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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the main health problem affecting Mexico's population. The mechanisms by which susceptibility to it is acquired and diabetes develops are topics of ongoing research. In order to prevent type 2 diabetes, one of the challenges is to fully understand gestational diabetes and the hormonal changes and altered carbohydrate metabolism that are associated with it during fetal development. A recent study by the Instituto Nacional de Perinatología found a 12.9% prevalence of gestational diabetes; if the current criteria suggested by the American Diabetes Association were applied, this figure would rise to almost 30%. Identifying mothers and children at high risk of developing diabetes mellitus and its comorbid conditions will help facilitate the timely implementation of preventive measures. This will be a rational use of economic resources in Mexico that will vitally benefit public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Aurora Ramírez-Torres
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México, México
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Lie S, Morrison JL, Williams-Wyss O, Suter CM, Humphreys DT, Ozanne SE, Zhang S, MacLaughlin SM, Kleemann DO, Walker SK, Roberts CT, McMillen IC. Impact of embryo number and maternal undernutrition around the time of conception on insulin signaling and gluconeogenic factors and microRNAs in the liver of fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E1013-24. [PMID: 24496309 PMCID: PMC4010656 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00553.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether exposure of the oocyte and/or embryo to maternal undernutrition results in the later programming of insulin action in the liver and factors regulating gluconeogenesis. To do this, we collect livers from singleton and twin fetal sheep that were exposed to periconceptional (PCUN; -60 to 7 days) or preimplantation (PIUN; 0-7 days) undernutrition at 136-138 days of gestation (term = 150 days). The mRNA and protein abundance of insulin signaling and gluconeogenic factors were then quantified using qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively, and global microRNA expression was quantified using deep sequencing methodology. We found that hepatic PEPCK-C mRNA (P < 0.01) and protein abundance and the protein abundance of IRS-1 (P < 0.01), p110β (P < 0.05), PTEN (P < 0.05), CREB (P < 0.01), and pCREB (Ser(133); P < 0.05) were decreased in the PCUN and PIUN singletons. In contrast, hepatic protein abundance of IRS-1 (P < 0.01), p85 (P < 0.01), p110β (P < 0.001), PTEN (P < 0.01), Akt2 (P < 0.01), p-Akt (Ser(473); P < 0.01), and p-FOXO-1 (Thr24) (P < 0.01) was increased in twins. There was a decrease in PEPCK-C mRNA (P < 0.01) but, paradoxically, an increase in PEPCK-C protein (P < 0.001) in twins. Both PCUN and PIUN altered the hepatic expression of 23 specific microRNAs. We propose that the differential impact of maternal undernutrition in the presence of one or two embryos on mRNAs and proteins involved in the insulin signaling and gluconeogenesis is explained by changes in the expression of a suite of specific candidate microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervi Lie
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Lie S, Hui M, McMillen IC, Muhlhausler BS, Posterino GS, Dunn SL, Wang KC, Botting KJ, Morrison JL. Exposure to rosiglitazone, a PPAR-γ agonist, in late gestation reduces the abundance of factors regulating cardiac metabolism and cardiomyocyte size in the sheep fetus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R429-37. [PMID: 24477540 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00431.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
It is unknown whether cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and the transition to fatty acid oxidation as the main source of energy after birth is dependent on the maturation of the cardiomyocytes' metabolic system, or on the limitation of substrate availability before birth. This study aimed to investigate whether intrafetal administration of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonist, rosiglitazone, during late gestation can stimulate the expression of factors regulating cardiac growth and metabolism in preparation for birth, and the consequences of cardiac contractility in the fetal sheep at ∼140 days gestation. The mRNA expression and protein abundance of key factors regulating growth and metabolism were quantified using quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. Cardiac contractility was determined by measuring the Ca(2+) sensitivity and maximum Ca(2+)-activated force of skinned cardiomyocyte bundles. Rosiglitazone-treated fetuses had a lower cardiac abundance of insulin-signaling molecules, including insulin receptor-β, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), phospho-IRS-1 (Tyr-895), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) regulatory subunit p85, PI3K catalytic subunit p110α, phospho-3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (Ser-241), protein kinase B (Akt-1), phospho-Akt (Ser-273), PKCζ, phospho-PKCζ(Thr-410), Akt substrate 160 kDa (AS160), phospho-AS160 (Thr-642), and glucose transporter type-4. Additionally, cardiac abundance of regulators of fatty acid β-oxidation, including adiponectin receptor 1, AMPKα, phospho-AMPKα (Thr-172), phospho-acetyl CoA carboxylase (Ser-79), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, and PGC-1α was lower in the rosiglitazone-treated group. Rosiglitazone administration also resulted in a decrease in cardiomyocyte size. Rosiglitazone administration in the late-gestation sheep fetus resulted in a decreased abundance of factors regulating cardiac glucose uptake, fatty acid β-oxidation, and cardiomyocyte size. These findings suggest that activation of PPAR-γ using rosiglitazone does not promote the maturation of cardiomyocytes; rather, it may decrease cardiac metabolism and compromise cardiac health later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervi Lie
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and
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Fernandez-Twinn DS, Alfaradhi MZ, Martin-Gronert MS, Duque-Guimaraes DE, Piekarz A, Ferland-McCollough D, Bushell M, Ozanne SE. Downregulation of IRS-1 in adipose tissue of offspring of obese mice is programmed cell-autonomously through post-transcriptional mechanisms. Mol Metab 2014; 3:325-33. [PMID: 24749062 PMCID: PMC3986586 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined the effects of maternal diet-induced obesity on offspring adipose tissue insulin signalling and miRNA expression in the aetiology of insulin resistance in later life. Although body composition and glucose tolerance of 8-week-old male offspring of obese dams were not dysregulated, serum insulin was significantly (p<0.05) elevated. Key insulin signalling proteins in adipose tissue were down-regulated, including the insulin receptor, catalytic (p110β) and regulatory (p85α) subunits of PI3K as well as AKT1 and 2 (all p<0.05). The largest reduction observed was in IRS-1 protein (p<0.001), which was regulated post-transcriptionally. Concurrently, miR-126, which targets IRS-1, was up-regulated (p<0.05). These two features were maintained in isolated primary pre-adipocytes and differentiated adipocytes in-vitro. We have therefore established that maternal diet-induced obesity programs adipose tissue insulin resistance. We hypothesise that maintenance of the phenotype in-vitro strongly suggests that this mechanism is cell autonomous and may drive insulin resistance in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise S Fernandez-Twinn
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Maria Z Alfaradhi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Malgorzata S Martin-Gronert
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Daniella E Duque-Guimaraes
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ana Piekarz
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - David Ferland-McCollough
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, PO Box 138, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Martin Bushell
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, PO Box 138, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Bueno MP, Gonçalves FLL, Guadagnini D, Barini R, Saad MJA, Gallindo RM, Schmidt AF, Sbragia L. The role of gut-liver axis in the restriction of intrauterine growth in a model of experimental gastroschisis. Acta Cir Bras 2014; 28 Suppl 1:3-7. [PMID: 23381816 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502013001300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) by the expression of IR-β, IRS-1, IRS-2, IGF-IRβ and Ikappaβ in experimental model of gastroschisis. METHODS Pregnant rats at 18.5 days of gestation were submitted to surgery to create experimental fetal gastroschisis (term = 22 days) were divided in three groups: gastroschisis (G), control (C) and sham (S). Fetuses were evaluated for body weight (BW), intestinal (IW), liver (LW) and their relations IW/BW and LW/BW. IR-β and IGF-IRβ receptors, IRS-1 and IRS-2 substrates and Ikappaβ protein were analyzed by western blotting. RESULTS BW was lower in G, the IW and IW / BW were greater than C and S (p<0.05) groups. The liver showed no differences between groups. In fetuses with gastroschisis, compared with control fetuses, the expression of IGF-IRβ (p<0.001) and Ikappaβ (p<0.001) increased in the liver and intestine, as well as IR-β (p<0.001) which decreased in both. In contrast to the intestine, IRS-1 (p<0.001) increased in the liver and IRS-2 decreased (p<0.01). CONCLUSION The axis of the intestine liver has an important role in inflammation, with consequent changes in the metabolic pathway of glucose can contribute to the IUGR in fetuses with gastroschisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Pereira Bueno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Lie S, Morrison JL, Williams-Wyss O, Suter CM, Humphreys DT, Ozanne SE, Zhang S, Maclaughlin SM, Kleemann DO, Walker SK, Roberts CT, McMillen IC. Periconceptional undernutrition programs changes in insulin-signaling molecules and microRNAs in skeletal muscle in singleton and twin fetal sheep. Biol Reprod 2014; 90:5. [PMID: 24258211 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.109751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal undernutrition around the time of conception is associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance in adulthood. We determined the effect of maternal undernutrition in the periconceptional period (PCUN, i.e., 60 days prior to 6 days after conception) and the preimplantation period (PIUN, i.e., 0-6 days after conception) on mRNA expression and protein abundance of key insulin-signaling molecules as well as the global microRNA expression in quadriceps muscle of singleton and twin fetal sheep in late gestation. In singleton fetuses, exposure to PCUN resulted in lower protein abundance of PIK3CB (P < 0.01), PRKCZ (P < 0.05), and pPRKCZ (Thr410) (P < 0.05) in skeletal muscle compared to controls. In PIUN singletons, there was a higher protein abundance of IRS1 (P < 0.05), PDPK1 (P < 0.05), and SLC2A4 (P < 0.05) compared to controls. In twins, PCUN resulted in higher protein abundance of IRS1 (P < 0.05), AKT2 (P < 0.05), PDPK1 (P < 0.05), and PRKCZ (P < 0.001), while PIUN also resulted in higher protein abundance of IRS1 (P < 0.05), PRKCZ (P < 0.001), and SLC2A4 (P < 0.05) in fetal muscle compared to controls. There were specific patterns of the types and direction of changes in the expression of 22 microRNAs in skeletal muscle after exposure to PCUN or PIUN and clear differences in these patterns between singleton and twin pregnancies. These findings provide evidence that maternal undernutrition around the time of conception induces changes in the expression of microRNAs, which may play a role in altering the abundance of the key insulin-signaling molecules in skeletal muscle and in the association between PCUN undernutrition and insulin resistance in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervi Lie
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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da Silva Aragão R, Guzmán-Quevedo O, Pérez-García G, Toscano AE, Gois Leandro C, Manhães-de-Castro R, Bolaños-Jiménez F. Differential developmental programming by early protein restriction of rat skeletal muscle according to its fibre-type composition. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:70-83. [PMID: 23362831 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Differences in fibre-type composition of skeletal muscle have been associated with obesity and insulin resistance. As a poor nutrient environment early in life is a predisposing factor for the development of obesity and related metabolic diseases at adulthood, this study aimed at determining the long-term consequences of maternal undernutrition on the structural and metabolic properties of two skeletal muscles characterized by their different fibre-type composition and metabolic properties. METHODS The fibre-type composition and enzymatic activities of hexokinase (HK), beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (β-HAD) and citrate synthase (CS) were measured in soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from adult rats born to dams fed a control (17% protein) or a low-protein [8% protein (PR)] diet throughout pregnancy and lactation. In addition, the expression levels of several genes regulating glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis were determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS Protein rats exhibited enhanced density of type II fibres along with decreased rate of fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis in soleus but not EDL. Malnourished rats exhibited also a different gene expression profile in soleus and EDL. Altogether, these alterations correspond to a state of energy deficiency and are present in animals which do not show yet any sign of obesity or glucose intolerance. CONCLUSION We conclude that maternal protein restriction alters in the long term the structural and enzymatic properties of offspring skeletal muscle in a fibre-type-dependent manner. These alterations might have a causative role in the development of obesity and related metabolic disorders later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. da Silva Aragão
- INRA; UMR1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles; Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes Atlantique Université; Nantes France
- Departamento de Nutrição; Centro de Ciências da Saúde; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Recife Brazil
| | - O. Guzmán-Quevedo
- INRA; UMR1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles; Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes Atlantique Université; Nantes France
| | - G. Pérez-García
- INRA; UMR1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles; Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes Atlantique Université; Nantes France
| | - A. E. Toscano
- Núcleo de Enfermagem; CAV; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Vitória de Santo Antão Brazil
| | - C. Gois Leandro
- Núcleo de Educação Física e Ciências do Esporte; CAV; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Vitória de Santo Antão Brazil
| | - R. Manhães-de-Castro
- Departamento de Nutrição; Centro de Ciências da Saúde; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Recife Brazil
| | - F. Bolaños-Jiménez
- INRA; UMR1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles; Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes Atlantique Université; Nantes France
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Wang KCW, Lim CH, McMillen IC, Duffield JA, Brooks DA, Morrison JL. Alteration of cardiac glucose metabolism in association to low birth weight: experimental evidence in lambs with left ventricular hypertrophy. Metabolism 2013; 62:1662-72. [PMID: 23928106 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intrauterine growth restriction that results in low birth weight (LBW) has been linked to the onset of pathological cardiac hypertrophy. An altered transition from a fetal to an adult energy metabolism phenotype, with increased reliance on glucose rather than fatty acids for energy production, could help explain this connection. We have therefore investigated cardiac metabolism in relation to left ventricular hypertrophy in LBW lambs, at 21days after birth. MATERIALS/METHODS The expression of regulatory molecules involved in cardiac glucose and fatty acid metabolism was measured using real-time PCR and Western blotting. A section of the left ventricle was fixed for Periodic Acid Schiff staining to determine tissue glycogen content. RESULTS There was increased abundance of insulin signalling pathway proteins (phospho-insulin receptor, insulin receptor and phospho-Akt) and the glucose transporter (GLUT)-1, but no change in GLUT-4 or glycogen content in the heart of LBW compared to ABW lambs. There was, however, increased abundance of cardiac pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK-4) in LBW compared to ABW lambs. There were no significant changes in the mRNA expression of components of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor regulatory complex or proteins involved in fatty acid metabolism. CONCLUSION We concluded that LBW induced left ventricular hypertrophy was associated with increased GLUT-1 and PDK-4, suggesting increased glucose uptake, but decreased efficacy for the conversion of glucose to ATP. A reduced capacity for energy conversion could have significant implications for vulnerability to cardiovascular disease in adults who are born LBW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley C W Wang
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Lie S, Morrison JL, Williams-Wyss O, Ozanne SE, Zhang S, Walker SK, Kleemann DO, MacLaughlin SM, Roberts CT, McMillen IC. Impact of embryo number and periconceptional undernutrition on factors regulating adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and metabolism in adipose tissue in the sheep fetus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E931-41. [PMID: 23921136 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00180.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Maternal undernutrition around the time of conception is associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance in adulthood. We hypothesized that maternal undernutrition during the periconceptional (PCUN: -60 to 7 days) and/or preimplantation (PIUN: 0-7 days) periods would result in a decrease in UCP1 expression and the abundance of insulin signaling molecules and an increase in the abundance of factors that regulate adipogenesis and lipogenesis in fetal perirenal adipose tissue (PAT) and that these effects would be different in singletons and twins. Maternal PCUN and PIUN resulted in a decrease in UCP1 expression in PAT, and PIUN resulted in higher circulating insulin concentrations, an increased abundance of pPKCζ and PDK4, and a decreased abundance of Akt1, phosphorylated mTOR, and PPARγ in PAT in singleton and twin fetuses. In singletons, there was also a decrease in the abundance of p110β in PAT in the PCUN and PIUN groups and an increase in total AMPKα in PAT in the PIUN group. In twins, however, there was an increase in the abundance of mTOR in the PCUN group and an increase in PDK2 and decrease in total AMPKα in the PIUN group. Thus exposure to periconceptional undernutrition programs changes in the thermogenic capacity and the insulin and fatty acid oxidation signaling pathway in visceral fat, and these effects are different in singletons and twins. These findings are important, as the thermogenic capacity of brown fat and the insulin sensitivity of visceral fat are important determinants of the risk of developing obesity and an insulin resistance phenotype in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervi Lie
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Gonzalez JM, Camacho LE, Ebarb SM, Swanson KC, Vonnahme KA, Stelzleni AM, Johnson SE. Realimentation of nutrient restricted pregnant beef cows supports compensatory fetal muscle growth1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:4797-806. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Gonzalez
- Dept. of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - L. E. Camacho
- Dept. of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - S. M. Ebarb
- Dept. of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - K. C. Swanson
- Dept. of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - K. A. Vonnahme
- Dept. of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - A. M. Stelzleni
- Dept. of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - S. E. Johnson
- Dept. of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg 24061
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Lie S, Duffield JA, McMillen IC, Morrison JL, Ozanne SE, Pilgrim C, Muhlhausler BS. The effect of placental restriction on insulin signaling and lipogenic pathways in omental adipose tissue in the postnatal lamb. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2013; 4:421-9. [PMID: 24970733 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174413000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) followed by accelerated growth after birth is associated with an increased risk of abdominal (visceral) obesity and insulin resistance in adult life. The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of IUGR on mRNA expression and protein abundance of insulin signaling molecules in one of the major visceral fat depots, the omental adipose depot. IUGR was induced by placental restriction, and samples of omental adipose tissue were collected from IUGR (n = 9, 5 males, 4 females) and Control (n = 14, 8 males, 6 females) neonatal lambs at 21 days of age. The mRNA expression of the insulin signaling molecules, AMP-kinase (AMPK) and adipogenic/lipogenic genes was determined by qRT-PCR, and protein abundance by Western Blotting. AMPKα2 mRNA expression was increased in male IUGR lambs (0.015 ± 0.002 v. 0.0075 ± 0.0009, P < 0.001). The proportion of the AMPK pool that was phosphorylated (%P-AMPK) was lower in IUGR lambs compared with Controls independent of sex (39 ± 9% v. 100 ± 18%, P < 0.001). The mRNA expression and protein abundance of insulin signaling proteins and adipogenic/lipogenic genes was not different between groups. Thus, IUGR is associated with sex-specific alterations in the mRNA expression of AMPKα2 and a reduction in the percentage of the total AMPK pool that is phosphorylated in the omental adipose tissue of neonatal lambs, before the onset of visceral obesity. These molecular changes would be expected to promote lipid accumulation in the omental adipose depot and may therefore contribute to the onset of visceral adiposity in IUGR animals later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lie
- 1 Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - J A Duffield
- 1 Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - I C McMillen
- 1 Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - J L Morrison
- 1 Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - S E Ozanne
- 2 Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - C Pilgrim
- 2 Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B S Muhlhausler
- 1 Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Siebel AL, Carey AL, Kingwell BA. Can exercise training rescue the adverse cardiometabolic effects of low birth weight and prematurity? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 39:944-57. [PMID: 22882133 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.05732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Being born preterm and/or small for gestational age are well-established risk factors for cardiometabolic disease in adulthood. Physical activity has the potential to mitigate against the detrimental cardiometabolic effects of low birth weight from two perspectives: (i) maternal exercise prior to and during pregnancy; and (ii) exercise during childhood or adulthood for those born small or prematurely. Evidence from epidemiological birth cohort studies suggests that the effects of moderate-intensity physical activity during pregnancy on mean birth weight are small, but reduce the risk of either high or low birth weight infants. In contrast, vigorous and/or high-intensity exercise during pregnancy has been associated with reduced birth weight. In childhood and adolescence, exercise ability is compromised in extremely low birth weight individuals (< 1000 g), but only marginally reduced in those of very low to low birth weight (1000-2500 g). Epidemiological studies show that the association between birth weight and metabolic disease is lost in physically fit individuals and, consistently, that the association between low birth weight and metabolic syndrome is accentuated in unfit individuals. Physical activity intervention studies indicate that most cardiometabolic risk factors respond to exercise in a protective manner, independent of birth weight. The mechanisms by which exercise may protect low birth weight individuals include restoration of muscle mass, reduced adiposity and enhanced β-cell mass and function, as well as effects on both aerobic and anaerobic muscle metabolism, including substrate utilization and mitochondrial function. Vascular and cardiac adaptations are also likely important, but are less well studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Siebel
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Mendonça L, Litherland N, Lucy M, Keisler D, Ballou M, Hansen L, Chebel R. Comparison of innate immune responses and somatotropic axis components of Holstein and Montbéliarde-sired crossbred dairy cows during the transition period. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:3588-98. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Dessì A, Ottonello G, Fanos V. Physiopathology of intrauterine growth retardation: from classic data to metabolomics. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 25:13-8. [PMID: 23025763 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.714639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that adverse conditions during intrauterine life, such as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), can result in permanent changes in the physiology and metabolism of the newborn, which in turn leads to an increased risk of disease in adulthood (fetal origin of adult disease hypothesis). In the first part of this review the epidemiological studies in which a correlation between low birth weight and chronic pathologies in adulthood was observed are reported. The second part of the review is focused on metabolomics studies that have revealed an altered metabolism in IUGR patients compared to controls. Together with more classic biomarkers of IUGR, such as endothelin-1, leptin, protein S100B and visfatin, the new holistic metabolomics approach has assumed a crescent role in the identification of disorders in the neonatal metabolic profile, determined by the interconnection of the different processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Dessì
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, AOU Cagliari, Italy
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65
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Abstract
The aetiology of obesity is seemingly simple to understand: individuals consume more energy than they expend, with the excess energy being stored in adipose tissue. Public health campaigns therefore promote dietary restraint and physical exercise, and emphasize individual responsibility for these behaviours. Increasingly, however, researchers are switching from thermodynamic to metabolic models of obesity, thereby clarifying how specific environmental factors promote lipogenesis. Obesity can best be explained not by counting 'calories in and out', but by understanding how specific dietary products and activity behaviours perturb cellular metabolism and promote net lipogenesis. This metabolic approach can furthermore be integrated with more sophisticated models of how commercial practices drive the consumer trends that promote obesogenic behaviours. Notably, obesity treatment has proven more effective if it bypasses individual responsibility, suggesting that a similar approach placing less emphasis on individual responsibility would improve the efficacy of obesity prevention. Successful obesity prevention campaigns are likely to emerge only when the public receive better 'protection' from the commercial practices that are driving the global obesity epidemic. Rather than populations failing to heed governments' public health advice, governments are currently failing the public by abandoning their responsibility for regulating commercial activities.
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Gatford KL, Sulaiman SA, Mohammad SNB, De Blasio MJ, Harland ML, Simmons RA, Owens JA. Neonatal exendin-4 reduces growth, fat deposition and glucose tolerance during treatment in the intrauterine growth-restricted lamb. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56553. [PMID: 23424667 PMCID: PMC3570470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background IUGR increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in later life, due to reduced insulin sensitivity and impaired adaptation of insulin secretion. In IUGR rats, development of T2DM can be prevented by neonatal administration of the GLP-1 analogue exendin-4. We therefore investigated effects of neonatal exendin-4 administration on insulin action and β-cell mass and function in the IUGR neonate in the sheep, a species with a more developed pancreas at birth. Methods Twin IUGR lambs were injected s.c. daily with vehicle (IUGR+Veh, n = 8) or exendin-4 (1 nmol.kg-1, IUGR+Ex-4, n = 8), and singleton control lambs were injected with vehicle (CON, n = 7), from d 1 to 16 of age. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity were measured in vivo during treatment (d 12–14). Body composition, β-cell mass and in vitro insulin secretion of isolated pancreatic islets were measured at d 16. Principal Findings IUGR+Veh did not alter in vivo insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity or β-cell mass, but increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vitro. Exendin-4 treatment of the IUGR lamb impaired glucose tolerance in vivo, reflecting reduced insulin sensitivity, and normalised glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vitro. Exendin-4 also reduced neonatal growth and visceral fat accumulation in IUGR lambs, known risk factors for later T2DM. Conclusions Neonatal exendin-4 induces changes in IUGR lambs that might improve later insulin action. Whether these effects of exendin-4 lead to improved insulin action in adult life after IUGR in the sheep, as in the PR rat, requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Gatford
- Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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67
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Wells JC, Dumith SC, Ekelund U, Reichert FF, Menezes AM, Victora CG, Hallal PC. Associations of intrauterine and postnatal weight and length gains with adolescent body composition: prospective birth cohort study from Brazil. J Adolesc Health 2012; 51:S58-64. [PMID: 23283163 PMCID: PMC3508414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Early growth patterns have been associated with subsequent obesity risk. However, findings from middle-income populations suggest that early infant growth may benefit lean mass and height rather than adiposity. We tested the hypothesis that rapid weight or length gain in different growth periods would be associated with size and body composition in adolescence, in a prospective birth cohort from southern Brazil. METHODS Body composition was assessed in 425 adolescents (52.2% male) at 14 years. Exposures were birth weight z-score and conditional growth in weight or length for the periods 0-6, 6-12 and 12-48 months. Differences in anthropometric and body composition outcomes between tertiles of growth in each period were tested by one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS Size at birth and conditional weight and length at 6 months were associated with later height. The effect of infant weight gain on lean mass was greater for males than females, and effect on fat mass greater for females than males. By early childhood, rapid weight gain generated relatively similar effects on both tissue masses in both sexes. Rapid length gain had stronger effects on outcomes in males than females at each time point, and benefited lean mass more than adiposity. All effects were substantially attenuated after adjusting for current height. Early weight gain was more important than length gain at influencing body composition outcomes in adolescence. CONCLUSIONS Rapid infant weight and length gains were primarily associated with larger size in adolescence rather than increased adiposity. From one year onwards, associations between rapid weight gain and fat and lean masses remained after adjustment for height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C.K. Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom,Address correspondence to: Jonathan Wells, Ph.D., Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Samuel C. Dumith
- Programa de Pós-graduacção em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Felipe F. Reichert
- Escola Superior de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rua Luiz de Camões 625, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Ana M.B. Menezes
- Programa de Pós-graduacção em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Cesar G. Victora
- Programa de Pós-graduacção em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro C. Hallal
- Programa de Pós-graduacção em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil,Escola Superior de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rua Luiz de Camões 625, Pelotas, Brazil
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68
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Abstract
Because obesity is associated with diverse chronic diseases, little attention has been directed to the multiple beneficial functions of adipose tissue. Adipose tissue not only provides energy for growth, reproduction and immune function, but also secretes and receives diverse signaling molecules that coordinate energy allocation between these functions in response to ecological conditions. Importantly, many relevant ecological cues act on growth and physique, with adiposity responding as a counterbalancing risk management strategy. The large number of individual alleles associated with adipose tissue illustrates its integration with diverse metabolic pathways. However, phenotypic variation in age, sex, ethnicity and social status is further associated with different strategies for storing and using energy. Adiposity therefore represents a key means of phenotypic flexibility within and across generations, enabling a coherent life-history strategy in the face of ecological stochasticity. The sensitivity of numerous metabolic pathways to ecological cues makes our species vulnerable to manipulative globalized economic forces. The aim of this article is to understand how human adipose tissue biology interacts with modern environmental pressures to generate excess weight gain and obesity. The disease component of obesity might lie not in adipose tissue itself, but in its perturbation by our modern industrialized niche. Efforts to combat obesity could be more effective if they prioritized 'external' environmental change rather than attempting to manipulate 'internal' biology through pharmaceutical or behavioral means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C K Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
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69
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Wang KCW, Brooks DA, Thornburg KL, Morrison JL. Activation of IGF-2R stimulates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in the late gestation sheep fetus. J Physiol 2012; 590:5425-37. [PMID: 22930271 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.238410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies using rat and fetal sheep cardiomyocytes indicate that, in addition to its role as a clearance receptor, the insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF-2R) can induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In the present study, we have determined the effect of specific activation of the IGF-2R in the heart of the late gestation fetus on cardiomyocyte development. Leu(27)IGF-2, an IGF-2R agonist, was infused into the fetal left circumflex coronary artery for 4 days beginning at 128.1 ± 0.4 days gestation. Ewes were humanely killed at 132.2 ± 1.2 days gestation (term, 150 days). Fetuses were delivered and hearts dissected to isolate the cardiomyocytes and to collect and snap-freeze tissue. Leu(27)IGF-2 infusion into the left circumflex coronary artery of fetal sheep increased the area of binucleated cardiomyocytes in the left, but not the right, ventricle. However, this infusion of Leu(27)IGF-2 did not change fetal weight, heart weight, blood pressure, blood gases or cardiomyocyte proliferation/binucleation. The increase in cardiomyocyte size in the Leu(27)IGF-2-infused group was associated with increased expression of proteins in the Gαs, but not the Gαq, signalling pathway. We concluded that infusion of Leu(27)IGF-2 into the left circumflex coronary artery causes cardiac IGF-2R activation in the left ventricle of the heart, and this stimulates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in a Gαs-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley C W Wang
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, Australia 5001
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71
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Wells JCK. Body composition in infants: evidence for developmental programming and techniques for measurement. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2012; 13:93-101. [PMID: 22418619 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-012-9213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The consequences of fetal growth retardation remain unclear, in part because they appear to vary between industrialized and developing countries. Data on body composition offer a new opportunity to investigate this issue, and may be of particular value in addressing the controversial role of nutrition in infancy, which has been proposed by some to boost survival, and by others to increase long-term risk of chronic diseases. The uncertainty regarding the effects of post-natal nutrition is presenting challenges to nutritional policy as many countries undergo the nutrition transition, whereby the nutritional status of individuals may shift within the life-course. A theoretical model, building on the thrifty phenotype hypothesis, is presented to clarify how body composition data can address this dilemma. Measurements of body composition can now be obtained in infants and children using several different technologies, indicating that large-scale studies can now be conducted to investigate objectively the association between early growth patterns and later health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C K Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford St, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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72
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Thomas EL, Al Saud NB, Durighel G, Frost G, Bell JD. The effect of preterm birth on adiposity and metabolic pathways and the implications for later life. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.12.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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73
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De Blasio MJ, Gatford KL, Harland ML, Robinson JS, Owens JA. Placental restriction reduces insulin sensitivity and expression of insulin signaling and glucose transporter genes in skeletal muscle, but not liver, in young sheep. Endocrinology 2012; 153:2142-51. [PMID: 22434080 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Poor growth before birth is associated with impaired insulin sensitivity later in life, increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes. The tissue sites at which insulin resistance first develops after intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and its molecular basis, are unclear. We have therefore characterized the effects of placental restriction (PR), a major cause of IUGR, on whole-body insulin sensitivity and expression of molecular determinants of insulin signaling and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and liver of young lambs. Whole-body insulin sensitivity was measured at 30 d by hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp and expression of insulin signaling genes (receptors, pathways, and targets) at 43 d in muscle and liver of control (n = 15) and PR (n = 13) lambs. PR reduced size at birth and increased postnatal growth, fasting plasma glucose (+15%, P = 0.004), and insulin (+115%, P = 0.009). PR reduced whole-body insulin sensitivity (-43%, P < 0.001) and skeletal muscle expression of INSR (-36%), IRS1 (-28%), AKT2 (-44%), GLUT4 (-88%), GSK3α (-35%), and GYS1 (-31%) overall (each P < 0.05) and decreased AMPKγ3 expression in females (P = 0.030). PR did not alter hepatic expression of insulin signaling and related genes but increased GLUT2 expression (P = 0.047) in males. Whole-body insulin sensitivity correlated positively with skeletal muscle expression of IRS1, AKT2, HK, AMPKγ2, and AMPKγ3 in PR lambs only (each P < 0.05) but not with hepatic gene expression in control or PR lambs. Onset of insulin resistance after PR and IUGR is accompanied by, and can be accounted for by, reduced expression of insulin signaling and metabolic genes in skeletal muscle but not liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles J De Blasio
- The Robinson Institute and School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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74
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Ramírez-Vélez R. [In utero fetal programming and its impact on health in adulthood]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 59:383-93. [PMID: 22483564 DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adverse events during intrauterine life may program organ growth and favor disease later in life. This is the usually called 'Barker's hypothesis'. Increasing evidence suggests that conditions like vascular disease, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus are programmed during the early stages of fetal development and become manifest in late stages of life, when there is an added impact of lifestyle and other conventional acquired environmental risk factors that interact with genetic factors. The aim of this review was to provide additional, updated evidence to support the association between intrauterine fetal health and increased prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases in adulthood. Various potential cellular and molecular mechanisms proposed to be related to the above hypothesis are discussed, including endothelial function, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Programa de Medicina, Ciencias Básicas, Fisiología, Universidad ICESI, Santiago de Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia.
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75
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Wells JC. Obesity as malnutrition: The role of capitalism in the obesity global epidemic. Am J Hum Biol 2012; 24:261-76. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Soo PS, Hiscock J, Botting KJ, Roberts CT, Davey AK, Morrison JL. Maternal undernutrition reduces P-glycoprotein in guinea pig placenta and developing brain in late gestation. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 33:374-81. [PMID: 22326852 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Poor nutrition is a major cause of fetal growth restriction which increases neonatal morbidity and mortality, as well as the risk of adult onset diseases. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of maternal undernutrition on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression in the placenta and the brain of both the mother and the fetus. Maternal undernutrition in guinea pigs caused placental restriction, and thus decreased fetal weight. Pups in the maternal undernutrition (UN) group had fewer capillaries in the placenta and more capillaries in the brain of the fetus. Placental, maternal and fetal brain MDR1 mRNA expression was the same in the Control and UN groups. Maternal undernutrition resulted in a significant decrease in P-gp protein expression in the placenta and fetal brain, but not the maternal brain. These findings indicate that maternal undernutrition may impact on fetal exposure to drugs administered to the mother during pregnancy due to changes in placental transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poh S Soo
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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77
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FOWDEN AL, FORHEAD AJ, OUSEY JC. Endocrine adaptations in the foal over the perinatal period. Equine Vet J 2012:130-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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78
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Abstract
It is now well established that IUGR is associated with an increased risk of a range of adult onset diseases, including cardiovascular disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Infants from twin pregnancies are generally born smaller than singletons; therefore, it has been suggested that twins represent a naturally occurring model of IUGR. Although twin gestations contribute significantly to the population burden of preterm birth and small size at birth, whether twins have the same long-term health consequences as IUGR singletons remains unclear. The purpose of this review is to consider what is currently known about the clinical implications of twinning, the differences that exist between the growth and developmental profiles of singleton and twin fetuses, and to use this as a basis for exploring the question of whether fetuses conceived as twins are analogous to IUGR singletons of similar birthweight and gestation. This question is increasingly important in both the clinical and research settings, because the incidence of twinning is increasing and the long-term implications of reduced size at birth are mostly investigated in species which bear multiple offspring.
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79
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Micke GC, Sullivan TM, McMillen IC, Gentili S, Perry VEA. Protein intake during gestation affects postnatal bovine skeletal muscle growth and relative expression of IGF1, IGF1R, IGF2 and IGF2R. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 332:234-41. [PMID: 21056085 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)1 and IGF2 and their receptor (IGF1R and IGF2R) mRNA in fetal skeletal muscle are changed by variations in maternal nutrient intake. The persistence of these effects into postnatal life and their association with phenotype in beef cattle is unknown. Here we report that the cross-sectional areas of longissimus dorsi and semitendinosus (ST) muscles were greater for mature male progeny born to heifers fed low protein diets (70% vs. 240% of recommended) during the first trimester. In ST, this was accompanied by greater IGF1, IGF2 and IGF2R mRNA at 680 d. Females exposed to low protein diets during the first trimester had decreased IGF2 mRNA in ST at 680 d, however this did not result in an effect to phenotype. Exposure to low protein diets during the second trimester increased IGF1R mRNA in ST of all progeny at 680 d. Changes to expression of IGF genes in progeny skeletal muscle resulting from variations to maternal protein intake during gestation may have permanent and sex-specific effect on postnatal skeletal muscle growth.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cattle
- Dietary Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/metabolism
- Male
- Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology
- Muscle, Skeletal/embryology
- Muscle, Skeletal/growth & development
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Trimester, First
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Micke
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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80
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Medeiros C, Frederico MJ, da Luz G, Pauli JR, Silva ASR, Pinho RA, Velloso LA, Ropelle ER, De Souza CT. Exercise training reduces insulin resistance and upregulates the mTOR/p70S6k pathway in cardiac muscle of diet-induced obesity rats. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:666-74. [PMID: 20717955 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance are rapidly expanding public health problems. These disturbances are related to many diseases, including heart pathology. Acting through the Akt/mTOR pathway, insulin has numerous and important physiological functions, such as the induction of growth and survival of many cell types and cardiac hypertrophy. However, obesity and insulin resistance can alter mTOR/p70S6k. Exercise training is known to induce this pathway, but never in the heart of diet-induced obesity subjects. To evaluate the effect of exercise training on mTOR/p70S6k in the heart of obese Wistar rats, we analyzed the effects of 12 weeks of swimming on obese rats, induced by a high-fat diet. Exercise training reduced epididymal fat, fasting serum insulin and plasma glucose disappearance. Western blot analyses showed that exercise training increased the ability of insulin to phosphorylate intracellular molecules such as Akt (2.3-fold) and Foxo1 (1.7-fold). Moreover, reduced activities and expressions of proteins, induced by the high-fat diet in rats, such as phospho-JNK (1.9-fold), NF-kB (1.6-fold) and PTP-1B (1.5-fold), were observed. Finally, exercise training increased the activities of the transduction pathways of insulin-dependent protein synthesis, as shown by increases in Raptor phosphorylation (1.7-fold), p70S6k phosphorylation (1.9-fold), and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation (1.4-fold) and a reduction in atrogin-1 expression (2.1-fold). Results demonstrate a pivotal regulatory role of exercise training on the Akt/mTOR pathway, in turn, promoting protein synthesis and antagonizing protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleber Medeiros
- Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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81
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Abbott DH, Bruns CR, Barnett DK, Dunaif A, Goodfriend TL, Dumesic DA, Tarantal AF. Experimentally induced gestational androgen excess disrupts glucoregulation in rhesus monkey dams and their female offspring. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 299:E741-51. [PMID: 20682841 PMCID: PMC2980359 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00058.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Discrete fetal androgen excess during early gestation in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) promotes endocrine antecedents of adult polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)-like traits in female offspring. Because developmental changes promoting such PCOS-like metabolic dysfunction remain unclear, the present study examined time-mated, gravid rhesus monkeys with female fetuses, of which nine gravid females received 15 mg of testosterone propionate (TP) subcutaneously daily from 40 to 80 days (first to second trimesters) of gestation [term, mean (range): 165 (155-175) days], whereas an additional six such females received oil vehicle injections over the same time interval. During gestation, ultrasonography quantified fetal growth measures and was used as an adjunct for fetal blood collections. At term, all fetuses were delivered by cesarean section for postnatal studies. Blood samples were collected from dams and infants for glucose, insulin, and total free fatty acid (FFA) determinations. TP injections transiently accelerated maternal weight gain in dams, very modestly increased head diameter of prenatally androgenized (PA) fetuses, and modestly increased weight gain in infancy compared with concurrent controls. Mild to moderate glucose intolerance, with increased area-under-the-curve circulating insulin values, occurred in TP-injected dams during an intravenous glucose tolerance test in the early second trimester. Moreover, reduced circulating FFA levels occurred in PA fetuses during a third trimester intravenous glucagon-tolbutamide challenge (140 days gestation), whereas excessive insulin sensitivity and increased insulin secretion relative to insulin sensitivity occurred in PA infants during an intravenous glucose-tolbutamide test at ∼1.5 mo postnatal age. Data from these studies suggest that experimentally induced fetal androgen excess may result in transient hyperglycemic episodes in the intrauterine environment that are sufficient to induce relative increases in pancreatic function in PA infants, suggesting in this nonhuman primate model that differential programming of insulin action and secretion may precede adult metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Abbott
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
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82
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Micke G, Sullivan T, Gatford K, Owens J, Perry V. Nutrient intake in the bovine during early and mid-gestation causes sex-specific changes in progeny plasma IGF-I, liveweight, height and carcass traits. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 121:208-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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83
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Morrison JL, Duffield JA, Muhlhausler BS, Gentili S, McMillen IC. Fetal growth restriction, catch-up growth and the early origins of insulin resistance and visceral obesity. Pediatr Nephrol 2010; 25:669-77. [PMID: 20033220 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-009-1407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 11/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is an association between growing slowly before birth, accelerated growth in early postnatal life and the emergence of insulin resistance, visceral obesity and glucose intolerance in adult life. In this review we consider the pathway through which intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) leads to the initial increase in insulin sensitivity and to catch-up growth. We also discuss the importance of the early insulin environment in determining later visceral adiposity and the intrahepatic mechanisms that may result in the emergence of glucose intolerance in a subset of IUGR infants. We present evidence that a key fetal adaptation to poor fetal nutrition is an upregulation of the abundance of the insulin receptor in the absence of an upregulation of insulin signalling in fetal skeletal muscle. After birth, however, there is an upregulation in the abundance of the insulin receptor and the insulin signalling pathway in the IUGR offspring. Thus, the origins of the accelerated postnatal growth rate experienced by IUGR infants lie in the fetal adaptations to a poor nutrient supply. We also discuss how the intracellular availability of free fatty acids and glucose within the visceral adipocyte and hepatocyte in fetal and neonatal life are critical in determining the subsequent metabolic phenotype of the IUGR offspring. It is clear that a better understanding of the relative contributions of the fetal and neonatal nutrient environment to the regulation of key insulin signalling pathways in muscle, visceral adipose tissue and the liver is required to support the development of evidence-based intervention strategies and better outcomes for the IUGR infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna L Morrison
- Sansom Institute of Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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