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Zhang X, Yang W, Tahir MM, Chen X, Saudreau M, Zhang D, Costes E. Contributions of leaf distribution and leaf functions to photosynthesis and water-use efficiency from leaf to canopy in apple: A comparison of interstocks and cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1117051. [PMID: 37123856 PMCID: PMC10146243 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1117051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Grafting has been widely used in horticulture to induce dwarfing and avoid stress-derived limitations on plant growth and yield by affecting plant architecture and leaf functions. However, the respective effects on plant photosynthesis and water use efficiency (WUE) of leaf distribution and functions that depend on both rootstock and scion have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to (i) clarify the scion × interstock impacts on the variability of leaf photosynthetic traits and WUE, and (ii) decipher the respective effects of leaf distribution and functions on canopy photosynthesis and WUE (WUEc). Leaf gas exchange over light gradients and responses to light, CO2, temperature, and vapor pressure deficit were measured in two apple cultivars, 'Liquan Fuji' ('Fuji') and 'Regal Gala' ('Gala'), grafted onto rootstocks combined with interstocks: a vigorous (VV, 'Qinguan'), or a dwarf one (VD, M26). The 3D architecture-based RATP model was parameterized to estimate the canopy photosynthesis rate (Ac ), transpiration rate (E c), and WUEc. Then, virtual scenarios were used to compare the relative contributions of cultivar and interstock to canopy A c, E c, and WUE c. These scenarios changed the leaf distribution and functions of either cultivar or interstock. At the leaf scale, VD trees had significantly higher leaf nitrogen per area but a lower maximum carboxylation rate and dark respiration in both cultivars. In parallel with higher leaf stomatal conductance (gs ) and transpiration in VD 'Fuji' and similar gs in VD 'Gala', VD trees showed significantly lower leaf photosynthesis rate and WUE than VV trees. However, lower leaf photosynthetic capacities in VD trees were compensated at the canopy scale, with A c and WUE c for 'Fuji' significantly improved in VD trees under both sunny and cloudy conditions, and for 'Gala' significantly improved in VD trees under cloudy conditions compared with VV trees. Switching scenarios highlighted that 'Gala' leaf functions and distribution and VD leaf distributions enhanced A c and WUE c simultaneously, irrespective of weather conditions. Up-scaling leaf gas exchange to the canopy scale by utilizing 3D architecture-based modeling and reliable measurements of tree architecture and leaf functional traits provides insights to explore the influence of genetic materials and tree management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Zhang
- College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization in Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization in Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Weiwei Yang,
| | | | - Xilong Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Marc Saudreau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Evelyne Costes
- UMR AGAP Institute, University of Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, CIRAD, Equipe ‘Architecture et Floraison des Especes Fruiteres’, Montpellier, France
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Effect of Interactions between Phosphorus and Light Intensity on Metabolite Compositions in Tea Cultivar Longjing43. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315194. [PMID: 36499516 PMCID: PMC9740319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Light intensity influences energy production by increasing photosynthetic carbon, while phosphorus plays an important role in forming the complex nucleic acid structure for the regulation of protein synthesis. These two factors contribute to gene expression, metabolism, and plant growth regulation. In particular, shading is an effective agronomic practice and is widely used to improve the quality of green tea. Genotypic differences between tea cultivars have been observed as a metabolic response to phosphorus deficiency. However, little is known about how the phosphorus supply mediates the effect of shading on metabolites and how plant cultivar gene expression affects green tea quality. We elucidated the responses of the green tea cultivar Longjing43 under three light intensity levels and two levels of phosphorus supply based on a metabolomic analysis by GC×GC-TOF/MS (Two-dimensional Gas Chromatography coupled to Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry) and UPLC-Q-TOF/MS (Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry), a targeted analysis by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), and a gene expression analysis by qRT-PCR. In young shoots, the phosphorus concentration increased in line with the phosphate supply, and elevated light intensities were positively correlated with catechins, especially with epigallocatechin of Longjing43. Moreover, when the phosphorus concentration was sufficient, total amino acids in young shoots were enhanced by moderate shading which did not occur under phosphorus deprivation. By metabolomic analysis, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis (PTT) were enriched due to light and phosphorus effects. Under shaded conditions, SPX2 (Pi transport, stress, sensing, and signaling), SWEET3 (bidirectional sugar transporter), AAP (amino acid permeases), and GSTb (glutathione S-transferase b) shared the same analogous correlations with primary and secondary metabolite pathways. Taken together, phosphorus status is a crucial factor when shading is applied to increase green tea quality.
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Bai K, Zhou X, Lv S, Wei S, Deng L, Tan Y. Biogeochemical niche conservatism relates to plant species diversification and life form evolution in a subtropical montane evergreen broad‐leaved forest. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9587. [DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kundong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education Guiling China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Landscape Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization in Lijiang River Basin Guangxi Normal University Guiling China
- Guangxi Lijiangyuan Forest Ecosystem Research Station Nanning China
| | - Xuewen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education Guiling China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Landscape Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization in Lijiang River Basin Guangxi Normal University Guiling China
| | - Shihong Lv
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangxi Institute of Botany Guiling China
| | - Shiguang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education Guiling China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Landscape Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization in Lijiang River Basin Guangxi Normal University Guiling China
| | - Lili Deng
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangxi Institute of Botany Guiling China
| | - Yibo Tan
- Xing'an Guilin Lijiangyuan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Guangxi Nanning China
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Zhang L, Chen A, Li Y, Li D, Cheng S, Cheng L, Liu Y. Differences in Phenotypic Plasticity between Invasive and Native Plants Responding to Three Environmental Factors. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12121970. [PMID: 36556335 PMCID: PMC9781723 DOI: 10.3390/life12121970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic plasticity hypothesis suggests that exotic plants may have greater phenotypic plasticity than native plants. However, whether phenotypic changes vary according to different environmental factors has not been well studied. We conducted a multi-species greenhouse experiment to study the responses of six different phenotypic traits, namely height, leaf number, specific leaf area, total biomass, root mass fraction, and leaf mass fraction, of native and invasive species to nutrients, water, and light. Each treatment was divided into two levels: high and low. In the nutrient addition experiment, only the leaf mass fraction and root mass fraction of the plants supported the phenotypic plasticity hypothesis. Then, none of the six traits supported the phenotypic plasticity hypothesis in the water or light treatment experiments. The results show that, for different environmental factors and phenotypes, the phenotypic plasticity hypothesis of plant invasion is inconsistent. When using the phenotypic plasticity hypothesis to explain plant invasion, variations in environmental factors and phenotypes should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecological Restoration, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Anqun Chen
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecological Restoration, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yanjiao Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Eco-Economic Woody Plant, Key Laboratory for Value Realization of Ecological Products of Mountains-Rivers-Forests-Farmlands-Lakes-Grasslands in Pingdingshan City, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Duohui Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Eco-Economic Woody Plant, Key Laboratory for Value Realization of Ecological Products of Mountains-Rivers-Forests-Farmlands-Lakes-Grasslands in Pingdingshan City, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China
| | - Shiping Cheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Eco-Economic Woody Plant, Key Laboratory for Value Realization of Ecological Products of Mountains-Rivers-Forests-Farmlands-Lakes-Grasslands in Pingdingshan City, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China
| | - Liping Cheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Eco-Economic Woody Plant, Key Laboratory for Value Realization of Ecological Products of Mountains-Rivers-Forests-Farmlands-Lakes-Grasslands in Pingdingshan City, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China
| | - Yinzhan Liu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecological Restoration, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
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Zhang YX, Niu YQ, Wang XF, Wang ZH, Wang ML, Yang J, Wang YG, Zhang WJ, Song ZP, Li LF. Phenotypic and transcriptomic responses of the shade-grown species Panax ginseng to variable light conditions. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:749-762. [PMID: 35961674 PMCID: PMC9670753 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Elucidating how plant species respond to variable light conditions is important to understand the ecological adaptation to heterogeneous natural habitats. Plant performance and its underlying gene regulatory network have been well documented in sun-grown plants. However, the phenotypic and molecular responses of shade-grown plants under variable light conditions have remained largely unclear. METHODS We assessed the differences in phenotypic performance between Panax ginseng (shade-grown) and Arabidopsis thaliana (sun-grown) under sunlight, shade and deep-shade conditions. To further address the molecular bases underpinning the phenotypic responses, we compared time-course transcriptomic expression profiling and candidate gene structures between the two species. KEY RESULTS Our results show that, compared with arabidopsis, ginseng plants not only possess a lower degree of phenotypic plasticity among the three light conditions, but also exhibit higher photosynthetic efficiency under shade and deep-shade conditions. Further comparisons of the gene expression and structure reveal that differential transcriptional regulation together with increased copy number of photosynthesis-related genes (e.g. electron transfer and carbon fixation) may improve the photosynthetic efficiency of ginseng plants under the two shade conditions. In contrast, the inactivation of phytochrome-interacting factors (i.e. absent and no upregulation of the PIF genes) are potentially associated with the observed low degree of phenotypic plasticity of ginseng plants under variable light conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides new insights into how shade-grown plants respond to variable light conditions. Candidate genes related to shade adaptation in ginseng provide valuable genetic resources for future molecular breeding of high-density planting crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yu-Qian Niu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhen-Hui Wang
- Department of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Meng-Li Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ji Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yu-Guo Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wen-Ju Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Song
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lin-Feng Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Grazing and light modify Silene latifolia responses to nutrients and future climate. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276789. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered climate, nutrient enrichment and changes in grazing patterns are important environmental and biotic changes in temperate grassland systems. Singly and in concert these factors can influence plant performance and traits, with consequences for species competitive ability, and thus for species coexistence, community composition and diversity. However, we lack experimental tests of the mechanisms, such as competition for light, driving plant performance and traits under nutrient enrichment, grazer exclusion and future climate. We used transplants of Silene latifolia, a widespread grassland forb in Europe, to study plant responses to interactions among climate, nutrients, grazing and light. We recorded transplant biomass, height, specific leaf area (SLA) and foliar carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) in full-factorial combinations of future climate treatment, fertilization, grazer exclusion and light addition via LED-lamps. Future climate and fertilization together increased transplant height but only in unlighted plots. Light addition increased SLA in ambient climate, and decreased C:N in unfertilized plots. Further, transplants had higher biomass in future climatic conditions when protected from grazers. In general, grazing had a strong negative effect on all measured variables regardless of added nutrients and light. Our results show that competition for light may lead to taller individuals and interacts with climate and nutrients to affect traits related to resource-use. Furthermore, our study suggests grazing may counteract the benefits of future climate on the biomass of species such as Silene latifolia. Consequently, grazers and light may be important modulators of individual plant performance and traits under nutrient enrichment and future climatic conditions.
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Dong N, Prentice IC, Wright IJ, Wang H, Atkin OK, Bloomfield KJ, Domingues TF, Gleason SM, Maire V, Onoda Y, Poorter H, Smith NG. Leaf nitrogen from the perspective of optimal plant function. THE JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2022; 110:2585-2602. [PMID: 36619687 PMCID: PMC9804922 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA), carboxylation capacity (V cmax) and leaf nitrogen per unit area (Narea) and mass (Nmass) are key traits for plant functional ecology and ecosystem modelling. There is however no consensus about how these traits are regulated, or how they should be modelled. Here we confirm that observed leaf nitrogen across species and sites can be estimated well from observed LMA and V cmax at 25°C (V cmax25). We then test the hypothesis that global variations of both quantities depend on climate variables in specific ways that are predicted by leaf-level optimality theory, thus allowing both Narea to be predicted as functions of the growth environment.A new global compilation of field measurements was used to quantify the empirical relationships of leaf N to V cmax25 and LMA. Relationships of observed V cmax25 and LMA to climate variables were estimated, and compared to independent theoretical predictions of these relationships. Soil effects were assessed by analysing biases in the theoretical predictions.LMA was the most important predictor of Narea (increasing) and Nmass (decreasing). About 60% of global variation across species and sites in observed Narea, and 31% in Nmass, could be explained by observed LMA and V cmax25. These traits, in turn, were quantitatively related to climate variables, with significant partial relationships similar or indistinguishable from those predicted by optimality theory. Predicted trait values explained 21% of global variation in observed site-mean V cmax25, 43% in LMA and 31% in Narea. Predicted V cmax25 was biased low on clay-rich soils but predicted LMA was biased high, with compensating effects on Narea. Narea was overpredicted on organic soils. Synthesis. Global patterns of variation in observed site-mean Narea can be explained by climate-induced variations in optimal V cmax25 and LMA. Leaf nitrogen should accordingly be modelled as a consequence (not a cause) of V cmax25 and LMA, both being optimized to the environment. Nitrogen limitation of plant growth would then be modelled principally via whole-plant carbon allocation, rather than via leaf-level traits. Further research is required to better understand and model the terrestrial nitrogen and carbon cycles and their coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Dong
- Department of Life SciencesGeorgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Imperial College LondonAscotUK
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Iain Colin Prentice
- Department of Life SciencesGeorgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Imperial College LondonAscotUK
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System ModellingDepartment of Earth System Science, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ian J. Wright
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Han Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System ModellingDepartment of Earth System Science, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Owen K. Atkin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Keith J. Bloomfield
- Department of Life SciencesGeorgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Imperial College LondonAscotUK
| | - Tomas F. Domingues
- FFCLRP, Department of BiologyUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoBrazil
| | - Sean M. Gleason
- Water Management and Systems Research UnitUSDA‐ARSFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Vincent Maire
- Département des sciences de l'environnementUniversité du Québec à Trois‐Rivièresrois‐RivièresQuebecCanada
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Plant Sciences (IBG‐2)Forschungszentrum Julich GmbHJulichGermany
| | - Nicholas G. Smith
- Department of Biological SciencesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
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Mondaca P, Valenzuela P, Quiroz W, Valdenegro M, Abades S, Celis-Diez JL. Environmental conditions and plant physiology modulate Cu phytotoxicity in field-contaminated soils. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 246:114179. [PMID: 36244170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Foliar Cu concentration has been widely used as a biomarker of plant growth in phytotoxicity bioassays. This relation has helped find plant processes altered by Cu in dose-response experiments (a bivariate approach). However, when plants are grown in field conditions, their responses can vary in function of multiple variables, such as the environment, plant physiology, and other elements in plant (plant ionome). These sources of variability are commonly unreported, which could limit bioassays' utility. Thus, the present study aimed to assess and integrate the mentioned sources of variability on Cu phytotoxicity. Lettuce was used as plant model. Lettuces were grown in growth chambers with contrasting light and air humidity conditions and on two different field-contaminated soils (sandy and loamy soils). Results showed that environmental conditions significantly affected foliar Cu and plant growth, but this effect differed in the two studied soils. Foliar Cu was not a good biomarker of plant growth. In contrast, integrating the potential phytotoxicity effect with the plant's nutritional status allowed a better understanding of plant growth. We remarked on using a structural equation modeling approach (SEM) to integrate plant physiology and plant ionome as moderators of plant growth. Results showed that plant growth was primarily related to plant nutritional status rather than Cu phytotoxicity. Also, the foliar Cu concentration would affect plant nutritional status due to photosynthesis-related plant processes and cation balance. Finally, this research invites to state and include sources of variability when assessing phytotoxicity. This way, it is possible to advance toward understanding complex linked processes occurring in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mondaca
- Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Patricio Valenzuela
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Waldo Quiroz
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Monika Valdenegro
- Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Sebastián Abades
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan L Celis-Diez
- Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Chile.
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Wu Y, Chen P, Gong W, Gul H, Zhu J, Yang F, Wang X, Yong T, Liu J, Pu T, Yan Y, Yang W. Morphological and physiological variation of soybean seedlings in response to shade. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1015414. [PMID: 36275582 PMCID: PMC9583947 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1015414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is a legume species that is widely used in intercropping. Quantitative analyses of plasticity and genetic differences in soybean would improve the selection and breeding of soybean in intercropping. Here, we used data of 20 varieties from one year artificial shading experiment and one year intercropping experiment to characterize the morphological and physiological traits of soybean seedlings grown under shade and full sun light conditions. Our results showed that shade significantly decreased biomass, leaf area, stem diameter, fraction of dry mass in petiole, leaf mass per unit area, chlorophyll a/b ratio, net photosynthetic rate per unit area at PAR of 500 μmol m-2 s-1 and 1,200 μmol m-2 s-1 of soybean seedling, but significantly increased plant height, fraction of dry mass in stem and chlorophyll content. Light × variety interaction was significant for all measured traits, light effect contributed more than variety effect. The biomass of soybean seedlings was positively correlated with leaf area and stem diameter under both shade and full sunlight conditions, but not correlated with plant height and net photosynthetic rate. The top five (62.75% variation explained) most important explanatory variables of plasticity of biomass were that the plasticity of leaf area, leaf area ratio, leaflet area, plant height and chlorophyll content, whose total weight were 1, 0.9, 0.3, 0.2, 0.19, respectively. The plasticity of biomass was positively correlated with plasticity of leaf area and leaflet area but significant negative correlated with plasticity of plant height. The principal component one account for 42.45% variation explain. A cluster analysis further indicated that soybean cultivars were classified into three groups and cultivars; Jiandebaimaodou, Gongdou 2, and Guixia 3 with the maximum plasticity of biomass. These results suggest that for soybean seedlings grown under shade increasing the capacity for light interception by larger leaf area is more vital than light searching (plant height) and light conversion (photosynthetic rate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Wu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanzhuo Gong
- Crop Research Institute, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Hina Gul
- National Center of Industrial Biotechnology (NCIB), PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Junqi Zhu
- Plant and Food Research, Blenheim, New Zealand
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
| | - Taiwen Yong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Pu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanhong Yan
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
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Wyka TP, Robakowski P, Żytkowiak R, Oleksyn J. Anatomical acclimation of mature leaves to increased irradiance in sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.). PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 154:41-55. [PMID: 36057003 PMCID: PMC9568483 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Trees regenerating in the understory respond to increased availability of light caused by gap formation by undergoing a range of morphological and physiological adjustments. These adjustments include the production of thick, sun-type leaves containing thicker mesophyll and longer palisade cells than in shade-type leaves. We asked whether in the shade-regenerating tree Acer pseudoplatanus, the increase in leaf thickness and expansion of leaf tissues are possible also in leaves that are already fully formed, a response reported so far only for a handful of species. We acclimated potted seedlings to eight levels (from 1 to 100%) of solar irradiance and, in late summer, transferred a subset of them to full sunlight. Within 30 days, the pre-shaded leaves increased leaf mass per area and became thicker mostly due to the elongation of palisade cells, except for the most shaded individuals which suffered irreversible photo-oxidative damage. This anatomical acclimation was accompanied by a transient decline in photosynthetic efficiency of PSII (Fv/FM), the magnitude of which was related to the degree of pre-shading. The Fv/FM recovered substantially within the re-acclimation period. However, leaves of transferred plants were shed earlier in the fall, indicating that the acclimation was not fully effective. These results show that A. pseudoplatanus is one of the few known species in which mature leaves may re-acclimate anatomically to increased irradiance. This may be an important mechanism enhancing utilization of gaps created during the growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz P Wyka
- General Botany Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Piotr Robakowski
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 71a, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Roma Żytkowiak
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
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61
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Lanoue J, St. Louis S, Little C, Hao X. Continuous lighting can improve yield and reduce energy costs while increasing or maintaining nutritional contents of microgreens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:983222. [PMID: 36247650 PMCID: PMC9564221 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.983222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microgreens represent a fast growing segment of the edible greens industry. They are prized for their colour, texture, and flavour. Compared to their mature counterparts, microgreens have much higher antioxidant and nutrient content categorizing them as a functional food. However, current production practices in plant factories with artificial light are energy intensive. Specifically, the lack of sunlight within the indoor structure means all of the light must be provided via energy consuming light fixtures, which is energy intensive and costly. Plant growth is usually increased with the total amount of light provided to the plants - daily light integral (DLI). Long photoperiods of low intensity lighting (greater than 18h) providing the desired/target DLI can reduce the capital costs for light fixtures and electricity costs. This is achieved by moving the electricity use from peak daytime hours (high price) to off-peak hours (low price) during the night in regions with time-based pricing scheme and lowering the electricity use for air conditioning, if plant growth is not compromised. However, lighting with photoperiods longer than tolerance thresholds (species/cultivar specific) usually leads to plant stress/damage. Therefore, we investigated the effects of continuous 24h white light (CL) at two DLIs (~14 and 21 mol m-2 d-1) on plant growth, yield, and antioxidant content on 4 types of microgreens - amaranth, collard greens, green basil, and purple basil to see if it compromises microgreen production. It was found that amaranth and green basil had larger fresh biomass when grown under CL compared to 16h when the DLIs were the same. In addition, purple basil had higher biomass at higher DLI, but was unaffected by photoperiods. Plants grown under the CL treatments had higher energy-use-efficiencies for lighting (10-42%) than plants grown under the 16h photoperiods at the same DLI. Notably, the electricity cost per unit of fresh biomass ($ g-1) was reduced (8-38%) in all microgreens studied when plants were grown under CL lighting at the same DLIs. Amaranth and collard greens also had higher antioxidant content. Taken together, growing microgreens under CL can reduce electricity costs and increase yield while maintaining or improving nutritional content.
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Jiang F, Cadotte MW, Jin G. Size- and environment-driven seedling survival and growth are mediated by leaf functional traits. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221400. [PMID: 36168755 PMCID: PMC9515624 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecologists usually find that plant demography (e.g. survival and growth) changes along with plant size and environmental gradients, which suggests the effects of ontogeny-related processes and abiotic filtering. However, the role of functional traits underlying the size– and environment–demography relationships is usually overlooked. By measuring individual-level leaf traits of more than 2700 seedlings in a temperate forest, we evaluated how seedling traits mediated the size– and environment–demography relationships. We found leaves were larger for taller seedlings; leaf economics traits were more conservative in taller seedlings and under high-light and low-elevation conditions. Structural equation modelling showed that a higher survival probability for taller seedlings was indirectly driven by their larger leaf area. Although taller seedlings had lower growth rates, larger and more resource-conservative leaves could promote the growth of these tall seedlings. Environmental variables did not influence seedling survival and growth directly but did influence growth indirectly by mediating trait variation. Finally, species-specific variation in traits along with size and environments was associated with the species-specific variation in seedling survival and growth. Our study suggests that not only plant ontogeny- and environment-related ecological processes, but functional traits are also important intermediary agents underlying plant size– and environment–demography relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Guangze Jin
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China.,Northeast Asia Biodiversity Research Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
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63
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Mizokami Y, Oguchi R, Sugiura D, Yamori W, Noguchi K, Terashima I. Cost-benefit analysis of mesophyll conductance: diversities of anatomical, biochemical and environmental determinants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:265-283. [PMID: 35947983 PMCID: PMC9487971 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants invest photosynthates in construction and maintenance of their structures and functions. Such investments are considered costs. These costs are recovered by the CO2 assimilation rate (A) in the leaves, and thus A is regarded as the immediate, short-term benefit. In photosynthesizing leaves, CO2 diffusion from the air to the carboxylation site is hindered by several structural and biochemical barriers. CO2 diffusion from the intercellular air space to the chloroplast stroma is obstructed by the mesophyll resistance. The inverses is the mesophyll conductance (gm). Whether various plants realize an optimal gm, and how much investment is needed for a relevant gm, remain unsolved. SCOPE This review examines relationships among leaf construction costs (CC), leaf maintenance costs (MC) and gm in various plants under diverse growth conditions. Through a literature survey, we demonstrate a strong linear relationship between leaf mass per area (LMA) and leaf CC. The overall correlation of CC vs. gm across plant phylogenetic groups is weak, but significant trends are evident within specific groups and/or environments. Investment in CC is necessary for an increase in LMA and mesophyll cell surface area (Smes). This allows the leaf to accommodate more chloroplasts, thus increasing A. However, increases in LMA and/or Smes often accompany other changes, such as cell wall thickening, which diminishes gm. Such factors that make the correlations of CC and gm elusive are identified. CONCLUSIONS For evaluation of the contribution of gm to recover CC, leaf life span is the key factor. The estimation of MC in relation to gm, especially in terms of costs required to regulate aquaporins, could be essential for efficient control of gm over the short term. Over the long term, costs are mainly reflected in CC, while benefits also include ultimate fitness attributes in terms of integrated carbon gain over the life of a leaf, plant survival and reproductive output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mizokami
- Department of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Riichi Oguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugiura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Wataru Yamori
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, Institute for Sustainable Agri-ecosystem, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Midoricho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 188-0002, Japan
| | - Ko Noguchi
- Department of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ichiro Terashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Determining the Effects of Light on the Fruit Peel Quality of Photosensitive and Nonphotosensitive Eggplant. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11162095. [PMID: 36015399 PMCID: PMC9416183 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the development of facility agriculture, low-light stress is a prominent problem and a popular research topic currently. In this study, transcriptome analysis was used to analyze the genes in the fruit peel of photosensitive and nonphotosensitive eggplant and to explore the mechanism of changes in fruit color, texture, hormone content, aroma, and taste of these two different types of eggplant. We identified 51, 65, 66, and 66 genes involved in synthesizing anthocyanins, texture, hormone content, and aroma and flavor, respectively, in the two different types of eggplant based on the variation in gene expression trends in the fruit peel. These results provide a basis for further analysis of the molecular mechanism underlying the regulatory processes in eggplant fruits under low-light stress.
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65
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Hermlin HK, Lepik M, Zobel K. The importance of shoot morphological plasticity on plant coexistence: a pot experiment. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:791-797. [PMID: 35301789 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant morphological plasticity affects species coexistence by enhancing local coexistence. Here, we test the importance of plasticity to light availability for species coexistence. We hypothesise that high average plasticity in a species assemblage promotes coexistence and tested for the effect of differential plasticity on the competitive success of neighbouring species. Sixteen herbaceous species with known morphological plasticity were grown pairwise in 95 combinations in 285 pots. We calculated mean plasticity and difference of plasticity for each pair of species in a pot using previously estimated degree of plasticity in leaf number, leaf length, leaf area and SLA. We then related these to biomass-based evenness of abundance in a pot and to competitive success of the 16 species. Unexpectedly, average plasticity did not affect biomass production between coexisting species. Instead, large differences in plasticity among two competitive neighbours predicted low diversity (high degree of dominance) in an assemblage. Higher than neighbour plasticity generally predicted competitive superiority in an assemblage. The opposite was true for plasticity of SLA, where species with low plasticity tended to dominate. Unlike earlier field studies, our results show that phenotypic plasticity in various plant traits pose opposite effects to interspecific competition. Subsequently, these effects possibly affect species composition and richness through which plasticity has significant consequences for plant communities and, therefore, should be accounted for in relevant studies in plant ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Hermlin
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M Lepik
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - K Zobel
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Westoby M, Schrader J, Falster D. Trait ecology of startup plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:842-847. [PMID: 35488498 PMCID: PMC9325420 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Startup plants include seedlings and basal and epicormic resprouts. It has long been held that startups have different strategies from adult plants, but theory for what trait differences to expect is limited and not yet quantitatively tested. Three applicable concepts are analogous to human startup firms, R-shift, and trait-growth theory. All three suggest startups should be built with lower construction costs than established plants. This appears to be almost always true in terms of leaf mass per area (LMA), though many comparisons are complicated by the startups growing in lower light. Trait-growth theory predicts LMA should increase progressively with height or total leaf area, driven by higher conductive-pathway costs associated with each unit leaf area, and by greater reward from slowing leaf turnover. Basal resprouts often have somewhat higher LMA than seedlings, but possibly this is simply because they are larger. A number of eminently testable questions are identified. Prospects are good for a theoretically cogent and field-tested body of knowledge about plant startups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Westoby
- School of Natural SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSW2109Australia
| | - Julian Schrader
- School of Natural SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSW2109Australia
- Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and BiogeographyUniversity of GoettingenGoettingen37073Germany
| | - Daniel Falster
- Evolution & Ecology ResearchUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
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Light Spectral Composition Modifies Polyamine Metabolism in Young Wheat Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158394. [PMID: 35955528 PMCID: PMC9369354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although light-emitting diode (LED) technology has extended the research on targeted photomorphogenic, physiological, and biochemical responses in plants, there is not enough direct information about how light affects polyamine metabolism. In this study, the effect of three spectral compositions (referred to by their most typical characteristic: blue, red, and the combination of blue and red [pink] lights) on polyamine metabolism was compared to those obtained under white light conditions at the same light intensity. Although light quality induced pronounced differences in plant morphology, pigment contents, and the expression of polyamine metabolism-related genes, endogenous polyamine levels did not differ substantially. When exogenous polyamines were applied, their roborative effect were detected under all light conditions, but these beneficial changes were correlated with an increase in polyamine content and polyamine metabolism-related gene expression only under blue light. The effect of the polyamines on leaf gene expression under red light was the opposite, with a decreasing tendency. Results suggest that light quality may optimize plant growth through the adjustment of polyamine metabolism at the gene expression level. Polyamine treatments induced different strategies in fine-tuning of polyamine metabolism, which were induced for optimal plant growth and development under different spectral compositions.
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68
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Faralli M, Cristofolini F, Cristofori A, Ferretti M, Gottardini E. Leaf trait plasticity and site-specific environmental variability modulate the severity of visible foliar ozone symptoms in Viburnum lantana. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270520. [PMID: 35881634 PMCID: PMC9321413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of Visible Foliar Symptoms (VFS) is commonly adopted by forest monitoring programs to evaluate ozone impact on vegetation. The occurrence of ozone VFS may differ among individuals of the same species at the same site, and within leaves of the same individual. The aim of this study was to identify site and plant characteristics as well as functional leaf traits associated with the occurrence and severity of VFS in Viburnum lantana (an ozone-sensitive species) and at the scale of an individual site. V. lantana plants growing at one site of the ViburNeT monitoring network (Trentino, North Italy) experiencing high ozone levels were surveyed in relation to 1) sun exposure, 2) shading effect from neighbor vegetation, 3) plant height and 4) presence and severity of VFS. Leaves from three different sections of each plant were subjected to a phenotypic characterization of leaf area, dry weight, specific leaf area (SLA), chlorophyll content (ChlSPAD), percentage of VFS, and adaxial and abaxial trichome density (Tr). We showed that plants at high irradiation levels had significantly lower SLA (p<0.05), higher Tr (p<0.01) and greater ChlSPAD (p<0.01) when compared to shaded and/or west- and north-exposed plants, thus indicating a strong influence of site-specific characteristics on leaf trait plasticity. Similar differences were observed for taller vs. shorter plants and apical vs. basal branches (p<0.05). Ozone-induced VFS at leaf level were associated with lower SLA (p<0.001) and higher Tr in the abaxial leaf surface (p<0.05). Both leaf traits showed significant differences also within the south and east exposed plant category, thus suggesting the increase in leaf thickness and Tr as a potential adaptive strategy under multiple stress conditions. Our results provide evidence of a strong relationship between VFS, leaf traits and site-specific variables, offering new insights for interpreting data on the impact of ozone on vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Faralli
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- * E-mail: (MF); (EG)
| | - Fabiana Cristofolini
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Antonella Cristofori
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Marco Ferretti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, ZH, Switzerland
| | - Elena Gottardini
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
- * E-mail: (MF); (EG)
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Stotz GC, Salgado‐Luarte C, Escobedo VM, Valladares F, Gianoli E. Phenotypic plasticity and the leaf economics spectrum: plasticity is positively associated with specific leaf area. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gisela C. Stotz
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Univ. Andrés Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Cristian Salgado‐Luarte
- Inst. de Investigación Multidisciplinario en Ciencia y Tecnología, Univ. de La Serena La Serena Chile
| | - Víctor M. Escobedo
- Laboratorio de Biología Vegetal, Inst. de Ciencias Biológicas, Univ. de Talca Talca Chile
| | - Fernando Valladares
- Depto de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, LINCGlobal, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN‐CSIC) Madrid España
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Univ. Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles Madrid España
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Osei-Kwarteng M, Ayipio E, Moualeu-Ngangue D, Buck-Sorlin G, Stützel H. Interspecific variation in leaf traits, photosynthetic light response, and whole-plant productivity in amaranths (Amaranthus spp. L.). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270674. [PMID: 35771745 PMCID: PMC9246199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic light response curve parameters help us understand the interspecific variation in photosynthetic traits, leaf acclimation status, carbon uptake, and plant productivity in specific environments. These parameters are also influenced by leaf traits which rely on species and growth environment. In accessions of four amaranth species (Amaranthus. hybridus, A. dubius, A. hypochondriacus, and A. cruentus), we determined variations in the net photosynthetic light response curves and leaf traits, and analysed the relationships between maximum gross photosynthetic rate, leaf traits, and whole-plant productivity. Non-rectangular hyperbolae were used for the net photosynthesis light response curves. Maximum gross photosynthetic rate (Pgmax) was the only variant parameter among the species, ranging from 22.29 to 34.21 μmol m–2 s–1. Interspecific variation existed for all the leaf traits except leaf mass per area and leaf inclination angle. Stomatal conductance, nitrogen, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents, as well as leaf area correlated with Pgmax. Stomatal conductance and leaf nitrogen explained much of the variation in Pgmax at the leaf level. At the plant level, the slope between absolute growth rate and leaf area showed a strong linear relationship with Pgmax. Overall, A. hybridus and A. cruentus exhibited higher Pgmax at the leaf level and light use efficiency at the whole-plant level than A. dubius, and A. hypochondriacus. Thus, A. hybridus and A. cruentus tended to be more efficient with respect to carbon assimilation. These findings highlight the correlation between leaf photosynthetic characteristics, other leaf traits, and whole plant productivity in amaranths. Future studies may explore more species and accessions of Amaranthus at different locations or light environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mildred Osei-Kwarteng
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Sciences, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala, Tamale, Ghana
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Emmanuel Ayipio
- CSIR-Savannah Agricultural Research Institute, Nyankpala, Ghana
- Auburn University, Department of Horticulture, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Dany Moualeu-Ngangue
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Hartmut Stützel
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Light Intensity- and Spectrum-Dependent Redox Regulation of Plant Metabolism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071311. [PMID: 35883801 PMCID: PMC9312225 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Both light intensity and spectrum (280–800 nm) affect photosynthesis and, consequently, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during photosynthetic electron transport. ROS, together with antioxidants, determine the redox environment in tissues and cells, which in turn has a major role in the adjustment of metabolism to changes in environmental conditions. This process is very important since there are great spatial (latitude, altitude) and temporal (daily, seasonal) changes in light conditions which are accompanied by fluctuations in temperature, water supply, and biotic stresses. The blue and red spectral regimens are decisive in the regulation of metabolism because of the absorption maximums of chlorophylls and the sensitivity of photoreceptors. Based on recent publications, photoreceptor-controlled transcription factors such as ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) and changes in the cellular redox environment may have a major role in the coordinated fine-tuning of metabolic processes during changes in light conditions. This review gives an overview of the current knowledge of the light-associated redox control of basic metabolic pathways (carbon, nitrogen, amino acid, sulphur, lipid, and nucleic acid metabolism), secondary metabolism (terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids), and related molecular mechanisms. Light condition-related reprogramming of metabolism is the basis for proper growth and development of plants; therefore, its better understanding can contribute to more efficient crop production in the future.
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72
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Li X, Zhao X, Tsujii Y, Ma Y, Zhang R, Qian C, Wang Z, Geng F, Jin S. Links between leaf anatomy and leaf mass per area of herbaceous species across slope aspects in an eastern Tibetan subalpine meadow. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8973. [PMID: 35784019 PMCID: PMC9163673 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf anatomy varies with abiotic factors and is an important trait for understanding plant adaptive responses to environmental conditions. Leaf mass per area (LMA) is a key morphological trait and is related to leaf performance, such as light‐saturated photosynthetic rate per leaf mass, leaf mechanical strength, and leaf lifespan. LMA is the multiplicative product of leaf thickness (LT) and leaf density (LD), both of which vary with leaf anatomy. Nevertheless, how LMA, LT, and LD covary with leaf anatomy is largely unexplored along natural environmental gradients. Slope aspect is a topographic factor that underlies variations in solar irradiation, air temperature, humidity, and soil fertility. In the present study, we examined (1) how leaf anatomy varies with different slope aspects and (2) how leaf anatomy is related to LMA, LD, and LT. Leaf anatomy was measured for 30 herbaceous species across three slope aspects (south‐, west‐, and north‐facing slopes; hereafter, SFS, WFS, and NFS, respectively) in an eastern Tibetan subalpine meadow. For 18 of the 30 species, LMA data were available from previous studies. LD was calculated as LMA divided by LT. Among the slope aspects, the dominant species on the SFS exhibited the highest LTs with the thickest spongy mesophyll layers. The thicker spongy mesophyll layer was related to a lower LD via larger intercellular airspaces. In contrast, LD was the highest on NFS among the slope aspects. LMA was not significantly different among the slope aspects because higher LTs on SFS were effectively offset by lower LDs. These results suggest that the relationships between leaf anatomy and LMA were different among the slope aspects. Mechanisms underlying the variations in leaf anatomy may include different solar radiation, air temperatures, soil water, and nutrient availabilities among the slope aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin’e Li
- Division of Grassland Science College of Animal Science and Technology Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Division of Grassland Science College of Animal Science and Technology Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Yuki Tsujii
- School of Natural Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Faculty of Science Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith New South Wales Australia
| | - Yueqi Ma
- Division of Grassland Science College of Animal Science and Technology Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Renyi Zhang
- College of Ecology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Division of Grassland Science College of Animal Science and Technology Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Zixi Wang
- Division of Grassland Science College of Animal Science and Technology Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Feilong Geng
- Division of Grassland Science College of Animal Science and Technology Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Shixuan Jin
- Division of Grassland Science College of Animal Science and Technology Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu China
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Dussarrat T, Prigent S, Latorre C, Bernillon S, Flandin A, Díaz FP, Cassan C, Van Delft P, Jacob D, Varala K, Joubes J, Gibon Y, Rolin D, Gutiérrez RA, Pétriacq P. Predictive metabolomics of multiple Atacama plant species unveils a core set of generic metabolites for extreme climate resilience. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1614-1628. [PMID: 35288949 PMCID: PMC9324839 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Current crop yield of the best ideotypes is stagnating and threatened by climate change. In this scenario, understanding wild plant adaptations in extreme ecosystems offers an opportunity to learn about new mechanisms for resilience. Previous studies have shown species specificity for metabolites involved in plant adaptation to harsh environments. Here, we combined multispecies ecological metabolomics and machine learning-based generalized linear model predictions to link the metabolome to the plant environment in a set of 24 species belonging to 14 families growing along an altitudinal gradient in the Atacama Desert. Thirty-nine common compounds predicted the plant environment with 79% accuracy, thus establishing the plant metabolome as an excellent integrative predictor of environmental fluctuations. These metabolites were independent of the species and validated both statistically and biologically using an independent dataset from a different sampling year. Thereafter, using multiblock predictive regressions, metabolites were linked to climatic and edaphic stressors such as freezing temperature, water deficit and high solar irradiance. These findings indicate that plants from different evolutionary trajectories use a generic metabolic toolkit to face extreme environments. These core metabolites, also present in agronomic species, provide a unique metabolic goldmine for improving crop performances under abiotic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dussarrat
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileFONDAP Center for Genome Regulation and Millenium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio)Av Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340SantiagoChile
- Univ. BordeauxINRAEUMR1332 BFP, 33882Villenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Sylvain Prigent
- Univ. BordeauxINRAEUMR1332 BFP, 33882Villenave d'OrnonFrance
- Bordeaux MetabolomeMetaboHUBPHENOME‐EMPHASIS33140Villenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Claudio Latorre
- Departamento de EcologíaPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileAv Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340SantiagoChile
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB)Las Palmeras3425ÑuñoaSantiagoChile
| | - Stéphane Bernillon
- Univ. BordeauxINRAEUMR1332 BFP, 33882Villenave d'OrnonFrance
- Bordeaux MetabolomeMetaboHUBPHENOME‐EMPHASIS33140Villenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Amélie Flandin
- Univ. BordeauxINRAEUMR1332 BFP, 33882Villenave d'OrnonFrance
- Bordeaux MetabolomeMetaboHUBPHENOME‐EMPHASIS33140Villenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Francisca P. Díaz
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileFONDAP Center for Genome Regulation and Millenium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio)Av Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340SantiagoChile
| | - Cédric Cassan
- Univ. BordeauxINRAEUMR1332 BFP, 33882Villenave d'OrnonFrance
- Bordeaux MetabolomeMetaboHUBPHENOME‐EMPHASIS33140Villenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Pierre Van Delft
- Bordeaux MetabolomeMetaboHUBPHENOME‐EMPHASIS33140Villenave d'OrnonFrance
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRSUniv. Bordeaux, UMR 5200Villenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Daniel Jacob
- Univ. BordeauxINRAEUMR1332 BFP, 33882Villenave d'OrnonFrance
- Bordeaux MetabolomeMetaboHUBPHENOME‐EMPHASIS33140Villenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Kranthi Varala
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape ArchitecturePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
- Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Jérôme Joubes
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRSUniv. Bordeaux, UMR 5200Villenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Yves Gibon
- Univ. BordeauxINRAEUMR1332 BFP, 33882Villenave d'OrnonFrance
- Bordeaux MetabolomeMetaboHUBPHENOME‐EMPHASIS33140Villenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Dominique Rolin
- Univ. BordeauxINRAEUMR1332 BFP, 33882Villenave d'OrnonFrance
- Bordeaux MetabolomeMetaboHUBPHENOME‐EMPHASIS33140Villenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Rodrigo A. Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileFONDAP Center for Genome Regulation and Millenium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio)Av Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340SantiagoChile
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- Univ. BordeauxINRAEUMR1332 BFP, 33882Villenave d'OrnonFrance
- Bordeaux MetabolomeMetaboHUBPHENOME‐EMPHASIS33140Villenave d'OrnonFrance
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74
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Jiménez-Leyva A, Orozco-Avitia J, Gutiérrez A, Vargas G, Sánchez E, Muñoz E, Esqueda M. Functional plasticity of Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum through multiple traits. AOB PLANTS 2022; 14:plac017. [PMID: 35774379 PMCID: PMC9237842 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of functional traits still has not been studied enough in model plant species, even less so in little-known species. This experiment was carried out under the extreme heat of Sonoran Desert, using shading nets and under conditions where the availability of water and nutrients was not a stress factor. We evaluated how the low, intermediate and high sunlight regimes impact survival and promote multiple alterations on phenological and ecophysiological response of cultivated Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum plants. Extremely warm temperatures promoted a high heat sum in degrees days throughout plants development. Most plants grown in high sunlight regimes did not survive; under intermediate sunlight regimes survival was high and plants developed vegetative and reproductively; but under low sunlight regimes plants survival was high; however, they developed just vegetatively. Photosynthetic response to light suggests that plants are physiologically acclimated to low and intermediate irradiance, whereas the CO2 assimilation curves suggest contrasting photosynthetic capacity traits. Under the intermediate sunlight regimes, plants strengthened their performance through multiple functional traits (e.g. CO2 and water diffusion traits, photosynthetic capacity, respiration, among others). Consequently, their biomass gain was faster and proportionally higher by 76 % with an investment of 14 % in fruits development. The principal components analysis extracted the main explanatory functional traits: photosynthetic nitrogen allocation, stomatal limitation, mesophyll conductance, Rubisco maximum carboxylation velocity, among others. In conclusion, phenological response and multiple functional traits determine plants acclimation to sunlight regimes and extremely warm temperatures in short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Jiménez-Leyva
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora C.P. 83304, México
| | - Jesús Orozco-Avitia
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora C.P. 83304, México
| | - Aldo Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora C.P. 83304, México
| | - Georgina Vargas
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora C.P. 83304, México
| | - Esteban Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Av. 4ta Sur 3820, Fracc. Vencedores del Desierto, Delicias, Chihuahua C.P. 33089, México
| | - Ezequiel Muñoz
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Av. 4ta Sur 3820, Fracc. Vencedores del Desierto, Delicias, Chihuahua C.P. 33089, México
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75
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Formisano L, Miras-Moreno B, Ciriello M, Zhang L, De Pascale S, Lucini L, Rouphael Y. Between Light and Shading: Morphological, Biochemical, and Metabolomics Insights Into the Influence of Blue Photoselective Shading on Vegetable Seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:890830. [PMID: 35693176 PMCID: PMC9174935 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.890830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High nursery densities reduce the seedling quality due to the competition for light. High light intensity, shading, and blue light depletion activate morphophysiological and metabolomic responses in plants, resulting in size modification to gain an advantage over neighboring plants. Our research aimed to unravel the effects of light intensity and quality on nursery seedlings at the morphological and biochemical levels. To this aim, the effect of black shading and blue photoselective shading nets were investigated in terms of morphometric, ionomic, and untargeted metabolomics signatures in Cucurbita pepo L., Citrullus lanatus L., Solanum lycopersicum L., and Solanum melongena L. seedlings. Plant height, diameter, sturdiness index, leaf area, specific leaf area, shoot/root ratio, and mineral content (by ion chromatography-IC) were evaluated. In C. pepo L and C. lanatus L., the blue net reduced the shoot/root and chlorophyll a/b ratios and increased stem diameter and total chlorophyll content. The black net increased plant height, stem diameter, and sturdiness index in Solanum lycopersicum L. and Solanum melongena L. At the same time, unshading conditions reduced leaf area, specific leaf area, shoot/root ratio, and total chlorophyll content. The blue net improved the sturdiness index and quality of C. pepo L. and C. lanatus L. Such impact on morphological parameters induced by the different shading conditions was corroborated by a significant modulation at the metabolomics level. Untargeted metabolomic phytochemical signatures of the selected plants, and the subsequent multivariate analysis coupled to pathway analysis, allowed highlighting a broad and diverse biochemical modulation. Metabolomics revealed that both primary and secondary metabolism were largely affected by the different shading conditions, regardless of the species considered. A common pattern arose to point at the activation of plant energy metabolism and lipid biosynthesis, together with a generalized down accumulation of several secondary metabolites, particularly phenylpropanoids. Our findings indicate an intriguing scientific interest in the effects of selective shading and its application to other species and different phenological stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Formisano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Begoña Miras-Moreno
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, DiSTAS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Michele Ciriello
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Leilei Zhang
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, DiSTAS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Stefania De Pascale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, DiSTAS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
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Li YT, Li Y, Song JM, Guo QH, Yang C, Zhao WJ, Wang JY, Luo J, Xu YN, Zhang Q, Ding XY, Liang Y, Li YN, Feng QL, Liu P, Gao HY, Li G, Zhao SJ, Zhang ZS. Has breeding altered the light environment, photosynthetic apparatus, and photosynthetic capacity of wheat leaves? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3205-3220. [PMID: 34758079 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Whether photosynthesis has improved with increasing yield in major crops remains controversial. Research in this area has often neglected to account for differences in light intensity experienced by cultivars released in different years. Light intensity is expected to be positively associated with photosynthetic capacity and the resistance of the photosynthetic apparatus to high light but negatively associated with light-utilization efficiency under low light. Here, we analyzed the light environment, photosynthetic activity, and protein components of leaves of 26 winter wheat cultivars released during the past 60 years in China. Over time, light levels on flag leaves significantly decreased due to architectural changes, but photosynthetic rates under high or low light and the resistance of the photosynthetic apparatus to high light remained steady, contrary to expectations. We propose that the difference between the actual and expected trends is due to breeding. Specifically, breeding has optimized photosynthetic performance under high light rather than low light. Moreover, breeding selectivity altered the stoichiometry of several proteins related to dynamic photosynthesis, canopy light distribution, and photoprotection. These results indicate that breeding has significantly altered the photosynthetic mechanism in wheat and its response to the light environment. These changes likely have helped increase wheat yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Jian-Min Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Maize and Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Qian-Huan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Wheat Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Province, 450002, China
| | - Wen-Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Ecology of Xinjiang, College of Grassland and Environment Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Jun-Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Jiao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Yan-Ni Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Xin-Yu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Ying Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Yue-Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Qiu-Ling Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Hui-Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Geng Li
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Shi-Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Zi-Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
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77
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Morpho-Physiological Responses of Two Multipurpose Species from the Tropical Dry Forest to Contrasting Light Levels: Implications for Their Nursery and Field Management. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081042. [PMID: 35448770 PMCID: PMC9029291 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the responses that some plants exhibit to acclimatize and thrive in different light environments can serve as a guideline to optimize their production or establishment. Morpho-physiological changes in Crescentia alata and Enterolobium cyclocarpum were examined in response to varying light levels: 25%, 35%, 55% and 70% of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of total solar radiation. One-month-old seedlings were subjected to the light treatments; subsequently, the effects on morphology, photosynthetic capacity, nutrient status, non-structural carbohydrate reserves (NSC) and growth were evaluated in three-month-old seedlings. Light levels affected several morpho-physiological parameters. C. alata responded better to higher light levels and E. cyclocarpum to lower levels. Particularly, C. alata with 70% PPFD increased its size in height and diameter, and accumulated more biomass in leaves, stems, and roots; it also exhibited higher net assimilation rates, improved nitrogen and phosphorus status and growth. In contrast, E. cyclocarpum with 25% PPFD increased aboveground biomass, nitrogen levels and NSC in leaves. Both species show morpho-physiological changes that determine their ability to acclimatize to different light conditions. This serves as a basis for designing better management strategies in the nursery or field by defining the light environments conducive to a proper functioning.
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78
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Shuang SP, Zhang JY, Cun Z, Wu HM, Hong J, Chen JW. A Comparison of Photoprotective Mechanism in Different Light-Demanding Plants Under Dynamic Light Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:819843. [PMID: 35463455 PMCID: PMC9019478 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.819843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Light intensity is highly heterogeneous in nature, and plants have evolved a series of strategies to acclimate to dynamic light due to their immobile lifestyles. However, it is still unknown whether there are differences in photoprotective mechanisms among different light-demanding plants in response to dynamic light, and thus the role of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), electron transport, and light energy allocation of photosystems in photoprotection needs to be further understood in different light-demanding plants. The activities of photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) in shade-tolerant species Panax notoginseng, intermediate species Polygonatum kingianum, and sun-demanding species Erigeron breviscapus were comparatively measured to elucidate photoprotection mechanisms in different light-demanding plants under dynamic light. The results showed that the NPQ and PSII maximum efficiency (F v'/F m') of E. breviscapus were higher than the other two species under dynamic high light. Meanwhile, cyclic electron flow (CEF) of sun plants is larger under transient high light conditions since the slope of post-illumination, P700 dark reduction rate, and plastoquinone (PQ) pool were greater. NPQ was more active and CEF was initiated more readily in shade plants than the two other species under transient light. Moreover, sun plants processed higher quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII), quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion [Y(I)], and quantum yield of non-photochemical energy dissipation due to acceptor side limitation (Y(NA), while the constitutive thermal dissipation and fluorescence (Φf,d) and quantum yield of non-photochemical energy dissipation due to donor side limitation [Y(ND)] of PSI were higher in shade plants. These results suggest that sun plants had higher NPQ and CEF for photoprotection under transient high light and mainly allocated light energy through ΦPSII and ΦNPQ, while shade plants had a higher Φf,d and a larger heat dissipation efficiency of PSI donor. Overall, it has been demonstrated that the photochemical efficiency and photoprotective capacity are greater in sun plants under transient dynamic light, while shade plants are more sensitive to transient dynamic light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Pu Shuang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jin-Yan Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhu Cun
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Hong-Min Wu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Hong
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun-Wen Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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79
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Wyka TP, Robakowski P, Żytkowiak R, Oleksyn J. Anatomical adjustment of mature leaves of sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) to increased irradiance. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 152:55-71. [PMID: 35034267 PMCID: PMC9090708 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00898-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Trees regenerating in the understory respond to increased availability of light caused by gap formation by undergoing a range of morphological and physiological adjustments. These adjustments include the production of thick, sun-type leaves containing thicker mesophyll and longer palisade cells than in shade-type leaves. We asked whether in the shade-regenerating tree Acer pseudoplatanus, the increase in leaf thickness and expansion of leaf tissues are possible also in leaves that had been fully formed prior to the increase in irradiance, a response reported so far only for a handful of species. We acclimated potted seedlings to eight levels (from 1 to 100%) of solar irradiance and, in late summer, transferred a subset of them to full sunlight. Within 30 days, the shaded leaves increased leaf mass per area and became thicker mostly due to elongation of palisade cells, except for the most shaded individuals which suffered irreversible photo-oxidative damage. This anatomical acclimation was accompanied by partial degradation of chlorophyll and a transient decline in photosynthetic efficiency of PSII (Fv/FM). These effects were related to the degree of pre-shading. The Fv/FM recovered substantially within the re-acclimation period. However, leaves of transferred plants were shed significantly earlier in the fall, indicating that the acclimation was not fully effective. These results show that A. pseudoplatanus is one of the few known species in which mature leaves may re-acclimate anatomically to increased irradiance. This may be a potentially important mechanism enhancing utilization of gaps created during the growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz P Wyka
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Biology, General Botany Laboratory, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Piotr Robakowski
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, ul. Wojska Polskiego 71a, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Roma Żytkowiak
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, ul. Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, ul. Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
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80
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Saeid Nia M, Repnik U, Krupinska K, Bilger W. The plastid-nucleus localized DNA-binding protein WHIRLY1 is required for acclimation of barley leaves to high light. PLANTA 2022; 255:84. [PMID: 35279792 PMCID: PMC8918454 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In accordance with a key role of WHIRLY1 in light-acclimation mechanisms, typical features of acclimation to high light, including photosynthesis and leaf morphology, are compromised in WHIRLY1 deficient plants. Acclimation to the environment requires efficient communication between chloroplasts and the nucleus. Previous studies indicated that the plastid-nucleus located WHIRLY1 protein is required for the communication between plastids and the nucleus in situations of high light exposure. To investigate the consequences of WHIRLY1 deficiency on the light acclimation of photosynthesis and leaf anatomy, transgenic barley plants with an RNAi-mediated knockdown of HvWHIRLY1 were compared to wild-type plants when growing at low and high irradiance. While wild-type plants showed the typical light acclimation responses, i.e. higher photosynthetic capacity and thicker leaves, the WHIRLY1 deficient plants were not able to respond to differences in irradiance. The results revealed a systemic role of WHIRLY1 in light acclimation by coordinating responses at the level of the chloroplast and the level of leaf morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Urska Repnik
- Central Microscopy, Department of Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Bilger
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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81
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Yamazaki K, Fujiwara T. The Effect of Phosphate on the Activity and Sensitivity of Nutritropism toward Ammonium in Rice Roots. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:733. [PMID: 35336615 PMCID: PMC8955032 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how plants determine growth direction from environmental cues is important to reveal optimal strategies in plant survival. Nutritropism is the directional growth of plant roots towards nutrient sources. Our previous study showed that an NH4+ gradient stimulates nutritropism in the lateral roots, but not in the main roots, of a rice cultivar. In the present study, we report nutritropism in the main roots of rice accessions among the World Rice Core Collection, including WRC 25. We investigated the effects of components in nutrient sources on nutritropism in WRC 25. Nutritropism in main roots was stimulated by NH4+ and significantly enhanced by Pi. We found that roots required more NH4+ stimulation for nutritropic responses in the presence of higher Pi, meaning that Pi desensitized root nutritropism. These results indicate that Pi acts as an activator and a desensitizer in nutritropism. Such a regulation of nutritropism would be important for plants to decide their optimum growth directions towards nutrient sources, gravity, moisture, or other stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
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82
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Zhu D, Hui D, Huang Z, Qiao X, Tong S, Wang M, Yang Q, Yu S. Comparative impact of light and neighbor effect on the growth of introduced species
Sonneratia apetala
and native mangrove species in China: implications for restoration. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dehuang Zhu
- Department of Ecology School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510275 China
- Shenzhen Research Institute Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 518054 China
- College of Ecology and Resources Engineering Wuyi University Nanping Fujian 354300 China
| | - Dafeng Hui
- Department of Biological Sciences Tennessee State University Nashville TN 37209 U.S.A
| | - Zijian Huang
- Department of Ecology School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510275 China
- Shenzhen Research Institute Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 518054 China
| | - Xueting Qiao
- Department of Ecology School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510275 China
- Shenzhen Research Institute Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 518054 China
| | - Sen Tong
- Department of Ecology School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510275 China
- Shenzhen Research Institute Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 518054 China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Guangdong Neilingding Futian National Nature Reserve Shenzhen Guangdong 518040 China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Guangdong Neilingding Futian National Nature Reserve Shenzhen Guangdong 518040 China
| | - Shixiao Yu
- Department of Ecology School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510275 China
- Shenzhen Research Institute Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 518054 China
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83
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Gao X, Schwilk DW. Burn hot or tolerate trees: flammability decreases with shade tolerance in grasses. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiulin Gao
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech Univ. Lubbock TX USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
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84
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Yu L, Fujiwara K, Matsuda R. Estimating Light Acclimation Parameters of Cucumber Leaves Using Time-Weighted Averages of Daily Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:809046. [PMID: 35211135 PMCID: PMC8860900 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.809046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leaves acclimate to day-to-day fluctuating levels of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) by adjusting their morphological and physiological parameters. Accurate estimation of these parameters under day-to-day fluctuating PPFD conditions benefits crop growth modeling and light environment management in greenhouses, although it remains challenging. We quantified the relationships between day-to-day PPFD changes over 6 days and light acclimation parameters for cucumber seedling leaves, including leaf mass per area (LMA), chlorophyll (Chl) a/b ratio, maximum net photosynthetic rate (P nmax), maximum rate of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase/oxygenase (V cmax), and maximum rate of electron transport (J max). The last two parameters reflect the capacity of the photosynthetic partial reactions. We built linear regression models of these parameters based on average or time-weighted averages of daily PPFDs. For time-weighted averages of daily PPFDs, the influence of daily PPFD was given a specific weight. We employed three types of functions to calculate this weight, including linear, quadratic, and sigmoid derivative types. We then determined the trend of weights that estimated each parameter most accurately. Moreover, we introduced saturating functions to calibrate the average or time-weighted averages of daily PPFDs, considering that light acclimation parameters are usually saturated under high PPFDs. We found that time-weighted average PPFDs, in which recent PPFD levels had larger weights than earlier levels, better estimated LMA than average PPFDs. This suggests that recent PPFDs contribute more to LMA than earlier PPFDs. Except for the Chl a/b ratio, the average PPFDs estimated P nmax, V cmax, and J max with acceptable accuracy. In contrast, time-weighted averages of daily PPFDs did not improve the estimation accuracy of these four parameters, possibly due to their low response rates and plasticity. Calibrating functions generally improved estimation of Chl a/b ratio, V cmax, and J max because of their saturating tendencies under high PPFDs. Our findings provide a reasonable approach to quantifying the extent to which the leaves acclimate to day-to-day fluctuating PPFDs, especially the extent of LMA.
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85
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Poorter H, Knopf O, Wright IJ, Temme AA, Hogewoning SW, Graf A, Cernusak LA, Pons TL. A meta-analysis of responses of C 3 plants to atmospheric CO 2 : dose-response curves for 85 traits ranging from the molecular to the whole-plant level. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1560-1596. [PMID: 34657301 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Generalised dose-response curves are essential to understand how plants acclimate to atmospheric CO2 . We carried out a meta-analysis of 630 experiments in which C3 plants were experimentally grown at different [CO2 ] under relatively benign conditions, and derived dose-response curves for 85 phenotypic traits. These curves were characterised by form, plasticity, consistency and reliability. Considered over a range of 200-1200 µmol mol-1 CO2 , some traits more than doubled (e.g. area-based photosynthesis; intrinsic water-use efficiency), whereas others more than halved (area-based transpiration). At current atmospheric [CO2 ], 64% of the total stimulation in biomass over the 200-1200 µmol mol-1 range has already been realised. We also mapped the trait responses of plants to [CO2 ] against those we have quantified before for light intensity. For most traits, CO2 and light responses were of similar direction. However, some traits (such as reproductive effort) only responded to light, others (such as plant height) only to [CO2 ], and some traits (such as area-based transpiration) responded in opposite directions. This synthesis provides a comprehensive picture of plant responses to [CO2 ] at different integration levels and offers the quantitative dose-response curves that can be used to improve global change simulation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Oliver Knopf
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Andries A Temme
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Graf
- Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4879, Australia
| | - Thijs L Pons
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3512 PN, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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86
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Toledo‐Aceves T, Bonilla‐Moheno M, Sosa VJ, López‐Barrera F, Williams‐Linera G. Leaf functional traits predict shade tolerant tree performance in cloud forest restoration plantings. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarin Toledo‐Aceves
- Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL) Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya C. P. 91073 Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
| | | | - Vinicio J. Sosa
- Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL) Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya C. P. 91073 Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
| | - Fabiola López‐Barrera
- Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL) Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya C. P. 91073 Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Williams‐Linera
- Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL) Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya C. P. 91073 Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
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87
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How Does Deforestation Affect the Growth of Cypripedium (Orchidaceae) Species? A Simulation Experiment in Northeast China. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to wild habitat destruction, Cypripedium is among the most endangered groups in China. Determining how Cypripedium respond to environmental changes is curial to their conservation. However, less is known about the effect of deforestation on the growth of Cypripedium. In this study, we selected four Cypripedium species in Northeast China, and conducted conservation-based transplantation simulating deforestation to explore the impact of increased light intensity on the growth of Cypripedium. After three years, the maximum net photosynthetic rate was decreased by 15.9%, 11.5%, 13.6% and 5.3% for C. calceolus L., C. guttatum Sw., C. macranthos Sw. and C.×ventricosum Sw., respectively, resulting in poor viability, manifesting as shorter and thinner shoots, and smaller leaves. Unexpectedly, no significant traits shifts were found in the roots across four species, which may be related to the long root lifespan and conservation. Our research confirmed that increased light intensity caused by deforestation would lead to an increase in respirate cost and a decrease in photosynthate accumulation, and consequently the recession of plant growth. Except for habitat loss, individual plant reduction caused by deforestation could be responsible for the population decline of Cypripedium.
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88
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Wei X, Benowicz A, Sebastian‐Azcona J, Thomas BR. Genetic variation in leaf traits and gas exchange responses to vapor pressure deficit in contrasting conifer species. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wei
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta 442 Earth Sciences Bldg. Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 2E3
| | - Andy Benowicz
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry Suite 303, 7000‐113 Street Edmonton Alberta Canada T6H 5T6
| | - Jaime Sebastian‐Azcona
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta 442 Earth Sciences Bldg. Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 2E3
| | - Barb R. Thomas
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta 442 Earth Sciences Bldg. Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 2E3
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89
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Shibaeva TG, Sherudilo EG, Rubaeva AA, Titov AF. Continuous LED Lighting Enhances Yield and Nutritional Value of Four Genotypes of Brassicaceae Microgreens. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11020176. [PMID: 35050064 PMCID: PMC8781578 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of continuous lighting (CL, 24 h) and light spectrum on growth and nutritional quality of arugula (Eruca sativa), broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italic), mizuna (Brassica rapa. var. nipposinica), and radish (Raphanus sativus var. radicula) were investigated in growth chambers under light-emitting diode (LED) and fluorescent lighting. Microgreens were grown under four combinations of two photoperiods (16 h and 24 h) providing daily light integral (DLI) of 15.6 and 23.3 mol m-2 day-1, correspondingly) with two light spectra: LED lamps and fluorescent lamps (FLU). The results show that fresh and dry weights as well as leaf mass per area and robust index of harvested arugula, broccoli, mizuna, and radish seedlings were significantly higher under CL compared to 16 h photoperiod regardless of light quality. There were no visible signs of leaf photodamage. In all CL-treated plants higher chlorophyll a/b and carotenoid-to-chlorophyll ratios were observed in all plants except mizuna. CL treatment was beneficial for anthocyanin, flavonoid, and proline accumulation. Higher activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase) were also observed in CL-treated plants. In most cases, the effects were more pronounced under LED lighting. These results indicate that plants under mild oxidative stress induced by CL accumulated more non-enzymatic antioxidants and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes. This added nutritional value to microgreens that are used as functional foods providing health benefits. We suggest that for arugula, broccoli, mizuna, and radish, an LED CL production strategy is possible and can have economic and nutritional benefits.
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90
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Wang J, Wang X, Ji Y, Gao J. Climate factors determine the utilization strategy of forest plant resources at large scales. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:990441. [PMID: 36035720 PMCID: PMC9399733 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.990441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant functional traits are a representation of plant resource utilization strategies. Plants with higher specific leaf area (SLA) and lower leaf dry matter content (LDMC) exhibit faster investment-return resource utilization strategies. However, the distribution patterns and driving factors of plant resource utilization strategies at the macroscale are rarely studied. We investigated the relative importance of climatic and soil factors in shaping plant resource utilization strategies at different life forms in forests using data collected from 926 plots across 163 forests in China. SLA and LDMC of plants at different life forms (i.e., trees, shrubs, and herbs) differ significantly. Resource utilization strategies show significant geographical differences, with vegetation in the western arid regions adopting a slower investment-return survival strategy and vegetation in warmer and wetter areas adopting a faster investment-return survival strategy. SLA decreases significantly with increased temperature and reduced rainfall, and vegetation growing in these conditions exhibits conservative resource utilization. Mean annual precipitation (MAP) is a key climatic factor that controls the resource utilization strategies of plants at the macroscale. Plants use resources more conservatively as soil pH increases. The influence of climate and soil factors is coupled to determine the resource utilization strategies of plants occupying different life forms at the macroscale, but the relative contribution of each varies across life forms. Our findings provide a theoretical framework for understanding the potential impact of increasing global temperatures on plant resource utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfeng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Xianxian Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Yuhui Ji
- College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Ürümqi, China
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Gao,
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91
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Langstroff A, Heuermann MC, Stahl A, Junker A. Opportunities and limits of controlled-environment plant phenotyping for climate response traits. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:1-16. [PMID: 34302493 PMCID: PMC8741719 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03892-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns will affect agricultural production substantially, exposing crops to extended and more intense periods of stress. Therefore, breeding of varieties adapted to the constantly changing conditions is pivotal to enable a quantitatively and qualitatively adequate crop production despite the negative effects of climate change. As it is not yet possible to select for adaptation to future climate scenarios in the field, simulations of future conditions in controlled-environment (CE) phenotyping facilities contribute to the understanding of the plant response to special stress conditions and help breeders to select ideal genotypes which cope with future conditions. CE phenotyping facilities enable the collection of traits that are not easy to measure under field conditions and the assessment of a plant's phenotype under repeatable, clearly defined environmental conditions using automated, non-invasive, high-throughput methods. However, extrapolation and translation of results obtained under controlled environments to field environments is ambiguous. This review outlines the opportunities and challenges of phenotyping approaches under controlled environments complementary to conventional field trials. It gives an overview on general principles and introduces existing phenotyping facilities that take up the challenge of obtaining reliable and robust phenotypic data on climate response traits to support breeding of climate-adapted crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Langstroff
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich Buff-Ring 26, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marc C Heuermann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich Buff-Ring 26, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Erwin-Baur-Strasse 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Junker
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany.
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92
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Zhang M, Lu N, Zhu T, Yang G, Qu G, Shi C, Fei Y, Liu B, Ma W, Wang J. A Bivariate Mapping Model Identifies Major Covariation QTLs for Biomass Allocation Between Leaf and Stem Growth of Catalpa bungei. Front Genet 2021; 12:758209. [PMID: 34868235 PMCID: PMC8637733 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.758209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass allocation plays a critical role in plant morphological formation and phenotypic plasticity, which greatly impact plant adaptability and competitiveness. While empirical studies on plant biomass allocation have focused on molecular biology and ecology approaches, detailed insight into the genetic basis of biomass allocation between leaf and stem growth is still lacking. Herein, we constructed a bivariate mapping model to identify covariation QTLs governing carbon (C) allocation between the leaves and stem as well as the covariation of traits within and between organs in a full-sib mapping population of C. bungei. A total of 123 covQTLs were detected for 23 trait pairs, including six leaf traits (leaf length, width, area, perimeter, length/width ratio and petiole length) and five stem traits (height, diameter at breast height, wood density, stemwood volume and stemwood biomass). The candidate genes were further identified in tissue-specific gene expression data, which provided insights into the genetic architecture underlying C allocation for traits or organs. The key QTLs related to growth and biomass allocation, which included UVH1, CLPT2, GAD/SPL, COG1 and MTERF4, were characterised and verified via gene function annotation and expression profiling. The integration of a bivariate Quantitative trait locus mapping model and gene expression profiling will enable the elucidation of genetic architecture underlying biomass allocation and covariation growth, in turn providing a theoretical basis for forest molecular marker-assisted breeding with specific C allocation strategies for adaptation to heterogeneous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Guijuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Guanzheng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chaozhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Bingyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Junhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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93
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Heinen R. A spotlight on the phytobiome: Plant-mediated interactions in an illuminated world. Basic Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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94
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Chen L, Luo W, Huang J, Peng S, Xiong D. Leaf photosynthetic plasticity does not predict biomass responses to growth irradiance in rice. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:2155-2165. [PMID: 34537975 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity, the capacity of an organism to generate alternative phenotypes in response to different environments, is a particularly important characteristic to enable sessile plants to adapt to rapid changes in their surroundings. Leaf anatomical and physiological traits exhibit plasticity in response to growth irradiances, but it is relatively unclear if the plasticity varies among genotypes for a species. Equally importantly, empirical results on how leaf-level plasticity influences whole-plant growth are largely absent. We conducted an integrated investigation into the light-introduced plasticity by measuring 48 traits involving plant growth, leaf anatomy, leaf biochemistry, and leaf physiology of five rice genotypes grown under two irradiances. More than half of the estimated traits were significantly affected by growth light intensities, and the sizes of the cumulative effect of growth light ranged from -25.04% (stomatal conductance at high measurement light) to 135.2% (tiller number). Growth irradiance levels dramatically shifted the relationship between photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. However, the relationship between photosynthetic rate and mesophyll conductance was rarely influenced by growth light levels. Importantly, the present study highlights the significant variation in trait plasticity across rice genotypes and that the light-introduced biomass changes were rarely predicted by leaf photosynthetic plasticity. Our findings imply that the genotypes with high productivity at the low growth light conditions do not necessarily have high productivity under high light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wanzhen Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianliang Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shaobing Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dongliang Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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95
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Milligan JN, Flynn AG, Wagner JD, Kouwenberg LL, Barclay RS, Byars BW, Dunn RE, White JD, Zechmann B, Peppe DJ. Quantifying the effect of shade on cuticle morphology and carbon isotopes of sycamores: present and past. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:2435-2451. [PMID: 34636420 PMCID: PMC9306692 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Reconstructing the light environment and architecture of the plant canopy from the fossil record requires the use of proxies, such as those derived from cell wall undulation, cell size, and carbon isotopes. All approaches assume that plant taxa will respond predictably to changes in light environments. However, most species-level studies looking at cell wall undulation only consider "sun" or "shade" leaves; therefore, we need a fully quantitative taxon-specific method. METHODS We quantified the response of cell wall undulation, cell size, and carbon isotopes of Platanus occidentalis using two experimental setups: (1) two growth chambers at low and high light and (2) a series of outdoor growth experiments using green and black shade cloth at different densities. We then developed and applied a proxy for daily light integral (DLI) to fossil Platanites leaves from two early Paleocene floras from the San Juan Basin in New Mexico. RESULTS All traits responded to light environment. Cell wall undulation was the most useful trait for reconstructing DLI in the geological record. Median reconstructed DLI from early Paleocene leaves was ~44 mol m-2 d-1 , with values from 28 to 54 mol m-2 d-1 . CONCLUSIONS Cell wall undulation of P. occidentalis is a robust, quantifiable measurement of light environment that can be used to reconstruct the paleo-light environment from fossil leaves. The distribution of high DLI values from fossil leaves may provide information on canopy architecture; indicating that either (1) most of the canopy mass is within the upper portion of the crown or (2) leaves exposed to more sunlight are preferentially preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph N. Milligan
- Terrestrial Paleoclimatology Research Group, Department of GeosciencesBaylor UniversityWacoTXUSA
| | - Andrew G. Flynn
- Terrestrial Paleoclimatology Research Group, Department of GeosciencesBaylor UniversityWacoTXUSA
| | - Jennifer D. Wagner
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of California Berkeley, and UC Museum of PaleontologyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | | | - Richard S. Barclay
- Department of PaleobiologyNational Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Avenue NWWashingtonD.C.USA
| | | | - Regan E. Dunn
- Natural History Museums of Los Angeles County, La Brea Tar PitsLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and ImagingBaylor UniversityWacoTXUSA
| | - Daniel J. Peppe
- Terrestrial Paleoclimatology Research Group, Department of GeosciencesBaylor UniversityWacoTXUSA
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96
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Optimization of Ecosystem Services of Shanghai Urban–Suburban Street Trees Based on Low-Carbon Targets. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132313251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Road traffic carbon emissions are an important cause of global warming, and street trees play an important role in regulating road carbon emissions. During urbanization, major differences in the planting management modes and growth status of the street trees in urban–suburban gradient may exist, leading to significant differences in the low-carbon values of the street trees in urban–suburban gradient. Based on this, this study took two typical urban–suburban gradient zones in Shanghai as an example to analyze the changes in the characteristics of street tree species, planting density, tree sizes, and low-carbon contribution with urban and rural changes, and proposed strategies for optimizing the low-carbon contribution of urban street trees. The results showed that, from the inner ring to the outer ring and the suburban ring, the proportion of London plane tree gradually changed from 82% to 11%, and the proportion of the camphor tree gradually changed from 9% to 70%; the average DBH of the trees gradually decreased from 28.81 to 23.74 cm. The number of plantings per unit road length gradually increased, and the number of plantings per unit area gradually decreased; therefore, the average low-carbon contribution of urban–suburban street trees is not significant, but the low-carbon contribution of upper street trees per unit area is higher, and suburban unit street trees have a higher low-carbon contribution. Finally, this article proposes different optimization strategies for future urban micro-renewal and suburban new-city construction.
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97
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Tullus A, Rusalepp L, Lutter R, Rosenvald K, Kaasik A, Rytter L, Kontunen-Soppela S, Oksanen E. Climate and Competitive Status Modulate the Variation in Secondary Metabolites More in Leaves Than in Fine Roots of Betula pendula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:746165. [PMID: 34899775 PMCID: PMC8655902 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.746165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites have many important functions; they also determine the productivity and resilience of trees under climate change. The effects of environmental factors on secondary metabolites are much better understood in above-ground than in below-ground part of the tree. Competition is a crucial biotic stress factor, but little is known about the interaction effect of climate and competition on the secondary chemistry of trees. Moreover, competition effect is usually overlooked when analyzing the sources of variation in the secondary chemistry. Our aim was to clarify the effects of competitive status, within-crown light environment, and climate on the secondary chemistry of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth). We sampled leaves (from upper and lower crown) and fine roots from competitively dominant and suppressed B. pendula trees in plantations along a latitudinal gradient (56-67° N) in Fennoscandia, with mean annual temperature (MAT) range: -1 to 8°C. Secondary metabolites in leaves (SML) and fine roots (SMFR) were determined with an HPLC-qTOF mass spectrometer. We found that SML content increased significantly with MAT. The effect of competitive stress on SML strengthened in colder climates (MAT<4°C). Competition and shade initiated a few similar responses in SML. SMFR varied less with MAT. Suppressed trees allocated relatively more resources to SML in warmer climates and to SMFR in colder ones. Our study revealed that the content and profile of secondary metabolites (mostly phenolic defense compounds and growth regulators) in leaves of B. pendula varied with climate and reflected the trees' defense requirements against herbivory, exposure to irradiance, and competitive status (resource supply). The metabolic profile of fine roots reflected, besides defense requirements, also different below-ground competition strategies in warmer and colder climates. An increase in carbon assimilation to secondary compounds can be expected at northern latitudes due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvo Tullus
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Linda Rusalepp
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reimo Lutter
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Katrin Rosenvald
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ants Kaasik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Sari Kontunen-Soppela
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Elina Oksanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
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98
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Lai HR, Chong KY, Yee ATK, Mayfield MM, Stouffer DB. Non-additive biotic interactions improve predictions of tropical tree growth and impact community size structure. Ecology 2021; 103:e03588. [PMID: 34797924 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Growth in individual size or biomass is a key demographic component in population models, with wide-ranging applications from quantifying species performance across abiotic or biotic conditions to assessing landscape-level dynamics under global change. In forest ecology, the responses of tree growth to biotic interactions are widely held to be crucial for understanding forest diversity, function, and structure. To date, most studies on plant-plant interactions only examine the additive competitive or facilitative interactions between species pairs; however, there is increasing evidence of non-additive, higher-order interactions (HOIs) impacting species demographic rates. When HOIs are present, the dynamics of a multispecies community cannot be fully understood or accurately predicted solely from pairwise outcomes because of how additional species "interfere" with the direct, pairwise interactions. Such HOIs should be particularly prevalent when species show non-linear functional responses to resource availability and resource-acquisition traits themselves are density dependent. With this in mind, we used data from a tropical secondary forest-a system that fulfills both of these conditions-to build an ontogenetic diameter growth model for individuals across 10 woody-plant species. We allowed both direct and indirect interactions within communities to influence the species-specific growth parameters in a generalized Lotka-Volterra model. Specifically, indirect interactions entered the model as higher-order quadratic terms, i.e., non-additive effects of conspecific and heterospecific neighbor size on the focal individual's growth. For the whole community and for four out of 10 focal species, the model that included HOIs had more statistical support than the model that included only direct interactions, despite the former containing a far greater number of parameters. HOIs had comparable effect sizes to direct interactions, and tended to further reduce the diameter growth rates of most species beyond what direct interactions had already reduced. In a simulation of successional stand dynamics, the inclusion of HOIs led to rank swaps in species' diameter hierarchies, even when community-level size distributions remained qualitatively similar. Our study highlights the implications, and discusses possible mechanisms, of non-additive density dependence in highly diverse and light-competitive tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ran Lai
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Kwek Yan Chong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Alex Thiam Koon Yee
- Centre for Urban Greenery and Ecology, National Parks Board, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Margaret M Mayfield
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia
| | - Daniel B Stouffer
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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99
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Rodriguez-Morrison V, Llewellyn D, Zheng Y. Cannabis Inflorescence Yield and Cannabinoid Concentration Are Not Increased With Exposure to Short-Wavelength Ultraviolet-B Radiation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:725078. [PMID: 34795683 PMCID: PMC8593374 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.725078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Before ultraviolet (UV) radiation can be used as a horticultural management tool in commercial Cannabis sativa (cannabis) production, the effects of UV on cannabis should be vetted scientifically. In this study we investigated the effects of UV exposure level on photosynthesis, growth, inflorescence yield, and secondary metabolite composition of two indoor-grown cannabis cultivars: 'Low Tide' (LT) and 'Breaking Wave' (BW). After growing vegetatively for 2 weeks under a canopy-level photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of ≈225 μmol⋅m-2⋅s-1 in an 18-h light/6-h dark photoperiod, plants were grown for 9 weeks in a 12-h light/12-h dark "flowering" photoperiod under a canopy-level PPFD of ≈400 μmol⋅m-2⋅s-1. Supplemental UV radiation was provided daily for 3.5 h at UV photon flux densities ranging from 0.01 to 0.8 μmol⋅m-2⋅s-1 provided by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with a peak wavelength of 287 nm (i.e., biologically-effective UV doses of 0.16 to 13 kJ⋅m-2⋅d-1). The severity of UV-induced morphology (e.g., whole-plant size and leaf size reductions, leaf malformations, and stigma browning) and physiology (e.g., reduced leaf photosynthetic rate and reduced Fv/Fm) symptoms intensified as UV exposure level increased. While the proportion of the total dry inflorescence yield that was derived from apical tissues decreased in both cultivars with increasing UV exposure level, total dry inflorescence yield only decreased in LT. The total equivalent Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) concentrations also decreased in LT inflorescences with increasing UV exposure level. While the total terpene content in inflorescences decreased with increasing UV exposure level in both cultivars, the relative concentrations of individual terpenes varied by cultivar. The present study suggests that using UV radiation as a production tool did not lead to any commercially relevant benefits to cannabis yield or inflorescence secondary metabolite composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Youbin Zheng
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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100
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Henschel JM, Brito FAL, Pimenta TM, Picoli EAT, Zsögön A, Ribeiro DM. Irradiance-regulated biomass allocation in Raphanus sativus plants depends on gibberellin biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 168:43-52. [PMID: 34619597 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellin has been proposed to increase leaf elongation in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) plants, which is associated with decreased tuber growth. Since light intensity can control growth through interaction with gibberellin, investigation of the effect of gibberellin levels on the growth of radish plants would be a step forward towards unraveling factors that underlie biomass accumulation and allocation in response to irradiance levels. Here, we report that the gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) decreased petiole elongation, but not lamina growth of radish plants grown under full sunlight. However, shading promoted an increase in shoot elongation, while in plants treated with PAC the petiole and leaf lamina fail to elongate. Plants treated with PAC allocated proportionally more biomass to their tubers and less to shoot compared to control under shade. Moreover, PAC decreased the abundance of transcripts encoding cell wall expansion proteins in leaf lamina and petiole of plants grown under shade, which was positively correlated with sugar consumption by the tuber, thereby increasing the mass fraction and concentrations of minerals for tuber. Thus, allocation of biomass during the growth of radish plants and nutritional quality of tubers depend on gibberellin and light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane M Henschel
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fred A L Brito
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thaline M Pimenta
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edgard A T Picoli
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Agustín Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Dimas M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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