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de Oliveira AR, Reimer AE, Brandão ML. Mineralocorticoid receptors in the ventral tegmental area regulate dopamine efflux in the basolateral amygdala during the expression of conditioned fear. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 43:114-25. [PMID: 24703177 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recognized involvement of corticosteroids in the modulation of emotional behavior, the specific role of mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in the expression of conditioned fear responses is still open to investigation. The present study sought to clarify the involvement of both types of corticosteroid receptors in two different brain regions--the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the basolateral amygdala complex (BLA)--on the expression of conditioned fear. The first experiment assessed the effects of intra-VTA or intra-BLA administration of spironolactone (MR antagonist) or mifepristone (GR antagonist) on the expression of conditioned freezing to a light-CS and on motor performance in the open-field test. Intra-VTA spironolactone, but not mifepristone, attenuated the expression of the conditioned freezing response whereas intra-BLA spironolactone or mifepristone had no significant effects. These treatments did not affect motor performance in the open-field test. Since dopamine is released in the BLA from the VTA during the expression of conditioned fear, the anxiolytic-like effect of decreased corticosteroid activity in the first experiment could be associated with changes in dopaminergic neurotransmission. The second experiment, using in vivo microdialysis, investigated the role of MRs in the VTA on dopamine levels in the BLA during the expression of conditioned fear. Blocking MRs locally in the VTA with spironolactone reduced dopamine efflux in the BLA and decreased the expression of conditioned freezing in response to the CS. Taken together, the data indicate that corticosterone, acting locally on MRs in the VTA, stimulates dopamine efflux in the BLA, which facilitates the expression of conditioned freezing to a light-CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Psicobiologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Neurociências e Comportamento (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Adriano E Reimer
- Laboratório de Psicobiologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Neurociências e Comportamento (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcus L Brandão
- Laboratório de Psicobiologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Neurociências e Comportamento (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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52
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Krasselt M, Baerwald C. The current relevance and use of prednisone in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:557-71. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.904746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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53
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Leary CJ, Knapp R. The stress of elaborate male traits: integrating glucocorticoids with androgen-based models of sexual selection. Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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54
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Strehl C, Buttgereit F. Unraveling the functions of the membrane-bound glucocorticoid receptors: first clues on origin and functional activity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1318:1-6. [PMID: 24611742 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are routinely used to treat a wide range of rheumatic and other inflammatory diseases. GCs are steroidal drugs that exert their strong anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects via genomic mechanisms, primarily by signaling through the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor. In addition, rapid, nongenomic responses following GC treatment have been reported to involve signaling via the membrane-bound glucocorticoid receptor (mGR). Since an important clinical role of this receptor has been proposed, investigations regarding the origin and function of the mGR are currently performed in order to understand rapid GC signaling and to optimize treatment strategies with GCs. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the mGR and compare these findings to results obtained for other membrane-bound receptors, such as membrane forms of the estrogen and progesterone receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Strehl
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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Strehl C, Buttgereit F. Optimized glucocorticoid therapy: teaching old drugs new tricks. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 380:32-40. [PMID: 23403055 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used in the treatment of a wide range of rheumatic and other inflammatory diseases. They exert their potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects primarily via so called genomic mechanisms, mediated by the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor (cGR). This mechanism of GC action can be divided into the transactivation and the transrepression processes. However, also rapid effects of GCs exist which are mediated by specific and unspecific non-genomic mechanisms. A clinical relevance of this mode of GC action is assumed for effects mediated by membrane-bound glucocorticoid receptors, but detailed knowledge on the underlying mechanisms is still missing. Great efforts have been made in the past to diminish GC-induced adverse effects, thus improving the benefit/risk ratio of the drugs. Besides approaches to improve the treatment with conventional glucocorticoids currently available to clinicians, new innovative GCs or GC receptor ligands are also being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Strehl
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
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56
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Medina CO, Lattin CR, McVey M, Romero LM. There is no correlation between glucocorticoid receptor mRNA expression and protein binding in the brains of house sparrows (Passer domesticus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 193:27-36. [PMID: 23892014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The stress response represents an animal's attempt to cope with a noxious stimulus through a rapid release of corticosterone or cortisol (CORT) into the bloodstream, resulting in a suite of physiological and behavioral changes. These changes are mediated in large part through CORT's binding to two different intracellular receptors, the high-affinity mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the lower-affinity glucocorticoid receptor (GR). We tested the hypothesis that GR and MR mRNA expression would correlate with functional protein expression in neuronal tissue of wild-caught house sparrows (Passer domesticus). To test this hypothesis, we performed a parallel procedure in which protein concentrations were quantified in one half of house sparrow brains (n=16) using radioligand binding assays, and mRNA levels were quantified in the other brain half using reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Two reference genes, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and TATA-box binding protein (TBP), were used for relative quantification of GR and MR mRNA. Quantifications showed that these two reference genes were not correlated with each other. Furthermore, there was no correlation between mRNA and protein levels for GR or MR using either reference gene, suggesting that regulation of mRNA and protein levels for MR and GR is not tightly linked. This study provides insight into the importance of regulatory steps between mRNA expression and the creation and stability of a functional protein. The overall conclusion is that mRNA expression cannot be used as a proxy for GR or MR binding in house sparrows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos O Medina
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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57
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Pérez MHA, Cormack J, Mallinson D, Mutungi G. A membrane glucocorticoid receptor mediates the rapid/non-genomic actions of glucocorticoids in mammalian skeletal muscle fibres. J Physiol 2013; 591:5171-85. [PMID: 23878367 PMCID: PMC3810817 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.256586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones released from the adrenal gland in response to stress. They are also some of the most potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs currently in clinical use. They exert most of their physiological and pharmacological actions through the classical/genomic pathway. However, they also have rapid/non-genomic actions whose physiological and pharmacological functions are still poorly understood. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to investigate the rapid/non-genomic effects of two widely prescribed glucocorticoids, beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) and prednisolone acetate (PDNA), on force production in isolated, intact, mouse skeletal muscle fibre bundles. The results show that the effects of both GCs on maximum isometric force (Po) were fibre-type dependent. Thus, they increased Po in the slow-twitch fibre bundles without significantly affecting that of the fast-twitch fibre bundles. The increase in Po occurred within 10 min and was insensitive to the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D. Also, it was maximal at ∼250 nM and was blocked by the glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) inhibitor RU486 and a monoclonal anti-GCR, suggesting that it was mediated by a membrane (m) GCR. Both muscle fibre types expressed a cytosolic GCR. However, a mGCR was present only in the slow-twitch fibres. The receptor was more abundant in oxidative than in glycolytic fibres and was confined mainly to the periphery of the fibres where it co-localised with laminin. From these findings we conclude that the rapid/non-genomic actions of GCs are mediated by a mGCR and that they are physiologically/therapeutically beneficial, especially in slow-twitch muscle fibres.
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Hellberg L, Samavedam UK, Holdorf K, Hänsel M, Recke A, Beckmann T, Steinhorst K, Boehncke WH, Kirchner T, Möckel N, Solbach W, Zillikens D, Schmidt E, Ludwig RJ, Laskay T. Methylprednisolone Blocks Autoantibody-Induced Tissue Damage in Experimental Models of Bullous Pemphigoid and Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita through Inhibition of Neutrophil Activation. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2390-2399. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Johnstone WM, Mills KA, Alyea RA, Thomas P, Borski RJ. Characterization of membrane receptor binding activity for cortisol in the liver and kidney of the euryhaline teleost, Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 192:107-14. [PMID: 23851043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) regulate an array of physiological responses in vertebrates. Genomic GC actions mediated by nuclear steroid receptors require a lag time on the order of hours to days to generate an appreciable physiological response. Experimental evidence has accumulated that GCs, can also act rapidly through a nongenomic mechanism to modulate cellular physiology in vertebrates. Causal evidence in the Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) suggests that the GC cortisol exerts rapid, nongenomic actions in the gills, liver, and pituitary of this euryhaline teleost, but the membrane receptor mediating these actions has not been characterized. Radioreceptor binding assays were conducted to identify a putative GC membrane receptor site in O. mossambicus. The tissue distribution, binding kinetics, and pharmacological signature of the GC membrane-binding activity were characterized. High affinity (Kd=9.527±0.001 nM), low-capacity (Bmax=1.008±0.116 fmol/mg protein) [(3)H] cortisol binding was identified on plasma membranes prepared from the livers and a lower affinity (Kd=30.08±2.373 nM), low capacity (Bmax=4.690±2.373 fmol/mg protein) binding was found in kidney membrane preparations. Competitors with high binding affinity for nuclear GC receptors, mifepristone (RU486), dexamethasone, and 11-deoxycorticosterone, displayed no affinity for the membrane GC receptor. The association and dissociation kinetics of [(3)H] cortisol binding to membranes were orders of magnitude faster (t1/2=1.7-2.6 min) than those for the intracellular (nuclear) GC receptor (t1/2=10.2h). Specific [(3)H] cortisol membrane binding was also detected in the gill and pituitary but not in brain tissue. This study represents the first characterization of a membrane GC receptor in fishes and one of only a few characterized in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Johnstone
- Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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60
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Seasonal Variation in Corticosterone in Free-Living and Captive Eastern Red-spotted NewtsNotophthalmus viridescens viridescens. J HERPETOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1670/12-069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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61
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Glucocorticoid receptors in the prefrontal cortex regulate dopamine efflux to stress via descending glutamatergic feedback to the ventral tegmental area. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:1799-807. [PMID: 23590841 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced dopamine (DA) efflux in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is a well-documented response to acute stress. We have previously shown that glucocorticoid receptors in the mPFC regulate stress-evoked DA efflux but the underlying mechanism is unknown. DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) receive excitatory input from and send reciprocal projections to the mPFC. We hypothesize that blockade of prefrontal glucocorticoid receptors can reduce activity of descending glutamatergic input to the VTA, thereby attenuating stress-evoked DA efflux in the mPFC. Using in vivo microdialysis, we demonstrate that acute tail-pinch stress leads to a significant increase in glutamate efflux in the VTA. Blockade of prefrontal glucocorticoid receptors with the selective antagonist CORT 108297 attenuates stress-evoked glutamate efflux in the VTA together with DA efflux in the mPFC. Furthermore, blockade of ionotrophic glutamate receptors in the VTA attenuates stress-evoked DA efflux in the mPFC. We also examine the possible role of glucocorticoid-induced synthesis and release of endocannabinoids acting presynaptically via cannabinoid CB1 receptors to inhibit GABA release onto prefrontal pyramidal cells, thus enhancing descending glutamatergic input to the VTA leading to an increase in mPFC DA efflux during stress. However, administration of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist into the mPFC does not attenuate stress-evoked DA efflux in the mPFC. Taken together, our data indicate that glucocorticoids act locally within the mPFC to modulate mesocortical DA efflux by potentiation of glutamatergic drive onto DA neurons in the VTA.
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Abstract
Severe pain has profound physiologic effects on the endocrine system. Serum hormone abnormalities may result and these serve as biomarkers for the presence of severe pain and the need to replace hormones to achieve pain control. Initially severe pain causes a hyperarousal of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system which results in elevated serum hormone levels such as adrenocorticotropin, cortisol, and pregnenolone. If the severe pain does not abate, however, the system cannot maintain its normal hormone production and serum levels of some hormones may drop below normal range. Some hormones are so critical to pain control that a deficiency may enhance pain and retard healing.
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63
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Schoech SJ, Romero LM, Moore IT, Bonier F. Constraints, concerns and considerations about the necessity of estimating free glucocorticoid concentrations for field endocrine studies. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan J. Schoech
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Memphis; 335 Life Sciences; Memphis; Tennessee; 38152; USA
| | - L. Michael Romero
- Department of Biology; Tufts University; 118A Barnum Hall; Medford; Massachusetts; 02155; USA
| | - Ignacio T. Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences; Virginia Tech; 2125 Derring Hall; Blacksburg; Virginia; 24061; USA
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64
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Butler TR, Berry JN, Sharrett-Field LJ, Pauly JR, Prendergast MA. Long-term ethanol and corticosterone co-exposure sensitize the hippocampal ca1 region pyramidal cells to insult during ethanol withdrawal in an NMDA GluN2B subunit-dependent manner. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:2066-73. [PMID: 23889203 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic ethanol (EtOH) exposure produces neuroadaptations in NMDA receptor function and/or abundance and alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning that contribute to neuronal excitation and neurotoxicity during ethanol withdrawal (EWD). Both EtOH and corticosterone (CORT) promote synthesis of polyamines, which allosterically potentiate NMDA receptor function at the GluN2B subunit. The current studies investigated the effect of 10-day EtOH and CORT co-exposure on toxicity during EWD in rat hippocampal explants and hypothesized that alterations in function and/or density of GluN2B subunits contribute to the toxicity. METHODS Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures were exposed to CORT (0.01-1.0 μM) during 10-day EtOH exposure (50 mM) and 1 day of EWD. EtOH-naïve cultures were exposed to CORT for 11 days. Additional cultures were exposed to a membrane impermeable form of CORT (BSA-CORT) with and without 10-day EtOH exposure and EWD. Cytotoxicity (uptake of propidium iodide) was assessed in the pyramidal cell layer of the CA1 region. Western blot analysis was employed to assess the density of GluN2B subunits following EtOH and CORT exposure. RESULTS EWD did not produce overt neurotoxicity. However, co-exposure to EtOH/EWD and CORT produced significant neurotoxicity in the CA1 region pyramidal cell layer. Ifenprodil, a GluN2B polyamine site antagonist, significantly reduced toxicity from EtOH and CORT (0.1 μM) co-exposure during EWD. However, Western blots did not reveal differences in GluN2B subunit density among groups. Exposure to BSA-CORT did not produce toxicity, suggesting that membrane-bound CORT receptors did not significantly contribute to the observed toxicity. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that CORT and EtOH co-exposure result in increased function of polyamine-sensitive GluN2B subunits, but this toxicity does not appear dependent on the abundance of hippocampal NMDA GluN2B subunits or membrane-bound CORT receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy R Butler
- Department of Psychology , University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center , University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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65
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Li W, Xing W, Wang S, Fan T, Huang H, Niu X, He L. An online coupled peritoneal macrophage/cell membrane chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method to screen for anti-inflammatory components from the Chinese traditional medicineChloranthus multistachysPei. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1580-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Li
- School of Medicine; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an; People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xing
- School of Medicine; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an; People's Republic of China
| | - Sicen Wang
- School of Medicine; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an; People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Fan
- School of Medicine; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an; People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Huang
- School of Medicine; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an; People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Niu
- School of Medicine; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an; People's Republic of China
| | - Langchong He
- School of Medicine; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an; People's Republic of China
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66
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Wack CL, Ratay MK, Woodley SK. Effects of Corticosterone on Locomotory Activity in Red-Legged Salamanders. HERPETOLOGICA 2013. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-12-00040r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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67
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Stress and excitatory synapses: from health to disease. Neuroscience 2013; 248:626-36. [PMID: 23727506 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Individuals are exposed to stressful events in their daily life. The effects of stress on brain function ranges from highly adaptive to increasing the risk to develop psychopathology. For example, stressful experiences are remembered well which can be seen as a highly appropriate behavioral adaptation. On the other hand, stress is an important risk factor, in susceptible individuals, for depression and anxiety. An important question that remains to be addressed is how stress regulates brain function and what determines the threshold between adaptive and maladaptive responses. Excitatory synapses play a crucial role in synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity and behavioral adaptation. In this review we discuss how brief and prolonged exposure to stress, in adulthood and early life, regulate the function of these synapses, and how these effects may contribute to behavioral adaptation and psychopathology.
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68
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Stojadinovic O, Sawaya A, Pastar I, Tomic-Canic M. Glucocorticoid receptor localizes to adherens junctions at the plasma membrane of keratinocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63453. [PMID: 23646206 PMCID: PMC3639973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are important regulators of epidermal tissue homeostasis. As such, their clinical applications are widespread, ranging from inflammatory skin disorders to keloids and cancer. Glucocorticoids exert their effect by binding to glucocorticoid receptor (GR) which translocates to the nucleus and regulates gene expression (genomic effect). In addition, GR has rapid non- genomic effects that are mediated by cell signaling proteins and do not involve gene transcription. Although genomic effects of GR in the epidermis are well documented, the non-genomic effects are not completely understood. Therefore, we utilized immunostaining and immunoprecipitations to determine specific localization of the GR in human keratinocytes that may contribute to non-genomic effects of glucocorticoid action. Here we describe a novel finding of GR localization to the plasma membrane of keratinocytes. Immunocytochemistry showed co-localization of GR with α-catenin. Immunoprecipitation of the membranous fraction revealed an association of GR with α-catenin, confirming its localization to adherens junctions. We conclude that GR localization to adherens junctions of keratinocytes provides a new mechanism of non-genomic signaling by glucocorticoids which may have significant biological and clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Stojadinovic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Andrew Sawaya
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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69
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Sudheimer KD, Abelson JL, Taylor SF, Martis B, Welsh RC, Warner C, Samet M, Manduzzi A, Liberzon I. Exogenous glucocorticoids decrease subgenual cingulate activity evoked by sadness. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:826-45. [PMID: 23303057 PMCID: PMC3599059 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid hormone cortisol is known to have wide-ranging effects on a variety of physiological systems, including the morphology and physiology of the amygdala and hippocampus. Disruptions of cortisol regulation and signaling are also linked with psychiatric disorders involving emotional disturbances. Although there is much evidence to suggest a relationship between cortisol signaling and the brain physiology underlying emotion, few studies have attempted to test for direct effects of cortisol on the neurophysiology of emotion. We administered exogenous synthetic cortisol (hydrocortisone, HCT) using two different dosing regimens (25 mg/day over 4 days, 100 mg single dose), in a double-blind placebo-controlled functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. During fMRI scanning, healthy subjects viewed images designed to induce happy, sad, and neutral emotional states. Subjective emotional reactions were collected for each experimental stimulus after fMRI scanning. Mood ratings were also collected throughout the 4 days of the study. Both dose regimens of HCT resulted in decreased subgenual cingulate activation during sadness conditions. The 25 mg/day regimen also resulted in higher arousal ratings of sad stimuli. No effects of HCT were observed on any mood ratings. Few reliable effects of HCT were observed on brain activity patterns or subjective emotional responses to stimuli that were not sad. The inhibitory effects of cortisol on sadness-induced subgenual cingulate activity may have critical relevance to the pathophysiology of major depression, as both subgenual hyperactivity and decreased sensitivity to cortisol signaling have been documented in patients with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D Sudheimer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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70
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Dickens MJ, Cornil CA, Balthazart J. Neurochemical control of rapid stress-induced changes in brain aromatase activity. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:329-39. [PMID: 23253172 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the male brain, the medial preoptic nucleus (POM) is known to be a critical relay for the activation of sexual behaviour, with the aromatisation of testosterone into 17β-oestradiol (E2 ) playing a key role. Acute stress has been shown to differentially modulate the aromatase enzyme in this and other brain nuclei in a sex-specific manner. In POM specifically, stress induces increases in aromatase activity (AA) that are both rapid and reversible. How the physiological processes initiated during an acute stress response mediate sex- and nuclei- specific changes in AA and which stress response hormones are involved remains to be determined. By examining the relative effects of corticosterone (CORT), arginine vasotocin (AVT, the avian homologue to arginine vasopressin) and corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), the present study aimed to define the hormone profile regulating stress-induced increases in AA in the POM. We found that CORT, AVT and CRF all appear to play some role in these changes in the male brain. In addition, these effects occur in a targeted manner, such that modulation of the enzyme by these hormones only occurs in the POM rather than in all aromatase-expressing nuclei. Similarly, in the female brain, the experimental effects were restricted to the POM but only CRF was capable of inducing the stress-like increases in AA. These data further demonstrate the high degree of specificity (nuclei-, sex- and hormone-specific effects) in this system, highlighting the complexity of the stress-aromatase link and suggesting modes through which the nongenomic modulation of this enzyme can result in targeted, rapid changes in local oestrogen concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Dickens
- GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium.
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71
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Vernocchi S, Battello N, Schmitz S, Revets D, Billing AM, Turner JD, Muller CP. Membrane glucocorticoid receptor activation induces proteomic changes aligning with classical glucocorticoid effects. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:1764-79. [PMID: 23339905 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.022947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids exert rapid nongenomic effects by several mechanisms including the activation of a membrane-bound glucocorticoid receptor (mGR). Here, we report the first proteomic study on the effects of mGR activation by BSA-conjugated cortisol (Cort-BSA). A subset of target proteins in the proteomic data set was validated by Western blot and we found them responding to mGR activation by BSA-conjugated cortisol in three additional cell lines, indicating a conserved effect in cells originating from different tissues. Changes in the proteome of BSA-conjugated cortisol treated CCRF-CEM leukemia cells were associated with early and rapid pro-apoptotic, immune-modulatory and metabolic effects aligning with and possibly "priming" classical activities of the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor (cGR). PCR arrays investigating target genes of the major signaling pathways indicated that the mGR does not exert its effects through the transcriptional activity of any of the most common kinases in these leukemic cells, but RhoA signaling emerged from our pathway analysis. All cell lines tested displayed very low levels of mGR on their surface. Highly sensitive and specific in situ proximity ligation assay visualized low numbers of mGR even in cells previously thought to be mGR negative. We obtained similar results when using three distinct anti-GR monoclonal antibodies directed against the N-terminal half of the cGR. This strongly suggests that the mGR and the cGR have a high sequence homology and most probably originate from the same gene. Furthermore, the mGR appears to reside in caveolae and its association with caveolin-1 (Cav-1) was clearly detected in two of the four cell lines investigated using double recognition proximity ligation assay. Our results indicate however that Cav-1 is not necessary for membrane localization of the GR since CCRF-CEM and Jurkat cells have a functional mGR, but did not express this caveolar protein. However, if expressed, this membrane protein dimerizes with the mGR modulating its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vernocchi
- Institute of Immunology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé/Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
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72
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Sørensen C, Johansen IB, Øverli Ø. Neural plasticity and stress coping in teleost fishes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 181:25-34. [PMID: 23274407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Physiological and behavioural responses to environmental change are individually variable traits, which manifest phenotypically and are subject to natural selection as correlated trait-clusters (coping styles, behavioural syndromes, or personality traits). Comparative research has revealed a range of neuroendocrine-behavioural associations which are conserved throughout the vertebrate subphylum. Regulatory mechanisms universally mediate a switch between proactive (e.g. active/aggressive) and reactive (e.g. conservation/withdrawal) behaviour in response to unpredictable and uncontrollable events. Thresholds for switching from active coping to behavioural inhibition are individually variable, and depend on experience and genetic factors. Such factors affect physiological stress responses as well as perception, learning, and memory. Here we review the role of an important contributor to neural processing, the set of biochemical, molecular, and structural processes collectively referred to as neural plasticity. We will concentrate on work in teleost fishes, while also elucidating conserved aspects. In fishes, environmental and physiological control of brain cell proliferation and neurogenesis has received recent attention. This work has revealed that the expression of genes involved in CNS plasticity is affected by heritable variation in stress coping style, and is also differentially affected by short- and long-term stress. Chronic stress experienced by subordinate fish in social hierarchies leads to a marked suppression of brain cell proliferation. Interestingly, typically routine dependent and inflexible behaviour in proactive individuals is also associated with low transcription of neurogenesis related genes. The potential for these findings to illuminate stress-related neurobiological disorders in other vertebrates is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1041, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
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73
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Stress-induced memory retrieval impairments: different time-course involvement of corticosterone and glucocorticoid receptors in dorsal and ventral hippocampus. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:2870-80. [PMID: 22948976 PMCID: PMC3499833 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at determining the relative contribution of the dorsal (DH) and ventral (VH) hippocampus in stress-induced memory retrieval impairments. Thus, we studied the temporal involvement of corticosterone and its receptors, i.e. mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid (GR) in the DH and VH, in relation with the time-course evolution of stress-induced memory retrieval impairments. In a first experiment, double microdialysis allowed showing on the same animal that an acute stress (electric footshocks) induced an earlier corticosterone rise in the DH (15-60 min post-stress) and then in the VH (90-105 min post-stress). The return to baseline was faster in the DH (105 min) than in the VH (120 min). Memory deficits assessed by delayed alternation occurred at 15-, 60-, and 105-min delays after stress and were closely related to the kinetic of corticosterone rises within the DH and VH. In a second experiment, the GR antagonist RU-38486 and the MR antagonist RU-28318 were administered in the DH or VH 15 min before stress. RU-38486 restored memory at 60 but not at 105 min post-stress delays in the DH, whereas the opposite pattern was observed in the VH. By contrast, RU-28318 had no effect on memory impairments at both the 60- and 105-min post-stress delays, showing that MR receptors are not involved at these delays. However, RU-28318 administered in the DH restored memory when administered at a shorter post-stress delay (15 min). Overall, our data are first to evidence that stress induces a functional switch from the DH to VH via different corticosterone time-course evolutions in these areas and the sequential GR receptors involvement in the DH and then in the VH, as regards the persistence of stress-induced memory retrieval deficits over time.
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74
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Yamagata S, Tomita K, Sano H, Itoh Y, Fukai Y, Okimoto N, Watatani N, Inbe S, Miyajima H, Tsukamoto K, Santoh H, Ichihashi H, Sano A, Sato R, Tohda Y. Non-genomic inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids on activated peripheral blood basophils through suppression of lipid raft formation. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 170:86-93. [PMID: 22943204 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the non-genomic effects of glucocorticoids (GCs) on inhibition of plasma membrane lipid raft formation in activated human basophils. Human basophils obtained from house dust mite (HDM)-sensitive volunteers were pretreated with hydrocortisone (CORT) or dexamethasone (Dex) for 30 min and then primed with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 10 ng/ml) or HDM (10 µg/ml). The expression of CD63, a basophil activation marker, was assessed by flow cytometry. Membrane-bound GC receptors (mGCRs) were analysed by flow cytometry and confocal laser microscopy. Lipid rafts were assessed using a GM1 ganglioside probe and visualization by confocal laser microscopy. Pretreatment of basophils with CORT (10(-4) M and 10(-5) M) and Dex (10(-7) M) significantly inhibited CD63 expression 20 min after addition of PMA or HDM. The inhibitory effects of GCs were not altered by the nuclear GC receptor (GCR) antagonist RU486 (10(-5) M) or the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (10(-4) M) (P < 0·05). CORT coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA-CORT) mimicked the rapid inhibitory effects of CORT, suggesting the involvement of mGCRs. mGCRs were detectable on the plasma membrane of resting basophils and formed nanoclusters following treatment with PMA or HDM. Pretreatment of cells with BSA-CORT inhibited the expression of mGCRs and nanoclustering of ganglioside GM1 in lipid rafts. The study provides evidence that non-genomic mechanisms are involved in the rapid inhibitory effect of GCs on the formation of lipid raft nanoclusters, through binding to mGCRs on the plasma membrane of activated basophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yamagata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
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75
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de Assis VR, Navas CA, Mendonça MT, Gomes FR. Vocal and territorial behavior in the Smith frog (Hypsiboas faber): Relationships with plasma levels of corticosterone and testosterone. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 163:265-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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76
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Joëls M, Sarabdjitsingh RA, Karst H. Unraveling the Time Domains of Corticosteroid Hormone Influences on Brain Activity: Rapid, Slow, and Chronic Modes. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:901-38. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.005892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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77
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End-point effector stress mediators in neuroimmune interactions: their role in immune system homeostasis and autoimmune pathology. Immunol Res 2012; 52:64-80. [PMID: 22396175 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Much evidence has identified a direct anatomical and functional link between the brain and the immune system, with glucocorticoids (GCs), catecholamines (CAs), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) as its end-point mediators. This suggests the important role of these mediators in immune system homeostasis and the pathogenesis of inflammatory autoimmune diseases. However, although it is clear that these mediators can modulate lymphocyte maturation and the activity of distinct immune cell types, their putative role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease is not yet completely understood. We have contributed to this field by discovering the influence of CAs and GCs on fine-tuning thymocyte negative selection and, in particular, by pointing to the putative CA-mediated mechanisms underlying this influence. Furthermore, we have shown that CAs are implicated in the regulation of regulatory T-cell development in the thymus. Moreover, our investigations related to macrophage biology emphasize the complex interaction between GCs, CAs and NPY in the modulation of macrophage functions and their putative significance for the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory diseases.
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78
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Gabor CR, Contreras A. Measuring water-borne cortisol in Poecilia latipinna:is the process stressful, can stress be minimized and is cortisol correlated with sex steroid release rates? JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2012; 81:1327-1339. [PMID: 22957873 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The stress of water-borne hormone collection process was examined in sailfin mollies Poecilia latipinna. Baseline release rates of the stress hormone cortisol were measured and minimum confinement time for water sampling was evaluated for a standard 60 min v. a 30 min protocol. A 30 min hormone collection period reflects release rates over 60 min. Potential stress response to confinement in the beaker for the water-borne collection process was tested over 4 days. There was no evidence of stress due to the collection methods, as cortisol release rates did not differ significantly across four sequential days of handling for P. latipinna. Males and females did not differ significantly in baseline cortisol release rates. Baseline cortisol release rates from fish immediately after being collected in the field were also not significantly different than those in the 4 day confinement experiment. After exposure to a novel environment, however, P. latipinna mounted a stress response. Stress may also affect sex steroids and behaviour but cortisol release rates were not significantly correlated with sex steroids [11-ketotestosterone (KT), testosterone, or oestradiol], or mating attempts. The correlation between water-borne release rates and plasma steroid levels was validated for both cortisol and KT. Finally, normalizing cortisol release rates using standard length in lieu of mass is viable and accurate. Water-borne hormone assays are a valuable tool for investigating questions concerning the role of hormones in mediating stress responses and reproductive behaviours in P. latipinna and other livebearing fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Gabor
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
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79
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Walker JJ, Spiga F, Waite E, Zhao Z, Kershaw Y, Terry JR, Lightman SL. The origin of glucocorticoid hormone oscillations. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001341. [PMID: 22679394 PMCID: PMC3367982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oscillating levels of adrenal glucocorticoid hormones are essential for optimal gene expression, and for maintaining physiological and behavioural responsiveness to stress. The biological basis for these oscillations is not known, but a neuronal "pulse generator" within the hypothalamus has remained a popular hypothesis. We demonstrate that pulsatile hypothalamic activity is not required for generating ultradian glucocorticoid oscillations. We show that a constant level of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) can activate a dynamic pituitary-adrenal peripheral network to produce ultradian adrenocorticotrophic hormone and glucocorticoid oscillations with a physiological frequency. This oscillatory response to CRH is dose dependent and becomes disrupted for higher levels of CRH. These data suggest that glucocorticoid oscillations result from a sub-hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal system, which functions as a deterministic peripheral hormone oscillator with a characteristic ultradian frequency. This constitutes a novel mechanism by which the level, rather than the pattern, of CRH determines the dynamics of glucocorticoid hormone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Walker
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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80
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Rosen CJ, Adams JS, Bikle DD, Black DM, Demay MB, Manson JE, Murad MH, Kovacs CS. The nonskeletal effects of vitamin D: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr Rev 2012; 33:456-92. [PMID: 22596255 PMCID: PMC3365859 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significant controversy has emerged over the last decade concerning the effects of vitamin D on skeletal and nonskeletal tissues. The demonstration that the vitamin D receptor is expressed in virtually all cells of the body and the growing body of observational data supporting a relationship of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D to chronic metabolic, cardiovascular, and neoplastic diseases have led to widespread utilization of vitamin D supplementation for the prevention and treatment of numerous disorders. In this paper, we review both the basic and clinical aspects of vitamin D in relation to nonskeletal organ systems. We begin by focusing on the molecular aspects of vitamin D, primarily by examining the structure and function of the vitamin D receptor. This is followed by a systematic review according to tissue type of the inherent biological plausibility, the strength of the observational data, and the levels of evidence that support or refute an association between vitamin D levels or supplementation and maternal/child health as well as various disease states. Although observational studies support a strong case for an association between vitamin D and musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, neoplastic, and metabolic disorders, there remains a paucity of large-scale and long-term randomized clinical trials. Thus, at this time, more studies are needed to definitively conclude that vitamin D can offer preventive and therapeutic benefits across a wide range of physiological states and chronic nonskeletal disorders.
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81
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Tesone AJ, Regueira E, Canosa LF, Ceballos NR. 5α-Reductase, an enzyme regulating glucocorticoid action in the testis of Rhinella arenarum (Amphibia: Anura). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 176:500-6. [PMID: 22285601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of A-ring of glucocorticoids to produce 5α-dihydro-derivatives by 5α-reductases has been considered as a pathway of irreversible inactivation. However, 5α-reduced metabolites of corticosterone and testosterone have significant biological activity. In this paper, we investigated whether toad testicular 5α-reductase (5α-Red) is able to transform corticosterone into 5α-dihydrocorticosterone. Furthermore, we studied the role of 5α-reduced metabolite of corticosterone as a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist. The activity of 5α-Red was assayed in subcellular fractions with [(3)H]corticosterone or [(3)H]testosterone as substrate. The enzyme localizes in microsomes and its optimal pH is between 7 and 8. The activity is not inhibited by finasteride. These results support the conclusion that toad 5α-Red resembles mammalian type 1 isoenzyme. Kinetic studies indicate that neither K(m) nor V(max) for both corticosterone and testosterone were significantly different among reproductive periods. The K(m) value for testosterone was significantly higher than that for corticosterone, indicating that the C-21 steroid is the preferred substrate for the enzyme. Studies of the binding capacity of 5α-dihydrocorticosterone (5α-DHB) to the testicular GR show that 5α-DHB is able to displace the binding of [(3)H]dexamethasone to testicular cytosol with a similar potency than corticosterone. The inhibition constant (Ki) values for corticosterone and 5α-DHB were similar, 31.33±2.9 nM and 35.24±2.3 nM, respectively. In vitro experiments suggest that 5α-DHB is an agonist of toad testicular GR, decreasing the activity of the key enzyme for androgen synthesis, the cytochrome P450 17-hydroxylase, C17,20-lyase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia J Tesone
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Comparada, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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82
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Krugers HJ, Karst H, Joels M. Interactions between noradrenaline and corticosteroids in the brain: from electrical activity to cognitive performance. Front Cell Neurosci 2012; 6:15. [PMID: 22509154 PMCID: PMC3321636 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the core reactions in response to a stressful situation is the activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis which increases the release of glucocorticoid hormones from the adrenal glands. In concert with other neuro-modulators, such as (nor)adrenaline, these hormones enable and promote cognitive adaptation to stressful events. Recent studies have demonstrated that glucocorticoid hormones and noradrenaline, via their receptors, can both rapidly and persistently regulate the function of excitatory synapses which are critical for storage of information. Here we will review how glucocorticoids and noradrenaline alone and in synergy dynamically tune these synapses in the hippocampus and amygdala, and discuss how these hormones interact to promote behavioral adaptation to stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm J Krugers
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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83
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Herman JP, McKlveen JM, Solomon MB, Carvalho-Netto E, Myers B. Neural regulation of the stress response: glucocorticoid feedback mechanisms. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:292-8. [PMID: 22450375 PMCID: PMC3854162 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian stress response is an integrated physiological and psychological reaction to real or perceived adversity. Glucocorticoids are an important component of this response, acting to redistribute energy resources to both optimize survival in the face of challenge and to restore homeostasis after the immediate challenge has subsided. Release of glucocorticoids is mediated by the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, driven by a neural signal originating in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Stress levels of glucocorticoids bind to glucocorticoid receptors in multiple body compartments, including the brain, and consequently have wide-reaching actions. For this reason, glucocorticoids serve a vital function in negative feedback inhibition of their own secretion. Negative feedback inhibition is mediated by a diverse collection of mechanisms, including fast, non-genomic feedback at the level of the PVN, stress-shut-off at the level of the limbic system, and attenuation of ascending excitatory input through destabilization of mRNAs encoding neuropeptide drivers of the HPA axis. In addition, there is evidence that glucocorticoids participate in stress activation via feed-forward mechanisms at the level of the amygdala. Feedback deficits are associated with numerous disease states, underscoring the necessity for adequate control of glucocorticoid homeostasis. Thus, rather than having a single, defined feedback ‘switch’, control of the stress response requires a wide-reaching feedback ‘network’ that coordinates HPA activity to suit the overall needs of multiple body systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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84
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Groeneweg FL, Karst H, de Kloet ER, Joëls M. Mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors at the neuronal membrane, regulators of nongenomic corticosteroid signalling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 350:299-309. [PMID: 21736918 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The balance between corticosteroid actions induced via activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) determines the brain's response to stress. While both receptors are best known for their delayed genomic role, it has become increasingly evident that they can also associate with the plasma membrane and act as mediators of rapid, nongenomic signalling. Nongenomic corticosteroid actions in the brain are required for the coordination of a rapid adaptive response to stress; membrane-associated MRs and GRs play a major role herein. However, many questions regarding the underlying mechanism are still unresolved. How do MR and GR translocate to the membrane and what are their downstream signalling partners? In this review we discuss these issues based on insights obtained from related receptors, most notably the estrogen receptor α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke L Groeneweg
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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85
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Atsak P, Roozendaal B, Campolongo P. Role of the endocannabinoid system in regulating glucocorticoid effects on memory for emotional experiences. Neuroscience 2012; 204:104-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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86
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Prendergast MA, Mulholland PJ. Glucocorticoid and polyamine interactions in the plasticity of glutamatergic synapses that contribute to ethanol-associated dependence and neuronal injury. Addict Biol 2012; 17:209-23. [PMID: 21967628 PMCID: PMC3254017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stress contributes to the development of ethanol dependence and is also a consequence of dependence. However, the complexity of physiological interactions between activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and ethanol itself is not well delineated. Emerging evidence derived from examination of corticotropin-releasing factor systems and glucocorticoid receptor systems in ethanol dependence suggests a role for pharmacological manipulation of the HPA axis in attenuating ethanol intake, though it is not clear how activation of the HPA axis may promote ethanol dependence or contribute to the neuroadaptative changes that accompany the development of dependence and the severity of ethanol withdrawal. This review examines the role that glucocorticoids, in particular, have in promoting ethanol-associated plasticity of glutamatergic synapses by influencing expression of endogenous linear polyamines and polyamine-sensitive polypeptide subunits of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors. We provide evidence that interactions among glucocorticoid systems, polyamines and NMDA receptors are highly relevant to both the development of ethanol dependence and to behavioral and neuropathological sequelae associated with ethanol withdrawal. Examination of these issues is likely to be of critical importance not only in further elucidating the neurobiology of HPA axis dysregulation in ethanol dependence, but also with regard to identification of novel therapeutic targets that may be exploited in the treatment of ethanol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Prendergast
- University of Kentucky, Department of Psychology, 741 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, U.S.A
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, B449 Biomedical and Biological Sciences Research Building, 741 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, U.S.A
| | - Patrick J. Mulholland
- Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, IOP 462 North Charleston, South Carolina 29425, U.S.A
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87
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Haraguchi S, Koyama T, Hasunuma I, Okuyama SI, Ubuka T, Kikuyama S, Do Rego JL, Vaudry H, Tsutsui K. Acute stress increases the synthesis of 7α-hydroxypregnenolone, a new key neurosteroid stimulating locomotor activity, through corticosterone action in newts. Endocrinology 2012; 153:794-805. [PMID: 22128027 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
7α-Hydroxypregnenolone (7α-OH PREG) is a newly identified bioactive neurosteroid stimulating locomotor activity in the brain of newt, a wild animal, which serves as an excellent model to investigate the biosynthesis and biological action of neurosteroids. Here, we show that acute stress increases 7α-OH PREG synthesis in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) through corticosterone (CORT) action in newts. A 30-min restraint stress increased 7α-OH PREG synthesis in the brain tissue concomitant with the increase in plasma CORT concentrations. A 30-min restraint stress also increased the expression of cytochrome P450(7α) (CYP7B), the steroidogenic enzyme of 7α-OH PREG formation, in the DMH. Decreasing plasma CORT concentrations by hypophysectomy or trilostane administration decreased 7α-OH PREG synthesis in the diencephalon, whereas administration of CORT to these animals increased 7α-OH PREG synthesis. Glucocorticoid receptor was present in DMH neurons expressing CYP7B. Thus, CORT appears to act directly on DMH neurons to increase 7α-OH PREG synthesis. We further investigated the biological action of 7α-OH PREG in the brain under stress. A 30-min restraint stress or central administration of 7α-OH PREG increased serotonin concentrations in the diencephalon. Double immunolabeling further showed colocalization of CYP7B and serotonin in the DMH. These results indicate that acute stress increases the synthesis of 7α-OH PREG via CORT action in the DMH, and 7α-OH PREG activates serotonergic neurons in the DMH that may coordinate behavioral responses to stress. This is the first demonstration of neurosteroid biosynthesis regulated by peripheral steroid hormone and of neurosteroid action in the brain under stress in any vertebrate class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Haraguchi
- Laboratory of Integrative Brain Sciences, Department of Biology, Waseda University, Center for Medical Life Science of Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
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88
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Thomas P. Rapid steroid hormone actions initiated at the cell surface and the receptors that mediate them with an emphasis on recent progress in fish models. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 175:367-83. [PMID: 22154643 PMCID: PMC3264783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the classic genomic mechanism of steroid action mediated by activation of intracellular nuclear receptors, there is now extensive evidence that steroids also activate receptors on the cell surface to initiate rapid intracellular signaling and biological responses that are often nongenomic. Recent progress in our understanding of rapid, cell surface-initiated actions of estrogens, progestins, androgens and corticosteroids and the identities of the membrane receptors that act as their intermediaries is briefly reviewed with a special emphasis on studies in teleost fish. Two recently discovered novel proteins with seven-transmembrane domains, G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), and membrane progestin receptors (mPRs) have the ligand binding and signaling characteristics of estrogen and progestin membrane receptors, respectively, but their functional significance is disputed by some researchers. GPR30 is expressed on the cell surface of fish oocytes and mediates estrogen inhibition of oocyte maturation. mPRα is also expressed on the oocyte cell surface and is the intermediary in progestin induction of oocyte maturation in fish. Recent results suggest there is cross-talk between these two hormonal pathways and that there is reciprocal down-regulation of GPR30 and mPRα expression by estrogens and progestins at different phases of oocyte development to regulate the onset of oocyte maturation. There is also evidence in fish that mPRs are involved in progestin induction of sperm hypermotility and anti-apoptotic actions in ovarian follicle cells. Nonclassical androgen and corticosteroid actions have also been described in fish models but the membrane receptors mediating these actions have not been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thomas
- The University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA.
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89
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Kenealy BP, Terasawa E. Rapid direct action of estradiol in GnRH neurons: findings and implications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 2:106. [PMID: 22654841 PMCID: PMC3356072 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Estradiol plays a pivotal role in the control of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal function and female reproduction. While positive and negative feedback actions of estradiol that enhance and suppress release of GnRH and LH are primarily mediated through estrogen receptor alpha located in interneurons, a series of recent studies in our laboratory indicate that rapid excitatory actions of estradiol also directly modify GnRH neuronal activity. We observed this phenomenon in cultured primate GnRH neurons, but similar rapid direct actions of estradiol are also described in cultured GnRH neurons and green fluorescent protein-labeled GnRH neurons of mice. Importantly, rapid direct action of estradiol in GnRH neurons is mediated through membrane or membrane associated receptors, such as GPR30, STX-sensitive receptors, and ERβ. In this review, possible implications of this rapid estradiol action in GnRH neurons are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Kenealy
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of WisconsinMadison, WI, USA
| | - E. Terasawa
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of WisconsinMadison, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of WisconsinMadison, WI, USA
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90
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Dorey R, Piérard C, Shinkaruk S, Tronche C, Chauveau F, Baudonnat M, Béracochéa D. Membrane mineralocorticoid but not glucocorticoid receptors of the dorsal hippocampus mediate the rapid effects of corticosterone on memory retrieval. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:2639-49. [PMID: 21814189 PMCID: PMC3230488 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at determining the type of the glucocorticoid membrane receptors (mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) or glucocorticoid receptors (GRs)) in the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) involved in the rapid effects of corticosterone or stress on memory retrieval. For that purpose, we synthesized corticosterone-3-O-carboxymethyloxime-bovine serum albumin conjugate (Cort-3CMO-BSA) conjugate (a high MW complex that cannot cross the cell membrane) totally devoid of free corticosterone, stable in physiological conditions. In a first experiment, we evidenced that an acute stress (electric footshocks) induced both a dHPC corticosterone rise measured by microdialysis and memory retrieval impairment on delayed alternation task. Both the endocrinal and cognitive effects of stress were blocked by metyrapone (a corticosterone synthesis inhibitor). In a second experiment, we showed that bilateral injections of either corticosterone or Cort-3CMO-BSA in dHPC 15 min before memory testing produced impairments similar to those resulting from acute stress. Furthermore, we showed that anisomycin (a protein synthesis inhibitor) failed to block the deleterious effect of Cort-3CMO-BSA on memory. In a third experiment, we evidenced that intra-hippocampal injection of RU-28318 (MR antagonist) but not of RU-38486 (GR antagonist) totally blocked the Cort-3CMO-BSA-induced memory retrieval deficit. In a fourth experiment, we demonstrated that RU-28318 administered 15 min before stress blocked the stress-induced memory impairments when behavioral testing occurred 15 min but not 60 min after stress. Overall, this study provides strong in vivo evidence that the dHPC membrane GRs, mediating the rapid and non-genomic effects of acute stress on memory retrieval, are of MR but not GR type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Dorey
- CNRS, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine (INCIA) UMR 5287, Universités de Bordeaux, Talence, France,Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA)—Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Christophe Piérard
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA)—Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Svitlana Shinkaruk
- U862 Inserm Physiopathologie de la plasticité neuronale, Institut François Magendie, Universités de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France,ENITA de Bordeaux, Gradignan, France
| | - Christophe Tronche
- CNRS, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine (INCIA) UMR 5287, Universités de Bordeaux, Talence, France,Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA)—Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Frédéric Chauveau
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA)—Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Mathieu Baudonnat
- CNRS, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine (INCIA) UMR 5287, Universités de Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Daniel Béracochéa
- CNRS, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine (INCIA) UMR 5287, Universités de Bordeaux, Talence, France,CNRS, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Integratives d'Aquitaine (INCIA) UMR 5287, Universités de Bordeaux, Talence 33400, France. Tel: +33 54 000 2439; Fax: +33 54 000 8743; E-mail:
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91
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Strehl C, Gaber T, Löwenberg M, Hommes DW, Verhaar AP, Schellmann S, Hahne M, Fangradt M, Wagegg M, Hoff P, Scheffold A, Spies CM, Burmester GR, Buttgereit F. Origin and functional activity of the membrane-bound glucocorticoid receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:3779-88. [PMID: 21898343 DOI: 10.1002/art.30637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Strehl
- Charité University Hospital and German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Germany.
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92
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Krugers HJ, Zhou M, Joëls M, Kindt M. Regulation of excitatory synapses and fearful memories by stress hormones. Front Behav Neurosci 2011; 5:62. [PMID: 22013419 PMCID: PMC3190121 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Memories for emotionally arousing and fearful events are generally well retained. From the evolutionary point of view this is a highly adaptive behavioral response aimed to remember relevant information. However, fearful memories can also be inappropriately and vividly (re)expressed, such as in posttraumatic stress disorder. The memory formation of emotionally arousing events is largely modulated by hormones, peptides, and neurotransmitters which are released during and after exposure to these conditions. One of the core reactions in response to a stressful situation is the rapid activation of the autonomic nervous system, which results in the release of norepinephrine in the brain. In addition, stressful events stimulate the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis which slowly increases the release of glucocorticoid hormones from the adrenal glands. Here we will review how glucocorticoids and norepinephrine regulate the formation of fearful memories in rodents and humans and how these hormones can facilitate the storage of information by regulating excitatory synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm J. Krugers
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ming Zhou
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marian Joëls
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Merel Kindt
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
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93
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Impairment of fear memory consolidation in maternally stressed male mouse offspring: evidence for nongenomic glucocorticoid action on the amygdala. J Neurosci 2011; 31:7131-40. [PMID: 21562275 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4692-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment in early life elicits profound effects on fetal brain development that can extend into adulthood. However, the long-lasting impact of maternal stress on emotional learning remains largely unknown. Here, we focus on amygdala-related learning processes in maternally stressed mice. In these mice, fear memory consolidation and certain related signaling cascades were significantly impaired, though innate fear, fear memory acquisition, and synaptic NMDA receptor expression in the amygdala were unaltered. In accordance with these findings, maintenance of long-term potentiation (LTP) at amygdala synapses, but not its induction, was significantly impaired in the maternally stressed animals. Interestingly, amygdala glucocorticoid receptor expression was reduced in the maternally stressed mice, and administration of glucocorticoids (GCs) immediately after fear conditioning and LTP induction restored memory consolidation and LTP maintenance, respectively, suggesting that a weakening of GC signaling was responsible for the observed impairment. Furthermore, microinfusion of a membrane-impermeable form of GC (BSA-conjugated GC) into the amygdala mimicked the restorative effects of GC, indicating that a nongenomic activity of GC mediates the restorative effect. Together, these findings suggest that prenatal stress induces long-term dysregulation of nongenomic GC action in the amygdala of adult offspring, resulting in the impairment of fear memory consolidation. Since modulation of amygdala activity is known to alter the consolidation of emotionally influenced memories allocated in other brain regions, the nongenomic action of GC on the amygdala shown herein may also participate in the amygdala-dependent modulation of memory consolidation.
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94
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Ontaneda D, Rae-Grant AD. Management of acute exacerbations in multiple sclerosis. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2011; 12:264-72. [PMID: 20182574 PMCID: PMC2824954 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.58283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A key component of multiple sclerosis is the occurrence of episodes of clinical worsening with either new symptoms or an increase in older symptoms over a few days or weeks. These are known as exacerbations of multiple sclerosis. In this review, we summarize the pathophysiology and treatment of exacerbations and describe how they are related to the overall management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ontaneda
- Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195 USA
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95
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Krug AW, Pojoga LH, Williams GH, Adler GK. Cell Membrane–Associated Mineralocorticoid Receptors? Hypertension 2011; 57:1019-25. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.159459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W. Krug
- From the Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Boston, MA
| | - Luminita H. Pojoga
- From the Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Boston, MA
| | - Gordon H. Williams
- From the Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Boston, MA
| | - Gail K. Adler
- From the Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Boston, MA
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96
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Abstract
There is abundant evidence for the presence of endogenous cannabinoid signaling systems in many nonmammalian species, including several classes of invertebrates. Interest in the study of these animals largely relates to their production of distinct and measurable specialized behaviors. The ability to alter these behaviors through manipulation of cannabinoid signaling has provided important insight into both the phylogenetic history and physiological relevance of this essential neuromodulatory system.This chapter presents a review of literature relevant to cannabinoid-altered behaviors in nonmammalian species from insects through advanced vocal learning avian species. Integration of findings supports a common role for endocannabinoid (ECB) modulation of ingestive and locomotor behaviors, with interesting contrasting agonist effects that distinguish vertebrate and invertebrate classes. Studies in amphibians and birds suggest that ECB signaling may function as a behavioral switch, allowing redirection from less- to more-essential behaviors in response to emergent environmental changes. Overall, the studies provide evidence for cannabinoid modulation of aggression, emesis, feeding behavior, locomotor activity, reproductive behaviors, vocal learning, sensory perception and stress responses.
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97
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Spencer RL, Kalman BA, Dhabhar FS. Role of Endogenous Glucocorticoids in Immune System Function: Regulation and Counterregulation. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp070418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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98
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Wingfield JC, Romero LM. Adrenocortical Responses to Stress and Their Modulation in Free‐Living Vertebrates. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp070411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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99
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Hill MN, Karatsoreos IN, Hillard CJ, McEwen BS. Rapid elevations in limbic endocannabinoid content by glucocorticoid hormones in vivo. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010; 35:1333-8. [PMID: 20399021 PMCID: PMC2914801 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Functional interactions between glucocorticoids and the endocannabinoid system have been repeatedly documented; yet, to date, no studies have demonstrated in vivo that glucocorticoid hormones regulate endocannabinoid signaling. We demonstrate that systemic administration of the glucocorticoid corticosterone (3 and 10 mg/kg) resulted in an increase in the tissue content of the endocannabinoid N-arachidonylethanolamine (AEA) within several limbic structures (amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus), but not the prefrontal cortex, of male rats. Tissue AEA content was increased at 10min and returned to control 1h post-corticosterone administration. The other primary endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, was found to be elevated by corticosterone exclusively within the hypothalamus. The rapidity of the change suggests that glucocorticoids act through a non-genomic pathway. Tissue contents of two other N-acylethanolamines, palmitoylethanolamide and oleolyethanolamide, were not affected by corticosterone treatment, suggesting that the mechanism of regulation is neither fatty acid amide nor N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D. These data provide in vivo support for non-genomic steroid effects in mammals and suggest that AEA is a mediator of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N. Hill
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY USA
| | - Ilia N. Karatsoreos
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY USA
| | - Cecilia J. Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Bruce S. McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY USA
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100
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Barsegyan A, Mackenzie SM, Kurose BD, McGaugh JL, Roozendaal B. Glucocorticoids in the prefrontal cortex enhance memory consolidation and impair working memory by a common neural mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:16655-60. [PMID: 20810923 PMCID: PMC2944727 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1011975107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that acute administration of adrenocortical hormones enhances the consolidation of memories of emotional experiences and, concurrently, impairs working memory. These different glucocorticoid effects on these two memory functions have generally been considered to be independently regulated processes. Here we report that a glucocorticoid receptor agonist administered into the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of male Sprague-Dawley rats both enhances memory consolidation and impairs working memory. Both memory effects are mediated by activation of a membrane-bound steroid receptor and depend on noradrenergic activity within the mPFC to increase levels of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. These findings provide direct evidence that glucocorticoid effects on both memory consolidation and working memory share a common neural influence within the mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areg Barsegyan
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Anatomy, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Scott M. Mackenzie
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3800
| | - Brian D. Kurose
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3800
| | - James L. McGaugh
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3800
| | - Benno Roozendaal
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Anatomy, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands; and
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