51
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Abstract
Dogs are second only to humans in medical surveillance and preventative health care, leading to a recent perception of increased cancer incidence. Scientific priorities in veterinary oncology have thus shifted, with a demand for cancer genetic screens, better diagnostics, and more effective therapies. Most dog breeds came into existence within the last 300 years, and many are derived from small numbers of founders. Each has undergone strong artificial selection, in which dog fanciers selected for many traits, including body size, fur type, color, skull shape, and behavior, to create novel breeds. The adoption of the breed barrier rule-no dog may become a registered member of a breed unless both its dam and its sire are registered members-ensures a relatively closed genetic pool within each breed. As a result, there is strong phenotypic homogeneity within breeds but extraordinary phenotypic variation between breeds. One consequence of this is the high level of breed-associated genetic disease. We and others have taken advantage of this to identify genes for a large number of canine maladies for which mouse models do not exist, particularly with regard to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine A Ostrander
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Dayna L Dreger
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA; .,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Jacquelyn M Evans
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
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52
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Weiss RA. Open questions: knowing who's who in multicellular animals is not always as simple as we imagine. BMC Biol 2018; 16:115. [PMID: 30322384 PMCID: PMC6190548 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of certain tumor cells of mammals and molluscs to spread from the original host to others reopens the question of distinguishing self from non-self. It is part of a wider phenomenon of cellular parasitism and cell chimerism including germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Weiss
- Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Cruciform Building 1.3, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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53
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Fassati A. What a dog transmissible tumor can teach us about cancer regression. Mol Cell Oncol 2018; 5:e1472059. [PMID: 30250922 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2018.1472059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is one of the few clonally transmissible cancers in nature and the only one that fully regresses following treatment with vincristine. The molecular signature of CTVT regression has been described in a recent paper published in Cancer Cell, revealing some fundamental insights into cancer regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariberto Fassati
- Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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54
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Caldwell A, Coleby R, Tovar C, Stammnitz MR, Kwon YM, Owen RS, Tringides M, Murchison EP, Skjødt K, Thomas GJ, Kaufman J, Elliott T, Woods GM, Siddle HVT. The newly-arisen Devil facial tumour disease 2 (DFT2) reveals a mechanism for the emergence of a contagious cancer. eLife 2018; 7:e35314. [PMID: 30103855 PMCID: PMC6092122 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Devil Facial Tumour 2 (DFT2) is a recently discovered contagious cancer circulating in the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), a species which already harbours a more widespread contagious cancer, Devil Facial Tumour 1 (DFT1). Here we show that in contrast to DFT1, DFT2 cells express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, demonstrating that loss of MHC is not necessary for the emergence of a contagious cancer. However, the most highly expressed MHC class I alleles in DFT2 cells are common among host devils or non-polymorphic, reducing immunogenicity in a population sharing these alleles. In parallel, MHC class I loss is emerging in vivo, thus DFT2 may be mimicking the evolutionary trajectory of DFT1. Based on these results we propose that contagious cancers may exploit partial histocompatibility between the tumour and host, but that loss of allogeneic antigens could facilitate widespread transmission of DFT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Caldwell
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
- Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Rachel Coleby
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
- Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Cesar Tovar
- Menzies Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of TasmaniaHobartAustralia
| | | | - Young Mi Kwon
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Rachel S Owen
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Marios Tringides
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Karsten Skjødt
- Department of Cancer and InflammationUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Gareth J Thomas
- Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Cancer ImmunologyFaculty of Medicine, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jim Kaufman
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Tim Elliott
- Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Cancer ImmunologyFaculty of Medicine, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Gregory M Woods
- Menzies Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of TasmaniaHobartAustralia
| | - Hannah VT Siddle
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
- Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
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55
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Hubert JN, Zerjal T, Hospital F. Cancer- and behavior-related genes are targeted by selection in the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201838. [PMID: 30102725 PMCID: PMC6089428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Devil Facial Tumor Disease (DFTD) is an aggressive cancer notorious for its rare etiology and its impact on Tasmanian devil populations. Two regions underlying an evolutionary response to this cancer were recently identified using genomic time-series pre- and post-DTFD arrival. Here, we support that DFTD shaped the genome of the Tasmanian devil in an even more extensive way than previously reported. We detected 97 signatures of selection, including 148 protein coding genes having a human orthologue, linked to DFTD. Most candidate genes are associated with cancer progression, and an important subset of candidate genes has additional influence on social behavior. This confirms the influence of cancer on the ecology and evolution of the Tasmanian devil. Our work also demonstrates the possibility to detect highly polygenic footprints of short-term selection in very small populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Noël Hubert
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Tatiana Zerjal
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Frédéric Hospital
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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56
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Hirpara A, Bloomfield M, Duesberg P. Speciation Theory of Carcinogenesis Explains Karyotypic Individuality and Long Latencies of Cancers. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9080402. [PMID: 30096943 PMCID: PMC6115917 DOI: 10.3390/genes9080402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been known for over 100 years that cancers have individual karyotypes and arise only years to decades after initiating carcinogens. However, there is still no coherent theory to explain these definitive characteristics of cancer. The prevailing mutation theory holds that cancers are late because the primary cell must accumulate 3–8 causative mutations to become carcinogenic and that mutations, which induce chromosomal instability (CIN), generate the individual karyotypes of cancers. However, since there is still no proven set of mutations that transforms a normal to a cancer cell, we have recently advanced the theory that carcinogenesis is a form of speciation. This theory predicts carcinogens initiate cancer by inducing aneuploidy, which automatically unbalances thousands of genes and thus catalyzes chain-reactions of progressive aneuploidizations. Over time, these aneuploidizations have two endpoints, either non-viable karyotypes or very rarely karyotypes of new autonomous and immortal cancers. Cancer karyotypes are immortalized despite destabilizing congenital aneuploidy by clonal selections for autonomy—similar to those of conventional species. This theory predicts that the very low probability of converting the karyotype of a normal cell to that of a new autonomous cancer species by random aneuploidizations is the reason for the karyotypic individuality of new cancers and for the long latencies from carcinogens to cancers. In testing this theory, we observed: (1) Addition of mutagenic and non-mutagenic carcinogens to normal human and rat cells generated progressive aneuploidizations months before neoplastic transformation. (2) Sub-cloning of a neoplastic rat clone revealed heritable individual karyotypes, rather than the non-heritable karyotypes predicted by the CIN theory. (3) Analyses of neoplastic and preneoplastic karyotypes unexpectedly identified karyotypes with sets of 3–12 new marker chromosomes without detectable intermediates, consistent with single-step origins. We conclude that the speciation theory explains logically the long latencies from carcinogen exposure and the individuality of cancers. In addition, the theory supports the single-step origins of cancers, because karyotypic autonomy is all-or-nothing. Accordingly, we propose that preneoplastic aneuploidy and clonal neoplastic karyotypes provide more reliable therapeutic indications than current analyses of thousands of mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Hirpara
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Donner Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Mathew Bloomfield
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA 94 901, USA.
| | - Peter Duesberg
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Donner Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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57
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Storfer A, Hohenlohe PA, Margres MJ, Patton A, Fraik AK, Lawrance M, Ricci LE, Stahlke AR, McCallum HI, Jones ME. The devil is in the details: Genomics of transmissible cancers in Tasmanian devils. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007098. [PMID: 30071111 PMCID: PMC6084034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Storfer
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Hohenlohe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Margres
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Austin Patton
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alexandra K. Fraik
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Matthew Lawrance
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lauren E. Ricci
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Amanda R. Stahlke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | | | - Menna E. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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58
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Ní Leathlobhair M, Perri AR, Irving-Pease EK, Witt KE, Linderholm A, Haile J, Lebrasseur O, Ameen C, Blick J, Boyko AR, Brace S, Cortes YN, Crockford SJ, Devault A, Dimopoulos EA, Eldridge M, Enk J, Gopalakrishnan S, Gori K, Grimes V, Guiry E, Hansen AJ, Hulme-Beaman A, Johnson J, Kitchen A, Kasparov AK, Kwon YM, Nikolskiy PA, Lope CP, Manin A, Martin T, Meyer M, Myers KN, Omura M, Rouillard JM, Pavlova EY, Sciulli P, Sinding MHS, Strakova A, Ivanova VV, Widga C, Willerslev E, Pitulko VV, Barnes I, Gilbert MTP, Dobney KM, Malhi RS, Murchison EP, Larson G, Frantz LAF. The evolutionary history of dogs in the Americas. Science 2018; 361:81-85. [PMID: 29976825 PMCID: PMC7116273 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao4776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dogs were present in the Americas before the arrival of European colonists, but the origin and fate of these precontact dogs are largely unknown. We sequenced 71 mitochondrial and 7 nuclear genomes from ancient North American and Siberian dogs from time frames spanning ~9000 years. Our analysis indicates that American dogs were not derived from North American wolves. Instead, American dogs form a monophyletic lineage that likely originated in Siberia and dispersed into the Americas alongside people. After the arrival of Europeans, native American dogs almost completely disappeared, leaving a minimal genetic legacy in modern dog populations. The closest detectable extant lineage to precontact American dogs is the canine transmissible venereal tumor, a contagious cancer clone derived from an individual dog that lived up to 8000 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máire Ní Leathlobhair
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Angela R Perri
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Evan K Irving-Pease
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kelsey E Witt
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Anna Linderholm
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - James Haile
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ophelie Lebrasseur
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carly Ameen
- Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jeffrey Blick
- Department of Government and Sociology, Georgia College and State University, Milledgeville, GA, USA
| | - Adam R Boyko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Selina Brace
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Evangelos A Dimopoulos
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Jacob Enk
- Arbor Biosciences, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shyam Gopalakrishnan
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kevin Gori
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vaughan Grimes
- Department of Archaeology, Memorial University, Queen's College, St. John's, Canada
| | - Eric Guiry
- Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anders J Hansen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Qimmeq Project, University of Greenland, Nuussuaq, Greenland
| | - Ardern Hulme-Beaman
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - John Johnson
- Department of Anthropology, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Kitchen
- Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Aleksei K Kasparov
- Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Young-Mi Kwon
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pavel A Nikolskiy
- Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Aurélie Manin
- Department of Archaeology, BioArCh, University of York, York, UK
- UMR 7209, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Terrance Martin
- Research and Collections Center, Illinois State Museum, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Michael Meyer
- Touray & Meyer Veterinary Clinic, Serrekunda, Gambia
| | - Kelsey Noack Myers
- Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Anthropology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Mark Omura
- Department of Mammalogy, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jean-Marie Rouillard
- Arbor Biosciences, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Elena Y Pavlova
- Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Arctic & Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Paul Sciulli
- Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mikkel-Holger S Sinding
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Qimmeq Project, University of Greenland, Nuussuaq, Greenland
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea Strakova
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Christopher Widga
- Center of Excellence in Paleontology, East Tennessee State University, Gray, TN, USA
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vladimir V Pitulko
- Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ian Barnes
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, University Museum, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Keith M Dobney
- Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ripan S Malhi
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Murchison
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Greger Larson
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Laurent A F Frantz
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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59
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DIAGNOSTIC METHODS OF CANINE TRANSMISSIBLE VENEREAL SARCOMA. EUREKA: HEALTH SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.21303/2504-5679.2018.00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern diagnostic of oncological diseases, along with classical clinical and morphological methods, provides for the mandatory use of instrumental immunological, immunocytochemical and molecular genetic research methods. The main tasks of such a complex of diagnostic measures are aimed at monitoring oncological diseases at all stages of the diagnostic and treatment process, namely: the detection of a tumor at early stages of its development and the study of changes in metabolic processes in the body under the influence of neoplasms, morphological confirmation of the diagnosis, identification of histostructure and histogenesis of the tumor, determination the degree of its malignancy, detection of metastatic lesion (regional and distant lymph nodes and other organs) or assessment of the risk of its occurrence. It is well know that the early stages of oncological diseases are difficult to diagnose. At the same time, early detection of the disease can save or significantly extend the life of the patient. In such cases, the determination in the blood of specific substances, which are produced by tumors of the respective organs, the so-called oncomarkers, has been successfully used by world medical practice for more than 40 years to establish the affected organ. In combination with instrumental methods (ultrasound, endoscopy, X-ray), diagnostic efficiency is sharply increasing. Successful treatment of malignant tumors is possible under the conditions of their early detection and thorough histological diagnosis. Almost 50 % of the total number of oncologically diseased dogs has tumorous processes in the tissues of their genital organs, aggressiveness and metastasis, which often leads to lethal consequences, even after radical interventions. The aim of our research was to study the histological, cytological and immunohistochemical characteristics of transmissible venereal sarcoma. It has be en established that histologically, the tumor belongs to the low-differentiated round-cellular sarcoma of the alveolar type. Typical is tumor infiltration by lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages. Tumor cells are characterized by the presence of a mesenchymal marker vimentine. A positive local reaction on myogenin, cytokeratin and negative on CD31, CD34, S-100 protein and desmin was observed.
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60
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Greaves M, Hughes W. Cancer cell transmission via the placenta. EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 2018:106-115. [PMID: 29765597 PMCID: PMC5946918 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoy011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells have a parasitic propensity in the primary host but their capacity to transit between individuals is severely restrained by two factors: a lack of a route for viable cell transfer and immune recognition in allogeneic, secondary recipients. Several examples of transmissible animal cancers are now recognised. In humans, the only natural route for transmission is via the haemochorial placenta which is permissive for cell traffic. There are three special examples of this occurring in utero: maternal to foetus, intraplacental twin to twin leukaemias and choriocarcinoma-extra-embryonic cells to mother. We discuss the rare circumstances under which such transmission occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - William Hughes
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
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61
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Stammnitz MR, Coorens THH, Gori KC, Hayes D, Fu B, Wang J, Martin-Herranz DE, Alexandrov LB, Baez-Ortega A, Barthorpe S, Beck A, Giordano F, Knowles GW, Kwon YM, Hall G, Price S, Pye RJ, Tubio JMC, Siddle HVT, Sohal SS, Woods GM, McDermott U, Yang F, Garnett MJ, Ning Z, Murchison EP. The Origins and Vulnerabilities of Two Transmissible Cancers in Tasmanian Devils. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:607-619.e15. [PMID: 29634948 PMCID: PMC5896245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transmissible cancers are clonal lineages that spread through populations via contagious cancer cells. Although rare in nature, two facial tumor clones affect Tasmanian devils. Here we perform comparative genetic and functional characterization of these lineages. The two cancers have similar patterns of mutation and show no evidence of exposure to exogenous mutagens or viruses. Genes encoding PDGF receptors have copy number gains and are present on extrachromosomal double minutes. Drug screening indicates causative roles for receptor tyrosine kinases and sensitivity to inhibitors of DNA repair. Y chromosome loss from a male clone infecting a female host suggests immunoediting. These results imply that Tasmanian devils may have inherent susceptibility to transmissible cancers and present a suite of therapeutic compounds for use in conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian R Stammnitz
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Tim H H Coorens
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Kevin C Gori
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Dane Hayes
- Mount Pleasant Laboratories, Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and the Environment, Prospect, TAS 7250, Australia; School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Beiyuan Fu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jinhong Wang
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Daniel E Martin-Herranz
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Ludmil B Alexandrov
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Adrian Baez-Ortega
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Syd Barthorpe
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Alexandra Beck
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Francesca Giordano
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Graeme W Knowles
- Mount Pleasant Laboratories, Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and the Environment, Prospect, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Young Mi Kwon
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - George Hall
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Stacey Price
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ruth J Pye
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Jose M C Tubio
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Hannah V T Siddle
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Gregory M Woods
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Ultan McDermott
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Fengtang Yang
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mathew J Garnett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Zemin Ning
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Elizabeth P Murchison
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
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Frampton D, Schwenzer H, Marino G, Butcher LM, Pollara G, Kriston-Vizi J, Venturini C, Austin R, de Castro KF, Ketteler R, Chain B, Goldstein RA, Weiss RA, Beck S, Fassati A. Molecular Signatures of Regression of the Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:620-633.e6. [PMID: 29634949 PMCID: PMC5896242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is a clonally transmissible cancer that regresses spontaneously or after treatment with vincristine, but we know little about the regression mechanisms. We performed global transcriptional, methylation, and functional pathway analyses on serial biopsies of vincristine-treated CTVTs and found that regression occurs in sequential steps; activation of the innate immune system and host epithelial tissue remodeling followed by immune infiltration of the tumor, arrest in the cell cycle, and repair of tissue damage. We identified CCL5 as a possible driver of CTVT regression. Changes in gene expression are associated with methylation changes at specific intragenic sites. Our results underscore the critical role of host innate immunity in triggering cancer regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Frampton
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London (UCL), Cruciform Building, 90 Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Hagen Schwenzer
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London (UCL), Cruciform Building, 90 Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Gabriele Marino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, University of Messina, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Lee M Butcher
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute, UCL, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Gabriele Pollara
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London (UCL), Cruciform Building, 90 Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Janos Kriston-Vizi
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London (UCL), Cruciform Building, 90 Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rachel Austin
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London (UCL), Cruciform Building, 90 Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Karina Ferreira de Castro
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Robin Ketteler
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Benjamin Chain
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London (UCL), Cruciform Building, 90 Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Richard A Goldstein
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London (UCL), Cruciform Building, 90 Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Robin A Weiss
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London (UCL), Cruciform Building, 90 Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stephan Beck
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute, UCL, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ariberto Fassati
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London (UCL), Cruciform Building, 90 Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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63
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Russell T, Madsen T, Thomas F, Raven N, Hamede R, Ujvari B. Oncogenesis as a Selective Force: Adaptive Evolution in the Face of a Transmissible Cancer. Bioessays 2018; 40. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Russell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
| | - Thomas Madsen
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin UniversityWaurn PondsVictoria3218Australia
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- CREEC/MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 6450134394 Montpellier Cedex 5France
| | - Nynke Raven
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin UniversityWaurn PondsVictoria3218Australia
| | - Rodrigo Hamede
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin UniversityWaurn PondsVictoria3218Australia
- School of Natural Sciences University of TasmaniaPrivate Bag 55HobartTasmania7001Australia
| | - Beata Ujvari
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin UniversityWaurn PondsVictoria3218Australia
- School of Natural Sciences University of TasmaniaPrivate Bag 55HobartTasmania7001Australia
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64
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Ujvari B, Papenfuss AT, Belov K. Transmissible cancers in an evolutionary context. Bioessays 2017; 38 Suppl 1:S14-23. [PMID: 27417118 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201670904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is an evolutionary and ecological process in which complex interactions between tumour cells and their environment share many similarities with organismal evolution. Tumour cells with highest adaptive potential have a selective advantage over less fit cells. Naturally occurring transmissible cancers provide an ideal model system for investigating the evolutionary arms race between cancer cells and their surrounding micro-environment and macro-environment. However, the evolutionary landscapes in which contagious cancers reside have not been subjected to comprehensive investigation. Here, we provide a multifocal analysis of transmissible tumour progression and discuss the selection forces that shape it. We demonstrate that transmissible cancers adapt to both their micro-environment and macro-environment, and evolutionary theories applied to organisms are also relevant to these unique diseases. The three naturally occurring transmissible cancers, canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) and Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) and the recently discovered clam leukaemia, exhibit different evolutionary phases: (i) CTVT, the oldest naturally occurring cell line is remarkably stable; (ii) DFTD exhibits the signs of stepwise cancer evolution; and (iii) clam leukaemia shows genetic instability. While all three contagious cancers carry the signature of ongoing and fairly recent adaptations to selective forces, CTVT appears to have reached an evolutionary stalemate with its host, while DFTD and the clam leukaemia appear to be still at a more dynamic phase of their evolution. Parallel investigation of contagious cancer genomes and transcriptomes and of their micro-environment and macro-environment could shed light on the selective forces shaping tumour development at different time points: during the progressive phase and at the endpoint. A greater understanding of transmissible cancers from an evolutionary ecology perspective will provide novel avenues for the prevention and treatment of both contagious and non-communicable cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Ujvari
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Anthony T Papenfuss
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Bioinformatics and Cancer Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
| | - Katherine Belov
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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65
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Ostrander EA, Wayne RK, Freedman AH, Davis BW. Demographic history, selection and functional diversity of the canine genome. Nat Rev Genet 2017; 18:705-720. [DOI: 10.1038/nrg.2017.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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66
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Caldwell A, Siddle HV. The role of MHC genes in contagious cancer: the story of Tasmanian devils. Immunogenetics 2017; 69:537-545. [PMID: 28695294 PMCID: PMC5537419 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-0991-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Tasmanian devil, a marsupial species endemic to the island of Tasmania, harbours two contagious cancers, Devil Facial Tumour 1 (DFT1) and Devil Facial Tumour 2 (DFT2). These cancers pass between individuals in the population via the direct transfer of tumour cells, resulting in the growth of large tumours around the face and neck of affected animals. While these cancers are rare, a contagious cancer also exists in dogs and five contagious cancers circulate in bivalves. The ability of tumour cells to emerge and transmit in mammals is surprising as these cells are an allograft and should be rejected due to incompatibility between Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes. As such, considerable research has focused on understanding how DFT1 cells evade the host immune system with particular reference to MHC molecules. This review evaluates the role that MHC class I expression and genotype plays in allowing DFT1 to circumvent histocompatibility barriers in Tasmanian devils. We also examine recent research that suggests that Tasmanian devils can mount an immune response to DFT1 and may form the basis of a protective vaccine against the tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Caldwell
- Department of Biological Science, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Hannah V Siddle
- Department of Biological Science, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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67
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Sharov AA. Composite Agency: Semiotics of Modularity and Guiding Interactions. BIOSEMIOTICS 2017; 10:157-178. [PMID: 29218071 PMCID: PMC5714302 DOI: 10.1007/s12304-017-9301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Principles of constructivism are used here to explore how organisms develop tools, subagents, scaffolds, signs, and adaptations. Here I discuss reasons why organisms have composite nature and include diverse subagents that interact in partially cooperating and partially conflicting ways. Such modularity is necessary for efficient and robust functionality, including mutual construction and adaptability at various time scales. Subagents interact via material and semiotic relations, some of which force or prescribe actions of partners. Other interactions, which I call "guiding", do not have immediate effects and do not disrupt the evolution and learning capacity of partner agents. However, they modify the extent of learning and evolutionary possibilities of partners via establishment of scaffolds and constraints. As a result, subagents construct reciprocal scaffolding for each other to rebalance their communal evolution and learning. As an example, I discuss guiding interactions between the body and mind of animals, where the pain system adjusts mind-based learning to the physical and physiological constraints of the body. Reciprocal effects of mind and behaviors on the development and evolution of the body includes the effects of Lamarck and Baldwin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei A Sharov
- National Institute on Aging, Laboratory of Genetics, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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68
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Ní Leathlobhair M, Gulland FMD, Murchison EP. No evidence for clonal transmission of urogenital carcinoma in California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus). Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:46. [PMID: 28948233 PMCID: PMC5527528 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11483.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Urogenital carcinoma is a highly metastatic cancer affecting California sea lions (
Zalophus californianus). The disease has high prevalence amongst stranded animals, and is one of the most commonly observed cancers in wildlife. The genital localisation of primary tumours suggests the possibility that coital transmission of an infectious agent could underlie this disease. Otarine herpesvirus type 1 has been associated with lesions, however a causative role for this virus has not been confirmed. We investigated the possibility that urogenital carcinoma might be clonally transmissible, spread by the direct transfer of cancer cells. Analysis of sequences at the mitochondrial DNA control region in seven matched tumour and host pairs confirmed that tumour genotypes were identical to those of their matched hosts and did not show similarity with tumours from other individuals. Thus our findings suggest that urogenital carcinoma in California sea lions is not clonally transmitted, but rather arises from transformed host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máire Ní Leathlobhair
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth P Murchison
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
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69
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Mascarenhas MB, Peixoto PV, Ramadinha RR, Armien AG, Costa SZ, Miranda IC, Nogueira VA, França TN. Immunohistochemical, lectin histochemical and ultrastructural studies of canine transmissible venereal tumor in Brazil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000600014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is a naturally occurring contagious round-cell neoplasia, with poorly understood origin and transmission. This study aims to further investigate the tumor nature through immunohistochemistry, lectin histochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, and to provide support for diagnostic and differential diagnoses of CTVT. Immunohistochemistry was performed in 10 genital and six exclusively extragenital tumors, which were previously diagnosed by citology and histopathology. CTVT samples were incubated with biotinylated antibodies to specific membrane and cytoplasmic antigens (anti-lysozyme, anti-macrophage, anti-vimentin, anti-CD18, monoclonal anti-CD117, monoclonal anti-CD3, polyclonal anti-CD117, polyclonal CD3 and anti-CD79a), followed by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique. The lectins Con A, DBA, SBA, PNA, UEA-1, WGA, sWGA, GSL, JSA, PSA, PHA-L, PHA-E and RCA were additionally tested in four genital CTVTs and TEM was performed in eight genital tumors. The anti-vimentin antibody revealed strong immunoreactivity to neoplastic cells in all the assessed samples (16/16). The polyclonal anti-CD3 antibodies showed moderate to strong immunoreactivity in fourteen (14/16) and the polyclonal anti-CD117 in fifteen cases (15/16). There was no immunoreactivity to anti-lysozyme, anti-macrophage, anti-CD18, monoclonal anti-CD117, monoclonal anti-CD3 and anti-CD79a antibodies. At lectin histochemistry, it was observed strong staining of tumor cells to Con-A, PHA-L and RCA. There was no histopathological and immunoreactivity differences between genital and extragenital CTVTs. These findings do not support the hypothesis of histiocytic origin of CTVT. In contrast, the lectin histochemical results were similar to cells from lymphoid/myeloid origin.
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70
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Abstract
Contagious cancers are malignant cells that are physically transferred between individuals as a natural allograft, forming new clonal tumours. These cancers are highly unusual, but have emerged in 2 mammalian species, the dog and the Tasmanian devil, as well as 4 species of bivalve. The transfer of malignant cells in mammals should initiate a robust immune response and although invertebrates have a less complex immune system, these species still have mechanisms that should prevent engraftment and protect against cellular parasitism. Here the naturally occurring contagious cancers are reviewed to determine what features are important and necessary for the emergence and spread of these types of cancer, with a focus on the mammalian contagious cancers and how they successfully cross histocompatibility barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H V Siddle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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71
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Dong LF, Kovarova J, Bajzikova M, Bezawork-Geleta A, Svec D, Endaya B, Sachaphibulkij K, Coelho AR, Sebkova N, Ruzickova A, Tan AS, Kluckova K, Judasova K, Zamecnikova K, Rychtarcikova Z, Gopalan V, Andera L, Sobol M, Yan B, Pattnaik B, Bhatraju N, Truksa J, Stopka P, Hozak P, Lam AK, Sedlacek R, Oliveira PJ, Kubista M, Agrawal A, Dvorakova-Hortova K, Rohlena J, Berridge MV, Neuzil J. Horizontal transfer of whole mitochondria restores tumorigenic potential in mitochondrial DNA-deficient cancer cells. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28195532 PMCID: PMC5367896 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we showed that generation of tumours in syngeneic mice by cells devoid of mitochondrial (mt) DNA (ρ0 cells) is linked to the acquisition of the host mtDNA. However, the mechanism of mtDNA movement between cells remains unresolved. To determine whether the transfer of mtDNA involves whole mitochondria, we injected B16ρ0 mouse melanoma cells into syngeneic C57BL/6Nsu9-DsRed2 mice that express red fluorescent protein in their mitochondria. We document that mtDNA is acquired by transfer of whole mitochondria from the host animal, leading to normalisation of mitochondrial respiration. Additionally, knockdown of key mitochondrial complex I (NDUFV1) and complex II (SDHC) subunits by shRNA in B16ρ0 cells abolished or significantly retarded their ability to form tumours. Collectively, these results show that intact mitochondria with their mtDNA payload are transferred in the developing tumour, and provide functional evidence for an essential role of oxidative phosphorylation in cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22187.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Feng Dong
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Jaromira Kovarova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Bajzikova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - David Svec
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Berwini Endaya
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | | | - Ana R Coelho
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Natasa Sebkova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Ruzickova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - An S Tan
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Katarina Kluckova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Judasova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Zamecnikova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Zittau/Goerlitz University of Applied Sciences, Zittau, Germany
| | - Zuzana Rychtarcikova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Ladislav Andera
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Margarita Sobol
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bing Yan
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Bijay Pattnaik
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Naveen Bhatraju
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Jaroslav Truksa
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Stopka
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hozak
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alfred K Lam
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Mikael Kubista
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,TATAA Biocenter, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anurag Agrawal
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Katerina Dvorakova-Hortova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Rohlena
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jiri Neuzil
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Australia.,Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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72
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Hochberg ME, Noble RJ. A framework for how environment contributes to cancer risk. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:117-134. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Hochberg
- Intstitut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier; Université de Montpellier; Place E. Bataillon, CC065 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
- Santa Fe Institute; 1399 Hyde Park Rd. Santa Fe NM 87501 USA
| | - Robert J. Noble
- Intstitut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier; Université de Montpellier; Place E. Bataillon, CC065 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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73
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Abstract
Although genetic transfer between viruses and vertebrate hosts occurs less frequently than gene flow between bacteriophages and prokaryotes, it is extensive and has affected the evolution of both parties. With retroviruses, the integration of proviral DNA into chromosomal DNA can result in the activation of adjacent host gene expression and in the transduction of host transcripts into retroviral genomes as oncogenes. Yet in contrast to lysogenic phage, there is little evidence that viral oncogenes persist in a chain of natural transmission or that retroviral transduction is a significant driver of the horizontal spread of host genes. Conversely, integration of proviruses into the host germ line has generated endogenous retroviral genomes (ERV) in all vertebrate genomes sequenced to date. Some of these genomes retain potential infectivity and upon reactivation may transmit to other host species. During mammalian evolution, sequences of retroviral origin have been repurposed to serve host functions, such as the viral envelope glycoproteins crucial to the development of the placenta. Beyond retroviruses, DNA viruses with complex genomes have acquired numerous genes of host origin which influence replication, pathogenesis and immune evasion, while host species have accumulated germline sequences of both DNA and RNA viruses. A codicil is added on lateral transmission of cancer cells between hosts and on migration of host mitochondria into cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Weiss
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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74
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Sharov AA. Evolutionary biosemiotics and multilevel construction networks. BIOSEMIOTICS 2016; 9:399-416. [PMID: 28163801 PMCID: PMC5283393 DOI: 10.1007/s12304-016-9269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the traditional relational semiotics, biosemiotics decisively deviates towards dynamical aspects of signs at the evolutionary and developmental time scales. The analysis of sign dynamics requires constructivism (in a broad sense) to explain how new components such as subagents, sensors, effectors, and interpretation networks are produced by developing and evolving organisms. Semiotic networks that include signs, tools, and subagents are multilevel, and this feature supports the plasticity, robustness, and evolvability of organisms. The origin of life is described here as the emergence of simple self-constructing semiotic networks that progressively increased the diversity of their components and relations. Primitive organisms have no capacity to classify and track objects; thus, we need to admit the existence of proto-signs that directly regulate activities of agents without being associated with objects. However, object recognition and handling became possible in eukaryotic species with the development of extensive rewritable epigenetic memory as well as sensorial and effector capacities. Semiotic networks are based on sequential and recursive construction, where each step produces components (i.e., agents, scaffolds, signs, and resources) that are needed for the following steps of construction. Construction is not limited to repair and reproduction of what already exists or is unambiguously encoded, it also includes production of new components and behaviors via learning and evolution. A special case is the emergence of new levels of organization known as metasystem transition. Multilevel semiotic networks reshape the phenotype of organisms by combining a mosaic of features developed via learning and evolution of cooperating and/or conflicting subagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei A Sharov
- National Institute on Aging, Laboratory of Genetics, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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75
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Alexandrov LB, Ju YS, Haase K, Van Loo P, Martincorena I, Nik-Zainal S, Totoki Y, Fujimoto A, Nakagawa H, Shibata T, Campbell PJ, Vineis P, Phillips DH, Stratton MR. Mutational signatures associated with tobacco smoking in human cancer. Science 2016; 354:618-622. [PMID: 27811275 PMCID: PMC6141049 DOI: 10.1126/science.aag0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 689] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking increases the risk of at least 17 classes of human cancer. We analyzed somatic mutations and DNA methylation in 5243 cancers of types for which tobacco smoking confers an elevated risk. Smoking is associated with increased mutation burdens of multiple distinct mutational signatures, which contribute to different extents in different cancers. One of these signatures, mainly found in cancers derived from tissues directly exposed to tobacco smoke, is attributable to misreplication of DNA damage caused by tobacco carcinogens. Others likely reflect indirect activation of DNA editing by APOBEC cytidine deaminases and of an endogenous clocklike mutational process. Smoking is associated with limited differences in methylation. The results are consistent with the proposition that smoking increases cancer risk by increasing the somatic mutation load, although direct evidence for this mechanism is lacking in some smoking-related cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmil B Alexandrov
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics (T-6), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87102, USA
| | - Young Seok Ju
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kerstin Haase
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Peter Van Loo
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Iñigo Martincorena
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Serena Nik-Zainal
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridgeshire, UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, Addenbrooke's Hospital National Health Service Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yasushi Totoki
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Fujimoto
- Laboratory for Genome Sequencing Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hidewaki Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Genome Sequencing Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peter J Campbell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridgeshire, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Human Genetics Foundation, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Medical Research Council (MRC)-Public Health England (PHE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - David H Phillips
- King's College London, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Michael R Stratton
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridgeshire, UK.
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76
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Metzger MJ, Goff SP. A Sixth Modality of Infectious Disease: Contagious Cancer from Devils to Clams and Beyond. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005904. [PMID: 27788268 PMCID: PMC5082865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Metzger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephen P. Goff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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77
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Flórez LM, Ballestero HF, Duzanski AP, Bersano PR, Lima JF, Cruz FL, Mota LS, Rocha NS. Immunocytochemical characterization of primary cell culture in canine transmissible venereal tumor. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2016000900009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: Immunochemistry with anti-vimentin, anti-lysozyme, anti-alpha 1 antitrypsin, anti-CD3 and anti-CD79α antibodies has been used for characterization of primary cell culture in the transmissible venereal tumor (TVT). Samples for primary cell culture and immunohistochemistry assays were taken from eight dogs with cytological and clinical diagnosis of TVT. To validate the immunochemical results in the primary cell culture of TVT, a chromosome count was performed. For the statistical analysis, the Mann-Whitney test with p<0.05 was used. TVT tissues and culture cells showed intense anti-vimentin immunoreactivity, lightly to moderate immunoreactivity for anti-lysozyme, and mild for anti-alpha-antitrypsin. No marking was achieved for CD3 and CD79α. All culture cells showed chromosomes variable number of 56 to 68. This is the first report on the use of immunocytochemical characterization in cell culture of TVT. Significant statistic difference between immunochemistry in tissue and culture cell was not established, what suggests that the use of this technique may provide greater certainty for the confirmation of tumors in the primary culture. This fact is particularly important because in vitro culture of tumor tissues has been increasingly used to provide quick access to drug efficacy and presents relevant information to identify potential response to anticancer medicine; so it is possible to understand the behavior of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M.M. Flórez
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil; Universidade de Caldas, Colombia
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78
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Kol A, Arzi B, Athanasiou KA, Farmer DL, Nolta JA, Rebhun RB, Chen X, Griffiths LG, Verstraete FJM, Murphy CJ, Borjesson DL. Companion animals: Translational scientist's new best friends. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:308ps21. [PMID: 26446953 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa9116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge and resources derived from veterinary medicine represent an underused resource that could serve as a bridge between data obtained from diseases models in laboratory animals and human clinical trials. Naturally occurring disease in companion animals that display the defining attributes of similar, if not identical, diseases in humans hold promise for providing predictive proof of concept in the evaluation of new therapeutics and devices. Here we outline comparative aspects of naturally occurring diseases in companion animals and discuss their current uses in translational medicine, benefits, and shortcomings. Last, we envision how these natural models of disease might ultimately decrease the failure rate in human clinical trials and accelerate the delivery of effective treatments to the human clinical market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Kol
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Diana L Farmer
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jan A Nolta
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Robert B Rebhun
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xinbin Chen
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Leigh G Griffiths
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Frank J M Verstraete
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dori L Borjesson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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79
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Epstein B, Jones M, Hamede R, Hendricks S, McCallum H, Murchison EP, Schönfeld B, Wiench C, Hohenlohe P, Storfer A. Rapid evolutionary response to a transmissible cancer in Tasmanian devils. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12684. [PMID: 27575253 PMCID: PMC5013612 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cancer rarely acts as an infectious disease, a recently emerged transmissible cancer in Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) is virtually 100% fatal. Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) has swept across nearly the entire species' range, resulting in localized declines exceeding 90% and an overall species decline of more than 80% in less than 20 years. Despite epidemiological models that predict extinction, populations in long-diseased sites persist. Here we report rare genomic evidence of a rapid, parallel evolutionary response to strong selection imposed by a wildlife disease. We identify two genomic regions that contain genes related to immune function or cancer risk in humans that exhibit concordant signatures of selection across three populations. DFTD spreads between hosts by suppressing and evading the immune system, and our results suggest that hosts are evolving immune-modulated resistance that could aid in species persistence in the face of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Epstein
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236, USA
| | - Menna Jones
- School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 5, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Hamede
- School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 5, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Sarah Hendricks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, Idaho 83844-3051, USA
| | - Hamish McCallum
- School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Elizabeth P. Murchison
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Barbara Schönfeld
- School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 5, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Cody Wiench
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, Idaho 83844-3051, USA
| | - Paul Hohenlohe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, Idaho 83844-3051, USA
| | - Andrew Storfer
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236, USA
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80
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Hamede RK, Pearse AM, Swift K, Barmuta LA, Murchison EP, Jones ME. Transmissible cancer in Tasmanian devils: localized lineage replacement and host population response. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2015.1468. [PMID: 26336167 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) is a clonally transmissible cancer threatening the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) with extinction. Live cancer cells are the infectious agent, transmitted to new hosts when individuals bite each other. Over the 18 years since DFTD was first observed, distinct genetic and karyotypic sublineages have evolved. In this longitudinal study, we investigate the associations between tumour karyotype, epidemic patterns and host demographic response to the disease. Reduced host population effects and low DFTD infection rates were associated with high prevalence of tetraploid tumours. Subsequent replacement by a diploid variant of DFTD coincided with a rapid increase in disease prevalence, population decline and reduced mean age of the population. Our results suggest a role for tumour genetics in DFTD transmission dynamics and epidemic outcome. Future research, for this and other highly pathogenic emerging infectious diseases, should focus on understanding the evolution of host and pathogen genotypes, their effects on susceptibility and tolerance to infection, and their implications for designing novel genetic management strategies. This study provides evidence for a rapid localized lineage replacement occurring within a transmissible cancer epidemic and highlights the possibility that distinct DFTD genetic lineages may harbour traits that influence pathogen fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo K Hamede
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Pearse
- Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Kate Swift
- Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Leon A Barmuta
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Elizabeth P Murchison
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Menna E Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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81
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O'Malley MA, Wideman JG, Ruiz-Trillo I. Losing Complexity: The Role of Simplification in Macroevolution. Trends Ecol Evol 2016; 31:608-621. [PMID: 27212432 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Macroevolutionary patterns can be produced by combinations of diverse and even oppositional dynamics. A growing body of data indicates that secondary simplifications of molecular and cellular structures are common. Some major diversifications in eukaryotes have occurred because of loss and minimalisation; numerous episodes in prokaryote evolution have likewise been driven by the reduction of structure. After examining a range of examples of secondary simplification and its consequences across the tree of life, we address how macroevolutionary explanations might incorporate simplification as well as complexification, and adaptive as well as nonadaptive dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A O'Malley
- UMR5164, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux 33076, France.
| | | | - Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Pg Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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82
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Strakova A, Ní Leathlobhair M, Wang GD, Yin TT, Airikkala-Otter I, Allen JL, Allum KM, Bansse-Issa L, Bisson JL, Castillo Domracheva A, de Castro KF, Corrigan AM, Cran HR, Crawford JT, Cutter SM, Delgadillo Keenan L, Donelan EM, Faramade IA, Flores Reynoso E, Fotopoulou E, Fruean SN, Gallardo-Arrieta F, Glebova O, Häfelin Manrique RF, Henriques JJ, Ignatenko N, Koenig D, Lanza-Perea M, Lobetti R, Lopez Quintana AM, Losfelt T, Marino G, Martincorena I, Martínez Castañeda S, Martínez-López MF, Meyer M, Nakanwagi B, De Nardi AB, Neunzig W, Nixon SJ, Onsare MM, Ortega-Pacheco A, Peleteiro MC, Pye RJ, Reece JF, Rojas Gutierrez J, Sadia H, Schmeling SK, Shamanova O, Ssuna RK, Steenland-Smit AE, Svitich A, Thoya Ngoka I, Vițălaru BA, de Vos AP, de Vos JP, Walkinton O, Wedge DC, Wehrle-Martinez AS, van der Wel MG, Widdowson SA, Murchison EP. Mitochondrial genetic diversity, selection and recombination in a canine transmissible cancer. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27185408 PMCID: PMC4869914 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) is a clonally transmissible cancer that originated approximately 11,000 years ago and affects dogs worldwide. Despite the clonal origin of the CTVT nuclear genome, CTVT mitochondrial genomes (mtDNAs) have been acquired by periodic capture from transient hosts. We sequenced 449 complete mtDNAs from a global population of CTVTs, and show that mtDNA horizontal transfer has occurred at least five times, delineating five tumour clades whose distributions track two millennia of dog global migration. Negative selection has operated to prevent accumulation of deleterious mutations in captured mtDNA, and recombination has caused occasional mtDNA re-assortment. These findings implicate functional mtDNA as a driver of CTVT global metastatic spread, further highlighting the important role of mtDNA in cancer evolution. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14552.001 A unique cancer called canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) causes ugly tumours to form on the genitals of dogs. Unlike most other cancers, CTVT is contagious: the cancer cells can be directly transferred from one dog to another when they mate. The disease originated from the cancer cells of one individual dog that lived approximately 11,000 years ago. CTVT now affects dogs all over the world, which makes it the oldest and most widespread cancer known in nature. Like healthy cells, cancer cells contain compartments known as mitochondria that produce the chemical energy needed to power vital processes. Inside the mitochondria, there is some DNA that encodes the proteins that mitochondria need to perform this role. Changes (or mutations) to this mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) may stop the mitochondria from working properly. CTVT cells have previously been found to occasionally capture mtDNA from normal dog cells, which suggests that replenishing their mtDNA may help promote CTVT cell growth. Furthermore, these captured mtDNAs act as genetic "flags" that can help trace the spread of the disease. Here, Strakova, Ní Leathlobhair et al. analysed the mtDNA in CTVT tumours collected from over 400 dogs in 39 countries. The analysis shows that CTVT cells have captured mtDNA from normal dog cells on at least five occasions. Over the last 2,000 years, the disease appears to have spread rapidly around the world, perhaps transported by dogs travelling on ships along historic trade routes. CTVT may have only reached the Americas within the last 500 years, possibly carried there by dogs brought by Europeans. Likewise, CTVT probably only came to Australia after European contact. The experiments also revealed that the most damaging types of mutations were absent from the mtDNA of CTVT, which suggests that fully functioning mitochondria play an important role in CTVT. Unexpectedly, Strakova, Ní Leathlobhair et al. found evidence that certain sections of mtDNA in some CTVT cells have been exchanged, or shuffled, with the mtDNA captured from normal dog cells. This type of “recombination” is not usually thought to occur in mtDNA, and has not previously been detected in cancer. Future studies will determine if this process is widespread in other types of cancer, including in humans. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14552.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Strakova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Máire Ní Leathlobhair
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Guo-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | | | - Janice L Allen
- Animal Management in Rural and Remote Indigenous Communities, Darwin, Australia
| | | | | | - Jocelyn L Bisson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karina F de Castro
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Hugh R Cran
- The Nakuru District Veterinary Scheme Ltd, Nakuru, Kenya
| | | | - Stephen M Cutter
- Animal Management in Rural and Remote Indigenous Communities, Darwin, Australia
| | | | - Edward M Donelan
- Animal Management in Rural and Remote Indigenous Communities, Darwin, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Remo Lobetti
- Bryanston Veterinary Hospital, Bryanston, South Africa
| | | | - Thibault Losfelt
- Clinique Veterinaire de Grand Fond, Saint Gilles les Bains, France
| | - Gabriele Marino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Simón Martínez Castañeda
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Andrigo B De Nardi
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria C Peleteiro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ruth J Pye
- Vets Beyond Borders, The Rocks, Australia
| | | | | | - Haleema Sadia
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Richard K Ssuna
- Lilongwe Society for Protection and Care of Animals, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - Alla Svitich
- State Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Dniprodzerzhynsk, Ukraine
| | | | - Bogdan A Vițălaru
- Clinical Sciences Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Johan P de Vos
- Veterinary Oncology Referral Centre De Ottenhorst, Terneuzen, Netherlands
| | | | - David C Wedge
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Elizabeth P Murchison
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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83
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Bautista-Gómez L, Martínez-Castañeda S. Identification of mitochondrial DNA transfer in canine transmissible venereal tumours obtained from dogs in Mexico. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2016; 28:645-649. [PMID: 27159723 DOI: 10.3109/24701394.2016.1166220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) has been transmitted by cell transplantation from dog to dog, for over 10 000 years. Although initial studies report a single genetic origin for CTVT, recent samples from around the world reveal high genetic diversity. An elevated number of polymorphisms have been determined in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of CTVT. The recent discovery of mtDNA transference from the host into tumoural cells could be a novel source of genetic diversity in CTVT. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of host mtDNA in samples of CTVT in Mexican dogs. Genotyping of 49 samples of CTVT and 49 samples of blood cells pertaining to affected dogs was performed by direct sequencing from the mtDNA D-loop region. Exogenous mtDNA was observed in 6% of the analysed tumours. This is the first investigation reporting the prevalence of exogenous mtDNA in CTVT in the Mexican dog population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Bautista-Gómez
- a Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Centro Universitario Amecameca, Carretera Amecameca-Ayapango , Amecameca , Estado de México , México
| | - Simón Martínez-Castañeda
- b Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia , Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera de Cuota Toluca-Atlacomulco , Toluca , Estado de México , México
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84
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Castro KF, Strakova A, Tinucci-Costa M, Murchison EP. Evaluation of a genetic assay for canine transmissible venereal tumour diagnosis in Brazil. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:615-618. [PMID: 27135875 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) is a transmissible cancer that is spread between dogs by the allogeneic transfer of living cancer cells. The infectious agents in CTVT are the living cancer cells themselves, which are transmitted between dogs during coitus. CTVT first arose several thousand years ago and the disease has a global distribution and is frequently observed in dogs from Brazil. We evaluated the utility of a LINE-MYC quantitative polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of CTVT cases in Brazil. Our analysis indicated that the LINE-MYC rearrangement was detectable in all CTVT samples but not in their corresponding hosts. This genetic assay proves to be a useful tool for providing a definitive molecular diagnosis of CTVT, which presents with varying degrees of aggressiveness and invasiveness in different host dogs and can therefore be a diagnostic challenge in some specific cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Castro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, São Paulo/Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - A Strakova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Tinucci-Costa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, São Paulo/Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - E P Murchison
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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85
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Ewald PW, Swain Ewald HA. Infection and cancer in multicellular organisms. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0224. [PMID: 26056368 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary considerations suggest that oncogenic infections should be pervasive among animal species. Infection-associated cancers are well documented in humans and domestic animals, less commonly reported in undomesticated captive animals, and rarely documented in nature. In this paper, we review the literature associating infectious agents with cancer to evaluate the reasons for this pattern. Non-malignant infectious neoplasms occur pervasively in multicellular life, but oncogenic progression to malignancy is often uncertain. Evidence from humans and domestic animals shows that non-malignant infectious neoplasms can develop into cancer, although generally with low frequency. Malignant neoplasms could be difficult to find in nature because of a low frequency of oncogenic transformation, short survival after malignancy and reduced survival prior to malignancy. Moreover, the evaluation of malignancy can be ambiguous in nature, because criteria for malignancy may be difficult to apply consistently across species. The information available in the literature therefore does not allow for a definitive assessment of the pervasiveness of infectious cancers in nature, but the presence of infectious neoplasias and knowledge about the progression of benign neoplasias to cancer is consistent with a widespread but largely undetected occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Ewald
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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86
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Ujvari B, Gatenby RA, Thomas F. The evolutionary ecology of transmissible cancers. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 39:293-303. [PMID: 26861618 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible tumours, while rare, present a fascinating opportunity to examine the evolutionary dynamics of cancer as both an infectious agent and an exotic, invasive species. Only three naturally-occurring transmissible cancers have been observed so far in the wild: Tasmanian devil facial tumour diseases, canine transmissible venereal tumour, and clam leukaemia. Here, we define four conditions that are necessary and sufficient for direct passage of cancer cells between either vertebrate or invertebrate hosts. Successful transmission requires environment and behaviours that facilitate transfer of tumour cells between hosts including: tumour tissue properties that promote shedding of large numbers of malignant cells, tumour cell plasticity that permits their survival during transmission and growth in a new host, and a 'permissible' host or host tissue. This rare confluence of multiple host- and tumour cell-traits both explains the rarity of tumour cell transmission and provides novel insights into the dynamics that both promote and constrain their growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Ujvari
- Deakin University, Geelong, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Waurn Ponds, Vic 3216, Australia.
| | - Robert A Gatenby
- Department of Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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87
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Tissot T, Arnal A, Jacqueline C, Poulin R, Lefèvre T, Mery F, Renaud F, Roche B, Massol F, Salzet M, Ewald P, Tasiemski A, Ujvari B, Thomas F. Host manipulation by cancer cells: Expectations, facts, and therapeutic implications. Bioessays 2016; 38:276-85. [PMID: 26849295 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Similar to parasites, cancer cells depend on their hosts for sustenance, proliferation and reproduction, exploiting the hosts for energy and resources, and thereby impairing their health and fitness. Because of this lifestyle similarity, it is predicted that cancer cells could, like numerous parasitic organisms, evolve the capacity to manipulate the phenotype of their hosts to increase their own fitness. We claim that the extent of this phenomenon and its therapeutic implications are, however, underappreciated. Here, we review and discuss what can be regarded as cases of host manipulation in the context of cancer development and progression. We elaborate on how acknowledging the applicability of these principles can offer novel therapeutic and preventive strategies. The manipulation of host phenotype by cancer cells is one more reason to adopt a Darwinian approach in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tazzio Tissot
- CREEC/MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, Montpellier, France
| | - Audrey Arnal
- CREEC/MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Frédéric Mery
- Evolution, Génomes, Comportement and Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Benjamin Roche
- CREEC/MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, Montpellier, France.,Unité mixte internationale de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatique des Systèmes Complexes, (UMI IRD/UPMC UMMISCO), BondyCedex, France
| | - François Massol
- Université de Lille, UMR 8198, Unité EEP, Ecoimmunology Group, Lille, France
| | - Michel Salzet
- Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM) INSERM U1192, Université Lille, Lille, France
| | - Paul Ewald
- Department of Biology and the Program on Disease Evolution, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Aurélie Tasiemski
- Université de Lille, UMR 8198, Unité EEP, Ecoimmunology Group, Lille, France
| | - Beata Ujvari
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
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88
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Ostrander EA, Davis BW, Ostrander GK. Transmissible Tumors: Breaking the Cancer Paradigm. Trends Genet 2015; 32:1-15. [PMID: 26686413 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible tumors are those that have transcended the bounds of their incipient hosts by evolving the ability to infect another individual through direct transfer of cancer cells, thus becoming parasitic cancer clones. Coitus, biting, and scratching are transfer mechanisms for the two primary species studied, the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) and the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii). Canine transmissible venereal tumors (CTVT) are likely thousands of years old, and have successfully travelled from host to host around the world, while the Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease (DFTD) is much younger and geographically localized. The dog tumor is not necessarily lethal, while the devil tumor has driven the population to near extinction. Transmissible tumors are uniform in that they have complex immunologic profiles, which allow them to escape immune detection by their hosts, sometimes for long periods of time. In this review, we explore how transmissible tumors in CTVT, DFTD, and as well as the soft-shell clam and Syrian hamster, can advance studies of tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine A Ostrander
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Building 50 Room 5351, Bethesda MD 20892, USA.
| | - Brian W Davis
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Building 50 Room 5351, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Gary K Ostrander
- Department of Biomedical Science, 600W College Ave, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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89
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Alexandrov LB, Jones PH, Wedge DC, Sale JE, Campbell PJ, Nik-Zainal S, Stratton MR. Clock-like mutational processes in human somatic cells. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1402-7. [PMID: 26551669 PMCID: PMC4783858 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 664] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During the course of a lifetime, somatic cells acquire mutations. Different mutational processes may contribute to the mutations accumulated in a cell, with each imprinting a mutational signature on the cell's genome. Some processes generate mutations throughout life at a constant rate in all individuals, and the number of mutations in a cell attributable to these processes will be proportional to the chronological age of the person. Using mutations from 10,250 cancer genomes across 36 cancer types, we investigated clock-like mutational processes that have been operating in normal human cells. Two mutational signatures show clock-like properties. Both exhibit different mutation rates in different tissues. However, their mutation rates are not correlated, indicating that the underlying processes are subject to different biological influences. For one signature, the rate of cell division may influence its mutation rate. This study provides the first survey of clock-like mutational processes operating in human somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmil B Alexandrov
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics (T-6), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Philip H Jones
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David C Wedge
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Peter J Campbell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Serena Nik-Zainal
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, Addenbrooke's Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Cambridge, UK
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90
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Alexandrov LB, Nik-Zainal S, Siu HC, Leung SY, Stratton MR. A mutational signature in gastric cancer suggests therapeutic strategies. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8683. [PMID: 26511885 PMCID: PMC4918743 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting defects in the DNA repair machinery of neoplastic cells, for example, those due to inactivating BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 mutations, has been used for developing new therapies in certain types of breast, ovarian and pancreatic cancers. Recently, a mutational signature was associated with failure of double-strand DNA break repair by homologous recombination based on its high mutational burden in samples harbouring BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. In pancreatic cancer, all responders to platinum therapy exhibit this mutational signature including a sample that lacked any defects in BRCA1 or BRCA2. Here, we examine 10,250 cancer genomes across 36 types of cancer and demonstrate that, in addition to breast, ovarian and pancreatic cancers, gastric cancer is another cancer type that exhibits this mutational signature. Our results suggest that 7–12% of gastric cancers have defective double-strand DNA break repair by homologous recombination and may benefit from either platinum therapy or PARP inhibitors. Cancer genome analysis has demonstrated that some breast and ovarian tumours show reduced homologous recombination, a feature that can be therapeutically exploited. Here, Alexandrov et al. search for this mutational signature in 36 different cancer types and find that some gastric tumours also harbour this mutational spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmil B Alexandrov
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK.,Theoretical Biology and Biophysics (T-6), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.,Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Serena Nik-Zainal
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK.,Department of Medical Genetics, Addenbrooke's Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Hoi Cheong Siu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Suet Yi Leung
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Michael R Stratton
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
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91
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Weiss RA. What's the host and what's the microbe? The Marjory Stephenson Prize Lecture 2015. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2501-2510. [PMID: 26296666 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The interchange between retroviruses and their hosts is an intimate one because retroviruses integrate proviral DNA into host chromosomal DNA as an obligate step in the replication cycle. This has resulted in the occasional transduction of host genes into retroviral genomes as oncogenes, and also led to the integration of viral genomes into the host germ line that gives rise to endogenous retroviruses. I shall reflect on the evolutionary consequences of these events for virus and host. Then, I shall discuss the emergence of non-viral infections of host origin, namely, how malignant cells can give rise to eukaryotic single cell 'parasites' that colonize new hosts and how these in turn have been colonized by host mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Weiss
- Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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92
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Woods GM, Howson LJ, Brown GK, Tovar C, Kreiss A, Corcoran LM, Lyons AB. Immunology of a Transmissible Cancer Spreading among Tasmanian Devils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:23-9. [PMID: 26092814 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Devil facial tumor disease (DFTD) is a transmissible cancer that has killed most of the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrissii) population. Since the first case appeared in the mid-1990s, it has spread relentlessly across the Tasmanian devil's geographic range. As Tasmanian devils only exist in Tasmania, Australia, DFTD has the potential to cause extinction of this species. The origin of DFTD was a Schwann cell from a female devil. The disease is transmitted when devils bite each other around the facial areas, a behavior synonymous with this species. Every devil that is 'infected' with DFTD dies from the cancer. Once the DFTD cells have been transmitted, they appear to develop into a cancer without inducing an immune response. The DFTD cancer cells avoid allogeneic recognition because they do not express MHC class I molecules on the cell surface. A reduced genetic diversity and the production of immunosuppressive cytokines may also contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Woods
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; and
| | - Lauren J Howson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Gabriella K Brown
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Cesar Tovar
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Alexandre Kreiss
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Lynn M Corcoran
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - A Bruce Lyons
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; and
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93
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Decker B, Davis BW, Rimbault M, Long AH, Karlins E, Jagannathan V, Reiman R, Parker HG, Drögemüller C, Corneveaux JJ, Chapman ES, Trent JM, Leeb T, Huentelman MJ, Wayne RK, Karyadi DM, Ostrander EA. Comparison against 186 canid whole-genome sequences reveals survival strategies of an ancient clonally transmissible canine tumor. Genome Res 2015; 25:1646-55. [PMID: 26232412 PMCID: PMC4617961 DOI: 10.1101/gr.190314.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is a parasitic cancer clone that has propagated for thousands of years via sexual transfer of malignant cells. Little is understood about the mechanisms that converted an ancient tumor into the world's oldest known continuously propagating somatic cell lineage. We created the largest existing catalog of canine genome-wide variation and compared it against two CTVT genome sequences, thereby separating alleles derived from the founder's genome from somatic mutations that must drive clonal transmissibility. We show that CTVT has undergone continuous adaptation to its transmissible allograft niche, with overlapping mutations at every step of immunosurveillance, particularly self-antigen presentation and apoptosis. We also identified chronologically early somatic mutations in oncogenesis- and immune-related genes that may represent key initiators of clonal transmissibility. Thus, we provide the first insights into the specific genomic aberrations that underlie CTVT's dogged perseverance in canids around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan Decker
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, United Kingdom
| | - Brian W Davis
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Maud Rimbault
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Adrienne H Long
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Eric Karlins
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Reiman
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA
| | - Heidi G Parker
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3001, Switzerland
| | - Jason J Corneveaux
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA
| | - Erica S Chapman
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jeffery M Trent
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3001, Switzerland
| | | | - Robert K Wayne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Danielle M Karyadi
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Elaine A Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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94
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Abstract
Cancer is a general name for more than 100 malignant diseases. It is postulated that all cancers start from a single abnormal cell that grows out of control. Untreated cancers can cause serious consequences and deaths. Great progress has been made in cancer research that has significantly improved our knowledge and understanding of the nature and mechanisms of the disease, but the origins of cancer are far from being well understood due to the limitations of suitable model systems and to the complexities of the disease. In view of the fact that cancers are found in various species of vertebrates and other metazoa, here, we suggest that cancer also occurs in parasitic protozoans such as Trypanosoma brucei, a blood parasite, and Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular pathogen. Without treatment, these protozoan cancers may cause severe disease and death in mammals, including humans. The simpler genomes of these single-cell organisms, in combination with their complex life cycles and fascinating life cycle differentiation processes, may help us to better understand the origins of cancers and, in particular, leukemias.
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95
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Metzger MJ, Reinisch C, Sherry J, Goff SP. Horizontal transmission of clonal cancer cells causes leukemia in soft-shell clams. Cell 2015; 161:255-63. [PMID: 25860608 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of fatal leukemia-like cancers of marine bivalves throughout the world have led to massive population loss. The cause of the disease is unknown. We recently identified a retrotransposon, Steamer, that is highly expressed and amplified to high copy number in neoplastic cells of soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria). Through analysis of Steamer integration sites, mitochondrial DNA single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and polymorphic microsatellite alleles, we show that the genotypes of neoplastic cells do not match those of the host animal. Instead, neoplastic cells from dispersed locations in New York, Maine, and Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada, all have nearly identical genotypes that differ from those of the host. These results indicate that the cancer is spreading between animals in the marine environment as a clonal transmissible cell derived from a single original clam. Our findings suggest that horizontal transmission of cancer cells is more widespread in nature than previously supposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Metzger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Carol Reinisch
- Environment Canada, Water Science & Technology Directorate, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - James Sherry
- Environment Canada, Water Science & Technology Directorate, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Stephen P Goff
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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96
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Abstract
An epidemic of leukemia among bivalve molluscs is spreading along the Atlantic coast of North America, with a serious population decline of soft-shelled clams. In this issue of Cell, Metzger et al. use forensic DNA markers to demonstrate that the leukemia cells have a clonal origin and appear to be transmitted through sea water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Weiss
- Wohl Virion Centre, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Ariberto Fassati
- Wohl Virion Centre, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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97
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Arnal A, Ujvari B, Crespi B, Gatenby RA, Tissot T, Vittecoq M, Ewald PW, Casali A, Ducasse H, Jacqueline C, Missé D, Renaud F, Roche B, Thomas F. Evolutionary perspective of cancer: myth, metaphors, and reality. Evol Appl 2015; 8:541-4. [PMID: 26136820 PMCID: PMC4479510 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary perspective of cancer (which origins and dynamics result from evolutionary processes) has gained significant international recognition over the past decade and generated a wave of enthusiasm among researchers. In this context, several authors proposed that insights into evolutionary and adaptation dynamics of cancers can be gained by studying the evolutionary strategies of organisms. Although this reasoning is fundamentally correct, in our opinion, it contains a potential risk of excessive adaptationism, potentially leading to the suggestion of complex adaptations that are unlikely to evolve among cancerous cells. For example, the ability of recognizing related conspecifics and adjusting accordingly behaviors as in certain free-living species appears unlikely in cancer. Indeed, despite their rapid evolutionary rate, malignant cells are under selective pressures for their altered lifestyle for only few decades. In addition, even though cancer cells can theoretically display highly sophisticated adaptive responses, it would be crucial to determine the frequency of their occurrence in patients with cancer, before therapeutic applications can be considered. Scientists who try to explain oncogenesis will need in the future to critically evaluate the metaphorical comparison of selective processes affecting cancerous cells with those affecting organisms. This approach seems essential for the applications of evolutionary biology to understand the origin of cancers, with prophylactic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Arnal
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290 Montpellier Cedex 5, France ; CREEC Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Beata Ujvari
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University Waurn Ponds, Vic., Australia
| | - Bernard Crespi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Robert A Gatenby
- Department of Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tazzio Tissot
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290 Montpellier Cedex 5, France ; CREEC Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Marion Vittecoq
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290 Montpellier Cedex 5, France ; CREEC Montpellier Cedex 5, France ; Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Arles France
| | - Paul W Ewald
- Department of Biology and the Program on Disease Evolution, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Andreu Casali
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hugo Ducasse
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290 Montpellier Cedex 5, France ; CREEC Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Camille Jacqueline
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290 Montpellier Cedex 5, France ; CREEC Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290 Montpellier Cedex 5, France ; CREEC Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - François Renaud
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290 Montpellier Cedex 5, France ; CREEC Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Benjamin Roche
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290 Montpellier Cedex 5, France ; CREEC Montpellier Cedex 5, France ; International Center for Mathematical and Computational Modelling of Complex Systems (UMI IRD/UPMC UMMISCO) Bondy Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290 Montpellier Cedex 5, France ; CREEC Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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98
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Solé RV, Valverde S, Rodriguez-Caso C, Sardanyés J. Can a minimal replicating construct be identified as the embodiment of cancer? Bioessays 2015; 36:503-12. [PMID: 24723412 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Genomic instability is a hallmark of cancer. Cancer cells that exhibit abnormal chromosomes are characteristic of most advanced tumours, despite the potential threat represented by accumulated genetic damage. Carcinogenesis involves a loss of key components of the genetic and signalling molecular networks; hence some authors have suggested that this is part of a trend of cancer cells to behave as simple, minimal replicators. In this study, we explore this conjecture and suggest that, in the case of cancer, genomic instability has an upper limit that is associated with a minimal cancer cell network. Such a network would include (for a given microenvironment) the basic molecular components that allow cells to replicate and respond to selective pressures. However, it would also exhibit internal fragilities that could be exploited by appropriate therapies targeting the DNA repair machinery. The implications of this hypothesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricard V Solé
- ICREA-Complex Systems Lab, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, CSIC-UPF, Barcelona, Spain; Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
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99
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Strakova A, Murchison EP. The cancer which survived: insights from the genome of an 11000 year-old cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 30:49-55. [PMID: 25867244 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) is a transmissible cancer that is spread between dogs by the allogeneic transfer of living cancer cells during coitus. CTVT affects dogs around the world and is the oldest and most divergent cancer lineage known in nature. CTVT first emerged as a cancer about 11000 years ago from the somatic cells of an individual dog, and has subsequently acquired adaptations for cell transmission between hosts and for survival as an allogeneic graft. Furthermore, it has achieved a genome configuration which is compatible with long-term survival. Here, we discuss and speculate on the evolutionary processes and adaptions which underlie the success of this remarkable lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Strakova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Elizabeth P Murchison
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
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100
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