the World Anti-Doping Agency as it is a positional isomer of amphetamine. In this work, the development and application of a simple and rapid analytical procedure that enables discrimination between both isomers is described. The analytes of interest were extracted from urine by a two-step liquid–liquid extraction and then analyzed by UPLC/MS/MS under isocratic conditions. The entire analytical procedure was validated by evaluating its selectivity, discrimination capabilities, carry-over, sensitivity, and influence of matrix effects on its performance. Application of the method resulted in detection of BMPEA in eight anti-doping samples, including the first report of adverse analytical finding regarding its use. Further analysis showed that BMPEA may be eliminated unchanged along with its phase II conjugates, the hydrolysis of which may considerably improve detection capabilities of the method. Omission of the hydrolysis step may therefore, produce false-negative results. Testing laboratories should also carefully examine their LC/MS/MS-based amphetamine and BMPEA findings as both isomers fragment yielding comparable collision-induced dissociation spectra and their insufficient chromatographic separation may result in misidentification. This is of great importance in case of forensic analyses as BMPEA is not controlled by the public law, and its manufacturing, distribution, and use are legal.
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88
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Abstract
Smokeable herbal mixtures containing synthetic agonists of cannabinoid receptors, known under brand names such as Spice, K2 and Kronic, represent a relatively new type of designer psychoactive drugs that has recently emerged on the recreational drug market. Although the Spice packages are labelled 'not for human consumption' or 'for aromatherapy only' and declared to be purely herbal, these herbal mixtures produce cannabis-like effects after smoking. This review surveys the current state of knowledge regarding the pharmacological properties of synthetic cannabimimetics and the prevalence and pattern of their use. Special emphasis is given to the negative consequences of using these products, including, among others, hallucinations, psychoses with delusions, seizures, cardiovascular symptoms and acute kidney injury.
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89
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Elsohly MA, Gul W, Wanas AS, Radwan MM. Synthetic cannabinoids: analysis and metabolites. Life Sci 2014; 97:78-90. [PMID: 24412391 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.12.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cannabimimetics (commonly referred to as synthetic cannabinoids), a group of compounds encompassing a wide range of chemical structures, have been developed by scientists with the hope of achieving selectivity toward one or the other of the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. The goal was to have compounds that could possess high therapeutic activity without many side effects. However, underground laboratories have used the information generated by the scientific community to develop these compounds for illicit use as marijuana substitutes. This chapter reviews the different classes of these "synthetic cannabinoids" with particular emphasis on the methods used for their identification in the herbal products with which they are mixed and identification of their metabolites in biological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Elsohly
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., 5 Industrial Park Drive, Oxford, MS 38655, USA; National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Waseem Gul
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., 5 Industrial Park Drive, Oxford, MS 38655, USA; National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Amira S Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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90
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91
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Viral and bacterial risks associated with mephedrone abuse in HIV-infected men who have sex with men. AIDS 2013; 27:2971-2. [PMID: 25119693 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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92
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Gregg RA, Rawls SM. Behavioral pharmacology of designer cathinones: a review of the preclinical literature. Life Sci 2013; 97:27-30. [PMID: 24231450 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
"Bath salts" is one street name for a family of synthetic cathinones that display pharmacological effects resembling cocaine and commonly abused amphetamines. Despite extensive legislation aimed at the criminalization of bath salts, several designer cathinones are gaining a foothold in the illicit drug scene; for example, in the United Kingdom, mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone, MEPH) is highly popular among drug abusers whereas, in the United States, MDPV (methylenedioxypyrovalerone) and methylone are highly prevalent. To date, knowledge about the hazards of designer cathinones is based mostly on hospital reports and anecdotal evidence derived from online surveys. Despite the paucity of preclinical studies directed toward designer cathinones, a number of invaluable findings arising from those studies are enabling scientists to develop their neuropharmacological profiles. Despite their commonalities in chemical structures, synthetic cathinones possess distinct neuropharmacological profiles and produce different behavioral effects, including unique effects on locomotor activity, learning, anxiety, thermoregulation, and abuse liability. The present review will discuss the behavioral effects of MEPH, MDPV, and methylone and compare those effects to established psychostimulant drugs. The rise in the use of designer cathinones in the United States and abroad justifies further investigations into these compounds, both for a greater understanding of the danger that "bath salts" pose to the public, and to provide insight into replacement cathinones as they emerge onto the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Gregg
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Scott M Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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93
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Lank PM, Pines E, Mycyk MB. Emergency physicians' knowledge of cannabinoid designer drugs. West J Emerg Med 2013; 14:467-70. [PMID: 24106544 PMCID: PMC3789910 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2013.1.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The use of synthetic drugs of abuse in the United States has grown in the last few years, with little information available on how much physicians know about these drugs and how they are treating patients using them. The objective of this study was to assess emergency physician (EP) knowledge of synthetic cannabinoids (SC). Methods: A self-administered internet-based survey of resident and attending EPs at a large urban emergency department (ED) was administered to assess familiarity with the terms Spice or K2 and basic knowledge of SC, and to describe some practice patterns when managing SC intoxication in the ED. Results: Of the 83 physicians invited to participate, 73 (88%) completed surveys. The terms “Spice” and “K2” for SC were known to 25/73 (34%) and 36/73 (49%) of respondents. Knowledge of SC came most commonly (72%) from non-medical sources, with lay publications and the internet providing most respondents with information. Among those with previous knowledge of synthetic cannabinoids, 25% were not aware that SC are synthetic drugs, and 17% did not know they are chemically most similar to marijuana. Among all participants, 80% felt unprepared caring for a patient in the ED who had used synthetic cannabinoids. Conclusion: Clinically active EPs are unfamiliar with synthetic cannabinoids. Even those who stated they had heard of synthetic cannabinoids answered poorly on basic knowledge questions. More education is needed among EPs of all ages and levels of training on synthetic cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Lank
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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94
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Emergence and properties of spice and bath salts: a medicinal chemistry perspective. Life Sci 2013; 97:9-19. [PMID: 24113072 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past five years the number of internet sites advertising "legal highs" has literally exploded, as have user reports of experiences (both pleasurable and frightening) with these substances and the number of emergency room visits by users. Although the majority of these "legal highs" have been described as bath salts and herbal extracts, most contain neither plant derived compounds nor components of personal hygiene products. So-called "bath salts" largely contain synthetic analogs of the natural compound Khat; spice-related materials, claimed to be "legal marijuana," are mostly synthetic analogs of cannabinoid receptor ligands that were developed as research tools. This review describes the emergence and properties of these two groups of "legal highs" from a medicinal chemist's perspective.
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95
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Kanu AB, Brandt SD, Williams MD, Zhang N, Hill HH. Analysis of Psychoactive Cathinones and Tryptamines by Electrospray Ionization Atmospheric Pressure Ion Mobility Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8535-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ac401951a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Bakarr Kanu
- Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North
Carolina 27110, United States
| | - Simon D. Brandt
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, U.K
| | - Mike D. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630,
United States
| | - Nancy Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630,
United States
| | - Herbert H. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630,
United States
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96
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Cross-reactivities of 39 new amphetamine designer drugs on three abuse drugs urinary screening tests. Forensic Toxicol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-013-0198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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97
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Al-Saffar Y, Stephanson NN, Beck O. Multicomponent LC–MS/MS screening method for detection of new psychoactive drugs, legal highs, in urine—Experience from the Swedish population. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 930:112-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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98
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Marusich JA, Lefever TW, Novak SP, Blough BE, Wiley JL. Prediction and Prevention of Prescription Drug Abuse: Role of Preclinical Assessment of Substance Abuse Liability. METHODS REPORT (RTI PRESS) 2013:1-14. [PMID: 24008590 PMCID: PMC3759972 DOI: 10.3768/rtipress.2013.op.0014.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In 2011, the prevalence of prescription drug abuse exceeded that of any other illicit drug except marijuana. Consequently, efforts to curtail abuse of new medications should begin during the drug development process, where abuse liability can be identified and addressed before a candidate medication has widespread use. The first step in this process is scheduling with the Drug Enforcement Agency so that legal access is appropriately restricted, dependent upon levels of abuse risk and medical benefit. To facilitate scheduling, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has published guidance for industry that describes assessment of abuse liability. The purpose of this paper is to review methods that may be used to satisfy the FDA's regulatory requirements for animal behavioral and dependence pharmacology. Methods include psychomotor activity, self-administration (an animal model of the rewarding effects of a drug), drug discrimination (an animal model of the subjective effects of a drug), and evaluation of tolerance and dependence. Data from tests conducted at RTI with known drugs of abuse illustrate typical results, and demonstrate that RTI is capable of performing these tests. While using preclinical data to predict abuse liability is an imperfect process, it has substantial predictive validity. The ultimate goal is to increase consumer safety through appropriate scheduling of new medications.
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99
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Mephedrone: Public health risk, mechanisms of action, and behavioral effects. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 714:32-40. [PMID: 23764466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The recent shortage of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) has led to an increased demand for alternative amphetamine-like drugs such as the synthetic cathinone, 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone). Despite the re-classification of mephedrone as a Class B restricted substance by the United Kingdom and restrictive legislation by the United States, international policy regarding mephedrone control is still developing and interest in synthetic amphetamine-like drugs could drive the development of future mephedrone analogues. Currently, there is little literature investigating the mechanism of action and long-term effects of mephedrone. As such, we reviewed the current understanding of amphetamines, cathinones, and cocaine emphasizing the potentially translational aspects to mephedrone, as well as contrasting with the work that has been done specifically on mephedrone in order to present the current state of understanding of mephedrone in terms of its risks, mechanisms, and behavioral effects. Emerging research suggests that while there are structural and behavioral similarities of mephedrone with amphetamine-like compounds, it appears that serotonergic signaling may mediate more of mephedrone's effects unlike the more dopaminergic dependent effects observed in traditional amphetamine-like compounds. As new designer drugs are produced, current and continuing research on mephedrone and other synthetic cathinones should help inform policymakers' decisions regarding the regulation of novel 'legal highs.'
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100
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De Paoli G, Brandt SD, Wallach J, Archer RP, Pounder DJ. From the Street to the Laboratory: Analytical Profiles of Methoxetamine, 3-Methoxyeticyclidine and 3-Methoxyphencyclidine and their Determination in Three Biological Matrices. J Anal Toxicol 2013; 37:277-83. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkt023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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