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Gasser J, Pereira de Vasconcelos A, Cosquer B, Boutillier AL, Cassel JC. Shifting between response and place strategies in maze navigation: Effects of training, cue availability and functional inactivation of striatum or hippocampus in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 167:107131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Streng ML, Krook-Magnuson E. Excitation, but not inhibition, of the fastigial nucleus provides powerful control over temporal lobe seizures. J Physiol 2019; 598:171-187. [PMID: 31682010 DOI: 10.1113/jp278747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS On-demand optogenetic inhibition of glutamatergic neurons in the fastigial nucleus of the cerebellum does not alter hippocampal seizures in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. In contrast, on-demand optogenetic excitation of glutamatergic neurons in the fastigial nucleus successfully inhibits hippocampal seizures. With this approach, even a single 50 ms pulse of light is able to significantly inhibit seizures. On-demand optogenetic excitation of glutamatergic fastigial neurons either ipsilateral or contralateral to the seizure focus is able to inhibit seizures. Selective excitation of glutamatergic nuclear neurons provides greater seizure inhibition than broadly exciting nuclear neurons without cell-type specificity. ABSTRACT Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common form of epilepsy in adults, but current treatment options provide limited efficacy, leaving as many as one-third of patients with uncontrolled seizures. Recently, attention has shifted towards more closed-loop therapies for seizure control, and on-demand optogenetic modulation of the cerebellar cortex was shown to be highly effective at attenuating hippocampal seizures. Intriguingly, both optogenetic excitation and inhibition of cerebellar cortical output neurons, Purkinje cells, attenuated seizures. The mechanisms by which the cerebellum impacts seizures, however, are unknown. In the present study, we targeted the immediate downstream projection of vermal Purkinje cells - the fastigial nucleus - in order to determine whether increases and/or decreases in fastigial output can underlie seizure cessation. Though Purkinje cell input to fastigial neurons is inhibitory, direct optogenetic inhibition of the fastigial nucleus had no effect on seizure duration. Conversely, however, fastigial excitation robustly attenuated hippocampal seizures. Seizure cessation was achieved at multiple stimulation frequencies, regardless of laterality relative to seizure focus, and even with single light pulses. Seizure inhibition was greater when selectively targeting glutamatergic fastigial neurons than when an approach that lacked cell-type specificity was used. Together, these results suggest that stimulating excitatory neurons in the fastigial nucleus may be a promising approach for therapeutic intervention in temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Streng
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Abstract
[Box: see text].
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54
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Moreno-Rius J. Opioid addiction and the cerebellum. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:238-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Miterko LN, Baker KB, Beckinghausen J, Bradnam LV, Cheng MY, Cooperrider J, DeLong MR, Gornati SV, Hallett M, Heck DH, Hoebeek FE, Kouzani AZ, Kuo SH, Louis ED, Machado A, Manto M, McCambridge AB, Nitsche MA, Taib NOB, Popa T, Tanaka M, Timmann D, Steinberg GK, Wang EH, Wichmann T, Xie T, Sillitoe RV. Consensus Paper: Experimental Neurostimulation of the Cerebellum. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 18:1064-1097. [PMID: 31165428 PMCID: PMC6867990 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is best known for its role in controlling motor behaviors. However, recent work supports the view that it also influences non-motor behaviors. The contribution of the cerebellum towards different brain functions is underscored by its involvement in a diverse and increasing number of neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions including ataxia, dystonia, essential tremor, Parkinson's disease (PD), epilepsy, stroke, multiple sclerosis, autism spectrum disorders, dyslexia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia. Although there are no cures for these conditions, cerebellar stimulation is quickly gaining attention for symptomatic alleviation, as cerebellar circuitry has arisen as a promising target for invasive and non-invasive neuromodulation. This consensus paper brings together experts from the fields of neurophysiology, neurology, and neurosurgery to discuss recent efforts in using the cerebellum as a therapeutic intervention. We report on the most advanced techniques for manipulating cerebellar circuits in humans and animal models and define key hurdles and questions for moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Miterko
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kenneth B Baker
- Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jaclyn Beckinghausen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lynley V Bradnam
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Y Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS P352, Stanford, CA, 94305-5487, USA
| | - Jessica Cooperrider
- Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Mahlon R DeLong
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Simona V Gornati
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 AA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, NINDS, NIH, Building 10, Room 7D37, 10 Center Dr MSC 1428, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1428, USA
| | - Detlef H Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Ave, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Freek E Hoebeek
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 AA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- NIDOD Department, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Abbas Z Kouzani
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Center for Neuroepidemiology and Clinical Research, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Andre Machado
- Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Mario Manto
- Service de Neurologie, CHU-Charleroi, 6000, Charleroi, Belgium
- Service des Neurosciences, Université de Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Alana B McCambridge
- Graduate School of Health, Physiotherapy, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neurosiences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Traian Popa
- Human Motor Control Section, NINDS, NIH, Building 10, Room 7D37, 10 Center Dr MSC 1428, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1428, USA
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion, Switzerland
| | - Masaki Tanaka
- Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS P352, Stanford, CA, 94305-5487, USA
- R281 Department of Neurosurgery, Stanfod University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Eric H Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS P352, Stanford, CA, 94305-5487, USA
| | - Thomas Wichmann
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tao Xie
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 2030, Chicago, IL, 60637-1470, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Offline consolidation of spatial memory: Do the cerebellar output circuits play a role? A study utilizing a Morris water maze protocol in male Wistar rats. Brain Res 2019; 1718:148-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Bohne P, Schwarz MK, Herlitze S, Mark MD. A New Projection From the Deep Cerebellar Nuclei to the Hippocampus via the Ventrolateral and Laterodorsal Thalamus in Mice. Front Neural Circuits 2019; 13:51. [PMID: 31447652 PMCID: PMC6695568 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellar involvement in cognitive functions such as attention, language, working memory, emotion, goal-directed behavior and spatial navigation is constantly growing. However, an exact connectivity map between the hippocampus and cerebellum in mice is still unknown. Here, we conducted a tracing study to identify the sequence of transsynaptic, cerebellar-hippocampal connections in the mouse brain using combinations of Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) and pseudotyped deletion-mutant rabies (RABV) viruses. Stereotaxic injection of a primarily anterograde rAAV-WGA (wheat germ agglutinin)-Cre tracer virus in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) of a Cre-dependent tdTomato reporter mouse resulted in strong tdTomato labeling in hippocampal CA1 neurons, retrosplenial cortex (RSC), rhinal cortex (RC) as well as thalamic and cerebellar areas. Whereas hippocampal injections with the retrograde tracer virus rAAV-TTC (tetanus toxin C fragment)-eGFP, displayed eGFP positive cells in the rhinal cortex and subiculum. To determine the sequence of mono-transsynaptic connections between the cerebellum and hippocampus, we used the retrograde tracer RABVΔG-eGFP(EnvA). The tracing revealed a direct connection from the dentate gyrus (DG) in the hippocampus to the RSC, RC and subiculum (S), which are monosynaptically connected to thalamic laterodorsal and ventrolateral areas. These thalamic nuclei are directly connected to cerebellar fastigial (FN), interposed (IntP) and lateral (Lat) nuclei, discovering a new projection route from the fastigial to the laterodorsal thalamic nucleus in the mouse brain. Collectively, our findings suggest a new cerebellar-hippocampal connection via the laterodorsal and ventrolateral thalamus to RSC, RC and S. These results strengthen the notion of the cerebellum's involvement in cognitive functions such as spatial navigation via a polysynaptic circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Bohne
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin K Schwarz
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research (EECR), University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Herlitze
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Melanie D Mark
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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O’Mara SM, Aggleton JP. Space and Memory (Far) Beyond the Hippocampus: Many Subcortical Structures Also Support Cognitive Mapping and Mnemonic Processing. Front Neural Circuits 2019; 13:52. [PMID: 31447653 PMCID: PMC6692652 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory research remains focused on just a few brain structures-in particular, the hippocampal formation (the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex). Three key discoveries promote this continued focus: the striking demonstrations of enduring anterograde amnesia after bilateral hippocampal damage; the realization that synapses in the hippocampal formation are plastic e.g., when responding to short bursts of patterned stimulation ("long-term potentiation" or LTP); and the discovery of a panoply of spatially-tuned cells, principally surveyed in the hippocampal formation (place cells coding for position; head-direction cells, providing compass-like information; and grid cells, providing a metric for 3D space). Recent anatomical, behavioral, and electrophysiological work extends this picture to a growing network of subcortical brain structures, including the anterior thalamic nuclei, rostral midline thalamic nuclei, and the claustrum. There are, for example, spatially-tuned cells in all of these regions, including cells with properties similar to place cells of the hippocampus proper. These findings add new perspectives to what had been originally been proposed-but often overlooked-half a century ago: that damage to an extended network of structures connected to the hippocampal formation results in diencephalic amnesia. We suggest these new findings extend spatial signaling in the brain far beyond the hippocampal formation, with profound implications for theories of the neural bases of spatial and mnemonic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M. O’Mara
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John P. Aggleton
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Age-related differences in brain activations during spatial memory formation in a well-learned virtual Morris water maze (vMWM) task. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116069. [PMID: 31382044 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study applied a rodent-based virtual Morris water maze (vMWM) protocol to an investigation of differences in search performance and brain activations between young and older male human adults. All participants completed in-lab practice and testing before performing the task in the fMRI scanner. Behavioral performance during fMRI scanning - measured in terms of corrected cumulative proximity (CCProx) to the goal - showed that a subgroup of older good performers attained comparable levels of search accuracy to the young while another subgroup of older poor performers exhibited consistently lower levels of search accuracy than both older good performers and the young. With regard to brain activations, young adults exhibited greater activations in the cerebellum and cuneus than all older adults, as well as older poor performers. Older good performers exhibited higher activation than older poor performers in the orbitofrontal cortex (BA 10/11), as well as in the cuneus and cerebellum. Brain-behavior correlations further showed that activations in regions involved in visuomotor control (cerebellum, lingual gyrus) and egocentric spatial processing (premotor cortex, precuneus) correlated positively with search accuracy (i.e., closer proximity to goal) in all participants. Notably, activations in the anterior hippocampus correlated positively with search accuracy (CCProx inversed) in the young but not in the old. Taken together, these findings implicated the orbitofrontal cortex and the cerebellum as playing crucial roles in executive and visuospatial processing in older adults, supporting the proposal of an age-related compensatory shift in spatial memory functions away from the hippocampus toward the prefrontal cortex.
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60
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Moreno-Rius J. The cerebellum under stress. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 54:100774. [PMID: 31348932 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stress-related psychiatric conditions are one of the main causes of disability in developed countries. They account for a large portion of resource investment in stress-related disorders, become chronic, and remain difficult to treat. Research on the neurobehavioral effects of stress reveals how changes in certain brain areas, mediated by a number of neurochemical messengers, markedly alter behavior. The cerebellum is connected with stress-related brain areas and expresses the machinery required to process stress-related neurochemical mediators. Surprisingly, it is not regarded as a substrate of stress-related behavioral alterations, despite numerous studies that show cerebellar responsivity to stress. Therefore, this review compiles those studies and proposes a hypothesis for cerebellar function in stressful conditions, relating it to stress-induced psychopathologies. It aims to provide a clearer picture of stress-related neural circuitry and stimulate cerebellum-stress research. Consequently, it might contribute to the development of improved treatment strategies for stress-related disorders.
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Watson TC, Obiang P, Torres-Herraez A, Watilliaux A, Coulon P, Rochefort C, Rondi-Reig L. Anatomical and physiological foundations of cerebello-hippocampal interaction. eLife 2019; 8:e41896. [PMID: 31205000 PMCID: PMC6579515 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that functionally intact cerebello-hippocampal interactions are required for appropriate spatial processing. However, how the cerebellum anatomically and physiologically engages with the hippocampus to sustain such communication remains unknown. Using rabies virus as a retrograde transneuronal tracer in mice, we reveal that the dorsal hippocampus receives input from topographically restricted and disparate regions of the cerebellum. By simultaneously recording local field potential from both the dorsal hippocampus and anatomically connected cerebellar regions, we additionally suggest that the two structures interact, in a behaviorally dynamic manner, through subregion-specific synchronization of neuronal oscillations in the 6-12 Hz frequency range. Together, these results reveal a novel neural network macro-architecture through which we can understand how a brain region classically associated with motor control, the cerebellum, may influence hippocampal neuronal activity and related functions, such as spatial navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Charles Watson
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Cerebellum, Navigation and Memory TeamCNRS UMR 8246, INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Sorbonne Universités, University Pierre and Marie CurieParisFrance
| | - Pauline Obiang
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Cerebellum, Navigation and Memory TeamCNRS UMR 8246, INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Sorbonne Universités, University Pierre and Marie CurieParisFrance
| | - Arturo Torres-Herraez
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Cerebellum, Navigation and Memory TeamCNRS UMR 8246, INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Sorbonne Universités, University Pierre and Marie CurieParisFrance
| | - Aurélie Watilliaux
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Cerebellum, Navigation and Memory TeamCNRS UMR 8246, INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Sorbonne Universités, University Pierre and Marie CurieParisFrance
| | - Patrice Coulon
- Institut de Neurosciences de la TimoneCNRS and Aix Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | - Christelle Rochefort
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Cerebellum, Navigation and Memory TeamCNRS UMR 8246, INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Sorbonne Universités, University Pierre and Marie CurieParisFrance
| | - Laure Rondi-Reig
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Cerebellum, Navigation and Memory TeamCNRS UMR 8246, INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Sorbonne Universités, University Pierre and Marie CurieParisFrance
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Impaired cerebellar Purkinje cell potentiation generates unstable spatial map orientation and inaccurate navigation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2251. [PMID: 31113954 PMCID: PMC6529420 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar activity supported by PKC-dependent long-term depression in Purkinje cells (PCs) is involved in the stabilization of self-motion based hippocampal representation, but the existence of cerebellar processes underlying integration of allocentric cues remains unclear. Using mutant-mice lacking PP2B in PCs (L7-PP2B mice) we here assess the role of PP2B-dependent PC potentiation in hippocampal representation and spatial navigation. L7-PP2B mice display higher susceptibility to spatial map instability relative to the allocentric cue and impaired allocentric as well as self-motion goal-directed navigation. These results indicate that PP2B-dependent potentiation in PCs contributes to maintain a stable hippocampal representation of a familiar environment in an allocentric reference frame as well as to support optimal trajectory toward a goal during navigation. It is known that Purkinje cell PKC-dependent depression is involved in the stabilization of self-motion based hippocampal representation. Here the authors describe decreased stability of hippocampal place cells based on allocentric cues in mice lacking Purkinje cell PP2B-dependent potentiation.
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Kostadinov D, Beau M, Blanco-Pozo M, Häusser M. Predictive and reactive reward signals conveyed by climbing fiber inputs to cerebellar Purkinje cells. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:950-962. [DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0381-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Cona G, Scarpazza C. Where is the "where" in the brain? A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies on spatial cognition. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:1867-1886. [PMID: 30600568 PMCID: PMC6865398 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial representations are processed in the service of several different cognitive functions. The present study capitalizes on the Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) method of meta-analysis to identify: (a) the shared neural activations among spatial functions to reveal the "core" network of spatial processing; (b) the specific neural activations associated with each of these functions. Following PRISMA guidelines, a total of 133 fMRI and PET studies were included in the meta-analysis. The overall analysis showed that the core network of spatial processing comprises regions that are symmetrically distributed on both hemispheres and that include dorsal frontoparietal regions, presupplementary motor area, anterior insula, and frontal operculum. The specific analyses revealed the brain regions that are selectively recruited for each spatial function, such as the right temporoparietal junction for shift of spatial attention, the right parahippocampal gyrus, and the retrosplenial cortex for navigation and spatial long-term memory. The findings are integrated within a systematic review of the neuroimaging literature and a new neurocognitive model of spatial cognition is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Cona
- Department of General PsychologyUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
- Padova Neuroscience CenterUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
| | - Cristina Scarpazza
- Department of General PsychologyUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College Health Partners, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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Ferrucci R, Serino S, Ruggiero F, Repetto C, Colombo D, Pedroli E, Marceglia S, Riva G, Priori A. Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), Leaves Virtual Navigation Performance Unchanged. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:198. [PMID: 30914915 PMCID: PMC6422954 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial cognition is an umbrella term used to refer to the complex set of abilities necessary to encode, categorize, and use spatial information from the surrounding environment to move effectively and orient within it. Experimental studies indicate that the cerebellum belongs to the neural network involved in spatial cognition, although its exact role in this function remains unclear. Our aim was to investigate in a pilot study using a virtual reality navigation task in healthy subjects whether cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a non-invasive technique, influences spatial navigation. Forty healthy volunteers (24 women; age range = 20-42 years; years of education range 13-18) were recruited. The virtual reality spatial navigation task comprised two phases: encoding, in which participants actively navigated the environment and learned the spatial locations for one object, and retrieval, in which they retrieved the position of the object they had discovered and memorized in the previous encoding phase, starting from another starting point. Participants received tDCS stimulation (anodal or sham according to the experimental condition they were assigned to) for 20 min before beginning the retrieval phase. Our results showed that cerebellar tDCS left the accuracy of the three indexes used to measure effective navigational abilities unchanged. Hence, cerebellar tDCS had no influence on the retrieval phase for the spatial maps stored. Further studies, enrolling a larger sample and testing a different stimulation protocol, may give a greater insight into the role of the cerebellum in spatial navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ferrucci
- Aldo Ravelli Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, International Medical School, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS Ca’ Granda Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Neurologia I, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Serino
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabiana Ruggiero
- Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS Ca’ Granda Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Repetto
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Desirée Colombo
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Elisa Pedroli
- IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Marceglia
- Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS Ca’ Granda Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Priori
- Aldo Ravelli Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, International Medical School, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Neurologia I, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
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Pickford J, Apps R, Bashir ZI. Muscarinic Receptor Modulation of the Cerebellar Interpositus Nucleus In Vitro. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:627-635. [PMID: 30117095 PMCID: PMC6420442 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2613-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
How the cerebellum carries out its functions is not clear, even for its established roles in motor control. In particular, little is known about how the cerebellar nuclei (CN) integrate their synaptic and neuromodulatory inputs to generate cerebellar output. CN neurons receive inhibitory inputs from Purkinje cells, excitatory inputs from mossy fibre and climbing fibre collaterals, as well as a variety of neuromodulatory inputs, including cholinergic inputs. In this study we tested how activation of acetylcholine receptors modulated firing rate, intrinsic properties and synaptic transmission in the CN. Using in vitro whole-cell patch clamp recordings from neurons in the interpositus nucleus, the acetylcholine receptor agonist carbachol was shown to induce a short-term increase in firing rate, increase holding current and decrease input resistance of interpositus CN neurons. Carbachol also induced long-term depression of evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents and a short-term depression of evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents. All effects were shown to be dependent upon muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activation. Overall, the present study has identified muscarinic receptor activation as a modulator of CN activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pickford
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - R Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Z I Bashir
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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Chelini G, Zerbi V, Cimino L, Grigoli A, Markicevic M, Libera F, Robbiati S, Gadler M, Bronzoni S, Miorelli S, Galbusera A, Gozzi A, Casarosa S, Provenzano G, Bozzi Y. Aberrant Somatosensory Processing and Connectivity in Mice Lacking Engrailed-2. J Neurosci 2019; 39:1525-1538. [PMID: 30593497 PMCID: PMC6381254 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0612-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Overreactivity and defensive behaviors in response to tactile stimuli are common symptoms in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients. Similarly, somatosensory hypersensitivity has also been described in mice lacking ASD-associated genes such as Fmr1 (fragile X mental retardation protein 1). Fmr1 knock-out mice also show reduced functional connectivity between sensory cortical areas, which may represent an endogenous biomarker for their hypersensitivity. Here, we measured whole-brain functional connectivity in Engrailed-2 knock-out (En2-/-) adult mice, which show a lower expression of Fmr1 and anatomical defects common to Fmr1 knock-outs. MRI-based resting-state functional connectivity in adult En2-/- mice revealed significantly reduced synchronization in somatosensory-auditory/associative cortices and dorsal thalamus, suggesting the presence of aberrant somatosensory processing in these mutants. Accordingly, when tested in the whisker nuisance test, En2-/- but not WT mice of both sexes showed fear behavior in response to repeated whisker stimulation. En2-/- mice undergoing this test exhibited decreased c-Fos-positive neurons (a marker of neuronal activity) in layer IV of the primary somatosensory cortex and increased immunoreactive cells in the basolateral amygdala compared with WT littermates. Conversely, when tested in a sensory maze, En2-/- and WT mice spent a comparable time in whisker-guided exploration, indicating that whisker-mediated behaviors are otherwise preserved in En2 mutants. Therefore, fearful responses to somatosensory stimuli in En2-/- mice are accompanied by reduced basal connectivity of sensory regions, reduced activation of somatosensory cortex, and increased activation of the basolateral amygdala, suggesting that impaired somatosensory processing is a common feature in mice lacking ASD-related genes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Overreactivity to tactile stimuli is a common symptom in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients. Recent studies performed in mice bearing ASD-related mutations confirmed these findings. Here, we evaluated the behavioral response to whisker stimulation in mice lacking the ASD-related gene Engrailed-2 (En2-/- mice). Compared with WT controls, En2-/- mice showed reduced functional connectivity in the somatosensory cortex, which was paralleled by fear behavior, reduced activation of somatosensory cortex, and increased activation of the basolateral amygdala in response to repeated whisker stimulation. These results suggest that impaired somatosensory signal processing is a common feature in mice harboring ASD-related mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Chelini
- Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Valerio Zerbi
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Cimino
- Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Grigoli
- Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Marija Markicevic
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Libera
- Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Sergio Robbiati
- Model Organisms Facility, Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Mattia Gadler
- Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Silvia Bronzoni
- Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Silvia Miorelli
- Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Alberto Galbusera
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 38068 Rovereto, Italy, and
| | - Alessandro Gozzi
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 38068 Rovereto, Italy, and
| | - Simona Casarosa
- Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Provenzano
- Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy,
| | - Yuri Bozzi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy,
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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68
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Shipman ML, Green JT. Cerebellum and cognition: Does the rodent cerebellum participate in cognitive functions? Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 170:106996. [PMID: 30771461 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a widespread, nearly complete consensus that the human and non-human primate cerebellum is engaged in non-motor, cognitive functions. This body of research has implicated the lateral portions of lobule VII (Crus I and Crus II) and the ventrolateral dentate nucleus. With rodents, however, it is not so clear. We review here approximately 40 years of experiments using a variety of cerebellar manipulations in rats and mice and measuring the effects on executive functions (working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility), spatial navigation, discrimination learning, and goal-directed and stimulus-driven instrumental conditioning. Our conclusion is that there is a solid body of support for engagement of the rodent cerebellum in tests of cognitive flexibility and spatial navigation, and some support for engagement in working memory and certain types of discrimination learning. Future directions will involve determining the relevant cellular mechanisms, cerebellar regions, and precise cognitive functions of the rodent cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Shipman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - John T Green
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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Locke TM, Soden ME, Miller SM, Hunker A, Knakal C, Licholai JA, Dhillon KS, Keene CD, Zweifel LS, Carlson ES. Dopamine D 1 Receptor-Positive Neurons in the Lateral Nucleus of the Cerebellum Contribute to Cognitive Behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:401-412. [PMID: 29478701 PMCID: PMC6072628 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in humans and nonhuman primates have identified a region of the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, or the lateral cerebellar nucleus (LCN) in rodents, activated during performance of cognitive tasks involving complex spatial and sequential planning. Whether such a subdivision exists in rodents is not known. Dopamine and its receptors, which are implicated in cognitive function, are present in the cerebellar nuclei, but their function is unknown. METHODS Using viral and genetic strategies in mice, we examined cellular phenotypes of dopamine D1 receptor-positive (D1R+) cells in the LCN with whole-cell patch clamp recordings, messenger RNA profiling, and immunohistochemistry to examine D1R expression in mouse LCN and human dentate nucleus of the cerebellum. We used chemogenetics to inhibit D1R+ neurons and examined behaviors including spatial navigation, social recognition memory, prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex, response inhibition, and working memory to test the necessity of these neurons in these behaviors. RESULTS We identified a population of D1R+ neurons that are localized to an anatomically distinct region of the LCN. We also observed D1R+ neurons in human dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, which suggests an evolutionarily conserved population of dopamine-receptive neurons in this region. The genetic, electrophysiological, and anatomical profile of mouse D1R neurons is consistent with a heterogeneous population of gamma-aminobutyric acidergic, and to a lesser extent glutamatergic, cell types. Selective inhibition of D1R+ LCN neurons impairs spatial navigation memory, response inhibition, working memory, and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data demonstrate a functional link between genetically distinct neurons in the LCN and cognitive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Locke
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | | | | | - Avery Hunker
- University of Washington, Department of Pharmacology
| | - Cerise Knakal
- University of Washington, Department of Pharmacology
| | | | - Karn S. Dhillon
- University of Washington, Department of Biological Chemistry
| | | | - Larry S. Zweifel
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,University of Washington, Department of Pharmacology
| | - Erik S. Carlson
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,Correspondence: Erik Sean Carlson M.D., Ph.D. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356560 Seattle, WA, 98195-6560 Telephone: 612-387-7304 Fax: 206-543-9520
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70
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Park JL, Dudchenko PA, Donaldson DI. Navigation in Real-World Environments: New Opportunities Afforded by Advances in Mobile Brain Imaging. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:361. [PMID: 30254578 PMCID: PMC6141718 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A central question in neuroscience and psychology is how the mammalian brain represents the outside world and enables interaction with it. Significant progress on this question has been made in the domain of spatial cognition, where a consistent network of brain regions that represent external space has been identified in both humans and rodents. In rodents, much of the work to date has been done in situations where the animal is free to move about naturally. By contrast, the majority of work carried out to date in humans is static, due to limitations imposed by traditional laboratory based imaging techniques. In recent years, significant progress has been made in bridging the gap between animal and human work by employing virtual reality (VR) technology to simulate aspects of real-world navigation. Despite this progress, the VR studies often fail to fully simulate important aspects of real-world navigation, where information derived from self-motion is integrated with representations of environmental features and task goals. In the current review article, we provide a brief overview of animal and human imaging work to date, focusing on commonalties and differences in findings across species. Following on from this we discuss VR studies of spatial cognition, outlining limitations and developments, before introducing mobile brain imaging techniques and describe technical challenges and solutions for real-world recording. Finally, we discuss how these advances in mobile brain imaging technology, provide an unprecedented opportunity to illuminate how the brain represents complex multifaceted information during naturalistic navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Park
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Dudchenko
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - David I Donaldson
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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71
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Evidence against the Detectability of a Hippocampal Place Code Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NRS-0177-18. [PMID: 30225362 PMCID: PMC6140124 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0177-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual hippocampal neurons selectively increase their firing rates in specific spatial locations. As a population, these neurons provide a decodable representation of space that is robust against changes to sensory- and path-related cues. This neural code is sparse and distributed, theoretically rendering it undetectable with population recording methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Existing studies nonetheless report decoding spatial codes in the human hippocampus using such techniques. Here we present results from a virtual navigation experiment in humans in which we eliminated visual- and path-related confounds and statistical limitations present in existing studies, ensuring that any positive decoding results would represent a voxel-place code. Consistent with theoretical arguments derived from electrophysiological data and contrary to existing fMRI studies, our results show that although participants were fully oriented during the navigation task, there was no statistical evidence for a place code.
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72
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Peng W, Mao L, Yin D, Sun W, Wang H, Zhang Q, Wang J, Chen C, Zeng M, Ding J, Wang X. Functional network changes in the hippocampus contribute to depressive symptoms in epilepsy. Seizure 2018; 60:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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73
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Helleringer R, Le Verger D, Li X, Izabelle C, Chaussenot R, Belmaati-Cherkaoui M, Dammak R, Decottignies P, Daniel H, Galante M, Vaillend C. Cerebellar synapse properties and cerebellum-dependent motor and non-motor performance in Dp71-null mice. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.033258. [PMID: 29895670 PMCID: PMC6078407 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.033258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent emphasis has been placed on the role that cerebellar dysfunctions could have in the genesis of cognitive deficits in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). However, relevant genotype-phenotype analyses are missing to define whether cerebellar defects underlie the severe cases of intellectual deficiency that have been associated with genetic loss of the smallest product of the dmd gene, the Dp71 dystrophin. To determine for the first time whether Dp71 loss could affect cerebellar physiology and functions, we have used patch-clamp electrophysiological recordings in acute cerebellar slices and a cerebellum-dependent behavioral test battery addressing cerebellum-dependent motor and non-motor functions in Dp71-null transgenic mice. We found that Dp71 deficiency selectively enhances excitatory transmission at glutamatergic synapses formed by climbing fibers (CFs) on Purkinje neurons, but not at those formed by parallel fibers. Altered basal neurotransmission at CFs was associated with impairments in synaptic plasticity and clustering of the scaffolding postsynaptic density protein PSD-95. At the behavioral level, Dp71-null mice showed some improvements in motor coordination and were unimpaired for muscle force, static and dynamic equilibrium, motivation in high-motor demand and synchronization learning. Dp71-null mice displayed altered strategies in goal-oriented navigation tasks, however, suggesting a deficit in the cerebellum-dependent processing of the procedural components of spatial learning, which could contribute to the visuospatial deficits identified in this model. In all, the observed deficits suggest that Dp71 loss alters cerebellar synapse function and cerebellum-dependent navigation strategies without being detrimental for motor functions. Summary: Dp71 is the most prominent dystrophin gene product in the adult brain. Here, multiple approaches including behavioral tests and electrophysiology are adopted to explore the role of Dp71 in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Helleringer
- Molecules and Circuits Department, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Delphine Le Verger
- Cognition and Behavior Department, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Xia Li
- Molecules and Circuits Department, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Charlotte Izabelle
- Cognition and Behavior Department, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Rémi Chaussenot
- Cognition and Behavior Department, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Mehdi Belmaati-Cherkaoui
- Cognition and Behavior Department, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Raoudha Dammak
- Molecules and Circuits Department, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Paulette Decottignies
- Molecules and Circuits Department, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Hervé Daniel
- Molecules and Circuits Department, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Micaela Galante
- Molecules and Circuits Department, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Cyrille Vaillend
- Cognition and Behavior Department, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
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Choe KY, Sanchez CF, Harris NG, Otis TS, Mathews PJ. Optogenetic fMRI and electrophysiological identification of region-specific connectivity between the cerebellar cortex and forebrain. Neuroimage 2018; 173:370-383. [PMID: 29496611 PMCID: PMC5911204 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex animal behavior is produced by dynamic interactions between discrete regions of the brain. As such, defining functional connections between brain regions is critical in gaining a full understanding of how the brain generates behavior. Evidence suggests that discrete regions of the cerebellar cortex functionally project to the forebrain, mediating long-range communication potentially important in motor and non-motor behaviors. However, the connectivity map remains largely incomplete owing to the challenge of driving both reliable and selective output from the cerebellar cortex, as well as the need for methods to detect region specific activation across the entire forebrain. Here we utilize a paired optogenetic and fMRI (ofMRI) approach to elucidate the downstream forebrain regions modulated by activating a region of the cerebellum that induces stereotypical, ipsilateral forelimb movements. We demonstrate with ofMRI, that activating this forelimb motor region of the cerebellar cortex results in functional activation of a variety of forebrain and midbrain areas of the brain, including the hippocampus and primary motor, retrosplenial and anterior cingulate cortices. We further validate these findings using optogenetic stimulation paired with multi-electrode array recordings and post-hoc staining for molecular markers of activated neurons (i.e. c-Fos). Together, these findings demonstrate that a single discrete region of the cerebellar cortex is capable of influencing motor output and the activity of a number of downstream forebrain as well as midbrain regions thought to be involved in different aspects of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Y Choe
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Carlos F Sanchez
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, 90502 USA
| | - Neil G Harris
- The UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Thomas S Otis
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Paul J Mathews
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, 90502 USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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75
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Wang H, Li R, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Cui J, Nguchu BA, Qiu B, Wang X, Li H. Altered cerebro-cerebellum resting-state functional connectivity in HIV-infected male patients. J Neurovirol 2018; 24:587-596. [PMID: 29785582 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0649-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the role of planning and executing movement, the cerebellum greatly contributes to cognitive process. Numerous studies have reported structural and functional abnormalities in the cerebellum for HIV-infected patients, but little is known about the altered functional connectivity of particular cerebellar subregions and the cerebrum. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) changes of the cerebellum and further analyze the relationship between the rsFC changes and the neuropsychological evaluation. The experiment involved 26 HIV-infected men with asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI) and 28 healthy controls (HC). We selected bilateral hemispheric lobule VI and lobule IX as seed regions and mapped the whole-brain rsFC for each subregion. Results revealed that right lobule VI showed significant increased rsFC with the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in HIV-infected subjects. In addition, the correlation analysis on HIV-infected subjects illustrated the increased rsFC was negatively correlated with the attention/working memory score. Moreover, significantly increased cerebellar rsFCs were also observed in HIV-infected patients related to right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and right superior medial gyrus (SMG) while decreased rsFC was just found between right lobule VI and the left hippocampus (HIP). These findings suggested that, abnormalities of cerebro-cerebellar functional connectivity might be associated with cognitive dysfunction in HIV-infected men, particularly working memory impairment. It could also be the underlying mechanism of ANI, providing further evidence for early injury in the neural substrate of HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Wang
- Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Ruili Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.8, Xi Tou Tiao, Youanmen Wai, Feng Tai District, Beijing, 10069, China
| | - Yawen Zhou
- Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yanming Wang
- Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jin Cui
- Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Benedictor Alexander Nguchu
- Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Bensheng Qiu
- Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| | - Hongjun Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.8, Xi Tou Tiao, Youanmen Wai, Feng Tai District, Beijing, 10069, China.
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Abstract
Egocentric (self-centered) and allocentric (viewpoint independent) representations of space are essential for spatial navigation and wayfinding. Deficits in spatial memory come with age-related cognitive decline, are marked in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and are associated with cognitive deficits in autism. In most of these disorders, a change in the brain areas engaged in the spatial reference system processing has been documented. However, the spatial memory deficits observed during physiological and pathological aging are quite different. While patients with AD and MCI have a general spatial navigation impairment in both allocentric and egocentric strategies, healthy older adults are particularly limited in the allocentric navigation, but they can still count on egocentric navigation strategy to solve spatial tasks. Therefore, specific navigational tests should be considered for differential diagnosis between healthy and pathological aging conditions. Finally, more research is still needed to better understand the spatial abilities of autistic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Concetta Miniaci
- Department of Pharmacy , School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) , National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Telethon Foundation, Pozzuoli, Italy
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77
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The Cerebellar GABA AR System as a Potential Target for Treating Alcohol Use Disorder. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 248:113-156. [PMID: 29736774 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the brain, fast inhibitory neurotransmission is mediated primarily by the ionotropic subtype of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor subtype A (GABAAR). It is well established that the brain's GABAAR system mediates many aspects of neurobehavioral responses to alcohol (ethanol; EtOH). Accordingly, in both preclinical studies and some clinical scenarios, pharmacologically targeting the GABAAR system can alter neurobehavioral responses to acute and chronic EtOH consumption. However, many of the well-established interactions of EtOH and the GABAAR system have been identified at concentrations of EtOH ([EtOH]) that would only occur during abusive consumption of EtOH (≥40 mM), and there are still inadequate treatment options for prevention of or recovery from alcohol use disorder (AUD, including abuse and dependence). Accordingly, there is a general acknowledgement that more research is needed to identify and characterize: (1) neurobehavioral targets of lower [EtOH] and (2) associated brain structures that would involve such targets in a manner that may influence the development and maintenance of AUDs.Nearly 15 years ago it was discovered that the GABAAR system of the cerebellum is highly sensitive to EtOH, responding to concentrations as low as 10 mM (as would occur in the blood of a typical adult human after consuming 1-2 standard units of EtOH). This high sensitivity to EtOH, which likely mediates the well-known motor impairing effects of EtOH, combined with recent advances in our understanding of the role of the cerebellum in non-motor, cognitive/emotive/reward processes has renewed interest in this system in the specific context of AUD. In this chapter we will describe recent advances in our understanding of cerebellar processing, actions of EtOH on the cerebellar GABAAR system, and the potential relationship of such actions to the development of AUD. We will finish with speculation about how cerebellar specific GABAAR ligands might be effective pharmacological agents for treating aspects of AUD.
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Ryan KE, Kim PS, Fleming JT, Brignola E, Cheng FY, Litingtung Y, Chiang C. Lkb1 regulates granule cell migration and cortical folding of the cerebellar cortex. Dev Biol 2017; 432:165-177. [PMID: 28974424 PMCID: PMC5694378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar growth and foliation require the Hedgehog-driven proliferation of granule cell precursors (GCPs) in the external granule layer (EGL). However, that increased or extended GCP proliferation generally does not elicit ectopic folds suggests that additional determinants control cortical expansion and foliation during cerebellar development. Here, we find that genetic loss of the serine-threonine kinase Liver Kinase B1 (Lkb1) in GCPs increased cerebellar cortical size and foliation independent of changes in proliferation or Hedgehog signaling. This finding is unexpected given that Lkb1 has previously shown to be critical for Hedgehog pathway activation in cultured cells. Consistent with unchanged proliferation rate of GCPs, the cortical expansion of Lkb1 mutants is accompanied by thinning of the EGL. The plane of cell division, which has been implicated in diverse processes from epithelial surface expansions to gyrification of the human cortex, remains unchanged in the mutants when compared to wild-type controls. However, we find that Lkb1 mutants display delayed radial migration of post-mitotic GCPs that coincides with increased cortical size, suggesting that aberrant cell migration may contribute to the cortical expansion and increase foliation. Taken together, our results reveal an important role for Lkb1 in regulating cerebellar cortical size and foliation in a Hedgehog-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn E Ryan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Patrick S Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jonathan T Fleming
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Emily Brignola
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Frances Y Cheng
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ying Litingtung
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Chin Chiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Shiroma A, Nishimura M, Nagamine H, Miyagi T, Hokama Y, Watanabe T, Murayama S, Tsutsui M, Tominaga D, Ishiuchi S. Cerebellar Contribution to Pattern Separation of Human Hippocampal Memory Circuits. THE CEREBELLUM 2017; 15:645-662. [PMID: 26439485 PMCID: PMC5097115 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is a crucial structure for cognitive function as well as motor control. Benign brain tumors such as schwannomas, meningiomas, and epidermoids tend to occur in the cerebellopontine angle cisterns and may cause compression of the posterior lateral cerebellum near the superior posterior fissure, where the eloquent area for cognitive function was recently identified. The present study examined cognitive impairment in patients with benign cerebellar tumors before and after surgical intervention in order to clarify the functional implications of this region in humans. Patients with cerebellar tumors showed deficits in psychomotor speed and working memory compared with healthy controls. Moreover, these impairments were more pronounced in patients with right cerebellar tumors. Functional magnetic resonance imaging during performance of a lure task also demonstrated that cerebellar tumors affected pattern separation or the ability to distinguish similar experiences of episodic memory or events with discrete, non-overlapping representations, which is one of the important cognitive functions related to the hippocampus. The present findings indicate that compression of the human posterior lateral cerebellum affects hippocampal memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Shiroma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Masahiko Nishimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Hideki Nagamine
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Miyagi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Yohei Hokama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Sadayuki Murayama
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Masato Tsutsui
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tominaga
- Okinawa Study Center, The Open University of Japan, 1Senbru, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0219, Japan
| | - Shogo Ishiuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
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Roles of Cbln1 in Non-Motor Functions of Mice. J Neurosci 2017; 36:11801-11816. [PMID: 27852787 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0322-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is thought to be involved in cognitive functions in addition to its well established role in motor coordination and motor learning in humans. Cerebellin 1 (Cbln1) is predominantly expressed in cerebellar granule cells and plays a crucial role in the formation and function of parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses. Although genes encoding Cbln1 and its postsynaptic receptor, the delta2 glutamate receptor (GluD2), are suggested to be associated with autistic-like traits and many psychiatric disorders, whether such cognitive impairments are caused by cerebellar dysfunction remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether and how Cbln1 signaling is involved in non-motor functions in adult mice. We show that acquisition and retention/retrieval of cued and contextual fear memory were impaired in Cbln1-null mice. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that Cbln1 is expressed in various extracerebellar regions, including the retrosplenial granular cortex and the hippocampus. In the hippocampus, Cbln1 immunoreactivity was present at the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and the stratum lacunosum-moleculare without overt mRNA expression, suggesting that Cbln1 is provided by perforant path fibers. Retention/retrieval, but not acquisition, of cued and contextual fear memory was impaired in forebrain-predominant Cbln1-null mice. Spatial learning in the radial arm water maze was also abrogated. In contrast, acquisition of fear memory was affected in cerebellum-predominant Cbln1-null mice. These results indicate that Cbln1 in the forebrain and cerebellum mediates specific aspects of fear conditioning and spatial memory differentially and that Cbln1 signaling likely regulates motor and non-motor functions in multiple brain regions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Despites its well known role in motor coordination and motor learning, whether and how the cerebellum is involved in cognitive functions remains less clear. Cerebellin 1 (Cbln1) is highly expressed in the cerebellum and serves as an essential synaptic organizer. Although genes encoding Cbln1 and its receptor are associated with many psychiatric disorders, it remains unknown whether such cognitive impairments are caused by cerebellar dysfunction. Here, we show that Cbln1 is also expressed in the forebrain, including the hippocampus and retrosplenial granular cortex. Using forebrain- and cerebellum-predominant conditional Cbln1-null mice, we show that Cbln1 in the forebrain and cerebellum mediates specific aspects of fear conditioning and spatial memory differentially, indicating that Cbln1 signaling regulates both motor and non-motor functions in multiple brain regions.
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81
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Epilepsy and optogenetics: can seizures be controlled by light? Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1605-1616. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20160492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, ‘optogenetics’ has been consolidated as a game-changing tool in the neuroscience field, by allowing optical control of neuronal activity with high cell-type specificity. The ability to activate or inhibit targeted neurons at millisecond resolution not only offers an investigative tool, but potentially also provides a therapeutic intervention strategy for acute correction of aberrant neuronal activity. As efficient therapeutic tools are in short supply for neurological disorders, optogenetic technology has therefore spurred considerable enthusiasm and fostered a new wave of translational studies in neuroscience. Epilepsy is among the disorders that have been widely explored. Partial epilepsies are characterized by seizures arising from excessive excitatory neuronal activity that emerges from a focal area. Based on the constricted seizure focus, it appears feasible to intercept partial seizures by acutely shutting down excitatory neurons by means of optogenetics. The availability of both inhibitory and excitatory optogenetic probes, along with the available targeting strategies for respective excitatory or inhibitory neurons, allows multiple conceivable scenarios for controlling abnormal circuit activity. Several such scenarios have been explored in the settings of experimental epilepsy and have provided encouraging translational findings and revealed interesting and unexpected new aspects of epileptogenesis. However, it has also emerged that considerable challenges persist before clinical translation becomes feasible. This review provides a general introduction to optogenetics, and an overview of findings that are relevant for understanding how optogenetics may be utilized therapeutically as a highly innovative treatment for epilepsy.
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82
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Dugué GP, Tihy M, Gourévitch B, Léna C. Cerebellar re-encoding of self-generated head movements. eLife 2017; 6:e26179. [PMID: 28608779 PMCID: PMC5489315 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Head movements are primarily sensed in a reference frame tied to the head, yet they are used to calculate self-orientation relative to the world. This requires to re-encode head kinematic signals into a reference frame anchored to earth-centered landmarks such as gravity, through computations whose neuronal substrate remains to be determined. Here, we studied the encoding of self-generated head movements in the rat caudal cerebellar vermis, an area essential for graviceptive functions. We found that, contrarily to peripheral vestibular inputs, most Purkinje cells exhibited a mixed sensitivity to head rotational and gravitational information and were differentially modulated by active and passive movements. In a subpopulation of cells, this mixed sensitivity underlay a tuning to rotations about an axis defined relative to gravity. Therefore, we show that the caudal vermis hosts a re-encoded, gravitationally polarized representation of self-generated head kinematics in freely moving rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume P Dugué
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Inserm U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Tihy
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Inserm U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Boris Gourévitch
- Genetics and Physiology of Hearing Laboratory, Inserm UMR1120, University Paris 6, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Clément Léna
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Inserm U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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83
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Impaired spatial performance in cerebellar-deficient Lurcher mice is not associated with their abnormal stress response. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 140:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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84
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Abstract
Mounting evidence shows mammalian brains are probabilistic computers, but the specific cells involved remain elusive. Parallel research suggests that grid cells of the mammalian hippocampal formation are fundamental to spatial cognition but their diverse response properties still defy explanation. No plausible model exists which explains stable grids in darkness for twenty minutes or longer, despite being one of the first results ever published on grid cells. Similarly, no current explanation can tie together grid fragmentation and grid rescaling, which show very different forms of flexibility in grid responses when the environment is varied. Other properties such as attractor dynamics and grid anisotropy seem to be at odds with one another unless additional properties are assumed such as a varying velocity gain. Modelling efforts have largely ignored the breadth of response patterns, while also failing to account for the disastrous effects of sensory noise during spatial learning and recall, especially in darkness. Here, published electrophysiological evidence from a range of experiments are reinterpreted using a novel probabilistic learning model, which shows that grid cell responses are accurately predicted by a probabilistic learning process. Diverse response properties of probabilistic grid cells are statistically indistinguishable from rat grid cells across key manipulations. A simple coherent set of probabilistic computations explains stable grid fields in darkness, partial grid rescaling in resized arenas, low-dimensional attractor grid cell dynamics, and grid fragmentation in hairpin mazes. The same computations also reconcile oscillatory dynamics at the single cell level with attractor dynamics at the cell ensemble level. Additionally, a clear functional role for boundary cells is proposed for spatial learning. These findings provide a parsimonious and unified explanation of grid cell function, and implicate grid cells as an accessible neuronal population readout of a set of probabilistic spatial computations. Cells in the mammalian hippocampal formation are thought to be central for spatial learning and stable spatial representations. Of the known spatial cells, grid cells form strikingly regular and stable patterns of activity, even in darkness. Hence, grid cells may provide the universal metric upon which spatial cognition is based. However, a more fundamental problem is how grids themselves may form and stabilise, since sensory information is noisy and can vary tremendously with environmental conditions. Furthermore, the same grid cell can display substantially different yet stable patterns of activity in different environments. Currently, no model explains how vastly different sensory cues can give rise to the diverse but stable grid patterns. Here, a new probabilistic model is proposed which combines information encoded by grid cells and boundary cells. This noise-tolerant model performs robust spatial learning, under a variety of conditions, and produces varied yet stable grid cell response patterns like rodent grid cells. Across numerous experimental manipulations, rodent and probabilistic grid cell responses are similar or even statistically indistinguishable. These results complement a growing body of evidence suggesting that mammalian brains are inherently probabilistic, and suggest for the first time that grid cells may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Cheung
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Upland Road, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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85
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Hamza MM, Rey SA, Hilber P, Arabo A, Collin T, Vaudry D, Burel D. Early Disruption of Extracellular Pleiotrophin Distribution Alters Cerebellar Neuronal Circuit Development and Function. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:5203-16. [PMID: 26399645 PMCID: PMC5012153 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is a structure of the central nervous system involved in balance, motor coordination, and voluntary movements. The elementary circuit implicated in the control of locomotion involves Purkinje cells, which receive excitatory inputs from parallel and climbing fibers, and are regulated by cerebellar interneurons. In mice as in human, the cerebellar cortex completes its development mainly after birth with the migration, differentiation, and synaptogenesis of granule cells. These cellular events are under the control of numerous extracellular matrix molecules including pleiotrophin (PTN). This cytokine has been shown to regulate the morphogenesis of Purkinje cells ex vivo and in vivo via its receptor PTPζ. Since Purkinje cells are the unique output of the cerebellar cortex, we explored the consequences of their PTN-induced atrophy on the function of the cerebellar neuronal circuit in mice. Behavioral experiments revealed that, despite a normal overall development, PTN-treated mice present a delay in the maturation of their flexion reflex. Moreover, patch clamp recording of Purkinje cells revealed a significant increase in the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in PTN-treated mice, associated with a decrease of climbing fiber innervations and an abnormal perisomatic localization of the parallel fiber contacts. At adulthood, PTN-treated mice exhibit coordination impairment on the rotarod test associated with an alteration of the synchronization gait. Altogether these histological, electrophysiological, and behavior data reveal that an early ECM disruption of PTN composition induces short- and long-term defaults in the establishment of proper functional cerebellar circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Hamza
- INSERM U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, University of Rouen, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan cedex, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - S A Rey
- CNRS-UMR 8118, Laboratory of Cerebral Physiology, University Paris Descartes, 75006, Paris, France
| | - P Hilber
- EA 4700, Laboratory of Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition, University of Rouen, 76821-cedex, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - A Arabo
- UFR sciences et techniques, University of Rouen, 76821-cedex, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - T Collin
- CNRS-UMR 8118, Laboratory of Cerebral Physiology, University Paris Descartes, 75006, Paris, France
| | - D Vaudry
- INSERM U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, University of Rouen, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan cedex, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - D Burel
- INSERM U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, University of Rouen, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan cedex, France.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
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86
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Theta Rhythmic Clock-Like Activity of Single Units in the Mouse Hippocampus. J Neurosci 2016; 36:4415-20. [PMID: 27098686 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3851-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Theta rhythmic clock-like activity was observed in a small group of hippocampal CA1 neurons in freely behaving mice. These neurons were only persistently activated during theta states of waking exploration and rapid eye movement sleep, but were almost silent during the non-theta state of slow-wave sleep. Interestingly, these cells displayed a theta clock-like simple-spike firing pattern, and were capable of firing one spike per theta cycle during theta states. This is the first report of a unique class of hippocampal neurons with a clock-like firing pattern at the theta rhythm. We speculate that these cells may act as a temporal reference to participate in the theta-related temporal coding in the hippocampus. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Theta oscillations, as the predominant rhythms in the hippocampus during waking exploration and rapid eye movement sleep, may be critical for temporal coding/decoding of neuronal information, and theta-phase precession in hippocampal place cells is one of the best demonstrations of such temporal coding. Here, we show that a unique small class of hippocampal CA1 neurons fired with a theta rhythmic clock-like firing pattern during theta states. These firing characteristics support the notion that these neurons may play a critical role in theta-related temporal coding in the hippocampus.
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87
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Peter S, ten Brinke MM, Stedehouder J, Reinelt CM, Wu B, Zhou H, Zhou K, Boele HJ, Kushner SA, Lee MG, Schmeisser MJ, Boeckers TM, Schonewille M, Hoebeek FE, De Zeeuw CI. Dysfunctional cerebellar Purkinje cells contribute to autism-like behaviour in Shank2-deficient mice. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12627. [PMID: 27581745 PMCID: PMC5025785 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the postsynaptic scaffolding protein SHANK2 are a highly penetrant cause of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) involving cerebellum-related motor problems. Recent studies have implicated cerebellar pathology in the aetiology of ASD. Here we evaluate the possibility that cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) represent a critical locus of ASD-like pathophysiology in mice lacking Shank2. Absence of Shank2 impairs both PC intrinsic plasticity and induction of long-term potentiation at the parallel fibre to PC synapse. Moreover, inhibitory input onto PCs is significantly enhanced, most prominently in the posterior lobe where simple spike (SS) regularity is most affected. Using PC-specific Shank2 knockouts, we replicate alterations of SS regularity in vivo and establish cerebellar dependence of ASD-like behavioural phenotypes in motor learning and social interaction. These data highlight the importance of Shank2 for PC function, and support a model by which cerebellar pathology is prominent in certain forms of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Peter
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam 1105 CA, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Claudia M. Reinelt
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 DR, Netherlands
| | - Haibo Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 DR, Netherlands
| | - Kuikui Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 DR, Netherlands
| | - Henk-Jan Boele
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 DR, Netherlands
| | - Steven A. Kushner
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 DR, Netherlands
| | - Min Goo Lee
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120–752, Korea
| | - Michael J. Schmeisser
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Tobias M. Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | | | - Freek E. Hoebeek
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 DR, Netherlands
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam 1105 CA, Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 DR, Netherlands
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88
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Hok V, Poucet B, Duvelle É, Save É, Sargolini F. Spatial cognition in mice and rats: similarities and differences in brain and behavior. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2016; 7:406-421. [PMID: 27582415 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of mice models in cognitive tasks that were originally designed for rats raises crucial questions about cross-species comparison in the study of spatial cognition. The present review focuses on the major neuroethological differences existing between mice and rats, with particular attention given to the neurophysiological basis of space coding. While little difference is found in the basic properties of space representation in these two species, it appears that the stability of this representation changes more drastically over time in mice than in rats. We consider several hypotheses dealing with attentional, perceptual, and genetic aspects and offer some directions for future research that might help in deciphering hippocampal function in learning and memory processes. WIREs Cogn Sci 2016, 7:406-421. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1411 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Hok
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, CNRS and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,Fédération 3C, CNRS and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Poucet
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, CNRS and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France. , .,Fédération 3C, CNRS and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France. ,
| | - Éléonore Duvelle
- Faculty of Brain Sciences, UCL Psychology and Language Sciences, London, UK
| | - Étienne Save
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, CNRS and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,Fédération 3C, CNRS and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Francesca Sargolini
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, CNRS and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,Fédération 3C, CNRS and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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89
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Zhao R, Grunke SD, Keralapurath MM, Yetman MJ, Lam A, Lee TC, Sousounis K, Jiang Y, Swing DA, Tessarollo L, Ji D, Jankowsky JL. Impaired Recall of Positional Memory following Chemogenetic Disruption of Place Field Stability. Cell Rep 2016; 16:793-804. [PMID: 27373150 PMCID: PMC4956499 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural network of the temporal lobe is thought to provide a cognitive map of our surroundings. Functional analysis of this network has been hampered by coarse tools that often result in collateral damage to other circuits. We developed a chemogenetic system to temporally control electrical input into the hippocampus. When entorhinal input to the perforant path was acutely silenced, hippocampal firing patterns became destabilized and underwent extensive remapping. We also found that spatial memory acquired prior to neural silencing was impaired by loss of input through the perforant path. Together, our experiments show that manipulation of entorhinal activity destabilizes spatial coding and disrupts spatial memory. Moreover, we introduce a chemogenetic model for non-invasive neuronal silencing that offers multiple advantages over existing strategies in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stacy D Grunke
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Michael J Yetman
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alexander Lam
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Cognitive Science, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | - Tang-Cheng Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Yongying Jiang
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Deborah A Swing
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Daoyun Ji
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Joanna L Jankowsky
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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90
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Netrakanti PR, Cooper BH, Dere E, Poggi G, Winkler D, Brose N, Ehrenreich H. Fast cerebellar reflex circuitry requires synaptic vesicle priming by munc13-3. THE CEREBELLUM 2016; 14:264-83. [PMID: 25617111 PMCID: PMC4441738 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Munc13-3 is a member of the Munc13 family of synaptic vesicle priming proteins and mainly expressed in cerebellar neurons. Munc13-3 null mutant (Munc13-3−/−) mice show decreased synaptic release probability at parallel fiber to Purkinje cell, granule cell to Golgi cell, and granule cell to basket cell synapses and exhibit a motor learning deficit at highest rotarod speeds. Since we detected Munc13-3 immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus, as reported here for the first time, and current studies indicated a crucial role for the cerebellum in hippocampus-dependent spatial memory, we systematically investigated Munc13-3−/− mice versus wild-type littermates of both genders with respect to hippocampus-related cognition and a range of basic behaviors, including tests for anxiety, sensory functions, motor performance and balance, sensorimotor gating, social interaction and competence, and repetitive and compulsive behaviors. Neither basic behavior nor hippocampus-dependent cognitive performance, evaluated by Morris water maze, hole board working and reference memory, IntelliCage-based place learning including multiple reversals, and fear conditioning, showed any difference between genotypes. However, consistent with a disturbed cerebellar reflex circuitry, a reliable reduction in the acoustic startle response in both male and female Munc13-3−/− mice was found. To conclude, complete deletion of Munc13-3 leads to a robust decrease in the acoustic startle response. This readout of a fast cerebellar reflex circuitry obviously requires synaptic vesicle priming by Munc13-3 for full functionality, in contrast to other behavioral or cognitive features, where a nearly perfect compensation of Munc13-3 deficiency by related synaptic proteins has to be assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Rao Netrakanti
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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91
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Viewing the Personality Traits Through a Cerebellar Lens: a Focus on the Constructs of Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, and Alexithymia. THE CEREBELLUM 2016; 16:178-190. [PMID: 26739351 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The variance in the range of personality trait expression appears to be linked to structural variance in specific brain regions. In evidencing associations between personality factors and neurobiological measures, it seems evident that the cerebellum has not been up to now thought as having a key role in personality. This paper will review the most recent structural and functional neuroimaging literature that engages the cerebellum in personality traits, as novelty seeking and harm avoidance, and it will discuss the findings in the context of contemporary theories of affective and cognitive cerebellar function. By using region of interest (ROI)- and voxel-based approaches, we recently evidenced that the cerebellar volumes correlate positively with novelty seeking scores and negatively with harm avoidance scores. Subjects who search for new situations as a novelty seeker does (and a harm avoiding does not do) show a different engagement of their cerebellar circuitries in order to rapidly adapt to changing environments. The emerging model of cerebellar functionality may explain how the cerebellar abilities in planning, controlling, and putting into action the behavior are associated to normal or abnormal personality constructs. In this framework, it is worth reporting that increased cerebellar volumes are even associated with high scores in alexithymia, construct of personality characterized by impairment in cognitive, emotional, and affective processing. On such a basis, it seems necessary to go over the traditional cortico-centric view of personality constructs and to address the function of the cerebellar system in sustaining aspects of motivational network that characterizes the different temperamental traits.
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92
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Yu W, Krook-Magnuson E. Cognitive Collaborations: Bidirectional Functional Connectivity Between the Cerebellum and the Hippocampus. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:177. [PMID: 26732845 PMCID: PMC4686701 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing recognition that the utility of the cerebellum is not limited to motor control. This review focuses on the particularly novel area of hippocampal-cerebellar interactions. Recent work has illustrated that the hippocampus and cerebellum are functionally connected in a bidirectional manner such that the cerebellum can influence hippocampal activity and vice versa. This functional connectivity has important implications for physiology, including spatial navigation and timing-dependent tasks, as well as pathophysiology, including seizures. Moving forward, an improved understanding of the critical biological underpinnings of these cognitive collaborations may improve interventions for neurological disorders such as epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Yu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
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93
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Gaffield MA, Amat SB, Bito H, Christie JM. Chronic imaging of movement-related Purkinje cell calcium activity in awake behaving mice. J Neurophysiol 2015; 115:413-22. [PMID: 26561609 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00834.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cells (PCs) are a major site of information integration and plasticity in the cerebellum, a brain region involved in motor task refinement. Thus PCs provide an ideal location for studying the mechanisms necessary for cerebellum-dependent motor learning. Increasingly, sophisticated behavior tasks, used in combination with genetic reporters and effectors of activity, have opened up the possibility of studying cerebellar circuits during voluntary movement at an unprecedented level of quantitation. However, current methods used to monitor PC activity do not take full advantage of these advances. For example, single-unit or multiunit electrode recordings, which provide excellent temporal information regarding electrical activity, only monitor a small population of cells and can be quite invasive. Bolus loading of cell-permeant calcium (Ca(2+)) indicators is short-lived, requiring same-day imaging immediately after surgery and/or indicator injection. Genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicators (GECIs) overcome many of these limits and have garnered considerable use in many neuron types but only limited use in PCs. Here we employed these indicators to monitor Ca(2+) activity in PCs over several weeks. We could repeatedly image from the same cerebellar regions across multiple days and observed stable activity. We used chronic imaging to monitor PC activity in crus II, an area previously linked to licking behavior, and identified a region of increased activity at the onset of licking. We then monitored this same region after training tasks to initiate voluntary licking behavior in response to different sensory stimuli. In all cases, PC Ca(2+) activity increased at the onset of rhythmic licking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samantha B Amat
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida; and
| | - Haruhiko Bito
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jason M Christie
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida; and
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94
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Lardenoije R, van den Hove DL, Vaessen TS, Iatrou A, Meuwissen KP, van Hagen BT, Kenis G, Steinbusch HW, Schmitz C, Rutten BP. Epigenetic modifications in mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells: effects of aging, caloric restriction, and overexpression of superoxide dismutase 1 on 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:3079-3089. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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95
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Jandl N, Sprenger A, Wojak J, Göttlich M, Münte T, Krämer U, Helmchen C. Dissociable cerebellar activity during spatial navigation and visual memory in bilateral vestibular failure. Neuroscience 2015; 305:257-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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96
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Krahe TE, Medina AE, Lantz CL, Filgueiras CC. Hyperactivity and depression-like traits in Bax KO mice. Brain Res 2015; 1625:246-54. [PMID: 26363094 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The Bax gene is a member of the Bcl-2 gene family and its pro-apoptotic Bcl-associated X (Bax) protein is believed to be crucial in regulating apoptosis during neuronal development as well as following injury. With the advent of mouse genomics, mice lacking the pro-apoptotic Bax gene (Bax KO) have been extensively used to study how cell death helps to determine synaptic circuitry formation during neurodevelopment and disease. Surprisingly, in spite of its wide use and the association of programmed neuronal death with motor dysfunctions and depression, the effects of Bax deletion on mice spontaneous locomotor activity and depression-like traits are unknown. Here we examine the behavioral characteristics of Bax KO male mice using classical paradigms to evaluate spontaneous locomotor activity and depressive-like responses. In the open field, Bax KO animals exhibited greater locomotor activity than their control littermates. In the forced swimming test, Bax KO mice displayed greater immobility times, a behavior despair state, when compared to controls. Collectively, our findings corroborate the notion that a fine balance between cell survival and death early during development is critical for normal brain function later in life. Furthermore, it points out the importance of considering depressive-like and hyperactivity behavioral phenotypes when conducting neurodevelopmental and other studies using the Bax KO strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Krahe
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, USA
| | | | - Crystal L Lantz
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
| | - Cláudio C Filgueiras
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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97
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Regional functionality of the cerebellum. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2015; 33:150-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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98
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Tuma J, Kolinko Y, Vozeh F, Cendelin J. Mutation-related differences in exploratory, spatial, and depressive-like behavior in pcd and Lurcher cerebellar mutant mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:116. [PMID: 26029065 PMCID: PMC4429248 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is not only essential for motor coordination but is also involved in cognitive and affective processes. These functions of the cerebellum and mechanisms of their disorders in cerebellar injury are not completely understood. There is a wide spectrum of cerebellar mutant mice which are used as models of hereditary cerebellar degenerations. Nevertheless, they differ in pathogenesis of manifestation of the particular mutation and also in the strain background. The aim of this work was to compare spatial navigation, learning, and memory in pcd and Lurcher mice, two of the most frequently used cerebellar mutants. The mice were tested in the open field for exploration behavior, in the Morris water maze with visible as well as reversal hidden platform tasks and in the forced swimming test for motivation assessment. Lurcher mice showed different space exploration activity in the open field and a lower tendency to depressive-like behavior in the forced swimming test compared with pcd mice. Severe deficit of spatial navigation was shown in both cerebellar mutants. However, the overall performance of Lurcher mice was better than that of pcd mutants. Lurcher mice showed the ability of visual guidance despite difficulties with the direct swim toward a goal. In the probe trial test, Lurcher mice preferred the visible platform rather than the more recent localization of the hidden goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tuma
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Biomedical Centre, Charles University in Prague Pilsen, Czech Republic ; Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Yaroslav Kolinko
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Biomedical Centre, Charles University in Prague Pilsen, Czech Republic ; Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Vozeh
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Biomedical Centre, Charles University in Prague Pilsen, Czech Republic ; Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Cendelin
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Biomedical Centre, Charles University in Prague Pilsen, Czech Republic ; Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague Pilsen, Czech Republic
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99
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Baumann O, Borra RJ, Bower JM, Cullen KE, Habas C, Ivry RB, Leggio M, Mattingley JB, Molinari M, Moulton EA, Paulin MG, Pavlova MA, Schmahmann JD, Sokolov AA. Consensus paper: the role of the cerebellum in perceptual processes. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 14:197-220. [PMID: 25479821 PMCID: PMC4346664 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-014-0627-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Various lines of evidence accumulated over the past 30 years indicate that the cerebellum, long recognized as essential for motor control, also has considerable influence on perceptual processes. In this paper, we bring together experts from psychology and neuroscience, with the aim of providing a succinct but comprehensive overview of key findings related to the involvement of the cerebellum in sensory perception. The contributions cover such topics as anatomical and functional connectivity, evolutionary and comparative perspectives, visual and auditory processing, biological motion perception, nociception, self-motion, timing, predictive processing, and perceptual sequencing. While no single explanation has yet emerged concerning the role of the cerebellum in perceptual processes, this consensus paper summarizes the impressive empirical evidence on this problem and highlights diversities as well as commonalities between existing hypotheses. In addition to work with healthy individuals and patients with cerebellar disorders, it is also apparent that several neurological conditions in which perceptual disturbances occur, including autism and schizophrenia, are associated with cerebellar pathology. A better understanding of the involvement of the cerebellum in perceptual processes will thus likely be important for identifying and treating perceptual deficits that may at present go unnoticed and untreated. This paper provides a useful framework for further debate and empirical investigations into the influence of the cerebellum on sensory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Baumann
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia,
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100
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Abstract
The Nobel Prize in Medecine or Physiology for 2014 has been awarded to three neuroscientists: John O'Keefe, May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser for "their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain". This rewards innovative ideas which led to the development of intracerebral recording techniques in freely moving animals, thus providing links between behavior and physiology. This prize highlights how neural activity sustains our ability to localize ourselves and move around in the environment. This research provides key insights on how the brain drives behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Rondi-Reig
- CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS, équipe cervelet, navigation et mémoire, 9, quai Saint Bernard, case 16, 75005, Paris, France - Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, DHU FAST, UM119 - Inserm, UMR-S 1130, F-75005, Paris, France
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