51
|
Jones IKA, Haese NN, Gatault P, Streblow ZJ, Andoh TF, Denton M, Streblow CE, Bonin K, Kreklywich CN, Burg JM, Orloff SL, Streblow DN. Rat Cytomegalovirus Virion-Associated Proteins R131 and R129 Are Necessary for Infection of Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. Pathogens 2020; 9:E963. [PMID: 33228102 PMCID: PMC7699341 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) establishes persistent, latent infection in hosts, causing diseases in immunocompromised patients, transplant recipients, and neonates. CMV infection modifies the host chemokine axis by modulating chemokine and chemokine receptor expression and by encoding putative chemokine and chemokine receptor homologues. The viral proteins have roles in cellular signaling, migration, and transformation, as well as viral dissemination, tropism, latency and reactivation. Herein, we review the contribution of CMV-encoded chemokines and chemokine receptors to these processes, and further elucidate the viral tropism role of rat CMV (RCMV) R129 and R131. These homologues of the human CMV (HCMV)-encoded chemokines UL128 and UL130 are of particular interest because of their dual role as chemokines and members of the pentameric entry complex, which is required for entry into cell types that are essential for viral transmission and dissemination. The contributions of UL128 and UL130 to acceleration of solid organ transplant chronic rejection are poorly understood, and are in need of an effective in vivo model system to elucidate the phenomenon. We demonstrated similar molecular entry requirements for R129 and R131 in the rat cells, as observed for HCMV, and provided evidence that R129 and R131 are part of the viral entry complex required for entry into macrophages, dendritic cells, and bone marrow cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris K. A. Jones
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (I.K.A.J.); (N.N.H.); (Z.J.S.); (T.F.A.); (M.D.); (C.E.S.); (K.B.); (C.N.K.)
| | - Nicole N. Haese
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (I.K.A.J.); (N.N.H.); (Z.J.S.); (T.F.A.); (M.D.); (C.E.S.); (K.B.); (C.N.K.)
| | - Philippe Gatault
- Renal Transplant Unit, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, University Hospital of Tours, 37032 Tours, France;
| | - Zachary J. Streblow
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (I.K.A.J.); (N.N.H.); (Z.J.S.); (T.F.A.); (M.D.); (C.E.S.); (K.B.); (C.N.K.)
| | - Takeshi F. Andoh
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (I.K.A.J.); (N.N.H.); (Z.J.S.); (T.F.A.); (M.D.); (C.E.S.); (K.B.); (C.N.K.)
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (J.M.B.); (S.L.O.)
| | - Michael Denton
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (I.K.A.J.); (N.N.H.); (Z.J.S.); (T.F.A.); (M.D.); (C.E.S.); (K.B.); (C.N.K.)
| | - Cassilyn E. Streblow
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (I.K.A.J.); (N.N.H.); (Z.J.S.); (T.F.A.); (M.D.); (C.E.S.); (K.B.); (C.N.K.)
| | - Kiley Bonin
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (I.K.A.J.); (N.N.H.); (Z.J.S.); (T.F.A.); (M.D.); (C.E.S.); (K.B.); (C.N.K.)
| | - Craig N. Kreklywich
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (I.K.A.J.); (N.N.H.); (Z.J.S.); (T.F.A.); (M.D.); (C.E.S.); (K.B.); (C.N.K.)
| | - Jennifer M. Burg
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (J.M.B.); (S.L.O.)
| | - Susan L. Orloff
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (J.M.B.); (S.L.O.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Daniel N. Streblow
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (I.K.A.J.); (N.N.H.); (Z.J.S.); (T.F.A.); (M.D.); (C.E.S.); (K.B.); (C.N.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Huang H, Rückborn M, Le-Trilling VTK, Zhu D, Yang S, Zhou W, Yang X, Feng X, Lu Y, Lu M, Dittmer U, Yang D, Trilling M, Liu J. Prophylactic and therapeutic HBV vaccination by an HBs-expressing cytomegalovirus vector lacking an interferon antagonist in mice. Eur J Immunol 2020; 51:393-407. [PMID: 33029793 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-based vaccines show promising effects against chronic infections in nonhuman primates. Therefore, we examined the potential of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccines based on mouse CMV (MCMV) vectors expressing the small HBsAg. Immunological consequences of vaccine virus attenuation were addressed by either replacing the dispensable gene m157 ("MCMV-HBsȍ) or the gene M27 ("ΔM27-HBs"), the latter encodes a potent IFN antagonist targeting the transcription factor STAT2. M27 was chosen, since human CMV encodes an analogous gene product, which also induced proteasomal STAT2 degradation by exploiting Cullin RING ubiquitin ligases. Vaccinated mice were challenged with HBV through hydrodynamic injection. MCMV-HBs and ΔM27-HBs vaccination achieved accelerated HBV clearance in serum and liver as well as robust HBV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. When we explored the therapeutic potential of MCMV-based vaccines, especially the combination of ΔM27-HBs prime and DNA boost vaccination resulted in increased intrahepatic HBs-specific CD8+ T-cell responses and HBV clearance in persistently infected mice. Our results demonstrated that vaccines based on a replication competent MCMV attenuated through the deletion of an IFN antagonist targeting STAT2 elicit robust anti-HBV immune responses and mediate HBV clearance in mice in prophylactic and therapeutic immunization regimes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meike Rückborn
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shangqing Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqing Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuecheng Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuemei Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinping Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mirko Trilling
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Taher H, Mahyari E, Kreklywich C, Uebelhoer LS, McArdle MR, Moström MJ, Bhusari A, Nekorchuk M, E X, Whitmer T, Scheef EA, Sprehe LM, Roberts DL, Hughes CM, Jackson KA, Selseth AN, Ventura AB, Cleveland-Rubeor HC, Yue Y, Schmidt KA, Shao J, Edlefsen PT, Smedley J, Kowalik TF, Stanton RJ, Axthelm MK, Estes JD, Hansen SG, Kaur A, Barry PA, Bimber BN, Picker LJ, Streblow DN, Früh K, Malouli D. In vitro and in vivo characterization of a recombinant rhesus cytomegalovirus containing a complete genome. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008666. [PMID: 33232376 PMCID: PMC7723282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are highly adapted to their host species resulting in strict species specificity. Hence, in vivo examination of all aspects of CMV biology employs animal models using host-specific CMVs. Infection of rhesus macaques (RM) with rhesus CMV (RhCMV) has been established as a representative model for infection of humans with HCMV due to the close evolutionary relationships of both host and virus. However, the only available RhCMV clone that permits genetic modifications is based on the 68-1 strain which has been passaged in fibroblasts for decades resulting in multiple genomic changes due to tissue culture adaptations. As a result, 68-1 displays reduced viremia in RhCMV-naïve animals and limited shedding compared to non-clonal, low passage isolates. To overcome this limitation, we used sequence information from primary RhCMV isolates to construct a full-length (FL) RhCMV by repairing all mutations affecting open reading frames (ORFs) in the 68-1 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). Inoculation of adult, immunocompetent, RhCMV-naïve RM with the reconstituted virus resulted in significant viremia in the blood similar to primary isolates of RhCMV and furthermore led to high viral genome copy numbers in many tissues at day 14 post infection. In contrast, viral dissemination was greatly reduced upon deletion of genes also lacking in 68-1. Transcriptome analysis of infected tissues further revealed that chemokine-like genes deleted in 68-1 are among the most highly expressed viral transcripts both in vitro and in vivo consistent with an important immunomodulatory function of the respective proteins. We conclude that FL-RhCMV displays in vitro and in vivo characteristics of a wildtype virus while being amenable to genetic modifications through BAC recombineering techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Husam Taher
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Eisa Mahyari
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Craig Kreklywich
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Luke S. Uebelhoer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. McArdle
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Matilda J. Moström
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Amruta Bhusari
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Xiaofei E
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Travis Whitmer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Scheef
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lesli M. Sprehe
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Dawn L. Roberts
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Colette M. Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kerianne A. Jackson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Andrea N. Selseth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Abigail B. Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Hillary C. Cleveland-Rubeor
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Yujuan Yue
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Department of Medical Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kimberli A. Schmidt
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Department of Medical Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jason Shao
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Timothy F. Kowalik
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Scott G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Amitinder Kaur
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Barry
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Department of Medical Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin N. Bimber
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel N. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Ng'uni T, Chasara C, Ndhlovu ZM. Major Scientific Hurdles in HIV Vaccine Development: Historical Perspective and Future Directions. Front Immunol 2020; 11:590780. [PMID: 33193428 PMCID: PMC7655734 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.590780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the discovery of HIV as a causative agent of AIDS, the expectation was to rapidly develop a vaccine; but thirty years later, we still do not have a licensed vaccine. Progress has been hindered by the extensive genetic variability of HIV and our limited understanding of immune responses required to protect against HIV acquisition. Nonetheless, valuable knowledge accrued from numerous basic and translational science research studies and vaccine trials has provided insight into the structural biology of the virus, immunogen design and novel vaccine delivery systems that will likely constitute an effective vaccine. Furthermore, stakeholders now appreciate the daunting scientific challenges of developing an effective HIV vaccine, hence the increased advocacy for collaborative efforts among academic research scientists, governments, pharmaceutical industry, philanthropy, and regulatory entities. In this review, we highlight the history of HIV vaccine development efforts, highlighting major challenges and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiza Ng'uni
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Caroline Chasara
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Zaza M Ndhlovu
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Fernandez-Garcia L, Pacios O, González-Bardanca M, Blasco L, Bleriot I, Ambroa A, López M, Bou G, Tomás M. Viral Related Tools against SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2020; 12:E1172. [PMID: 33081350 PMCID: PMC7589879 DOI: 10.3390/v12101172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
At the end of 2019, a new disease appeared and spread all over the world, the COVID-19, produced by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. As a consequence of this worldwide health crisis, the scientific community began to redirect their knowledge and resources to fight against it. Here we summarize the recent research on viruses employed as therapy and diagnostic of COVID-19: (i) viral-vector vaccines both in clinical trials and pre-clinical phases; (ii) the use of bacteriophages to find antibodies specific to this virus and some studies of how to use the bacteriophages themselves as a treatment against viral diseases; and finally, (iii) the use of CRISPR-Cas technology both to obtain a fast precise diagnose of the patient and also the possible use of this technology as a cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fernandez-Garcia
- Microbiology Department-Research Institute Biomedical A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (L.F.-G.); (O.P.); (M.G.-B.); (L.B.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (G.B.)
- Study Group on Mechanisms of Action and Resistance to Antimicrobials (GEMARA) of Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Pacios
- Microbiology Department-Research Institute Biomedical A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (L.F.-G.); (O.P.); (M.G.-B.); (L.B.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (G.B.)
- Study Group on Mechanisms of Action and Resistance to Antimicrobials (GEMARA) of Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica González-Bardanca
- Microbiology Department-Research Institute Biomedical A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (L.F.-G.); (O.P.); (M.G.-B.); (L.B.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (G.B.)
- Study Group on Mechanisms of Action and Resistance to Antimicrobials (GEMARA) of Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Blasco
- Microbiology Department-Research Institute Biomedical A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (L.F.-G.); (O.P.); (M.G.-B.); (L.B.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (G.B.)
- Study Group on Mechanisms of Action and Resistance to Antimicrobials (GEMARA) of Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Bleriot
- Microbiology Department-Research Institute Biomedical A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (L.F.-G.); (O.P.); (M.G.-B.); (L.B.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (G.B.)
- Study Group on Mechanisms of Action and Resistance to Antimicrobials (GEMARA) of Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antón Ambroa
- Microbiology Department-Research Institute Biomedical A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (L.F.-G.); (O.P.); (M.G.-B.); (L.B.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (G.B.)
- Study Group on Mechanisms of Action and Resistance to Antimicrobials (GEMARA) of Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - María López
- Microbiology Department-Research Institute Biomedical A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (L.F.-G.); (O.P.); (M.G.-B.); (L.B.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (G.B.)
- Study Group on Mechanisms of Action and Resistance to Antimicrobials (GEMARA) of Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - German Bou
- Microbiology Department-Research Institute Biomedical A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (L.F.-G.); (O.P.); (M.G.-B.); (L.B.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (G.B.)
- Study Group on Mechanisms of Action and Resistance to Antimicrobials (GEMARA) of Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), 41071 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Maria Tomás
- Microbiology Department-Research Institute Biomedical A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (L.F.-G.); (O.P.); (M.G.-B.); (L.B.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (G.B.)
- Study Group on Mechanisms of Action and Resistance to Antimicrobials (GEMARA) of Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), 41071 Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Ventura JD. Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1): Viral Latency, the Reservoir, and the Cure. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 93:549-560. [PMID: 33005119 PMCID: PMC7513431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An estimated 37 million people globally suffer from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) infection with 1.7 million newly acquired infections occurring on average each year. Although crucial advances in combined antiretroviral therapy (ART) over the last two decades have transformed an HIV-1 diagnosis into a tolerable and controlled condition, enabling over 20 million people living with HIV-1 to enjoy healthy and productive lives, no cure or vaccine yet exists. Developing a successful cure strategy will require a firm understanding of how viral latency is established and how a persistent and long-lived latent is generated. The latent reservoir remains the primary obstacle for cure development and most putative cure strategies proposed fundamentally address its eradication or permanent suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D. Ventura
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed:
Dr. John D. Ventura, . ORCID iD:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4373-3242.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Ward AR, Mota TM, Jones RB. Immunological approaches to HIV cure. Semin Immunol 2020; 51:101412. [PMID: 32981836 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has proven remarkably successful - for those who can access and afford it - yet HIV infection persists indefinitely in a reservoir of cells, despite effective ART and despite host antiviral immune responses. An HIV cure is therefore the next aspirational goal and challenge, though approaches differ in their objectives - with 'functional cures' aiming for durable viral control in the absence of ART, and 'sterilizing cures' aiming for the more difficult to realize objective of complete viral eradication. Mechanisms of HIV persistence, including viral latency, anatomical sequestration, suboptimal immune functioning, reservoir replenishment, target cell-intrinsic immune resistance, and, potentially, target cell distraction of immune effectors, likely need to be overcome in order to achieve a cure. A small fraction of people living with HIV (PLWH) naturally control infection via immune-mediated mechanisms, however, providing both sound rationale and optimism that an immunological approach to cure is possible. Herein we review up to date knowledge and emerging evidence on: the mechanisms contributing to HIV persistence, as well as potential strategies to overcome these barriers; promising immunological approaches to achieve viral control and elimination of reservoir-harboring cells, including harnessing adaptive immune responses to HIV and engineered therapies, as well as enhancers of their functions and of complementary innate immune functioning; and combination strategies that are most likely to succeed. Ultimately, a cure must be safe, effective, durable, and, eventually, scalable in order to be widely acceptable and available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Ward
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; PhD Program in Epidemiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Talia M Mota
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Vasilieva E, Gianella S, Freeman ML. Novel Strategies to Combat CMV-Related Cardiovascular Disease. Pathog Immun 2020; 5:240-274. [PMID: 33089035 PMCID: PMC7556413 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v5i1.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a ubiquitous human pathogen that is never cleared from the host, has long been thought to be relatively innocuous in immunocompetent adults, but causes severe complications including blindness, end-organ disease, and death in newborns and in immuno-compromised individuals, such as organ transplant recipients and those suffering from AIDS. Yet even in persons with intact immunity, CMV infection is associated with profound stimulation of immune and inflammatory pathways. Carriers of CMV infection also have an elevated risk of developing cardiovascular complications. In this review, we define the proposed mechanisms of how CMV contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD), describe current approaches to target CMV, and discuss how these strategies may or may not alleviate cardiovascular complications in those with CMV infection. In addition, we discuss the special situation of CMV coinfection in people with HIV infection receiving antiretroviral therapy, and describe how these 2 viral infections may interact to potentiate CVD in this especially vulnerable population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vasilieva
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow 127473, Russia
| | - Sara Gianella
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael L. Freeman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine; Department of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Lofano G, Mallett CP, Bertholet S, O’Hagan DT. Technological approaches to streamline vaccination schedules, progressing towards single-dose vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:88. [PMID: 33024579 PMCID: PMC7501859 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines represent the most successful medical intervention in history, with billions of lives saved. Although multiple doses of the same vaccine are typically required to reach an adequate level of protection, it would be advantageous to develop vaccines that induce protective immunity with fewer doses, ideally just one. Single-dose vaccines would be ideal to maximize vaccination coverage, help stakeholders to greatly reduce the costs associated with vaccination, and improve patient convenience. Here we describe past attempts to develop potent single dose vaccines and explore the reasons they failed. Then, we review key immunological mechanisms of the vaccine-specific immune responses, and how innovative technologies and approaches are guiding the preclinical and clinical development of potent single-dose vaccines. By modulating the spatio-temporal delivery of the vaccine components, by providing the appropriate stimuli to the innate immunity, and by designing better antigens, the new technologies and approaches leverage our current knowledge of the immune system and may synergize to enable the rational design of next-generation vaccination strategies. This review provides a rational perspective on the possible development of future single-dose vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lofano
- GSK, Slaoui Center for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Corey P. Mallett
- GSK, Slaoui Center for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Sylvie Bertholet
- GSK, Slaoui Center for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Derek T. O’Hagan
- GSK, Slaoui Center for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
A Zigzag but Upward Way to Develop an HIV-1 Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030511. [PMID: 32911701 PMCID: PMC7564621 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
After decades of its epidemic, the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is still rampant worldwide. An effective vaccine is considered to be the ultimate strategy to control and prevent the spread of HIV-1. To date, hundreds of clinical trials for HIV-1 vaccines have been tested. However, there is no HIV-1 vaccine available yet, mostly because the immune correlates of protection against HIV-1 infection are not fully understood. Currently, a variety of recombinant viruses-vectored HIV-1 vaccine candidates are extensively studied as promising strategies to elicit the appropriate immune response to control HIV-1 infection. In this review, we summarize the current findings on the immunological parameters to predict the protective efficacy of HIV-1 vaccines, and highlight the latest advances on HIV-1 vaccines based on viral vectors.
Collapse
|
61
|
Watkins TS, Miles JJ. The human T-cell receptor repertoire in health and disease and potential for omics integration. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 99:135-145. [PMID: 32677130 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system arose 600 million years ago in a cold-blooded fish. Over countless generations, our antecedents tuned the function of the T-cell receptor (TCR). The TCR system is arguably the most complex known to science. The TCR evolved hypervariability to fight the hypervariability of pathogens and cancers that look to consume our resources. This review describes the genetics and architecture of the human TCR and highlights surprising new discoveries over the past years that have disproved very old dogmas. The standardization of TCR sequencing data is discussed in preparation for big data bioinformatics and predictive analysis. We next catalogue new signatures and phenomenon discovered by TCR next generation sequencing (NGS) in health and disease and work that remain to be done in this space. Finally, we discuss how TCR NGS can add to immunodiagnostics and integrate with other omics platforms for both a deeper understanding of TCR biology and its use in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Watkins
- The Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - John J Miles
- The Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
La Manna MP, Orlando V, Tamburini B, Badami GD, Dieli F, Caccamo N. Harnessing Unconventional T Cells for Immunotherapy of Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2107. [PMID: 33013888 PMCID: PMC7497315 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Even if the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) has been decreasing over the last years, the number of patients with TB is increasing worldwide. The emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB is making control of TB more difficult. Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine fails to prevent pulmonary TB in adults, and there is an urgent need for a vaccine that is also effective in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. Therefore, TB control may benefit on novel therapeutic options beyond antimicrobial treatment. Host-directed immunotherapies could offer therapeutic strategies for patients with drug-resistant TB or with HIV and TB coinfection. In the last years, the use of donor lymphocytes after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has emerged as a new strategy in the cure of hematologic malignancies in order to induce graft-versus leukemia and graft-versus-infection effects. Moreover, adoptive therapy has proven to be effective in controlling cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in immunocompromised patients with ex vivo expanded viral antigen-specific T cells. Unconventional T cells are a heterogeneous group of T lymphocytes with limited diversity. One of their characteristics is that antigen recognition is not restricted by the classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC). They include CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1)–restricted T cells, MHC-related protein-1–restricted mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, MHC class Ib–reactive T cells, and γδ T cells. Because these T cells are genotype-independent, they are also termed “donor unrestricted” T cells. The combined features of low donor diversity and the lack of genetic restriction make these cells suitable candidates for T cell–based immunotherapy of TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco P La Manna
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Orlando
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bartolo Tamburini
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giusto D Badami
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nadia Caccamo
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
RhCMV serostatus and vaccine adjuvant impact immunogenicity of RhCMV/SIV vaccines. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14056. [PMID: 32820216 PMCID: PMC7441386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) strain 68-1-vectored simian immunodeficiency virus (RhCMV/SIV) vaccines are associated with complete clearance of pathogenic SIV challenge virus, non-canonical major histocompatibility complex restriction, and absent antibody responses in recipients previously infected with wild-type RhCMV. This report presents the first investigation of RhCMV/SIV vaccines in RhCMV-seronegative macaques lacking anti-vector immunity. Fifty percent of rhesus macaques (RM) vaccinated with a combined RhCMV-Gag, -Env, and -Retanef (RTN) vaccine controlled pathogenic SIV challenge despite high peak viremia. However, kinetics of viral load control by vaccinated RM were considerably delayed compared to previous reports. Impact of a TLR5 agonist (flagellin; FliC) on vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity was also examined. An altered vaccine regimen containing an SIV Gag-FliC fusion antigen instead of Gag was significantly less immunogenic and resulted in reduced protection. Notably, RhCMV-Gag and RhCMV-Env vaccines elicited anti-Gag and anti-Env antibodies in RhCMV-seronegative RM, an unexpected contrast to vaccination of RhCMV-seropositive RM. These findings confirm that RhCMV-vectored SIV vaccines significantly protect against SIV pathogenesis. However, pre-existing vector immunity and a pro-inflammatory vaccine adjuvant may influence RhCMV/SIV vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy. Future investigation of the impact of pre-existing anti-vector immune responses on protective immunity conferred by this vaccine platform is warranted.
Collapse
|
64
|
Schober K, Fuchs P, Mir J, Hammel M, Fanchi L, Flossdorf M, Busch DH. The CMV-Specific CD8 + T Cell Response Is Dominated by Supra-Public Clonotypes with High Generation Probabilities. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080650. [PMID: 32823573 PMCID: PMC7460440 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary processes govern the selection of T cell clonotypes that are optimally suited to mediate efficient antigen-specific immune responses against pathogens and tumors. While the theoretical diversity of T cell receptor (TCR) sequences is vast, the antigen-specific TCR repertoire is restricted by its peptide epitope and the presenting major histocompatibility complex (pMHC). It remains unclear how many TCR sequences are recruited into an antigen-specific T cell response, both within and across different organisms, and which factors shape both of these distributions. Infection of mice with ovalbumin-expressing cytomegalovirus (IE2-OVA-mCMV) represents a well-studied model system to investigate T cell responses given their size and longevity. Here we investigated > 180,000 H2kb/SIINFEKL-recognizing TCR CDR3α or CDR3β sequences from 25 individual mice spanning seven different time points during acute infection and memory inflation. In-depth repertoire analysis revealed that from a pool of highly diverse, but overall limited sequences, T cell responses were dominated by public clonotypes, partly with unexpectedly extreme degrees of sharedness between individual mice ("supra-public clonotypes"). Public clonotypes were found exclusively in a fraction of TCRs with a high generation probability. Generation probability and degree of sharedness select for highly functional TCRs, possibly mediated through elevating intraindividual precursor frequencies of clonotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Schober
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (J.M.); (M.H.); (M.F.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (D.H.B.); Tel.: +49-89-4140-6870 (K.S.); +49-89-4140-4120 (D.H.B.)
| | - Pim Fuchs
- ENPICOM B.V., 5211 AX ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (P.F.); (L.F.)
| | - Jonas Mir
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (J.M.); (M.H.); (M.F.)
| | - Monika Hammel
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (J.M.); (M.H.); (M.F.)
| | - Lorenzo Fanchi
- ENPICOM B.V., 5211 AX ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (P.F.); (L.F.)
| | - Michael Flossdorf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (J.M.); (M.H.); (M.F.)
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (J.M.); (M.H.); (M.F.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (D.H.B.); Tel.: +49-89-4140-6870 (K.S.); +49-89-4140-4120 (D.H.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Mosaheb MM, Brown MC, Dobrikova EY, Dobrikov MI, Gromeier M. Harnessing virus tropism for dendritic cells for vaccine design. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:73-80. [PMID: 32771959 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal stimulators of T cell responses. They provide essential signals (epitope presentation, proinflammatory cytokines, co-stimulation) to T cells and prime adaptive immunity. Therefore, they are paramount to immunization strategies geared to generate T cell immunity. The inflammatory signals DCs respond to, classically occur in the context of acute virus infection. Yet, enlisting viruses for engaging DCs is hampered by their penchant for targeting DCs with sophisticated immune evasive and suppressive ploys. In this review, we discuss our work on devising vectors based on a recombinant polio:rhinovirus chimera for effectively targeting and engaging DCs. We are juxtaposing this approach with commonly used, recently studied dsDNA virus vector platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mubeen M Mosaheb
- Departments of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology and Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, MSRB1 Room 423, Box 3020 Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Michael C Brown
- Departments of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology and Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, MSRB1 Room 423, Box 3020 Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Elena Y Dobrikova
- Departments of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology and Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, MSRB1 Room 423, Box 3020 Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Mikhail I Dobrikov
- Departments of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology and Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, MSRB1 Room 423, Box 3020 Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Matthias Gromeier
- Departments of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology and Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, MSRB1 Room 423, Box 3020 Durham, NC 27710, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Calvignac-Spencer S, Kouadio L, Couacy-Hymann E, Sogoba N, Rosenke K, Davison AJ, Leendertz F, Jarvis MA, Feldmann H, Ehlers B. Multiple DNA viruses identified in multimammate mouse (Mastomys natalensis) populations from across regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2291-2299. [PMID: 32754877 PMCID: PMC7497350 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The multimammate mouse (Mastomys natalensis; M. natalensis) serves as the main reservoir for the zoonotic arenavirus Lassa virus (LASV), and this has led to considerable investigation into the distribution of LASV and other related arenaviruses in this host species. In contrast to the situation with arenaviruses, the presence of other viruses in M. natalensis remains largely unexplored. In this study, herpesviruses and polyomaviruses were identified and partially characterized by PCR methods, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. In tissues sampled from M. natalensis populations in Côte d'Ivoire and Mali, six new DNA viruses (four betaherpesviruses, one gammaherpesvirus and one polyomavirus) were identified. Phylogenetic analysis based on glycoprotein B amino acid sequences showed that the herpesviruses clustered with cytomegaloviruses and rhadinoviruses of multiple rodent species. The complete circular genome of the newly identified polyomavirus was amplified by PCR. Amino acid sequence analysis of the large T antigen or VP1 showed that this virus clustered with a known polyomavirus from a house mouse (species Mus musculus polyomavirus 1). These two polyomaviruses form a clade with other rodent polyomaviruses, and the newly identified virus represents the third known polyomavirus of M. natalensis. This study represents the first identification of herpesviruses and the discovery of a novel polyomavirus in M. natalensis. In contrast to arenaviruses, we anticipate that these newly identified viruses represent a low zoonotic risk due to the normally highly restricted specificity of members of these two DNA virus families to their individual mammalian host species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Léonce Kouadio
- LANADA/Central Laboratory for Animal Diseases, Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire.,P3 "Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms", Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Nafomon Sogoba
- Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology, Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Kyle Rosenke
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fabian Leendertz
- P3 "Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms", Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael A Jarvis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.,The Vaccine Group Ltd, Plymouth, UK
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Bernhard Ehlers
- Division 12 "Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients", Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Schijns V, Fernández-Tejada A, Barjaktarović Ž, Bouzalas I, Brimnes J, Chernysh S, Gizurarson S, Gursel I, Jakopin Ž, Lawrenz M, Nativi C, Paul S, Pedersen GK, Rosano C, Ruiz-de-Angulo A, Slütter B, Thakur A, Christensen D, Lavelle EC. Modulation of immune responses using adjuvants to facilitate therapeutic vaccination. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:169-190. [PMID: 32594569 PMCID: PMC7497245 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccination offers great promise as an intervention for a diversity of infectious and non-infectious conditions. Given that most chronic health conditions are thought to have an immune component, vaccination can at least in principle be proposed as a therapeutic strategy. Understanding the nature of protective immunity is of vital importance, and the progress made in recent years in defining the nature of pathological and protective immunity for a range of diseases has provided an impetus to devise strategies to promote such responses in a targeted manner. However, in many cases, limited progress has been made in clinical adoption of such approaches. This in part results from a lack of safe and effective vaccine adjuvants that can be used to promote protective immunity and/or reduce deleterious immune responses. Although somewhat simplistic, it is possible to divide therapeutic vaccine approaches into those targeting conditions where antibody responses can mediate protection and those where the principal focus is the promotion of effector and memory cellular immunity or the reduction of damaging cellular immune responses as in the case of autoimmune diseases. Clearly, in all cases of antigen-specific immunotherapy, the identification of protective antigens is a vital first step. There are many challenges to developing therapeutic vaccines beyond those associated with prophylactic diseases including the ongoing immune responses in patients, patient heterogeneity, and diversity in the type and stage of disease. If reproducible biomarkers can be defined, these could allow earlier diagnosis and intervention and likely increase therapeutic vaccine efficacy. Current immunomodulatory approaches related to adoptive cell transfers or passive antibody therapy are showing great promise, but these are outside the scope of this review which will focus on the potential for adjuvanted therapeutic active vaccination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Schijns
- Wageningen University, Cell Biology & Immunology and, ERC-The Netherlands, Schaijk, Landerd campus, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Fernández-Tejada
- Chemical Immunology Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIC bioGUNE, Biscay, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Žarko Barjaktarović
- Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Ilias Bouzalas
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Sergey Chernysh
- Laboratory of Insect Biopharmacology and Immunology, Department of Entomology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Žiga Jakopin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maria Lawrenz
- Vaccine Formulation Institute (CH), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Nativi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ane Ruiz-de-Angulo
- Chemical Immunology Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIC bioGUNE, Biscay, Spain
| | - Bram Slütter
- Div. BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ed C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Lévy Y, Lacabaratz C, Ellefsen-Lavoie K, Stöhr W, Lelièvre JD, Bart PA, Launay O, Weber J, Salzberger B, Wiedemann A, Surenaud M, Koelle DM, Wolf H, Wagner R, Rieux V, Montefiori DC, Yates NL, Tomaras GD, Gottardo R, Mayer B, Ding S, Thiébaut R, McCormack S, Chêne G, Pantaleo G. Optimal priming of poxvirus vector (NYVAC)-based HIV vaccine regimens for T cell responses requires three DNA injections. Results of the randomized multicentre EV03/ANRS VAC20 Phase I/II Trial. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008522. [PMID: 32589686 PMCID: PMC7319597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vectors have been widely used as a priming of poxvirus vaccine in prime/boost regimens. Whether the number of DNA impacts qualitatively or quantitatively the immune response is not fully explored. With the aim to reinforce T-cell responses by optimizing the prime-boost regimen, the multicentric EV03/ANRS VAC20 phase I/II trial, randomized 147 HIV-negative volunteers to either 3xDNA plus 1xNYVAC (weeks 0, 4, 8 plus 24; n = 74) or to 2xDNA plus 2xNYVAC (weeks 0, 4 plus 20, 24; n = 73) groups. T-cell responses (IFN-γ ELISPOT) to at least one peptide pool were higher in the 3xDNA than the 2xDNA groups (91% and 80% of vaccinees) (P = 0.049). In the 3xDNA arm, 26 (37%) recipients developed a broader T-cell response (Env plus at least to one of the Gag, Pol, Nef pools) than in the 2xDNA (15; 22%) arms (primary endpoint; P = 0.047) with a higher magnitude against Env (at week 26) (P<0.001). In both groups, vaccine regimens induced HIV-specific polyfunctional CD4 and CD8 T cells and the production of Th1, Th2 and Th17/IL-21 cytokines. Antibody responses were also elicited in up to 81% of vaccines. A higher percentage of IgG responders was noted in the 2xDNA arm compared to the 3xDNA arm, while the 3xDNA group tended to elicit a higher magnitude of IgG3 response against specific Env antigens. We show here that the modulation of the prime strategy, without modifying the route or the dose of administration, or the combination of vectors, may influence the quality of the responses. Development of a safe and effective HIV-1 vaccine would undoubtedly be the best solution for the ultimate control of the worldwide AIDS pandemic. To date, only one large phase III trial (RV144 Thai study) showed a partial and modest protection against HIV infection. This result raised hope in the field and encouraged the development of vaccines or strategies in order to improve vaccine efficacy. Several vaccine strategies designed to elicit broad HIV-specific T cells and/or neutralizing antibodies to prevent HIV-1 transmission are under evaluation. Among diverse candidate vaccines, the safety and immunogenicity of multi-gene DNA-based and Pox-virus derived vaccines have been evaluated in several clinical studies. The present study was designed to optimize the combination of these two vaccines with the aim of determining the optimal number of DNA primes for a poxvirus-based HIV vaccine regimen. We show here that the prime boost combination is highly immunogenic and that the number of DNA primes induces differentially T cell and antibody responses. A better priming of poxvirus-based vaccine regimens for T cells is obtained with 3 DNA injections. Our results contribute and extend data of several preclinical studies pointing out the potential interest of DNA as a prime capable not only of improving immune responses but also of imprinting the long-term responses to boost vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Lévy
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, équipe 16, Créteil, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service d’Immunologie Clinique, Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Christine Lacabaratz
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, équipe 16, Créteil, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Daniel Lelièvre
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, équipe 16, Créteil, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service d’Immunologie Clinique, Créteil, France
| | | | - Odile Launay
- Université de Paris, Faculté de médecine Paris Descartes; Inserm, CIC 1417, F-CRIN I-REIVAC; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, CIC Cochin Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Bernd Salzberger
- University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Aurélie Wiedemann
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, équipe 16, Créteil, France
| | - Mathieu Surenaud
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, équipe 16, Créteil, France
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine & Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hans Wolf
- University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Véronique Rieux
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, équipe 16, Créteil, France
- ANRS, Paris, France
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicole L. Yates
- Department of Surgery, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bryan Mayer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Song Ding
- EuroVacc Foundation, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rodolphe Thiébaut
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, University Bordeaux, ISPED, CIC 1401-EC, Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, pôle de santé publique, Bordeaux, France
- INRIA SISTM, Talence, France
| | | | - Geneviève Chêne
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, University Bordeaux, ISPED, CIC 1401-EC, Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, pôle de santé publique, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Anderson CK, Reilly EC, Lee AY, Brossay L. Qa-1-Restricted CD8 + T Cells Can Compensate for the Absence of Conventional T Cells during Viral Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 27:537-548.e5. [PMID: 30970256 PMCID: PMC6472915 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of non-classical T cells during viral infection remains poorly understood. Using the well-established murine model of CMV infection (MCMV) and mice deficient in MHC class Ia molecules, we found that non-classical CD8+ T cells robustly expand after MCMV challenge, become highly activated effectors, and are capable of forming durable memory. Interestingly, although these cells are restricted by MHC class Ib molecules, they respond similarly to conventional T cells. Remarkably, when acting as the sole component of the adaptive immune response, non-classical CD8+ T cells are sufficient to protect against MCMV-induced lethality. We also demonstrate that the MHC class Ib molecule Qa-1 (encoded by H2-T23) restricts a large, and critical, portion of this population. These findings reveal a potential adaptation of the host immune response to compensate for viral evasion of classical T cell immunity. Anderson et al. describe a heterogenous population of non-classical CD8+ T cells responding to MCMV. Importantly, this population can protect mice from MCMV-induced lethality in the absence of other adaptive immune cells. Among the MHC class Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells responding, Qa-1-specific cells are required for protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney K Anderson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Emma C Reilly
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Angus Y Lee
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94702, USA
| | - Laurent Brossay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Gingras SN, Tang D, Tuff J, McLaren PJ. Minding the gap in HIV host genetics: opportunities and challenges. Hum Genet 2020; 139:865-875. [PMID: 32409920 PMCID: PMC7272494 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been successful in identifying and confirming novel genetic variants that are associated with diverse HIV phenotypes. However, these studies have predominantly focused on European cohorts. HLA molecules have been consistently associated with HIV outcomes, some of which have been found to be population specific, underscoring the need for diversity in GWAS. Recently, there has been a concerted effort to address this gap that leads to health care (disease prevention, diagnosis, treatment) disparities with marginal improvement. As precision medicine becomes more utilized, non-European individuals will be more and more disadvantaged, as the genetic variants identified in genomic research based on European populations may not accurately reflect that of non-European individuals. Leveraging pre-existing, large, multiethnic cohorts, such as the UK Biobank, 23andMe, and the National Institute of Health's All of Us Research Program, can contribute in raising genomic research in non-European populations and ultimately lead to better health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanelle N. Gingras
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National HIV and Retrovirology Lab, National Microbiology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - David Tang
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National HIV and Retrovirology Lab, National Microbiology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Tuff
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National HIV and Retrovirology Lab, National Microbiology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Paul J. McLaren
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National HIV and Retrovirology Lab, National Microbiology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Mohamed YS, Borthwick NJ, Moyo N, Murakoshi H, Akahoshi T, Siliquini F, Hannoun Z, Crook A, Hayes P, Fast PE, Mutua G, Jaoko W, Silva-Arrieta S, Llano A, Brander C, Takiguchi M, Hanke T. Specificity of CD8 + T-Cell Responses Following Vaccination with Conserved Regions of HIV-1 in Nairobi, Kenya. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E260. [PMID: 32485938 PMCID: PMC7349992 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa carries the biggest burden of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)/AIDS epidemic and is in an urgent need of an effective vaccine. CD8+ T cells are an important component of the host immune response to HIV-1 and may need to be harnessed if a vaccine is to be effective. CD8+ T cells recognize human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-associated viral epitopes and the HLA alleles vary significantly among different ethnic groups. It follows that definition of HIV-1-derived peptides recognized by CD8+ T cells in the geographically relevant regions will critically guide vaccine development. Here, we study fine details of CD8+ T-cell responses elicited in HIV-1/2-uninfected individuals in Nairobi, Kenya, who received a candidate vaccine delivering conserved regions of HIV-1 proteins called HIVconsv. Using 10-day cell lines established by in vitro peptide restimulation of cryopreserved PBMC and stably HLA-transfected 721.221/C1R cell lines, we confirm experimentally many already defined epitopes, for a number of epitopes we define the restricting HLA molecule(s) and describe four novel HLA-epitope pairs. We also identify specific dominance patterns, a promiscuous T-cell epitope and a rescue of suboptimal T-cell epitope induction in vivo by its functional variant, which all together inform vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yehia S. Mohamed
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (Y.S.M.); (N.J.B.); (N.M.); (F.S.); (Z.H.); (A.C.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11823, Egypt
| | - Nicola J. Borthwick
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (Y.S.M.); (N.J.B.); (N.M.); (F.S.); (Z.H.); (A.C.)
| | - Nathifa Moyo
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (Y.S.M.); (N.J.B.); (N.M.); (F.S.); (Z.H.); (A.C.)
| | - Hayato Murakoshi
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; (H.M.); (T.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Tomohiro Akahoshi
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; (H.M.); (T.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Francesca Siliquini
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (Y.S.M.); (N.J.B.); (N.M.); (F.S.); (Z.H.); (A.C.)
| | - Zara Hannoun
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (Y.S.M.); (N.J.B.); (N.M.); (F.S.); (Z.H.); (A.C.)
| | - Alison Crook
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (Y.S.M.); (N.J.B.); (N.M.); (F.S.); (Z.H.); (A.C.)
| | - Peter Hayes
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative IAVI-Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW10 9NH, UK;
| | - Patricia E. Fast
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative-New York, New York, NY 10004, USA;
| | - Gaudensia Mutua
- KAVI-Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 19676 00202, Kenya; (G.M.); (W.J.)
| | - Walter Jaoko
- KAVI-Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 19676 00202, Kenya; (G.M.); (W.J.)
| | - Sandra Silva-Arrieta
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (S.S.-A.); (A.L.); (C.B.)
| | - Anuska Llano
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (S.S.-A.); (A.L.); (C.B.)
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (S.S.-A.); (A.L.); (C.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Masafumi Takiguchi
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; (H.M.); (T.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (Y.S.M.); (N.J.B.); (N.M.); (F.S.); (Z.H.); (A.C.)
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; (H.M.); (T.A.); (M.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Abstract
Development of improved approaches for HIV-1 prevention will likely be required for a durable end to the global AIDS pandemic. Recent advances in preclinical studies and early phase clinical trials offer renewed promise for immunologic strategies for blocking acquisition of HIV-1 infection. Clinical trials are currently underway to evaluate the efficacy of two vaccine candidates and a broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) to prevent HIV-1 infection in humans. However, the vast diversity of HIV-1 is a major challenge for both active and passive immunization. Here we review current immunologic strategies for HIV-1 prevention, with a focus on current and next-generation vaccines and bNAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Stephenson
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Kshitij Wagh
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Bette Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Clinical and evolutionary consequences of HIV adaptation to HLA: implications for vaccine and cure. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2020; 14:194-204. [PMID: 30925534 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in our understanding of HIV adaptation to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-associated immune pressures and its relevance to HIV prevention and cure research. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research has confirmed that HLA is a major driver of individual and population-level HIV evolution, that HIV strains are adapting to the immunogenetic profiles of the different human ethnic groups in which they circulate, and that HIV adaptation has substantial clinical and immunologic consequences. As such, adaptation represents a major challenge to HIV prevention and cure. At the same time, there are opportunities: Studies of HIV adaptation are revealing why certain HLA alleles are protective in some populations and not others; they are identifying immunogenic viral epitopes that harbor high mutational barriers to escape, and they may help illuminate novel, vaccine-relevant HIV epitopes in regions where circulating adaptation is extensive. Elucidation of HLA-driven adapted and nonadapted viral forms in different human populations and HIV subtypes also renders 'personalized' immunogen selection, as a component of HIV cure strategies, conceptually feasible. SUMMARY Though adaptation represents a major challenge to HIV prevention and cure, achieving an in-depth understanding of this phenomenon can help move the design of such strategies forward.
Collapse
|
74
|
Burwitz BJ, Hashiguchi PK, Mansouri M, Meyer C, Gilbride RM, Biswas S, Womack JL, Reed JS, Wu HL, Axthelm MK, Hansen SG, Picker LJ, Früh K, Sacha JB. MHC-E-Restricted CD8 + T Cells Target Hepatitis B Virus-Infected Human Hepatocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:2169-2176. [PMID: 32161099 PMCID: PMC8109620 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Currently 247 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B virus infection (CHB), and the development of novel curative treatments is urgently needed. Immunotherapy is an attractive approach to treat CHB, yet therapeutic approaches to augment the endogenous hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific T cell response in CHB patients have demonstrated little success. In this study, we show that strain 68-1 rhesus macaque (RM) CMV vaccine vectors expressing HBV Ags engender HBV-specific CD8+ T cells unconventionally restricted by MHC class II and the nonclassical MHC-E molecule in RM. Surface staining of human donor and RM primary hepatocytes (PH) ex vivo revealed the majority of PH expressed MHC-E but not MHC class II. HBV-specific, MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells from RM vaccinated with RM CMV vaccine vectors expressing HBV Ags recognized HBV-infected PH from both human donor and RM. These results provide proof-of-concept that MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells could be harnessed for the treatment of CHB, either through therapeutic vaccination or adoptive immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; and
| | - Patrick K Hashiguchi
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Mandana Mansouri
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | | | - Roxanne M Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Sreya Biswas
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jennie L Womack
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Helen L Wu
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; and
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; and
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; and
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006;
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; and
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006;
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; and
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Wilski NA, Stotesbury C, Del Casale C, Montoya B, Wong E, Sigal LJ, Snyder CM. STING Sensing of Murine Cytomegalovirus Alters the Tumor Microenvironment to Promote Antitumor Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2961-2972. [PMID: 32284333 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CMV has been proposed to play a role in cancer progression and invasiveness. However, CMV has been increasingly studied as a cancer vaccine vector, and multiple groups, including ours, have reported that the virus can drive antitumor immunity in certain models. Our previous work revealed that intratumoral injections of wild-type murine CMV (MCMV) into B16-F0 melanomas caused tumor growth delay in part by using a viral chemokine to recruit macrophages that were subsequently infected. We now show that MCMV acts as a STING agonist in the tumor. MCMV infection of tumors in STING-deficient mice resulted in normal recruitment of macrophages to the tumor, but poor recruitment of CD8+ T cells, reduced production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and no delay in tumor growth. In vitro, expression of type I IFN was dependent on both STING and the type I IFNR. Moreover, type I IFN alone was sufficient to induce cytokine and chemokine production by macrophages and B16 tumor cells, suggesting that the major role for STING activation was to produce type I IFN. Critically, viral infection of wild-type macrophages alone was sufficient to restore tumor growth delay in STING-deficient animals. Overall, these data show that MCMV infection and sensing in tumor-associated macrophages through STING signaling is sufficient to promote antitumor immune responses in the B16-F0 melanoma model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Wilski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Colby Stotesbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Christina Del Casale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Brian Montoya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Eric Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) host defense depends on cellular immunity, including macrophages and adaptively acquired CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. More recently, roles for new immune components, including neutrophils, innate T cells, and B cells, have been defined, and the understanding of the function of macrophages and adaptively acquired T cells has been advanced. Moreover, the understanding of TB immunology elucidates TB infection and disease as a spectrum. Finally, determinates of TB host defense, such as age and comorbidities, affect clinical expression of TB disease. Herein, the authors comprehensively review TB immunology with an emphasis on new advances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Lewinsohn
- Oregon Health and Science University, 3710 Southwest U.S. Veterans Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Deborah A Lewinsohn
- Oregon Health and Science University, 707 Southwest Gaines Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
J. Heath J, D. Grant M. The Immune Response Against Human Cytomegalovirus Links Cellular to Systemic Senescence. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030766. [PMID: 32245117 PMCID: PMC7140628 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging reflects long-term decline in physiological function and integrity. Changes arise at a variable pace governed by time-dependent and -independent mechanisms that are themselves complex, interdependent and variable. Molecular decay produces inferior cells that eventually dominate over healthy counterparts in tissues they comprise. In a form of biological entropy, progression from molecular through cellular to tissue level degeneration culminates in organ disease or dysfunction, affecting systemic health. To better understand time-independent contributors and their potential modulation, common biophysical bases for key molecular and cellular changes underlying age-related physiological deterioration must be delineated. This review addresses the potential contribution of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-driven T cell proliferation to cellular senescence and immunosenescence. We first describe molecular processes imposing cell cycle arrest, the foundation of cellular senescence, then focus on the unique distribution, phenotype and function of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells in the context of cellular senescence and "inflammaging". Their features position CMV infection as a pathogenic accelerant of immune cell proliferation underlying immune senescence. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, where increased inflammation and exaggerated anti-CMV immune responses accelerate immune senescence, CMV infection has emerged as a major factor in unhealthy aging. Thus, we speculate on mechanistic links between CMV-specific CD8+ T-cell expansion, immune senescence and prevalence of age-related disorders in HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J. Heath
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada;
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Michael D. Grant
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Roark HK, Jenks JA, Permar SR, Schleiss MR. Animal Models of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Transmission: Implications for Vaccine Development. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:S60-S73. [PMID: 32134481 PMCID: PMC7057791 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are species-specific, the study of nonhuman CMVs in animal models can help to inform and direct research aimed at developing a human CMV (HCMV) vaccine. Because the driving force behind the development of HCMV vaccines is to prevent congenital infection, the animal model in question must be one in which vertical transmission of virus occurs to the fetus. Fortunately, two such animal models-the rhesus macaque CMV and guinea pig CMV-are characterized by congenital infection. Hence, each model can be evaluated in "proof-of-concept" studies of preconception vaccination aimed at blocking transplacental transmission. This review focuses on similarities and differences in the respective model systems, and it discusses key insights from each model germane to the study of HCMV vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hunter K Roark
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer A Jenks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark R Schleiss
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Virnik K, Rosati M, Medvedev A, Scanlan A, Walsh G, Dayton F, Broderick KE, Lewis M, Bryson Y, Lifson JD, Ruprecht RM, Felber BK, Berkower I. Immunotherapy with DNA vaccine and live attenuated rubella/SIV gag vectors plus early ART can prevent SIVmac251 viral rebound in acutely infected rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228163. [PMID: 32130229 PMCID: PMC7055890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has been highly successful in controlling HIV replication, reducing viral burden, and preventing both progression to AIDS and viral transmission. Yet, ART alone cannot cure the infection. Even after years of successful therapy, ART withdrawal leads inevitably to viral rebound within a few weeks or months. Our hypothesis: effective therapy must control both the replicating virus pool and the reactivatable latent viral reservoir. To do this, we have combined ART and immunotherapy to attack both viral pools simultaneously. The vaccine regimen consisted of DNA vaccine expressing SIV Gag, followed by a boost with live attenuated rubella/gag vectors. The vectors grow well in rhesus macaques, and they are potent immunogens when used in a prime and boost strategy. We infected rhesus macaques by high dose mucosal challenge with virulent SIVmac251 and waited three days to allow viral dissemination and establishment of a reactivatable viral reservoir before starting ART. While on ART, the control group received control DNA and empty rubella vaccine, while the immunotherapy group received DNA/gag prime, followed by boosts with rubella vectors expressing SIV gag over 27 weeks. Both groups had a vaccine "take" to rubella, and the vaccine group developed antibodies and T cells specific for Gag. Five weeks after the last immunization, we stopped ART and monitored virus rebound. All four control animals eventually had a viral rebound, and two were euthanized for AIDS. One control macaque did not rebound until 2 years after ART release. In contrast, there was only one viral rebound in the vaccine group. Three out of four vaccinees had no viral rebound, even after CD8 depletion, and they remain in drug-free viral remission more than 2.5 years later. The strategy of early ART combined with immunotherapy can produce a sustained SIV remission in macaques and may be relevant for immunotherapy of HIV in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Virnik
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines, Center for Biologics, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Margherita Rosati
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexei Medvedev
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines, Center for Biologics, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aaron Scanlan
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines, Center for Biologics, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle Walsh
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines, Center for Biologics, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Frances Dayton
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kate E. Broderick
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark Lewis
- BioQual, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yvonne Bryson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia Research Center, New Iberia, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Barbara K. Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ira Berkower
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines, Center for Biologics, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Korber B, Fischer W. T cell-based strategies for HIV-1 vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:713-722. [PMID: 31584318 PMCID: PMC7227724 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1666957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite 30 years of effort, we do not have an effective HIV-1 vaccine. Over the past decade, the HIV-1 vaccine field has shifted emphasis toward antibody-based vaccine strategies, following a lack of efficacy in CD8+ T-cell-based vaccine trials. Several lines of evidence, however, suggest that improved CD8+ T-cell-directed strategies could benefit an HIV-1 vaccine. First, T-cell responses often correlate with good outcomes in non-human primate (NHP) challenge models. Second, subgroup studies of two no-efficacy human clinical vaccine trials found associations between CD8+ T-cell responses and protective effects. Finally, improved strategies can increase the breadth and potency of CD8+ T-cell responses, direct them toward preferred epitopes (that are highly conserved and/or associated with viral control), or both. Optimized CD8+ T-cell vaccine strategies are promising in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings. This commentary briefly outlines some encouraging findings from T-cell vaccine studies, and then directly compares key features of some T-cell vaccine candidates currently in the clinical pipeline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bette Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Will Fischer
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Jones LD, Moody MA, Thompson AB. Innovations in HIV-1 Vaccine Design. Clin Ther 2020; 42:499-514. [PMID: 32035643 PMCID: PMC7102617 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The field of HIV-1 vaccinology has evolved during the last 30 years from the first viral vector HIV gene insert constructs to vaccination regimens using a myriad of strategies. These strategies now include germline-targeting, lineage-based, and structure-guided immunogen design. This narrative review outlines the historical context of HIV vaccinology and subsequently highlights the scientific discoveries during the last 6 years that promise to propel the field forward. METHODS We conducted a search of 2 electronic databases, PubMed and EMBASE, for experimental studies that involved new HIV immunogen designs between 2013 and 2019. During the title and abstract reviews, publications were excluded if they were written in language other than English and/or were a letter to the editor, a commentary, or a conference-only presentation. We then used ClinicalTrials.gov to identify completed and ongoing clinical trials using these strategies. FINDINGS The HIV vaccinology field has undergone periods of significant growth during the last 3 decades. Findings elucidated in preclinical studies have revealed the importance of the interaction between the cellular and humoral immune system. As a result, several new rationally designed vaccine strategies have been developed and explored in the last 6 years, including native-like envelope trimers, nanoparticle, and mRNA vaccine design strategies among others. Several of these strategies have shown enough promise in animal models to progress toward first-in-human Phase I clinical trials. IMPLICATIONS Rapid developments in preclinical and early-phase clinical studies suggest that a tolerable and effective HIV vaccine may be on the horizon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letitia D Jones
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke University School of Medicine and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amelia B Thompson
- Duke University School of Medicine and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Abstract
: The use of cytomegalovirus (CMV) as a vaccine vector to express antigens against multiple infectious diseases, including simian immunodeficiency virus, Ebola virus, plasmodium, and mycobacterium tuberculosis, in rhesus macaques has generated extraordinary levels of protective immunity against subsequent pathogenic challenge. Moreover, the mechanisms of immune protection have altered paradigms about viral vector-mediated immunity against ectopically expressed vaccine antigens. Further optimization of CMV-vectored vaccines, particularly as this approach moves to human clinical trials will be augmented by a more complete understanding of how CMV engenders mechanisms of immune protection. This review summarizes the particulars of the specific CMV vaccine vector that has been used to date (rhesus CMV strain 68-1) in relation to CMV natural history.
Collapse
|
83
|
Robins E, Zheng M, Ni Q, Liu S, Liang C, Zhang B, Guo J, Zhuang Y, He YW, Zhu P, Wan Y, Li QJ. Conversion of effector CD4 + T cells to a CD8 + MHC II-recognizing lineage. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:150-161. [PMID: 32066854 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are dichotomous lineages in adaptive immunity. While conventionally viewed as distinct fates that are fixed after thymic development, accumulating evidence indicates that these two populations can exhibit significant lineage plasticity, particularly upon TCR-mediated activation. We define a novel CD4-CD8αβ+ MHC II-recognizing population generated by lineage conversion from effector CD4+ T cells. CD4-CD8αβ+ effector T cells downregulated the expression of T helper cell-associated costimulatory molecules and increased the expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated cytotoxic molecules. This shift in functional potential corresponded with a CD8+-lineage skewed transcriptional profile. TCRβ repertoire sequencing and in vivo genetic lineage tracing in acutely infected wild-type mice demonstrated that CD4-CD8αβ+ effector T cells arise from fundamental lineage reprogramming of bona fide effector CD4+ T cells. Impairing autophagy via functional deletion of the initiating kinase Vps34 or the downstream enzyme Atg7 enhanced the generation of this cell population. These findings suggest that effector CD4+ T cells can exhibit a previously unreported degree of skewing towards the CD8+ T cell lineage, which may point towards a novel direction for HIV vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Robins
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ming Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingshan Ni
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - You-Wen He
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Wan
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi-Jing Li
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Massara L, Khairallah C, Yared N, Pitard V, Rousseau B, Izotte J, Giese A, Dubus P, Gauthereau X, Déchanet-Merville J, Capone M. Uncovering the Anticancer Potential of Murine Cytomegalovirus against Human Colon Cancer Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 16:250-261. [PMID: 32140563 PMCID: PMC7052516 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) components are often found in tumors, but the precise relationship between HCMV and cancer remains a matter of debate. Pro-tumor functions of HCMV were described in several studies, but an association between HCMV seropositivity and reduced cancer risk was also evidenced, presumably relying on recognition and killing of cancer cells by HCMV-induced lymphocytes. This study aimed at deciphering whether CMV influences cancer development in an immune-independent manner. Using immunodeficient mice, we showed that systemic infection with murine CMV (MCMV) inhibited the growth of murine carcinomas. Surprisingly, MCMV, but not HCMV, also reduced human colon carcinoma development in vivo. In vitro, both viruses infected human cancer cells. Expression of human interferon-β (IFN-β) and nuclear domain (ND10) were induced in MCMV-infected, but not in HCMV-infected human colon cancer cells. These results suggest a decreased capacity of MCMV to counteract intrinsic defenses in the human cellular host. Finally, immunodeficient mice receiving peri-tumoral MCMV therapy showed a reduction of human colon cancer cell growth, albeit no clinical sign of systemic virus dissemination was evidenced. Our study, which describes a selective advantage of MCMV over HCMV to control human colon cancer, could pave the way for the development of CMV-based therapies against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Layal Massara
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, 33076 Bordeaux, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Khairallah
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Yared
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Pitard
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, 33076 Bordeaux, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France.,University of Bordeaux, INSERM, CNRS, TBM Core, UMS 3427, Plateforme de Cytométrie, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Benoit Rousseau
- University of Bordeaux, Service Commun des Animaleries, Animalerie A2, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Julien Izotte
- University of Bordeaux, Service Commun des Animaleries, Animalerie A2, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Alban Giese
- University of Bordeaux, EA2406 Histologie et Pathologie Moléculaire des Tumeurs, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Dubus
- University of Bordeaux, EA2406 Histologie et Pathologie Moléculaire des Tumeurs, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Xavier Gauthereau
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, CNRS, TBM Core, UMS 3427, Plateforme de PCR Quantitative, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Déchanet-Merville
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, 33076 Bordeaux, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France.,University of Bordeaux, INSERM, CNRS, TBM Core, UMS 3427, Plateforme de Cytométrie, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Myriam Capone
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, 33076 Bordeaux, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France.,University of Bordeaux, INSERM, CNRS, TBM Core, UMS 3427, Plateforme de PCR Quantitative, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
A Recombinant Rhesus Monkey Rhadinovirus Deleted of Glycoprotein L Establishes Persistent Infection of Rhesus Macaques and Elicits Conventional T Cell Responses. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01093-19. [PMID: 31645449 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01093-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A replication-competent, recombinant strain of rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV) expressing the Gag protein of SIVmac239 was constructed in the context of a glycoprotein L (gL) deletion mutation. Deletion of gL detargets the virus from Eph family receptors. The ability of this gL-minus Gag recombinant RRV to infect, persist, and elicit immune responses was evaluated after intravenous inoculation of two Mamu-A*01 + RRV-naive rhesus monkeys. Both monkeys responded with an anti-RRV antibody response, and quantitation of RRV DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by real-time PCR revealed levels similar to those in monkeys infected with recombinant gL+ RRV. Comparison of RRV DNA levels in sorted CD3+ versus CD20+ versus CD14+ PBMC subpopulations indicated infection of the CD20+ subpopulation by the gL-minus RRV. This contrasts with results obtained with transformed B cell lines in vitro, in which deletion of gL resulted in markedly reduced infectivity. Over a period of 20 weeks, Gag-specific CD8+ T cell responses were documented by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) tetramer staining. Vaccine-induced CD8+ T cell responses, which were predominantly directed against the Mamu-A*01-restricted Gag181-189CM9 epitope, could be inhibited by blockade of MHC-I presentation. Our results indicate that gL and the interaction with Eph family receptors are dispensable for the colonization of the B cell compartment following high-dose infection by the intravenous route, which suggests the existence of alternative receptors. Further, gL-minus RRV elicits cellular immune responses that are predominantly canonical in nature.IMPORTANCE Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with a substantial disease burden in sub-Saharan Africa, often in the context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The related rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV) has shown potential as a vector to immunize monkeys with antigens from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), the macaque model for HIV. KSHV and RRV engage cellular receptors from the Eph family via the viral gH/gL glycoprotein complex. We have now generated a recombinant RRV that expresses the SIV Gag antigen and does not express gL. This recombinant RRV was infectious by the intravenous route, established persistent infection in the B cell compartment, and elicited strong immune responses to the SIV Gag antigen. These results argue against a role for gL and Eph family receptors in B cell infection by RRV in vivo and have implications for the development of a live-attenuated KSHV vaccine or vaccine vector.
Collapse
|
86
|
Abstract
The human betaherpesviruses, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV; species Human betaherpesvirus 5) and human herpesviruses 6A, 6B, and 7 (HHV-6A, -6B, and -7; species Human betaherpesviruses 6A, 6B, and 7) are highly prevalent and can cause severe disease in immune-compromised and immune-naive populations in well- and under-developed communities. Herpesvirus virion assembly is an intricate process that requires viral orchestration of host systems. In this review, we describe recent advances in some of the many cellular events relevant to assembly and egress of betaherpesvirus virions. These include modifications of host metabolic, immune, and autophagic/recycling systems. In addition, we discuss unique aspects of betaherpesvirus virion structure, virion assembly, and the cellular pathways employed during virion egress.
Collapse
|
87
|
Master manipulators: how herpesviruses alter immune responses to RSV. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:715-716. [PMID: 32528182 PMCID: PMC7289069 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this commentary on “A gammaherpesvirus licenses CD8 T cells to protect the host from pneumovirus-induced immunopathologies”, the authors highlight the growing literature suggesting that herpesvirus infections shape subsequent immune responses to other pathogens, especially by broadening CD8+T-cell responses. These observations have implications for vaccine development against other important pathogens, such as Respiratory Syncytial Virus.
Collapse
|
88
|
Caposio P, van den Worm S, Crawford L, Perez W, Kreklywich C, Gilbride RM, Hughes CM, Ventura AB, Ratts R, Marshall EE, Malouli D, Axthelm MK, Streblow D, Nelson JA, Picker LJ, Hansen SG, Früh K. Characterization of a live-attenuated HCMV-based vaccine platform. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19236. [PMID: 31848362 PMCID: PMC6917771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55508-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines based on cytomegalovirus (CMV) demonstrate protection in animal models of infectious disease and cancer. Vaccine efficacy is associated with the ability of CMV to elicit and indefinitely maintain high frequencies of circulating effector memory T cells (TEM) providing continuous, life-long anti-pathogen immune activity. To allow for the clinical testing of human CMV (HCMV)-based vaccines we constructed and characterized as a vector backbone the recombinant molecular clone TR3 representing a wildtype genome. We demonstrate that TR3 can be stably propagated in vitro and that, despite species incompatibility, recombinant TR3 vectors elicit high frequencies of TEM to inserted antigens in rhesus macaques (RM). Live-attenuated versions of TR3 were generated by deleting viral genes required to counteract intrinsic and innate immune responses. In addition, we eliminated subunits of a viral pentameric glycoprotein complex thus limiting cell tropism. We show in a humanized mouse model that such modified vectors were able to establish persistent infection but lost their ability to reactivate from latency. Nevertheless, attenuated TR3 vectors preserved the ability to elicit and maintain TEM to inserted antigens in RM. We further demonstrate that attenuated TR3 can be grown in approved cell lines upon elimination of an anti-viral host factor using small interfering RNA, thus obviating the need for a complementing cell line. In sum, we have established a versatile platform for the clinical development of live attenuated HCMV-vectored vaccines and immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Caposio
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Sjoerd van den Worm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
- Batavia Biosciences B.V., Zernikedreef 16, 2333 CL, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lindsey Crawford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Wilma Perez
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Craig Kreklywich
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Roxanne M Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Colette M Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Abigail B Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Robert Ratts
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
- Vir Biotechnology, 4640, SW Macadam Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Emily E Marshall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
- Vir Biotechnology, 4640, SW Macadam Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Daniel Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Jay A Nelson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA.
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Paes W, Leonov G, Partridge T, Chikata T, Murakoshi H, Frangou A, Brackenridge S, Nicastri A, Smith AG, Learn GH, Li Y, Parker R, Oka S, Pellegrino P, Williams I, Haynes BF, McMichael AJ, Shaw GM, Hahn BH, Takiguchi M, Ternette N, Borrow P. Contribution of proteasome-catalyzed peptide cis-splicing to viral targeting by CD8 + T cells in HIV-1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:24748-24759. [PMID: 31748275 PMCID: PMC6900506 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911622116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides generated by proteasome-catalyzed splicing of noncontiguous amino acid sequences have been shown to constitute a source of nontemplated human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) epitopes, but their role in pathogen-specific immunity remains unknown. CD8+ T cells are key mediators of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) control, and identification of novel epitopes to enhance targeting of infected cells is a priority for prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. To explore the contribution of proteasome-catalyzed peptide splicing (PCPS) to HIV-1 epitope generation, we developed a broadly applicable mass spectrometry-based discovery workflow that we employed to identify spliced HLA-I-bound peptides on HIV-infected cells. We demonstrate that HIV-1-derived spliced peptides comprise a relatively minor component of the HLA-I-bound viral immunopeptidome. Although spliced HIV-1 peptides may elicit CD8+ T cell responses relatively infrequently during infection, CD8+ T cells primed by partially overlapping contiguous epitopes in HIV-infected individuals were able to cross-recognize spliced viral peptides, suggesting a potential role for PCPS in restricting HIV-1 escape pathways. Vaccine-mediated priming of responses to spliced HIV-1 epitopes could thus provide a novel means of exploiting epitope targets typically underutilized during natural infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Paes
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom;
| | - German Leonov
- York Cross-Disciplinary Centre for Systems Analysis, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Partridge
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Takayuki Chikata
- Centre for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hayato Murakoshi
- Centre for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Anna Frangou
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Brackenridge
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Annalisa Nicastri
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G Smith
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Gerald H Learn
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yingying Li
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Robert Parker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Shinichi Oka
- Centre for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
- AIDS Clinical Centre, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Pierre Pellegrino
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, University College London, London WC1E 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Williams
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, University College London, London WC1E 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| | - George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Nicola Ternette
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom;
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Vianna P, Mendes MF, Bragatte MA, Ferreira PS, Salzano FM, Bonamino MH, Vieira GF. pMHC Structural Comparisons as a Pivotal Element to Detect and Validate T-Cell Targets for Vaccine Development and Immunotherapy-A New Methodological Proposal. Cells 2019; 8:E1488. [PMID: 31766602 PMCID: PMC6952977 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for epitopes that will effectively trigger an immune response remains the "El Dorado" for immunologists. The development of promising immunotherapeutic approaches requires the appropriate targets to elicit a proper immune response. Considering the high degree of HLA/TCR diversity, as well as the heterogeneity of viral and tumor proteins, this number will invariably be higher than ideal to test. It is known that the recognition of a peptide-MHC (pMHC) by the T-cell receptor is performed entirely in a structural fashion, where the atomic interactions of both structures, pMHC and TCR, dictate the fate of the process. However, epitopes with a similar composition of amino acids can produce dissimilar surfaces. Conversely, sequences with no conspicuous similarities can exhibit similar TCR interaction surfaces. In the last decade, our group developed a database and in silico structural methods to extract molecular fingerprints that trigger T-cell immune responses, mainly referring to physicochemical similarities, which could explain the immunogenic differences presented by different pMHC-I complexes. Here, we propose an immunoinformatic approach that considers a structural level of information, combined with an experimental technology that simulates the presentation of epitopes for a T cell, to improve vaccine production and immunotherapy efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Vianna
- Laboratory of Human Teratogenesis and Population Medical Genetics, Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91.501-970, Brazil;
| | - Marcus F.A. Mendes
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics (NBLI), Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91.501-970, Brazil (M.A.B.)
| | - Marcelo A. Bragatte
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics (NBLI), Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91.501-970, Brazil (M.A.B.)
| | - Priscila S. Ferreira
- Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, Brazil; (P.S.F.); (M.H.B.)
| | - Francisco M. Salzano
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91.501-970, Brazil;
| | - Martin H. Bonamino
- Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, Brazil; (P.S.F.); (M.H.B.)
- Vice Presidency of Research and Biological Collections, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo F. Vieira
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics (NBLI), Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91.501-970, Brazil (M.A.B.)
- Laboratory of Health Bioinformatics, Post Graduate Program in Health and Human Development, La Salle University, Canoas 91.501-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Vaccination of Macaques with DNA Followed by Adenoviral Vectors Encoding Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Gag Alone Delays Infection by Repeated Mucosal Challenge with SIV. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00606-19. [PMID: 31413132 PMCID: PMC6803269 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00606-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) macaque model represents the best animal model for testing new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines. Previous studies employing replication-defective adenovirus (rAd) vectors that transiently express SIV internal proteins induced T cell responses that controlled virus load but did not protect against virus challenge. However, we show for the first time that SIV gag delivered in a DNA prime followed by a boost with an rAd vector confers resistance to SIV intrarectal challenge. Other partially successful SIV/HIV-1 protective vaccines induce antibody to the envelope and neutralize the virus or mediate antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. Induction of CD8 T cells which do not prevent initial infection but eradicate infected cells before infection becomes established has also shown some success. In contrast, the vaccine described here mediates resistance by a different mechanism from that described above, which may reflect CD4 T cell activity. This could indicate an alternative approach for HIV-1 vaccine development. Vaccines aimed at inducing T cell responses to protect against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have been under development for more than 15 years. Replication-defective adenovirus (rAd) vaccine vectors are at the forefront of this work and have been tested extensively in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenge macaque model. Vaccination with rAd vectors coding for SIV Gag or other nonenvelope proteins induces T cell responses that control virus load but disappointingly is unsuccessful so far in preventing infection, and attention has turned to inducing antibodies to the envelope. However, here we report that Mauritian cynomolgus macaques (MCM), Macaca fascicularis, vaccinated with unmodified SIV gag alone in a DNA prime followed by an rAd boost exhibit increased protection from infection by repeated intrarectal challenge with low-dose SIVmac251. There was no evidence of infection followed by eradication. A significant correlation was observed between cytokine expression by CD4 T cells and delayed infection. Vaccination with gag fused to the ubiquitin gene or fragmented, designed to increase CD8 magnitude and breadth, did not confer resistance to challenge or enhance immunity. On infection, a significant reduction in peak virus load was observed in all vaccinated animals, including those vaccinated with modified gag. These findings suggest that a nonpersistent viral vector vaccine coding for internal virus proteins may be able to protect against HIV type 1 (HIV-1) infection. The mechanisms are probably distinct from those of antibody-mediated virus neutralization or cytotoxic CD8 cell killing of virus-infected cells and may be mediated in part by CD4 T cells. IMPORTANCE The simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) macaque model represents the best animal model for testing new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines. Previous studies employing replication-defective adenovirus (rAd) vectors that transiently express SIV internal proteins induced T cell responses that controlled virus load but did not protect against virus challenge. However, we show for the first time that SIV gag delivered in a DNA prime followed by a boost with an rAd vector confers resistance to SIV intrarectal challenge. Other partially successful SIV/HIV-1 protective vaccines induce antibody to the envelope and neutralize the virus or mediate antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. Induction of CD8 T cells which do not prevent initial infection but eradicate infected cells before infection becomes established has also shown some success. In contrast, the vaccine described here mediates resistance by a different mechanism from that described above, which may reflect CD4 T cell activity. This could indicate an alternative approach for HIV-1 vaccine development.
Collapse
|
92
|
Vaccine Vectors Harnessing the Power of Cytomegaloviruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040152. [PMID: 31627457 PMCID: PMC6963789 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) species have been gaining attention as experimental vaccine vectors inducing cellular immune responses of unparalleled strength and protection. This review outline the strengths and the restrictions of CMV-based vectors, in light of the known aspects of CMV infection, pathogenicity and immunity. We discuss aspects to be considered when optimizing CMV based vaccines, including the innate immune response, the adaptive humoral immunity and the T-cell responses. We also discuss the antigenic epitopes presented by unconventional major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in some CMV delivery systems and considerations about routes for delivery for the induction of systemic or mucosal immune responses. With the first clinical trials initiating, CMV-based vaccine vectors are entering a mature phase of development. This impetus needs to be maintained by scientific advances that feed the progress of this technological platform.
Collapse
|
93
|
Kumru OS, Saleh-Birdjandi S, Antunez LR, Sayeed E, Robinson D, van den Worm S, Diemer GS, Perez W, Caposio P, Früh K, Joshi SB, Volkin DB. Stabilization and formulation of a recombinant Human Cytomegalovirus vector for use as a candidate HIV-1 vaccine. Vaccine 2019; 37:6696-6706. [PMID: 31548012 PMCID: PMC6863464 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Live attenuated viral vaccine/vector candidates are inherently unstable and infectivity titer losses can readily occur without defining appropriate formulations, storage conditions and clinical handling practices. During initial process development of a candidate vaccine against HIV-1 using a recombinant Human Cytomegalovirus vector (rHCMV-1), large vector titer losses were observed after storage at 4 °C and after undergoing freeze-thaw. Thus, the goal of this work was to develop candidate frozen liquid formulations of rHCMV-1 with improved freeze-thaw and short-term liquid stability for potential use in early clinical trials. To this end, a virus stability screening protocol was developed including use of a rapid, in vitro cell-based immunofluorescence focus assay to quantitate viral titers. A library of ∼50 pharmaceutical excipients (from various known classes of additives) were evaluated for their effect on vector stability after freeze-thaw cycling or incubation at 4 °C for several days. Certain additives including sugars and polymers (e.g., trehalose, sucrose, sorbitol, hydrolyzed gelatin, dextran 40) as well as removal of NaCl (lower ionic strength) protected rHCMV-1 against freeze-thaw mediated losses in viral titers. Optimized solution conditions (e.g., solution pH, buffers and sugar type) slowed the rate of rHCMV-1 titer losses in the liquid state at 4 °C. After evaluating various excipient combinations, three new candidate formulations were designed and rHCMV-1 stability was benchmarked against both the currently-used and a previously reported formulation. The new candidate formulations were significantly more stable in terms of reducing rHCMV-1 titer losses after 5 freeze-thaw cycles or incubation at 4 °C for 30 days. This case study highlights the utility of semi-empirical design of frozen liquid formulations of a live viral vaccine candidate, where protection against infectivity titer losses due to freeze-thaw and short-term liquid storage are sufficient to enable more rapid initiation of early clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozan S Kumru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Soraia Saleh-Birdjandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Lorena R Antunez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Eddy Sayeed
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, 125 Broad Street, 9th Floor, New York, NY 10004, USA
| | | | - Sjoerd van den Worm
- Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, 505 NW185th Ave, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Geoffrey S Diemer
- Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, 505 NW185th Ave, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Wilma Perez
- Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, 505 NW185th Ave, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Patrizia Caposio
- Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, 505 NW185th Ave, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Klaus Früh
- Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, 505 NW185th Ave, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Hanke T. Aiming for protective T-cell responses: a focus on the first generation conserved-region HIVconsv vaccines in preventive and therapeutic clinical trials. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:1029-1041. [PMID: 31613649 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1675518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite life-saving antiretroviral drugs, an effective HIV-1 vaccine is the best solution and likely a necessary component of any strategy for halting the AIDS epidemic. The currently prevailing aim is to pursue antibody-mediated vaccine protection. With ample evidence for the ability of T cells to control HIV-1 replication, their protective potential should be also harnessed by vaccination. The challenge is to elicit not just any, but protective T cells.Areas covered: This article reviews the clinical experience with the first-generation conserved-region immunogen HIVconsv delivered by combinations of plasmid DNA, simian adenovirus, and poxvirus MVA. The aim of our strategy is to induce strong and broad T cells targeting functionally important parts of HIV-1 proteins common to global variants. These vaccines were tested in eight phase 1/2 preventive and therapeutic clinical trials in Europe and Africa, and induced high frequencies of broadly specific CD8+ T cells capable of in vitro inhibition of four major HIV-1 clades A, B, C and D, and in combination with latency-reactivating agent provided a signal of drug-free virological control in early treated patients.Expert opinion: A number of critical T-cell traits have to come together at the same time to achieve control over HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Abdulhaqq SA, Wu H, Schell JB, Hammond KB, Reed JS, Legasse AW, Axthelm MK, Park BS, Asokan A, Früh K, Hansen SG, Picker LJ, Sacha JB. Vaccine-Mediated Inhibition of the Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing Is Insufficient To Induce Major Histocompatibility Complex E-Restricted CD8 + T Cells in Nonhuman Primates. J Virol 2019; 93:e00592-19. [PMID: 31315990 PMCID: PMC6744250 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00592-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex E (MHC-E) is a highly conserved nonclassical MHC-Ib molecule that tightly binds peptides derived from leader sequences of classical MHC-Ia molecules for presentation to natural killer cells. However, MHC-E also binds diverse foreign and neoplastic self-peptide antigens for presentation to CD8+ T cells. Although the determinants of MHC-E-restricted T cell priming remain unknown, these cells are induced in humans infected with pathogens containing genes that inhibit the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). Indeed, mice vaccinated with TAP-inhibited autologous dendritic cells develop T cells restricted by the murine MHC-E homologue, Qa-1b. Here, we tested whether rhesus macaques (RM) vaccinated with viral constructs expressing a TAP inhibitor would develop insert-specific MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells. We generated viral constructs coexpressing SIVmac239 Gag in addition to one of three TAP inhibitors: herpes simplex virus 2 ICP47, bovine herpes virus 1 UL49.5, or rhesus cytomegalovirus Rh185. Each TAP inhibitor reduced surface expression of MHC-Ia molecules but did not reduce surface MHC-E expression. In agreement with modulation of surface MHC-Ia levels, TAP inhibition diminished presentation of MHC-Ia-restricted CD8+ T cell epitopes without impacting presentation of peptide antigen bound by MHC-E. Vaccination of macaques with vectors dually expressing SIVmac239 Gag with ICP47, UL49.5, or Rh185 generated Gag-specific CD8+ T cells classically restricted by MHC-Ia but not MHC-E. These data demonstrate that, in contrast to results in mice, TAP inhibition alone is insufficient for priming of MHC-E-restricted T cell responses in primates and suggest that additional unknown mechanisms govern the induction of CD8+ T cells recognizing MHC-E-bound antigen.IMPORTANCE Due to the near monomorphic nature of MHC-E in the human population and inability of many pathogens to inhibit MHC-E-mediated peptide presentation, MHC-E-restricted T cells have become an attractive vaccine target. However, little is known concerning how these cells are induced. Understanding the underlying mechanisms that induce these T cells would provide a powerful new vaccine strategy to an array of neoplasms and viral and bacterial pathogens. Recent studies have indicated a link between TAP inhibition and induction of MHC-E-restricted T cells. The significance of our research is in demonstrating that TAP inhibition alone does not prime MHC-E-restricted T cell generation and suggests that other, currently unknown mechanisms regulate their induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaheed A Abdulhaqq
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Helen Wu
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - John B Schell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Katherine B Hammond
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Alfred W Legasse
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Byung S Park
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Immunization with a murine cytomegalovirus based vector encoding retrovirus envelope confers strong protection from Friend retrovirus challenge infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008043. [PMID: 31568492 PMCID: PMC6786657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunization vectors based on cytomegalovirus (CMV) have attracted a lot of interest in recent years because of their high efficacy in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) macaque model, which has been attributed to their ability to induce strong, unusually broad, and unconventionally restricted CD8+ T cell responses. To evaluate the ability of CMV-based vectors to mediate protection by other immune mechanisms, we evaluated a mouse CMV (MCMV)-based vector encoding Friend virus (FV) envelope (Env), which lacks any known CD8+ T cell epitopes, for its protective efficacy in the FV mouse model. When we immunized highly FV-susceptible mice with the Env-encoding MCMV vector (MCMV.env), we could detect high frequencies of Env-specific CD4+ T cells after a single immunization. While the control of an early FV challenge infection was highly variable, an FV infection applied later after immunization was tightly controlled by almost all immunized mice. Protection of mice correlated with their ability to mount a robust anamnestic neutralizing antibody response upon FV infection, but Env-specific CD4+ T cells also produced appreciable levels of interferon γ. Depletion and transfer experiments underlined the important role of antibodies for control of FV infection but also showed that while no Env-specific CD8+ T cells were induced by the MCMV.env vaccine, the presence of CD8+ T cells at the time of FV challenge was required. The immunity induced by MCMV.env immunization was long-lasting, but was restricted to MCMV naïve animals. Taken together, our results demonstrate a novel mode of action of a CMV-based vaccine for anti-retrovirus immunization that confers strong protection from retrovirus challenge, which is conferred by CD4+ T cells and antibodies. CMV-based vectors have attracted a lot of attention in the vaccine development field, since they were shown to induce unconventionally restricted CD8+ T cell responses and strong protection in the SIV rhesus macaque model. In a mouse retrovirus model, we show now that immunization with a mouse CMV-based vector encoding retrovirus envelope conferred very strong protection, even though it was not designed to induce any CD8+ T cell responses. In this MCMV.env immunization, protection relied on the induction of CD4+ T cells and the ability to mount a strong anamnestic neutralizing antibody response upon retrovirus infection, but it was restricted to MCMV pre-naïve mice. In our model system, the MCMV based vector shows very high efficacy that is comparable to an attenuated retrovirus-based vaccine, and encourages the pursuit of this vaccination strategy.
Collapse
|
97
|
Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection of Melanoma Lesions Delays Tumor Growth by Recruiting and Repolarizing Monocytic Phagocytes in the Tumor. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00533-19. [PMID: 31375579 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00533-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous betaherpesvirus that infects many different cell types. Human CMV (HCMV) has been found in several solid tumors, and it has been hypothesized that it may promote cellular transformation or exacerbate tumor growth. Paradoxically, in some experimental situations, murine CMV (MCMV) infection delays tumor growth. We previously showed that wild-type MCMV delayed the growth of poorly immunogenic B16 melanomas via an undefined mechanism. Here, we show that MCMV delayed the growth of these immunologically "cold" tumors by recruiting and modulating tumor-associated macrophages. Depletion of monocytic phagocytes with clodronate completely prevented MCMV from delaying tumor growth. Mechanistically, our data suggest that MCMV recruits new macrophages to the tumor via the virus-encoded chemokine MCK2, and viruses lacking this chemokine were unable to delay tumor growth. Moreover, MCMV infection of macrophages drove them toward a proinflammatory (M1)-like state. Importantly, adaptive immune responses were also necessary for MCMV to delay tumor growth as the effect was substantially blunted in Rag-deficient animals. However, viral spread was not needed and a spread-defective MCMV strain was equally effective. In most mice, the antitumor effect of MCMV was transient. Although the recruited macrophages persisted, tumor regrowth correlated with a loss of viral activity in the tumor. However, an additional round of MCMV infection further delayed tumor growth, suggesting that tumor growth delay was dependent on active viral infection. Together, our results suggest that MCMV infection delayed the growth of an immunologically cold tumor by recruiting and modulating macrophages in order to promote anti-tumor immune responses.IMPORTANCE Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an exciting new platform for vaccines and cancer therapy. Although CMV may delay tumor growth in some settings, there is also evidence that CMV may promote cancer development and progression. Thus, defining the impact of CMV on tumors is critical. Using a mouse model of melanoma, we previously found that murine CMV (MCMV) delayed tumor growth and activated tumor-specific immunity although the mechanism was unclear. We now show that MCMV delayed tumor growth through a mechanism that required monocytic phagocytes and a viral chemokine that recruited macrophages to the tumor. Furthermore, MCMV infection altered the functional state of macrophages. Although the effects of MCMV on tumor growth were transient, we found that repeated MCMV injections sustained the antitumor effect, suggesting that active viral infection was needed. Thus, MCMV altered tumor growth by actively recruiting macrophages to the tumor, where they were modulated to promote antitumor immunity.
Collapse
|
98
|
Zimmermann C, Kowalewski D, Bauersfeld L, Hildenbrand A, Gerke C, Schwarzmüller M, Le-Trilling VTK, Stevanovic S, Hengel H, Momburg F, Halenius A. HLA-B locus products resist degradation by the human cytomegalovirus immunoevasin US11. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008040. [PMID: 31527904 PMCID: PMC6764698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To escape CD8+ T-cell immunity, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) US11 redirects MHC-I for rapid ER-associated proteolytic degradation (ERAD). In humans, classical MHC-I molecules are encoded by the highly polymorphic HLA-A, -B and -C gene loci. While HLA-C resists US11 degradation, the specificity for HLA-A and HLA-B products has not been systematically studied. In this study we analyzed the MHC-I peptide ligands in HCMV-infected cells. A US11-dependent loss of HLA-A ligands was observed, but not of HLA-B. We revealed a general ability of HLA-B to assemble with β2m and exit from the ER in the presence of US11. Surprisingly, a low-complexity region between the signal peptide sequence and the Ig-like domain of US11, was necessary to form a stable interaction with assembled MHC-I and, moreover, this region was also responsible for changing the pool of HLA-B ligands. Our data suggest a two-pronged strategy by US11 to escape CD8+ T-cell immunity, firstly, by degrading HLA-A molecules, and secondly, by manipulating the HLA-B ligandome. The human immune system can cover the presentation of a wide array of pathogen derived antigens owing to the three extraordinary polymorphic MHC class I (MHC-I) gene loci, called HLA-A, -B and -C in humans. Studying the HLA peptide ligands of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infected cells, we realized that the HCMV encoded glycoprotein US11 targeted different HLA gene products in distinct manners. More than 20 years ago the first HCMV encoded MHC-I inhibitors were identified, including US11, targeting MHC-I for proteasomal degradation. Here, we describe that the prime target for US11-mediated degradation is HLA-A, whereas HLA-B can resist degradation. Our further mechanistic analysis revealed that US11 uses various domains for distinct functions. Remarkably, the ability of US11 to interact with assembled MHC-I and modify peptide loading of degradation-resistant HLA-B was dependent on a low-complexity region (LCR) located between the signal peptide and the immunoglobulin-like domain of US11. To redirect MHC-I for proteasomal degradation the LCR was dispensable. These findings now raise the intriguing question why US11 has evolved to target HLA-A and -B differentially. Possibly, HLA-B molecules are spared in order to dampen NK cell attack against infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cosima Zimmermann
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kowalewski
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Liane Bauersfeld
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hildenbrand
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Gerke
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Schwarzmüller
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Stevanovic
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Momburg
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, Antigen Presentation and T/NK Cell Activation Group, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Halenius
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Mucosal CD8+ T cell responses induced by an MCMV based vaccine vector confer protection against influenza challenge. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008036. [PMID: 31525249 PMCID: PMC6763260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous β-herpesvirus that establishes life-long latent infection in a high percentage of the population worldwide. CMV induces the strongest and most durable CD8+ T cell response known in human clinical medicine. Due to its unique properties, the virus represents a promising candidate vaccine vector for the induction of persistent cellular immunity. To take advantage of this, we constructed a recombinant murine CMV (MCMV) expressing an MHC-I restricted epitope from influenza A virus (IAV) H1N1 within the immediate early 2 (ie2) gene. Only mice that were immunized intranasally (i.n.) were capable of controlling IAV infection, despite the greater potency of the intraperitoneally (i.p.) vaccination in inducing a systemic IAV-specific CD8+ T cell response. The protective capacity of the i.n. immunization was associated with its ability to induce IAV-specific tissue-resident memory CD8+ T (CD8TRM) cells in the lungs. Our data demonstrate that the protective effect exerted by the i.n. immunization was critically mediated by antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. CD8TRM cells promoted the induction of IFNγ and chemokines that facilitate the recruitment of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells to the lungs. Overall, our results showed that locally applied MCMV vectors could induce mucosal immunity at sites of entry, providing superior immune protection against respiratory infections. Vaccines against influenza typically induce immune responses based on antibodies, small molecules that recognize the virus particles outside of cells and neutralize them before they infect a cell. However, influenza rapidly evolves, escaping immune recognition, and the fastest evolution is seen in the part of the virus that is recognized by antibodies. Therefore, every year we are confronted with new flu strains that are not recognized by our antibodies against the strains from previous years. The other branch of the immune system is made of killer T cells, which recognize infected cells and target them for killing. Influenza does not rapidly evolve to escape T cell killing; thus, vaccines inducing T-cell responses to influenza might provide long-term protection. We introduced an antigen from influenza into the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and used it as a vaccine vector inducing killer T-cell responses of unparalleled strength. Our vector controls influenza replication and provides relief to infected mice, but only if we administered it through the nose, to activate killer T cells that will persist in the lungs close to the airways. Therefore, our data show that the subset of lung-resident killer T cells is sufficient to protect against influenza.
Collapse
|
100
|
Liu J, Jaijyan DK, Tang Q, Zhu H. Promising Cytomegalovirus-Based Vaccine Vector Induces Robust CD8 + T-Cell Response. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4457. [PMID: 31510028 PMCID: PMC6770317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination has had great success in combating diseases, especially infectious diseases. However, traditional vaccination strategies are ineffective for several life-threatening diseases, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), tuberculosis, malaria, and cancer. Viral vaccine vectors represent a promising strategy because they can efficiently deliver foreign genes and enhance antigen presentation in vivo. However, several limitations, including pre-existing immunity and packaging capacity, block the application of viral vectors. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been demonstrated as a new type of viral vector with additional advantages. CMV could systematically elicit and maintain high frequencies of effector memory T cells through the "memory inflation" mechanism. Studies have shown that CMV can be genetically modified to induce distinct patterns of CD8+ T-cell responses, while some unconventional CD8+ T-cell responses are rarely induced through conventional vaccine strategies. CMV has been used as a vaccine vector to deliver many disease-specific antigens, and the efficacy of these vaccines was tested in different animal models. Promising results demonstrated that the robust and unconventional T-cell responses elicited by the CMV-based vaccine vector are essential to control these diseases. These accumulated data and evidence strongly suggest that a CMV-based vaccine vector represents a promising approach to develop novel prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against some epidemic pathogens and tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Dabbu Kumar Jaijyan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
- College of Life Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| |
Collapse
|