51
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Kern C, Jamous R, El Khassawna T, Rohnke M. Characterisation of Sr 2+ mobility in osteoporotic rat bone marrow by cryo-ToF-SIMS and cryo-OrbiSIMS. Analyst 2022; 147:4141-4157. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00913g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric imaging approach for ex vivo monitoring of drug transport in bone sections. Cryo-ToF-SIMS depth profiling and high-resolution imaging as well as OrbiSIMS analysis revealed inhomogeneous Sr2+ transport in rat bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kern
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Reem Jamous
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Thaqif El Khassawna
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Marcus Rohnke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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52
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Fascinating Dendritic Cells—Sentinel Cells of the Immune System a Review. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2021-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are specialized antigen presenting cells which have the unique ability to activate naive T-lymphocytes. Their role in the immune system is much more sophisticated than it seems, as they do not kill the pathogens directly, but provide a long-lasting antigen specific immune response thanks to that sufficiently bridging the innate and the adaptive immunity. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in studies of their role in immune regulation, autoimmune reactions, as well as in immune responses against pathogens and tumours. Processing and presentation capabilities of a highly specific and unique tumour antigen makes them an interesting tool for stimulating effective anti-tumour immunity. In vitro generations of DC represent a preferred model for more detailed studies of DC biology in other fields. The aim of this review was to discuss the main role of dendritic cells in the body as well as their current use as experimental models for further scientific studies.
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53
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Kumar N, Saraber P, Ding Z, Kusumbe AP. Diversity of Vascular Niches in Bones and Joints During Homeostasis, Ageing, and Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:798211. [PMID: 34975909 PMCID: PMC8718446 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.798211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The bones and joints in the skeletal system are composed of diverse cell types, including vascular niches, bone cells, connective tissue cells and mineral deposits and regulate whole-body homeostasis. The capacity of maintaining strength and generation of blood lineages lies within the skeletal system. Bone harbours blood and immune cells and their progenitors, and vascular cells provide several immune cell type niches. Blood vessels in bone are phenotypically and functionally diverse, with distinct capillary subtypes exhibiting striking changes with age. The bone vasculature has a special impact on osteogenesis and haematopoiesis, and dysregulation of the vasculature is associated with diverse blood and bone diseases. Ageing is associated with perturbed haematopoiesis, loss of osteogenesis, increased adipogenesis and diminished immune response and immune cell production. Endothelial and perivascular cells impact immune cell production and play a crucial role during inflammation. Here, we discuss normal and maladapted vascular niches in bone during development, homeostasis, ageing and bone diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Further, we discuss the role of vascular niches during bone malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anjali P. Kusumbe
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), Tissue and Tumor Microenvironments Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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54
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Impaired bone marrow microenvironment and stem cells in transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112548. [PMID: 34923340 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-thalassemia (BT) is a hereditary disease caused by abnormal hemoglobin synthesis with consequent ineffective erythropoiesis. Patients with thalassemia major are dependent on long-term blood transfusions with associated long-term complications such as iron overload (IO). This excess iron can result in tissue damage, impaired organ function, and increased morbidity. Growing evidence has demonstrated that IO contributes to impairment of the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment that largely impacts the function of BM mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and endothelial cells. In this article, we review recent progress in the understanding of iron metabolism and the perniciousness induced by IO. We highlight the importance of understanding the cross-talk between BM stem cells and the BM microenvironment, particularly the pathological effect of IO on BM stem cells and BT-associated complications. We also provide an update on recent novel therapies to cure transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia and iron overload-induced complications for their future clinical application.
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55
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Smith AO, Adzraku SY, Ju W, Qiao J, Xu K, Zeng L. Isolation of CD31 + Bone Marrow Endothelial Cells (BMECs) from Mice. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4227. [PMID: 34909448 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the bone marrow microenvironment, endothelial cells (ECs) play a pivotal role in regulating the production of both growth and inhibiting factors. They are held together by adherence molecules that interact with hematopoietic progenitor cells. The study of ECs in the hematopoietic stem cell niche is limited due to the lack of efficient protocols for isolation. In this protocol, we developed a two-step approach to extract bone marrow endothelial cells (BMECs) to unlock the challenges researchers face in understanding the function of the endothelial vascular niche in in-vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhaji Osman Smith
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China.,Key Laboratory of the Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Seyram Yao Adzraku
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China.,Key Laboratory of the Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Wen Ju
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China.,Key Laboratory of the Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation, Xuzhou 221002, China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Jianlin Qiao
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China.,Key Laboratory of the Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation, Xuzhou 221002, China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Kailin Xu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China.,Key Laboratory of the Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation, Xuzhou 221002, China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Lingyu Zeng
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China.,Key Laboratory of the Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation, Xuzhou 221002, China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
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56
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Santos GSP, Costa AC, Picoli CC, Rocha BGS, Sulaiman SO, Radicchi DC, Pinto MCX, Batista ML, Amorim JH, Azevedo VAC, Resende RR, Câmara NOS, Mintz A, Birbrair A. Sympathetic nerve-adipocyte interactions in response to acute stress. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 100:151-165. [PMID: 34735579 PMCID: PMC8567732 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress predisposes our body to several disorders. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the physiological responses to psychological stress is essential for the success of therapeutic applications. New studies show, by using in vivo inducible Cre/loxP-mediated approaches in combination with pharmacological blockage, that sympathetic nerves, activated by psychological stress, induce brown adipocytes to produce IL-6. Strikingly, this cytokine promotes gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes, that results in the decline of tolerance to inflammatory organ damage. The comprehension arising from this research will be crucial for the handling of many inflammatory diseases. Here, we review recent advances in our comprehension of the sympathetic nerve-adipocyte axis in the tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabryella S P Santos
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alinne C Costa
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Caroline C Picoli
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Beatriz G S Rocha
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sheu O Sulaiman
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Debora C Radicchi
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauro C X Pinto
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Miguel L Batista
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Jaime H Amorim
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western Bahia, BA, Barreiras, Brazil
| | - Vasco A C Azevedo
- Cellular and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R Resende
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Niels O S Câmara
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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57
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Lin ADY, Tung MC, Lu CH. The hernia sac-A suitable source for obtaining mesenchymal stem cells. Surg Open Sci 2021; 6:40-44. [PMID: 34632354 PMCID: PMC8487083 DOI: 10.1016/j.sopen.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inguinal hernia sac, extended tissue from peritoneum, gradually enlarged in size with hernia disease time and prolapsed tissue volume. We hypothesize that mesenchymal stem cells are present in the development of hernia sac. The current study aimed to test the hypothesis that hernia sac, which is often resected and discarded as medical waste, contains mesenchymal stem cells and thus might be a suitable source to harvest mesenchymal stem cells. Methods Between July 2019 and June 2020, 4 hernia sacs were resected during hernia surgery and then obtained for mesenchymal extraction using the Miltenyi gentleMACS Dissociator. The presence of mesenchymal stem cells was determined by the markers CD105, CD73, and CD90, with assessment of the expressions ≥ 95%, whereas markers CD45, CD34, CD11b, CD19, and HLA-DR were used to assess lack expression (≤ 2%). Moreover, von Kossa staining, Alcian blue staining, and Oil Red O staining were used to verify the cells' ability for differentiation. Results Cells retrieved from the hernia sacs displayed a spindle-shaped morphology and exhibited adherence to plastics. The cell surface immunophenotypic profile was confirmed using surface markers APC-A (CD73), FITC-A (CD90), and PerCP-Cy5-5-A (CD105), with results showing 100%, 100%, and 99.2%, respectively, strongly indicating the presence of mesenchymal stem cells. Moreover, staining of in vitro cell cultures showed in vitro differentiation of precursor cells into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondroblasts, suggesting positive differentiation ability and identification of mesenchymal stem cells. Conclusion Inguinal hernia sac is a novel source of mesenchymal stem cells that can be easily obtained and stored for future usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpha Dian-Yu Lin
- Joshua Taipei Hernia Center, Central Clinic & Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Shu-Tien Urological Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Che Tung
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Heng Lu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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58
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Rebuilding the hematopoietic stem cell niche: Recent developments and future prospects. Acta Biomater 2021; 132:129-148. [PMID: 33813090 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have proven their clinical relevance in stem cell transplantation to cure patients with hematological disorders. Key to their regenerative potential is their natural microenvironment - their niche - in the bone marrow (BM). Developments in the field of biomaterials enable the recreation of such environments with increasing preciseness in the laboratory. Such artificial niches help to gain a fundamental understanding of the biophysical and biochemical processes underlying the interaction of HSCs with the materials in their environment and the disturbance of this interplay during diseases affecting the BM. Artificial niches also have the potential to multiply HSCs in vitro, to enable the targeted differentiation of HSCs into mature blood cells or to serve as drug-testing platforms. In this review, we will introduce the importance of artificial niches followed by the biology and biophysics of the natural archetype. We will outline how 2D biomaterials can be used to dissect the complexity of the natural niche into individual parameters for fundamental research and how 3D systems evolved from them. We will present commonly used biomaterials for HSC research and their applications. Finally, we will highlight two areas in the field of HSC research, which just started to unlock the possibilities provided by novel biomaterials, in vitro blood production and studying the pathophysiology of the niche in vitro. With these contents, the review aims to give a broad overview of the different biomaterials applied for HSC research and to discuss their potentials, challenges and future directions in the field. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are multipotent cells responsible for maintaining the turnover of all blood cells. They are routinely applied to treat patients with hematological diseases. This high clinical relevance explains the necessity of multiplication or differentiation of HSCs in the laboratory, which is hampered by the missing natural microenvironment - the so called niche. Biomaterials offer the possibility to mimic the niche and thus overcome this hurdle. The review introduces the HSC niche in the bone marrow and discusses the utility of biomaterials in creating artificial niches. It outlines how 2D systems evolved into sophisticated 3D platforms, which opened the gateway to applications such as, expansion of clinically relevant HSCs, in vitro blood production, studying niche pathologies and drug testing.
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59
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Kanwore K, Kambey PA, Guo XX, Abiola AA, Xia Y, Gao D. Extracellular and Intracellular Factors in Brain Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:699103. [PMID: 34513834 PMCID: PMC8429835 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.699103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The external and internal factors of the cell are critical to glioma initiation. Several factors and molecules have been reported to be implicated in the initiation and progression of brain cancer. However, the exact sequence of events responsible for glioma initiation is still unknown. Existing reports indicate that glioma stem cells are the cell of glioma origin. During cell division, chromosome breakage, DNA alteration increases the chance of cell genome modifications and oncogene overexpression. Although there is a high risk of gene alteration and oncogene overexpression, not everyone develops cancer. During embryogenesis, the same oncogenes that promote cancers have also been reported to be highly expressed, but this high expression which does not lead to carcinogenesis raises questions about the role of oncogenes in carcinogenesis. The resistance of cancer cells to drugs, apoptosis, and immune cells does not rely solely on oncogene overexpression but also on the defect in cell organelle machinery (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and cytoskeleton). This review discusses factors contributing to cancer; we report the dysfunction of the cell organelles and their contribution to carcinogenesis, while oncogene overexpression promotes tumorigenesis, maintenance, and progression through cell adhesion. All these factors together represent a fundamental requirement for cancer and its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouminin Kanwore
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Piniel Alphayo Kambey
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Guo
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ayanlaja Abdulrahman Abiola
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dianshuai Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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60
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Mantripragada VP, Boehm C, Bova W, Briskin I, Piuzzi NS, Muschler GF. Patient Age and Cell Concentration Influence Prevalence and Concentration of Progenitors in Bone Marrow Aspirates: An Analysis of 436 Patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2021; 103:1628-1636. [PMID: 33844657 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.20.02055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Connective tissue progenitors (CTPs) resident in native tissues serve as biological building blocks in tissue repair and remodeling processes. Methods for analysis and reporting on CTP quantity and quality are essential for defining optimal cell sources and donor characteristics and the impact of cell processing methods for cell therapy applications. The present study examines the influence of donor characteristics and cell concentration (nucleated cells/mL) on CTP prevalence (CTPs/million nucleated cells) and CTP concentration (CTPs/mL) in bone marrow aspirates (BMAs). METHODS Iliac crest bone marrow was aspirated from 436 patients during elective total knee or hip arthroplasty. Bone marrow-derived nucleated cells were plated at a density of 1.19 × 105 cells/cm2. Colony-forming unit analysis was performed on day 6. RESULTS Large variation was seen between donors. Age (p < 0.05) and cell concentration (p < 0.001) significantly influenced CTP prevalence and CTP concentration. For every 1-year increase in age, the odds of having at least an average CTP prevalence and CTP concentration decreased by 1.5% and 1.6%, respectively. For every 1 million cells/mL increase in cell concentration, the odds of having at least an average CTP prevalence and CTP concentration increased by 2.2% and 7.9%, respectively. Sex, race, body mass index (BMI), and the presence of osteoporosis did not influence CTP prevalence or CTP concentration. CONCLUSIONS BMA-derived CTPs were obtained from all patient groups. CTP prevalence and CTP concentration decreased with age. Cell concentration decreased with age and positively correlated with total CTP prevalence and CTP concentration. The mean CTP concentration in patients >60 years of age was a third of the CTP concentration in patients <30 years of age. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Proper BMA techniques are necessary to obtain a high-quality yield and composition of cells and CTPs. The reduced CTP concentration and CTP prevalence in the elderly may be mitigated by the use of cell processing methods that increase CTP concentration and CTP prevalence (e.g., by removing red blood cells, serum, and non-CTPs or by increasing aspirate volumes). Cell concentration in the BMA can be measured at the point of care and is an appropriate initial assessment of the quality of BMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata P Mantripragada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute (V.P.M., C.B., W.B., and G.F.M), Department of Health Science (I.B.), and Department of Orthopedic Surgery (N.S.P. and G.F.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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61
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Chen S, Wang W, Tan HY, Lu Y, Li Z, Qu Y, Wang N, Wang D. Role of Autophagy in the Maintenance of Stemness in Adult Stem Cells: A Disease-Relevant Mechanism of Action. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:715200. [PMID: 34414192 PMCID: PMC8369482 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.715200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular scavenging mechanism induced to eliminate damaged, denatured, or senescent macromolecular substances and organelles in the body. The regulation of autophagy plays essential roles in the processes of cellular homeostasis and senescence. Dysregulated autophagy is a common feature of several human diseases, including cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. The initiation and development of these disorders have been shown to be associated with the maintenance of disease-specific stem cell compartments. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the role of autophagy in the maintenance of stemness. Specifically, we focus on the intersection between autophagy and adult stem cells in the initiation and progression of specific diseases. Accordingly, this review highlights the role of autophagy in stemness maintenance from the perspective of disease-associated mechanisms, which may be fundamental to our understanding of the pathogeneses of human diseases and the development of effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenqi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hor-Yue Tan
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanjun Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yidi Qu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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62
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The Role of Macrophages in the Host's Defense against Sporothrix schenckii. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070905. [PMID: 34358055 PMCID: PMC8308788 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of immune cells associated with sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii is not yet fully clarified. Macrophages through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of Sporothrix, engulf it, activate respiratory burst, and secrete pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory biological mediators to control infection. It is important to consider that the characteristics associated with S. schenckii and/or the host may influence macrophage polarization (M1/M2), cell recruitment, and the type of immune response (1, 2, and 17). Currently, with the use of new monocyte-macrophage cell lines, it is possible to evaluate different host-pathogen interaction processes, which allows for the proposal of new mechanisms in human sporotrichosis. Therefore, in order to contribute to the understanding of these host-pathogen interactions, the aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the immune responses induced by macrophage-S. schenckii interactions, as well as the PRRs and PAMPs involved during the recognition of S. schenckii that favor the immune evasion by the fungus.
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63
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Agarwal P, Li H, Choi K, Hueneman K, He J, Welner RS, Starczynowski DT, Bhatia R. TNF-α-induced alterations in stromal progenitors enhance leukemic stem cell growth via CXCR2 signaling. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109386. [PMID: 34260914 PMCID: PMC8292106 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is propagated by leukemia stem cells (LSCs) that are not eradicated by tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment and persist as a source of disease recurrence. Bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal niches play an essential role in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) and LSC maintenance. Using a murine CML model, we examine leukemia-induced alterations in mesenchymal cell populations. We show that 6C3+ stromal progenitors expand in CML BM and exhibit increased LSC but reduced HSC supportive capacity. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) signaling mediates expansion and higher expression of CXCL1 in CML BM 6C3+ cells and higher expression of the CXCL1 receptor CXCR2 in LSCs. CXCL1 enhances LSC proliferation and self-renewal, whereas CXCR2 inhibition reduces LSC growth and enhances LSC targeting in combination with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). We find that TNF-α-mediated alterations in CML BM stromal niches enhance support of LSC maintenance and growth via CXCL1-CXCR2 signaling and that CXCR2 inhibition effectively depletes CML LSCs.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/drug effects
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Middle Aged
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Agarwal
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Division of Experimental Hematology & Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kwangmin Choi
- Division of Experimental Hematology & Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kathleen Hueneman
- Division of Experimental Hematology & Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jianbo He
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert S Welner
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Daniel T Starczynowski
- Division of Experimental Hematology & Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ravi Bhatia
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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64
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O'Neill A, Chin D, Tan D, Abdul Majeed ABB, Nakamura-Ishizu A, Suda T. Thrombopoietin maintains cell numbers of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells with megakaryopoietic potential. Haematologica 2021; 106:1883-1891. [PMID: 32527954 PMCID: PMC8252958 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.241406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombopoietin has long been known to influence megakaryopoiesis and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, although the exact mechanisms through which it acts are unknown. Here we show that MPL expression correlates with megakaryopoietic potential of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and identify a population of quiescent hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells that show limited dependence on thrombopoietin signaling. We show that thrombopoietin is primarily responsible for maintenance of hematopoietic cells with megakaryocytic differentiation potential and their subsequent megakaryocyte differentiation and maturation. The loss of megakaryocytes in thrombopoietin knockout mouse models results in a reduction of megakaryocyte-derived chemokine platelet factor 4 (CXCL4/PF4) in the bone marrow and administration of recombinant CXCL4/PF4 rescues the loss of quiescence observed in these mice. CXCL4/PF4 treatment does not rescue reduced hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell numbers, suggesting that thrombopoietin maintains hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell numbers directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aled O'Neill
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Desmond Chin
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Darren Tan
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Ayako Nakamura-Ishizu
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore and Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Toshio Suda
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore and Kumamoto University, Japan
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65
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Silva WN, Costa AC, Picoli CC, Rocha BGS, Santos GSP, Costa PAC, Azimnasab-sorkhabi P, Soltani-asl M, da Silva RA, Amorim JH, Resende RR, Mintz A, Birbrair A. Hematopoietic stem cell stretches and moves in its bone marrow niche. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 163:103368. [PMID: 34051302 PMCID: PMC8277710 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells are the most illustrious inhabitants of the bone marrow. Direct visualization of endogenous hematopoietic stem cells in this niche is essential to study their functions. Until recently this was not possible in live animals. Recent studies, using state-of-the-art technologies, including sophisticated in vivo inducible genetic approaches in combination with two-photon laser scanning microscopy, allow the follow-up of endogenous hematopoietic stem cells' behavior in their habitat. Strikingly, the new findings reveal that quiescent hematopoietic stem cells are more mobile than previously thought, and link their retained steady state within the niche to a mobile behavior. The arising knowledge from this research will be critical for the therapy of several hematological diseases. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of hematopoietic stem cell biology in their niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walison N. Silva
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alinne C. Costa
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Caroline C. Picoli
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Beatriz G. S. Rocha
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro A. C. Costa
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Maryam Soltani-asl
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo R. Resende
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of West Bahia, Barreiras, BA, Brazil
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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66
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Chen F, Han Y, Kang Y. Bone marrow niches in the regulation of bone metastasis. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:1912-1920. [PMID: 33758331 PMCID: PMC8184962 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow has been widely recognised to host a unique microenvironment that facilitates tumour colonisation. Bone metastasis frequently occurs in the late stages of malignant diseases such as breast, prostate and lung cancers. The biology of bone metastasis is determined by tumour-cell-intrinsic traits as well as their interaction with the microenvironment. The bone marrow is a dynamic organ in which various stages of haematopoiesis, osteogenesis, osteolysis and different kinds of immune response are precisely regulated. These different cellular components constitute specialised tissue microenvironments-niches-that play critical roles in controlling tumour cell colonisation, including initial seeding, dormancy and outgrowth. In this review, we will dissect the dynamic nature of the interactions between tumour cells and bone niches. By targeting certain steps of tumour progression and crosstalk with the bone niches, the development of potential therapeutic approaches for the clinical treatment of bone metastasis might be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfang Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yujiao Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Cancer Metabolism and Growth Program, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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67
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Coimbra-Campos LMC, Silva WN, Baltazar LM, Costa PAC, Prazeres PHDM, Picoli CC, Costa AC, Rocha BGS, Santos GSP, Oliveira FMS, Pinto MCX, Amorim JH, Azevedo VAC, Souza DG, Russo RC, Resende RR, Mintz A, Birbrair A. Circulating Nestin-GFP + Cells Participate in the Pathogenesis of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in the Lungs. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1874-1888. [PMID: 34003465 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple infectious diseases lead to impaired lung function. Revealing the cellular mechanisms involved in this impairment is crucial for the understanding of how the lungs shift from a physiologic to a pathologic state in each specific condition. In this context, we explored the pathogenesis of Paracoccidioidomycosis, which affects pulmonary functioning. The presence of cells expressing Nestin-GFP has been reported in different tissues, and their roles as tissue-specific progenitors have been stablished in particular organs. Here, we explored how Nestin-GFP+ cells are affected after lung infection by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a model of lung granulomatous inflammation with fibrotic outcome. We used Nestin-GFP transgenic mice, parabiosis surgery, confocal microscopy and flow cytometry to investigate the participation of Nestin-GFP+ cells in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis pathogenesis. We revealed that these cells increase in the lungs post-Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection, accumulating around granulomas. This increase was due mainly to Nestin-GPF+ cells derived from the blood circulation, not associated to blood vessels, that co-express markers suggestive of hematopoietic cells (Sca-1, CD45 and CXCR4). Therefore, our findings suggest that circulating Nestin-GFP+ cells participate in the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis pathogenesis in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walison N Silva
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ludmila M Baltazar
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro A C Costa
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro H D M Prazeres
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Caroline C Picoli
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alinne C Costa
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Beatriz G S Rocha
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabryella S P Santos
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabrício M S Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Mechanics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauro C X Pinto
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neurochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Jaime H Amorim
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of West Bahia, Barreiras, BA, Brazil
| | - Vasco A C Azevedo
- Cellular and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Danielle G Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Remo C Russo
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Mechanics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R Resende
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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68
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Xavier M, Kyriazi ME, Lanham S, Alexaki K, Matthews E, El-Sagheer AH, Brown T, Kanaras AG, Oreffo ROC. Enrichment of Skeletal Stem Cells from Human Bone Marrow Using Spherical Nucleic Acids. ACS NANO 2021; 15:6909-6916. [PMID: 33751885 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human bone marrow (BM)-derived stromal cells contain a population of skeletal stem cells (SSCs), with the capacity to differentiate along the osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic lineages, enabling their application to clinical therapies. However, current methods to isolate and enrich SSCs from human tissues remain, at best, challenging in the absence of a specific SSC marker. Unfortunately, none of the current proposed markers alone can isolate a homogeneous cell population with the ability to form bone, cartilage, and adipose tissue in humans. Here, we have designed DNA-gold nanoparticles able to identify and sort SSCs displaying specific mRNA signatures. The current approach demonstrates the significant enrichment attained in the isolation of SSCs, with potential therein to enhance our understanding of bone cell biology and translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Xavier
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Maria-Eleni Kyriazi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Lanham
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantina Alexaki
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Elloise Matthews
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Afaf H El-Sagheer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- Chemistry Branch, Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez 43721, Egypt
| | - Tom Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Antonios G Kanaras
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O C Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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69
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Pignolo RJ, Law SF, Chandra A. Bone Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Osteoporosis. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10488. [PMID: 33869998 PMCID: PMC8046105 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in aging bone that lead to osteoporosis are mediated at multiple levels, including hormonal alterations, skeletal unloading, and accumulation of senescent cells. This pathological interplay is superimposed upon medical conditions, potentially bone-wasting medications, modifiable and unmodifiable personal risk factors, and genetic predisposition that accelerate bone loss with aging. In this study, the focus is on bone hemostasis and its dysregulation with aging. The major physiological changes with aging in bone and the role of cellular senescence in contributing to age-related osteoporosis are summarized. The aspects of bone aging are reviewed including remodeling deficits, uncoupling phenomena, inducers of cellular senescence related to bone aging, roles of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, radiation-induced bone loss as a model for bone aging, and the accumulation of senescent cells in the bone microenvironment as a predominant mechanism for age-related osteoporosis. The study also addresses the rationale and potential for therapeutic interventions based on the clearance of senescent cells or suppression of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Pignolo
- Department of MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
| | - Susan F Law
- Department of MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
| | - Abhishek Chandra
- Department of MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
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70
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Lana JF, da Fonseca LF, Azzini G, Santos G, Braga M, Cardoso Junior AM, Murrell WD, Gobbi A, Purita J, Percope de Andrade MA. Bone Marrow Aspirate Matrix: A Convenient Ally in Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052762. [PMID: 33803231 PMCID: PMC7963152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise in musculoskeletal disorders has prompted medical experts to devise novel effective alternatives to treat complicated orthopedic conditions. The ever-expanding field of regenerative medicine has allowed researchers to appreciate the therapeutic value of bone marrow-derived biological products, such as the bone marrow aspirate (BMA) clot, a potent orthobiologic which has often been dismissed and regarded as a technical complication. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have contributed to the expansion of medical knowledge, revealing optimistic results concerning the application of autologous bone marrow towards various impactful disorders. The bone marrow accommodates a diverse family of cell populations and a rich secretome; therefore, autologous BMA-derived products such as the “BMA Matrix”, may represent a safe and viable approach, able to reduce the costs and some drawbacks linked to the expansion of bone marrow. BMA provides —it eliminates many hurdles associated with its preparation, especially in regards to regulatory compliance. The BMA Matrix represents a suitable alternative, indicated for the enhancement of tissue repair mechanisms by modulating inflammation and acting as a natural biological scaffold as well as a reservoir of cytokines and growth factors that support cell activity. Although promising, more clinical studies are warranted in order to further clarify the efficacy of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Fábio Lana
- IOC—Instituto do Osso e da Cartilagem, 1386 Presidente Kennedy Avenue, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (G.A.)
| | | | - Gabriel Azzini
- IOC—Instituto do Osso e da Cartilagem, 1386 Presidente Kennedy Avenue, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (G.A.)
| | - Gabriel Santos
- IOC—Instituto do Osso e da Cartilagem, 1386 Presidente Kennedy Avenue, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (G.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marcelo Braga
- Hospital São Judas Tadeu, 150 Cel. João Notini St, Divinópolis 35500-017, Brazil;
| | - Alvaro Motta Cardoso Junior
- Núcleo Avançado de Estudos em Ortopedia e Neurocirurgia, 2144 Ibirapuera Avenue, São Paulo 04028-001, Brazil;
| | - William D. Murrell
- Abu Dhabi Knee and Sports Medicine, Healthpoint Hospital, Zayed Sports City, Between Gate 1 and 6, Abu Dhabi 00000 (P. O. Box No. 112308), United Arab Emirates;
- 411th Hospital Center, Bldg 938, Birmingham Ave, Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, FL 32212, USA
| | - Alberto Gobbi
- O.A.S.I. Bioresearch Foundation Gobbi Onlus, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Joseph Purita
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Boca Raton, FL 33432, USA;
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71
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Abstract
Blood is generated throughout life by continued proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors, while at the top of the hierarchy, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) remain largely quiescent. This way HSCs avoid senescence and preserve their capacity to repopulate the hematopoietic system. But HSCs are not always quiescent, proliferating extensively in conditions such as those found in the fetal liver. Understanding the elusive mechanisms that regulate HSC fate would enable us to comprehend a crucial piece of HSC biology and pave the way for ex-vivo HSC expansion with clear clinical benefit. Here we review how metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress condition impact HSCs decision to self-renew or differentiate and how these signals integrate into the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. We argue that the bone marrow microenvironment continuously favors differentiation through the activation of the mTOR complex (mTORC)1 signaling, while the fetal liver microenvironment favors self-renewal through the inverse mechanism. In addition, we also postulate that strategies that have successfully achieved HSC expansion, directly or indirectly, lead to the inactivation of mTORC1. Finally, we propose a mechanism by which mTOR signaling, during cell division, conditions HSC fate. This mechanism has already been demonstrated in mature hematopoietic cells (T-cells), that face a similar decision after activation, either undergoing clonal expansion or differentiation.
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72
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Corbett Y, Parapini S, Perego F, Messina V, Delbue S, Misiano P, Falchi M, Silvestrini F, Taramelli D, Basilico N, D'Alessandro S. Phagocytosis and activation of bone marrow-derived macrophages by Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. Malar J 2021; 20:81. [PMID: 33568138 PMCID: PMC7874634 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The innate immune response against various life cycle stages of the malaria parasite plays an important role in protection against the disease and regulation of its severity. Phagocytosis of asexual erythrocytic stages is well documented, but little and contrasting results are available about phagocytic clearance of sexual stages, the gametocytes, which are responsible for the transmission of the parasites from humans to mosquitoes. Similarly, activation of host macrophages by gametocytes has not yet been carefully addressed. Methods Phagocytosis of early or late Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes was evaluated through methanol fixed cytospin preparations of immortalized mouse C57Bl/6 bone marrow-derived macrophages treated for 2 h with P. falciparum and stained with Giemsa, and it was confirmed through a standardized bioluminescent method using the transgenic P. falciparum 3D7elo1-pfs16-CBG99 strain. Activation was evaluated by measuring nitric oxide or cytokine levels in the supernatants of immortalized mouse C57Bl/6 bone marrow-derived macrophages treated with early or late gametocytes. Results The results showed that murine bone marrow-derived macrophages can phagocytose both early and late gametocytes, but only the latter were able to induce the production of inflammatory mediators, specifically nitric oxide and the cytokines tumour necrosis factor and macrophage inflammatory protein 2. Conclusions These results support the hypothesis that developing gametocytes interact in different ways with innate immune cells of the host. Moreover, the present study proposes that early and late gametocytes act differently as targets for innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Corbett
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy. .,Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria-Italian Malaria Network, Milan, Italy.
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria-Italian Malaria Network, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Perego
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Messina
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Delbue
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Misiano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Falchi
- AIDS-Ricerca e sviluppo, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Silvestrini
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria-Italian Malaria Network, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy.,Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria-Italian Malaria Network, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy.,Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria-Italian Malaria Network, Milan, Italy
| | - Sarah D'Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy. .,Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria-Italian Malaria Network, Milan, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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73
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Ferrer AI, Trinidad JR, Sandiford O, Etchegaray JP, Rameshwar P. Epigenetic dynamics in cancer stem cell dormancy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 39:721-738. [PMID: 32394305 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the most challenging diseases despite significant advances of early diagnosis and therapeutic treatments. Cancerous tumors are composed of various cell types including cancer stem cells capable of self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and invasion of distal tumor sites. Most notably, these cells can enter a dormant cellular state that is resistant to conventional therapies. Thereby, cancer stem cells have the intrinsic potential for tumor initiation, tumor growth, metastasis, and tumor relapse after therapy. Both genetic and epigenetic alterations are attributed to the formation of multiple tumor types. This review is focused on how epigenetic dynamics involving DNA methylation and DNA oxidations are implicated in breast cancer and glioblastoma multiforme. The emergence and progression of these cancer types rely on cancer stem cells with the capacity to enter quiescence also known as a dormant cellular state, which dictates the distinct tumorigenic aggressiveness between breast cancer and glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra I Ferrer
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Jonathan R Trinidad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Oleta Sandiford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | | | - Pranela Rameshwar
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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74
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Mao A, Zhang M, Li L, Liu J, Ning G, Cao Y, Wang Q. Pharyngeal pouches provide a niche microenvironment for arch artery progenitor specification. Development 2021; 148:dev.192658. [PMID: 33334861 PMCID: PMC7847271 DOI: 10.1242/dev.192658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The paired pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs) are transient blood vessels connecting the heart with the dorsal aorta during embryogenesis. Although PAA malformations often occur along with pharyngeal pouch defects, the functional interaction between these adjacent tissues remains largely unclear. Here, we report that pharyngeal pouches are essential for PAA progenitor specification in zebrafish embryos. We reveal that the segmentation of pharyngeal pouches coincides spatiotemporally with the emergence of PAA progenitor clusters. These pouches physically associate with pharyngeal mesoderm in discrete regions and provide a niche microenvironment for PAA progenitor commitment by expressing BMP proteins. Specifically, pouch-derived BMP2a and BMP5 are the primary niche cues responsible for activating the BMP/Smad pathway in pharyngeal mesoderm, thereby promoting progenitor specification. In addition, BMP2a and BMP5 play an inductive function in the expression of the cloche gene npas4l in PAA progenitors. cloche mutants exhibit a striking failure to specify PAA progenitors and display ectopic expression of head muscle markers in the pharyngeal mesoderm. Therefore, our results support a crucial role for pharyngeal pouches in establishing a progenitor niche for PAA morphogenesis via BMP2a/5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Linwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guozhu Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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75
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Rafieemehr H, Maleki Behzad M, Azandeh S, Farshchi N, Ghasemi Dehcheshmeh M, Saki N. Chemo/radiotherapy-Induced Bone Marrow Niche Alterations. Cancer Invest 2020; 39:180-194. [PMID: 33225760 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2020.1855353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) niche is a specific microenvironment for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) as well as non-hematopoietic cells. Evidence shows that chemo/radiotherapy can lead to the disruption of different properties of HSCs such as proliferation, differentiation, localization, self-renewa, and steady-state of cell populations. Investigations have shown that the deregulation of balance within the marrow cavity due to chemo/radiotherapy could lead to bone loss, abnormal hematopoiesis, and enhanced differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells towards the adipogenic lineage. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms of chemo/radiotherapy induced BM niche changes may lead to the application of appropriate therapeutic agents to prevent BM niche defects. Highlights Chemo/radiotherapy disrupts the steady-state of bone marrow niche cells and result in deregulation of normal balance of stromal cell populations. Chemo/radiotherapy agents play a significant role in reducing of bone formation as well as fat accumulation in the bone marrow niche. Targeting molecular pathways may lead to recovery of bone marrow niches after chemo/radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Rafieemehr
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Masumeh Maleki Behzad
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saeed Azandeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center (CMRC), Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicin, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS), Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Niloofar Farshchi
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Najmaldin Saki
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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76
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Whitney KE, Briggs KK, Chamness C, Bolia IK, Huard J, Philippon MJ, Evans TA. Bone Marrow Concentrate Injection Treatment Improves Short-term Outcomes in Symptomatic Hip Osteoarthritis Patients: A Pilot Study. Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8:2325967120966162. [PMID: 33344667 PMCID: PMC7731709 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120966162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the leading causes of disability in the United States, the hip being the second most affected weightbearing joint. Autologous bone marrow concentrate (BMC) is a promising alternative therapy to conventional treatments, with the potential to mitigate inflammation and improve joint function. PURPOSE To investigate the effectiveness of a single intra-articular BMC injection for patients with symptomatic hip OA. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS A total of 24 patients diagnosed with symptomatic hip OA who elected to undergo a single BMC injection were prospectively enrolled in the study. Patients were excluded if they reported a preinjection Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) score for pain with activity of <6 points out of 10. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), Hip Outcome Score-Activities of Daily Living (HOS-ADL), 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), and NRS pain scores were collected before and after the procedure (6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months). Joint space and Tönnis OA grade scores were recorded on preinjection anteroposterior pelvis radiographs. RESULTS A total of 18 hips from 16 patients (7 male and 9 female) (mean age, 57.6 ± 11; mean body mass index, 25.9 ± 3.6 kg/m2) were used in the final analysis. Significant improvements were observed in NRS pain with activity (from 8 to 4.5; P < .001) and without activity (from 5 to 1; P < .001), WOMAC (from 31 to 16; P = .006), mHHS (from 63 to 80; P = .004), and HOS-ADL (from 71 to 85; P = .014) over 6 months. At 6 months, all patients maintained their improvements and did not return to preprocedure status. BMI significantly correlated with baseline WOMAC scores (P = .012) and inversely correlated with 6-month SF-12 Physical Component Summary (P = .038). Tönnis grades 2 and 3 were inversely correlated with 6-week SF-12 Mental Component Summary (P = .008) and 3-month pain with activity (P = .032). No serious adverse events were reported from the BMC harvest or injection procedure. CONCLUSION A single BMC injection can significantly improve subjective pain and function scores up to 6 months in patients with symptomatic hip OA. Further studies are warranted to evaluate BMC treatment against other therapeutics in a larger sample size and compare the biological signature profiles that may be responsible for the therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn E. Whitney
- The Steadman Clinic, Vail, Colorado, USA
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | | | - Johnny Huard
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
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77
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Luo M, Li JF, Yang Q, Zhang K, Wang ZW, Zheng S, Zhou JJ. Stem cell quiescence and its clinical relevance. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:1307-1326. [PMID: 33312400 PMCID: PMC7705463 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i11.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Quiescent state has been observed in stem cells (SCs), including in adult SCs and in cancer SCs (CSCs). Quiescent status of SCs contributes to SC self-renewal and conduces to averting SC death from harsh external stimuli. In this review, we provide an overview of intrinsic mechanisms and extrinsic factors that regulate adult SC quiescence. The intrinsic mechanisms discussed here include the cell cycle, mitogenic signaling, Notch signaling, epigenetic modification, and metabolism and transcriptional regulation, while the extrinsic factors summarized here include microenvironment cells, extracellular factors, and immune response and inflammation in microenvironment. Quiescent state of CSCs has been known to contribute immensely to therapeutic resistance in multiple cancers. The characteristics and the regulation mechanisms of quiescent CSCs are discussed in detail. Importantly, we also outline the recent advances and controversies in therapeutic strategies targeting CSC quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Luo
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jin-Fan Li
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhan-Wei Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou 313003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shu Zheng
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
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78
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Picoli CC, Costa AC, Rocha BGS, Silva WN, Santos GSP, Prazeres PHDM, Costa PAC, Oropeza A, da Silva RA, Azevedo VAC, Resende RR, Cunha TM, Mintz A, Birbrair A. Sensory nerves in the spotlight of the stem cell niche. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 10:346-356. [PMID: 33112056 PMCID: PMC7900586 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Niches are specialized tissue microenvironments that control stem cells functioning. The bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell niche defines a location within the marrow in which mesenchymal stem cells are retained and produce new cells throughout life. Deciphering the signaling mechanisms by which the niche regulates stem cell fate will facilitate the use of these cells for therapy. Recent studies, by using state-of-the-art methodologies, including sophisticated in vivo inducible genetic techniques, such as lineage-tracing Cre/loxP mediated systems, in combination with pharmacological inhibition, provide evidence that sensory neuron is an important component of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell niche. Strikingly, knockout of a specific receptor in sensory neurons blocked stem cell function in the bone marrow. The knowledge arising from these discoveries will be crucial for stem cell manipulation in the future. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of sensory nerves biology in the stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Picoli
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alinne C Costa
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Beatriz G S Rocha
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Walison N Silva
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabryella S P Santos
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro H D M Prazeres
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro A C Costa
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anderson Oropeza
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A da Silva
- Department of Dentistry, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vasco A C Azevedo
- Cellular and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R Resende
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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79
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Csordás G, Grawe F, Uhlirova M. Eater cooperates with Multiplexin to drive the formation of hematopoietic compartments. eLife 2020; 9:57297. [PMID: 33026342 PMCID: PMC7541089 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood development in multicellular organisms relies on specific tissue microenvironments that nurture hematopoietic precursors and promote their self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation. The mechanisms driving blood cell homing and their interactions with hematopoietic microenvironments remain poorly understood. Here, we use the Drosophila melanogaster model to reveal a pivotal role for basement membrane composition in the formation of hematopoietic compartments. We demonstrate that by modulating extracellular matrix components, the fly blood cells known as hemocytes can be relocated to tissue surfaces where they function similarly to their natural hematopoietic environment. We establish that the Collagen XV/XVIII ortholog Multiplexin in the tissue-basement membranes and the phagocytosis receptor Eater on the hemocytes physically interact and are necessary and sufficient to induce immune cell-tissue association. These results highlight the cooperation of Multiplexin and Eater as an integral part of a homing mechanism that specifies and maintains hematopoietic sites in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Csordás
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Grawe
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Molecular Cell Biology, Institute I for Anatomy, University of Cologne Medical School, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mirka Uhlirova
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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80
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Positive early clinical outcomes of bone marrow aspirate concentrate for osteoarthritis using a novel fenestrated trocar. Knee 2020; 27:1627-1634. [PMID: 33010782 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to assess early clinical outcomes for knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients undergoing bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) treatment using a novel closed-end, fenestrated trocar (FT) that does not require centrifugation. METHODS A prospective cohort of 17 knee OA patients undergoing BMAC treatment with the FT system from March 2018 to March 2019 was retrospectively evaluated. Approximately 10 mL of BMAC was harvested, no centrifugation was performed, and the BMAC was injected into the affected knee. Clinical outcomes were assessed at baseline, six weeks, and 12 weeks. This study has no affiliation with/vested-interest in the FT system. RESULTS There were significant improvements in nearly all outcomes from baseline to 12 weeks. Specific improvements included Knee Injury and OA Outcome Score (KOOS) activities-of-daily-living (61.1 ± 9.2 [mean ± 95% confidence interval] to 89.3 ± 6, p = 0.001), quality-of-life (32.7 ± 9.3 to 66.1 ± 17.9, p = 0.003), sports/recreation (36.9 ± 10.6 to 72.6 ± 26.3, p = 0.006), and pain (53.8 ± 9.3 to 83 ± 10.2, p = 0.001); Lysholm scores (55.5 ± 8.4 to 77.3 ± 10.5, p = 0.009); and visual analog pain scores (5.68 ± 1.14 to 2.07 ± 1.86, p = 0.003). Individually, at least 75% of patients exhibited improvement in all KOOS categories at six weeks and at least 85% at 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS BMAC treatment with an FT system that does not require centrifugation resulted in significant improvements in early pain and function scores for knee OA. The symptomatic improvements in this study were similar to or greater than what has been reported using traditional needles. These data may provide clinicians with comfort in using an FT system and provide motivation for future randomized-controlled trials comparing aspiration techniques.
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81
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Bone marrow aspirate clot: A feasible orthobiologic. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2020; 11:S789-S794. [PMID: 32999557 PMCID: PMC7503156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the major health burdens and a leading source of disability worldwide, affecting both juvenile and elderly populations either as a consequence of ageing or extrinsic factors such as physical injuries. This condition often involves a group of locomotor structures such as the bones, joints and muscles and may therefore cause significant economic and emotional impact. Some pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments have been considered as potential solutions, however, these alternatives have provided quite limited efficacy due to the short-term effect on pain management and inability to restore damaged tissue. The emergence of novel therapeutic alternatives such as the application of orthobiologics, particularly bone marrow aspirate (BMA) clot, have bestowed medical experts with considerable optimism as evidenced by the significant results found in numerous studies addressed in this manuscript. Although other products have been proposed for the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries, the peculiar interest in BMA, fibrin clot and associated fibrinolytic mechanisms continues to expand. BMA is a rich source of various cellular and molecular components which have demonstrated positive effects on tissue regeneration in many in vitro and in vivo models of musculoskeletal injuries. In addition to being able to undergo self-renewal and differentiation, the hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells present in this orthobiologic elicit key immunomodulatory and paracrine roles in inflammatory responses in tissue injury and drive the coagulation cascade towards tissue repair via different mechanisms. Although promising, these complex regenerative mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated.
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82
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Use of in vitro bone models to screen for altered bone metabolism, osteopathies, and fracture healing: challenges of complex models. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3937-3958. [PMID: 32910238 PMCID: PMC7655582 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02906-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Approx. every third hospitalized patient in Europe suffers from musculoskeletal injuries or diseases. Up to 20% of these patients need costly surgical revisions after delayed or impaired fracture healing. Reasons for this are the severity of the trauma, individual factors, e.g, the patients’ age, individual lifestyle, chronic diseases, medication, and, over 70 diseases that negatively affect the bone quality. To investigate the various disease constellations and/or develop new treatment strategies, many in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models can be applied. Analyzing these various models more closely, it is obvious that many of them have limits and/or restrictions. Undoubtedly, in vivo models most completely represent the biological situation. Besides possible species-specific differences, ethical concerns may question the use of in vivo models especially for large screening approaches. Challenging whether ex vivo or in vitro bone models can be used as an adequate replacement for such screenings, we here summarize the advantages and challenges of frequently used ex vivo and in vitro bone models to study disturbed bone metabolism and fracture healing. Using own examples, we discuss the common challenge of cell-specific normalization of data obtained from more complex in vitro models as one example of the analytical limits which lower the full potential of these complex model systems.
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83
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Horton PD, Dumbali S, Wenzel PL. Mechanoregulation in hematopoiesis and hematologic disorders. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2020; 6:86-95. [PMID: 33094091 PMCID: PMC7577202 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-020-00172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are reliant on intrinsic and extrinsic factors for tight control of self-renewal, quiescence, differentiation, and homing. Given the intimate relationship between HSCs and their niche, increasing numbers of studies are examining how biophysical cues in the hematopoietic microenvironment impact HSC functions. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous mechanosensors are present on hematopoietic cells, including integrins, mechanosensitive ion channels, and primary cilia. Integrin-ligand adhesion, in particular, has been found to be critical for homing and anchoring of HSCs and progenitors in the bone marrow. Integrin-mediated interactions with ligands present on extracellular matrix and endothelial cells are key to establishing long-term engraftment and quiescence of HSCs. Importantly, disruption in the architecture and cellular composition of the bone marrow associated with conditioning regimens and primary myelofibrosis exposes HSCs to a profoundly distinct mechanical environment, with potential implications for progression of hematologic dysfunction and pathologies. SUMMARY Study of the mechanobiological signals that govern hematopoiesis represents an important future step toward understanding HSC biology in homeostasis, aging, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina D. Horton
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sandeep Dumbali
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Pamela L. Wenzel
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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84
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Khattar E, Tergaonkar V. Role of Rap1 in DNA damage response: implications in stem cell homeostasis and cancer. Exp Hematol 2020; 90:12-17. [PMID: 32858091 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian Rap1 is a part of the telomere binding complex named shelterin and is one of the most conserved telomeric proteins. With its essential requirement in lower species to its becoming necessary in higher species, it appears to have gained and lost several functions simultaneously evolving with telomeres. Mammalian Rap1 has been reported to play a role in inflammation, metabolism, and oxidative stress. Mammalian Rap1 has also been found to regulate DNA damage response from telomeres in senescent cells. Recently our group uncovered its novel role in stem cell maintenance, and modulation of the chemotherapeutic response. Mechanistically it was found to function as an adaptor via protein-protein interactions and to modulate the response to DNA damage. In the current review we highlight newly identified functions of Rap1 in regulating telomeric and general DNA damage response with its impact at the cellular and organismal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Khattar
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be) University, Mumbai, India.
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A-STAR), Singapore
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85
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Zanetti C, Krause DS. "Caught in the net": the extracellular matrix of the bone marrow in normal hematopoiesis and leukemia. Exp Hematol 2020; 89:13-25. [PMID: 32755619 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the bone marrow microenvironment on normal hematopoiesis, but also leukemia, has largely been accepted. However, the focus has been predominantly on the role of various cell types or cytokines maintaining hematopoietic stem cells or protecting leukemia stem cells from different therapies. A frequently overlooked component of the bone marrow microenvironment is the extracellular matrix, which not only provides a mechanical scaffold, but also serves as a source of growth factors. We discuss here how extracellular matrix proteins directly or indirectly modulate hematopoietic stem cell physiology and influence leukemia progression. It is hoped that existing and future studies on this topic may propel forward the possibility of augmenting normal hematopoiesis and improving therapies for leukemia, for instance, by targeting of the extracellular matrix in the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Zanetti
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniela S Krause
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Frankfurt, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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86
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Okeke C, Silas U, Okeke C, Chikwendu C. Current Trends on Hemopoietic Stem Cells. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 16:199-208. [PMID: 32729427 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15999200729162021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Advances in single-cell technology and genetic mouse models have resulted in the identification of new types of hemopoietic stem cells (HSC), resulting in baffling observations, suggesting a reconsideration of the long-held notion that all hematopoietic cells in the adult are derived from HSCs. The existence of long-lived HSC-independent hematopoiesis has led to the conclusion that despite the single hierarchical differentiation route that generates functional blood types, other differentiation routes exist in-vivo. Heterogeneity in the HSC population and the evolving knowledge around HSC has translated to it's improved application as a therapeutic tool for various blood disorders. The reprogramming of non-hematopoietic somatic and mature blood cells to pluripotency with their subsequent differentiation into hematopoietic stem cells/progenitor cells and the introduction of new generation sequencing holds the potential for the resolution of ambiguities involved in HSC bone marrow transplantation. There is a change in the paradigm for HSC transplantation donor selection. Donor choice favors haploidentical HCT than cord blood. This review provides a general overview of the current events around hemopoietic stem cells, with emphasis on the rising trend of HSC transplantation, especially haploidentical stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinwe Okeke
- Medical Laboratory Science Department, Faculty of Health Science and Tech. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ufele Silas
- Medical Laboratory Science Department, Faculty of Health Science and Tech. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Chinedu Okeke
- Haematology Department, College of Medicine,University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Chiedozie Chikwendu
- Medical Laboratory Science Department, Faculty of Health Science and Tech. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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87
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Mastelaro de Rezende M, Zenker Justo G, Julian Paredes-Gamero E, Gosens R. Wnt-5A/B Signaling in Hematopoiesis throughout Life. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081801. [PMID: 32751131 PMCID: PMC7465103 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is well-known to play major roles in the hematopoietic system, from embryogenesis to aging and disease. In addition to the main β-catenin-dependent pathway, it is now clear that Wnt5a and the structurally related Wnt5b are essential for hematopoiesis, bone marrow colonization and the final steps of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maturation via β-catenin-independent signaling. Wnt5a and Wnt5b ligands prevent hematopoietic exhaustion (by maintaining quiescent, long-term HSCs), induce the proliferation of progenitors, and guide myeloid development, in addition to being involved in the development of aging-related alterations. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on these roles of Wnt5a and Wn5b signaling in the hematopoietic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mastelaro de Rezende
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil; (M.M.d.R.); (G.Z.J.); (E.J.P.-G.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Giselle Zenker Justo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil; (M.M.d.R.); (G.Z.J.); (E.J.P.-G.)
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Edgar Julian Paredes-Gamero
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil; (M.M.d.R.); (G.Z.J.); (E.J.P.-G.)
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-50363-8177
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88
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Drela K, Stanaszek L, Snioch K, Kuczynska Z, Wrobel M, Sarzynska S, Legosz P, Maldyk P, Lukomska B. Bone marrow-derived from the human femoral shaft as a new source of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells: an alternative cell material for banking and clinical transplantation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:262. [PMID: 32605638 PMCID: PMC7328271 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01697-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are commonly used in regenerative medicine. Among different tissues, iliac crest bone marrow (BM) represents the most exploited source, but its disadvantages are a painful aspiration procedure and low cell number. An alternative, readily available source of MSC for research would be beneficial for regenerative medicine development. This work aimed to propose a new source of bone marrow isolation in which the femoral shaft is taken during total hip arthroplasty (THA). METHODS In preliminary experiments, three different gradient methods for cell separation (Ficoll-Paque 1.078 g/mL, 17% sucrose gradient, BM seeding fraction) were tested with regard to the time of primary culture, initial cell number, the phenotype, and morphology of MSC. Then human bone marrow MSC derived from two different sources, iliac crest aspirate (BM-MSCi) or femoral shaft (BM-MSCt), were analyzed in terms of cell number and colony-forming ability followed by differentiation potential of MSC into osteo-, chondro-, and adipogenic lineages as well as mRNA expression of a variety of cytokines and growth factors. RESULTS Our studies showed that MSC isolated from the bone marrow of two different sources and cultured under appropriate conditions had similar characteristics and comparable propensity to differentiate into mesodermal cells. MSC derived from BM-MSCi or BM-MSCt expressed various growth factors. Interestingly, the expression of EGF, FGF, IGF, and PDGF-A was much higher in BM-MSCt than BM-MSCi. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study demonstrate that human MSC isolated from the BM of the femoral shaft have similar biological characteristics as MSC derived from the iliac crest, suggesting the femoral shaft as a possible alternative source for mesenchymal stem/stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Drela
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5, Pawinskiego, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Luiza Stanaszek
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5, Pawinskiego, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Konrad Snioch
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5, Pawinskiego, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Kuczynska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5, Pawinskiego, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Wrobel
- Ortopedika, Centre for Specialized Surgery, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Sarzynska
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Legosz
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Maldyk
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5, Pawinskiego, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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89
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Ribeiro P, Leitão L, Monteiro AC, Bortolin A, Moura B, Lamghari M, Neto E. Microfluidic-based models to address the bone marrow metastatic niche complexity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 112:27-36. [PMID: 32513499 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) is a preferential metastatic site for solid cancers, contributing to higher morbidity and mortality among millions of oncologic patients worldwide. There are no current efficient therapies to minimize this health burden. Microfluidic based in vitro models emerge as powerful alternatives to animal testing, as well as promising tools for the development of personalized medicine solutions. The complexity associated with the BM metastatic niche originated a wide variety of microfluidic platforms designed to mimic this microenvironment. This review gathers the essential parameters to design an accurate in vitro microfluidic device, based on a comparative analysis of existing models created to address the different steps of the metastatic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Ribeiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Associação (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Leitão
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Associação (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana C Monteiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Associação (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andrea Bortolin
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Associação (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Moura
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Associação (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Meriem Lamghari
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Associação (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Estrela Neto
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Associação (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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90
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Wu S, Cui T, Zhang X, Tian T. A non-linear reverse-engineering method for inferring genetic regulatory networks. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9065. [PMID: 32391205 PMCID: PMC7195839 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is a highly complex developmental process that produces various types of blood cells. This process is regulated by different genetic networks that control the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Although substantial progress has been made for understanding hematopoiesis, the detailed regulatory mechanisms for the fate determination of HSCs are still unraveled. In this study, we propose a novel approach to infer the detailed regulatory mechanisms. This work is designed to develop a mathematical framework that is able to realize nonlinear gene expression dynamics accurately. In particular, we intended to investigate the effect of possible protein heterodimers and/or synergistic effect in genetic regulation. This approach includes the Extended Forward Search Algorithm to infer network structure (top-down approach) and a non-linear mathematical model to infer dynamical property (bottom-up approach). Based on the published experimental data, we study two regulatory networks of 11 genes for regulating the erythrocyte differentiation pathway and the neutrophil differentiation pathway. The proposed algorithm is first applied to predict the network topologies among 11 genes and 55 non-linear terms which may be for heterodimers and/or synergistic effect. Then, the unknown model parameters are estimated by fitting simulations to the expression data of two different differentiation pathways. In addition, the edge deletion test is conducted to remove possible insignificant regulations from the inferred networks. Furthermore, the robustness property of the mathematical model is employed as an additional criterion to choose better network reconstruction results. Our simulation results successfully realized experimental data for two different differentiation pathways, which suggests that the proposed approach is an effective method to infer the topological structure and dynamic property of genetic regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Wu
- School of Mathematics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tiangang Cui
- School of Mathematics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Xinan Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Tianhai Tian
- School of Mathematics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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91
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Abstract
A central feature of atherosclerosis, the most prevalent chronic vascular disease and root cause of myocardial infarction and stroke, is leukocyte accumulation in the arterial wall. These crucial immune cells are produced in specialized niches in the bone marrow, where a complex cell network orchestrates their production and release. A growing body of clinical studies has documented a correlation between leukocyte numbers and cardiovascular disease risk. Understanding how leukocytes are produced and how they contribute to atherosclerosis and its complications is, therefore, critical to understanding and treating the disease. In this review, we focus on the key cells and products that regulate hematopoiesis under homeostatic conditions, during atherosclerosis and after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram C Poller
- From the Center for Systems Biology (W.C.P., M.N., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- From the Center for Systems Biology (W.C.P., M.N., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Radiology (M.N., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Filip K Swirski
- From the Center for Systems Biology (W.C.P., M.N., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Radiology (M.N., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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92
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Behrmann L, Wellbrock J, Fiedler W. The bone marrow stromal niche: a therapeutic target of hematological myeloid malignancies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:451-462. [PMID: 32188313 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1744850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Myeloid malignancies are caused by uncontrolled proliferation of neoplastic cells and lack of mature hematopoietic cells. Beside intrinsic genetic and epigenetic alterations within the neoplastic population, abnormal function of the bone marrow stroma promotes the neoplastic process. To overcome the supportive action of the microenvironment, recent research focuses on the development of targeted therapies, inhibiting the interaction of malignant cells and niche cells.Areas covered: This review covers regulatory networks and potential druggable pathways within the hematopoietic stem cell niche. Recent insights into the cell-to-cell interactions in the bone marrow microenvironment are presented. We performed literature searches using PubMed Database from 2000 to the present.Expert opinion: Future therapy of myeloid malignancies must focus on targeted, personalized treatment addressing specific alterations within the malignant and the supporting niche cells. This includes treatments to overcome resistance mechanisms against chemotherapeutic agents mediated by supporting microenvironment. Novel techniques employing sequencing approaches, Crisp/Cas9, or transgenic mouse models are required to elucidate specific interactions between components of the bone marrow niche to identify new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Behrmann
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald University Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Wellbrock
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald University Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Walter Fiedler
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald University Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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93
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Gordon S, Plüddemann A, Mukhopadhyay S. Plasma membrane receptors of tissue macrophages: functions and role in pathology. J Pathol 2020; 250:656-666. [PMID: 32086805 DOI: 10.1002/path.5404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) constitute a dispersed organ, which is distributed throughout the body. Macrophages in different tissues display distinctive mosaic phenotypes as resident and recruited cells of embryonic and bone marrow origin, respectively. They help to maintain homeostasis during development and throughout adult life, yet contribute to the pathogenesis of many disease processes, including inflammation, innate and adaptive immunity, metabolic disorders, and cancer. Heterogeneous tissue macrophage populations display a wide variety of surface molecules to recognise and respond to host, microbial, and exogenous ligands in their environment; their receptors mediate the uptake and destruction of effete and dying host cells and pathogens, as well as contribute trophic and secretory functions within every organ in the body. Apart from local cellular interactions, macrophage surface molecules and products serve to mobilise and coordinate systemic humoral and cellular responses. Their use as antigen markers in pathogenesis and as potential drug targets has lagged in clinical pathology and human immunotherapy. In this review, we summarise the properties of selected surface molecules expressed on macrophages in different tissues and disease processes, to provide a functional basis for diagnosis, further research, and treatment. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamon Gordon
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Annette Plüddemann
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK
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94
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Pinho S, Frenette PS. Haematopoietic stem cell activity and interactions with the niche. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 20:303-320. [PMID: 30745579 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) microenvironment in the bone marrow, termed the niche, ensures haematopoietic homeostasis by controlling the proliferation, self-renewal, differentiation and migration of HSCs and progenitor cells at steady state and in response to emergencies and injury. Improved methods for HSC isolation, driven by advances in single-cell and molecular technologies, have led to a better understanding of their behaviour, heterogeneity and lineage fate and of the niche cells and signals that regulate their function. Niche regulatory signals can be in the form of cell-bound or secreted factors and other local physical cues. A combination of technological advances in bone marrow imaging and genetic manipulation of crucial regulatory factors has enabled the identification of several candidate cell types regulating the niche, including both non-haematopoietic (for example, perivascular mesenchymal stem and endothelial cells) and HSC-derived (for example, megakaryocytes, macrophages and regulatory T cells), with better topographical understanding of HSC localization in the bone marrow. Here, we review advances in our understanding of HSC regulation by niches during homeostasis, ageing and cancer, and we discuss their implications for the development of therapies to rejuvenate aged HSCs or niches or to disrupt self-reinforcing malignant niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pinho
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul S Frenette
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA.
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95
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Zehentmeier S, Pereira JP. Cell circuits and niches controlling B cell development. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:142-157. [PMID: 30977190 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies over the last decade uncovered overlapping niches for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), multipotent progenitor cells, common lymphoid progenitors, and early B cell progenitors. HSC and lymphoid niches are predominantly composed by mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) and by a small subset of endothelial cells. Niche cells create specialized microenvironments through the concomitant production of short-range acting cell-fate determining cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-7 and stem cell factor and the potent chemoattractant C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12. This type of cellular organization allows for the cross-talk between hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells with niche cells, such that niche cell activity can be regulated by the quality and quantity of hematopoietic progenitors being produced. For example, preleukemic B cell progenitors and preB acute lymphoblastic leukemias interact directly with MPCs, and downregulate IL-7 expression and the production of non-leukemic lymphoid cells. In this review, we discuss a novel model of B cell development that is centered on cellular circuits formed between B cell progenitors and lymphopoietic niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Zehentmeier
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - João P Pereira
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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96
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Benova A, Tencerova M. Obesity-Induced Changes in Bone Marrow Homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:294. [PMID: 32477271 PMCID: PMC7235195 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by low-grade inflammation, which is accompanied by increased accumulation of immune cells in peripheral tissues including adipose tissue (AT), skeletal muscle, liver and pancreas, thereby impairing their primary metabolic functions in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Obesity has also shown to have a detrimental effect on bone homeostasis by altering bone marrow and hematopoietic stem cell differentiation and thus impairing bone integrity and immune cell properties. The origin of immune cells arises in the bone marrow, which has been shown to be affected with the obesogenic condition via increased cellularity and shifting differentiation and function of hematopoietic and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in favor of myeloid progenitors and increased bone marrow adiposity. These obesity-induced changes in the bone marrow microenvironment lead to dramatic bone marrow remodeling and compromising immune cell functions, which in turn affect systemic inflammatory conditions and regulation of whole-body metabolism. However, there is limited information on the inflammatory secretory factors creating the bone marrow microenvironment and how these factors changed during metabolic complications. This review summarizes recent findings on inflammatory and cellular changes in the bone marrow in relation to obesity and further discuss whether dietary intervention or physical activity may have beneficial effects on the bone marrow microenvironment and whole-body metabolism.
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97
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Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: A Novel Target to Optimize Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Protocols in Hematological Malignancies and Rare Genetic Disorders. J Clin Med 2019; 9:jcm9010002. [PMID: 31861268 PMCID: PMC7019991 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are crucial elements in the bone marrow (BM) niche where they provide physical support and secrete soluble factors to control and maintain hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs). Given their role in the BM niche and HSPC support, MSCs have been employed in the clinical setting to expand ex-vivo HSPCs, as well as to facilitate HSPC engraftment in vivo. Specific alterations in the mesenchymal compartment have been described in hematological malignancies, as well as in rare genetic disorders, diseases that are amenable to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and ex-vivo HSPC-gene therapy (HSC-GT). Dissecting the in vivo function of human MSCs and studying their biological and functional properties in these diseases is a critical requirement to optimize transplantation outcomes. In this review, the role of MSCs in the orchestration of the BM niche will be revised, and alterations in the mesenchymal compartment in specific disorders will be discussed, focusing on the need to correct and restore a proper microenvironment to ameliorate transplantation procedures, and more in general disease outcomes.
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98
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Emmons R, Ngu M, Xu G, Hernández-Saavedra D, Chen H, DE Lisio M. Effects of Obesity and Exercise on Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells after Radiation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:1126-1136. [PMID: 30640286 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The late effects of radiation therapy can have significant consequences for the health and quality of life of long-term cancer survivors. Radiation induces persistent alterations in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) and the bone marrow environment; however, how relevant host factors such as obesity and exercise differentially regulate HSPC content and the bone marrow environment after radiation exposure remains unknown. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate how the combination of obesity and exercise training modulates HSPC and their niche after sublethal radiation exposure in mice. METHODS Mice fed either a control or a high-fat diet to induce obesity remained sedentary or underwent a progressive treadmill exercise program. At 13 wk of age, mice were irradiated (3 Gy) and continued their specific diets and exercise program for four more weeks. RESULTS Exercise-trained mice had significantly higher quantities of several HSPC subpopulations and bone marrow stromal cell populations, whereas HSPC subpopulations were significantly lower in obese mice after radiation. Reactive oxygen species content was significantly decreased in HSPC with exercise training. Proteomics analysis of bone marrow supernatant revealed clustering of biologically relevant changes in exercise-trained mice. Functional evaluation of bone marrow supernatant revealed a significant increase in leukemia blast viability in obese mice but not in the exercise-trained mice (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Together, these data suggest that exercise training partially restores the negative effects of obesity on HSPC and their niche after radiation exposure. As such, exercise training should be considered to mitigate the late effects of radiation therapy on the hematopoietic system for cancer survivors with or without obesity who have undergone radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Emmons
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| | - Matthew Ngu
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, CANADA
| | - Guanying Xu
- Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| | | | - Hong Chen
- Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| | - Michael DE Lisio
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL.,School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, CANADA.,Regenerative Medicine Program, Centre on Neuromuscular Disease, and Brain and Mind Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, CANADA
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99
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Liquid biopsy for minimal residual disease detection in leukemia using a portable blast cell biochip. NPJ Precis Oncol 2019; 3:30. [PMID: 31815186 PMCID: PMC6889137 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-019-0102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term management for leukemia is challenging due to the painful and invasive procedure of bone marrow (BM) biopsy. At present, non-invasive liquid (blood) biopsy is not utilized for leukemia, due to lower counts of leukemia blast cells in the blood. Here, we described a robust system for the simultaneous detection and enrichment of rare blast cells. Enrichment of blast cells was achieved from blood with a one-step microfluidic blast cell biochip (BCB) sorting system, without specific targeting of proteins by antibodies. Non-target cells encountered a differential net force as compared to stiffer blast cells and were removed. The efficiency of the BCB promotes high detection sensitivity (1 in 106 cells) even from patients with minimal residual disease. The procedure was validated using actual blast cells from patients with various types of leukemia. Outcomes were compared to current evaluation standards, such as flow cytometry, using BM aspirates. Blast cell detection efficiency was higher in 55.6% of the patients using the BCB as compared to flow cytometry, despite the lower concentrations of blast cells in liquid biopsy. These studies promote early-stage detection and routine monitoring for minimal residual disease in patients.
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100
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Andreotti JP, Silva WN, Costa AC, Picoli CC, Bitencourt FCO, Coimbra-Campos LMC, Resende RR, Magno LAV, Romano-Silva MA, Mintz A, Birbrair A. Neural stem cell niche heterogeneity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 95:42-53. [PMID: 30639325 PMCID: PMC6710163 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, new neurons can be generated from neural stem cells in specific regions of the adult brain. Neural stem cells are characterized by their abilities to differentiate into all neural lineages and to self-renew. The specific microenvironments regulating neural stem cells, commonly referred to as neurogenic niches, comprise multiple cell populations whose precise contributions are under active current exploration. Understanding the cross-talk between neural stem cells and their niche components is essential for the development of therapies against neurological disorders in which neural stem cells function is altered. In this review, we describe and discuss recent studies that identified novel components in the neural stem cell niche. These discoveries bring new concepts to the field. Here, we evaluate these recent advances that change our understanding of the neural stem cell niche heterogeneity and its influence on neural stem cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia P Andreotti
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Walison N Silva
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alinne C Costa
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Caroline C Picoli
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Flávia C O Bitencourt
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo R Resende
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz A V Magno
- Department of Mental Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marco A Romano-Silva
- Department of Mental Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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