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Impact of Staphylococcus aureus Small Colony Variants on Human Lung Epithelial Cells with Subsequent Influenza Virus Infection. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121998. [PMID: 33333815 PMCID: PMC7765246 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human beings are exposed to microorganisms every day. Among those, diverse commensals and potential pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) compose a significant part of the respiratory tract microbiota. Remarkably, bacterial colonization is supposed to affect the outcome of viral respiratory tract infections, including those caused by influenza viruses (IV). Since 30% of the world's population is already colonized with S. aureus that can develop metabolically inactive dormant phenotypes and seasonal IV circulate every year, super-infections are likely to occur. Although IV and S. aureus super-infections are widely described in the literature, the interactions of these pathogens with each other and the host cell are only scarcely understood. Especially, the effect of quasi-dormant bacterial subpopulations on IV infections is barely investigated. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the impact of S. aureus small colony variants on the cell intrinsic immune response during a subsequent IV infection in vitro. In fact, we observed a significant impact on the regulation of pro-inflammatory factors, contributing to a synergistic effect on cell intrinsic innate immune response and induction of harmful cell death. Interestingly, the cytopathic effect, which was observed in presence of both pathogens, was not due to an increased pathogen load.
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52
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Armentrout EI, Liu GY, Martins GA. T Cell Immunity and the Quest for Protective Vaccines against Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121936. [PMID: 33291260 PMCID: PMC7762175 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a wide-spread human pathogen, and one of the top causative agents of nosocomial infections. The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains, which are associated with higher mortality and morbidity rates than antibiotic-susceptible strains, is increasing around the world. Vaccination would be an effective preventive measure against S. aureus infection, but to date, every vaccine developed has failed in clinical trials, despite inducing robust antibody responses. These results suggest that induction of humoral immunity does not suffice to confer protection against the infection. Evidence from studies in murine models and in patients with immune defects support a role of T cell-mediated immunity in protective responses against S. aureus. Here, we review the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying adaptive immunity to S. aureus infections and discuss these findings in light of the recent S. aureus vaccine trial failures. We make the case for the need to develop anti-S. aureus vaccines that can specifically elicit robust and durable protective memory T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin I. Armentrout
- Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC), Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, CSMC, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - George Y. Liu
- Collaborative to Halt Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gislâine A. Martins
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute (IBIRI), CSMC, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Division of Immunology, CSMC, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, CSMC, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Correspondence:
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Chaves TP, Medeiros FD, Sousa JMC, Silva LAP, Lima MA, Coutinho HDM, Medeiros ACD. Phytochemical characterization and mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and modulatory activities of Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) L.P. Queiroz. Nat Prod Res 2020; 34:3382-3387. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1566724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago P. Chaves
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Bom Jesus, PI, Brasil
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Ensaios de Medicamentos, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil
| | - Francinalva D. Medeiros
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Ensaios de Medicamentos, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil
| | - João Marcelo C. Sousa
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Mutagênese, Campus Senador Helvídio Nunes de Barros, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Picos, PI, Piauí, Brasil
| | - Luís Augusto P. Silva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil
| | - Micheline A. Lima
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Brazil
| | - Henrique D. M. Coutinho
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia D. Medeiros
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Ensaios de Medicamentos, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil
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Kim NH, Sung JY, Choi YJ, Choi SJ, Ahn S, Ji E, Kim M, Kim CJ, Song KH, Choe PG, Park WB, Kim ES, Park KU, Kim NJ, Oh MD, Kim HB. Toll-like receptor 2 downregulation and cytokine dysregulation predict mortality in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:901. [PMID: 33256638 PMCID: PMC7706030 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05641-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) presents heterogeneously, owing to the differences in underlying host conditions and immune responses. Although Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is important in recognizing S. aureus, its function during S. aureus infection remains controversial. We aimed to examine the association of TLR2 expression and associated cytokine responses with clinical SAB outcomes. METHODS Patients from a prospective SAB cohort at two tertiary-care medical centers were enrolled. Blood was sampled at several timepoints (≤5 d, 6-9 d, 10-13 d, 14-19 d, and ≥ 20 d) after SAB onset. TLR2 mRNA levels were determined via real-time PCR and serum tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, interleukin [IL]-6, and IL-10 levels were analyzed with multiplex-high-sensitivity electrochemiluminescent ELISA. RESULTS TLR2 levels varied among 59 SAB patients. On days 2-5, TLR2 levels were significantly higher in SAB survivors than in healthy controls (p = 0.040) and slightly but not significantly higher than non-survivors (p = 0.120), and SAB patients dying within 7 d had lower TLR2 levels than survivors (P = 0.077) although statistically insignificant. IL-6 and IL-10 levels were significantly higher in non-survivors than in survivors on days 2-5 post-bacteremia (P = 0.010 and P = 0.021, respectively), and those dying within 7 d of SAB (n = 3) displayed significantly higher IL-10/TNF-α ratios than the survivors did (P = 0.007). CONCLUSION TLR2 downregulation and IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations suggestive of immune dysregulation during early bacteremia may be associated with mortality from SAB. TLR2 expression levels and associated cytokine reactions during early-phase SAB may be potential prognostic factors in SAB, although larger studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nak-Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 173 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Sung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Present Address: Roche Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 173 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Ahn
- Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjeong Ji
- Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonsuk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 173 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Jong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 173 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, Republic of Korea.,Present Address: Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 173 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyoeng Gyun Choe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Beom Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eu Suk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 173 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Un Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Joong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Don Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Bin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 173 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, Republic of Korea.
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55
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Vlaeminck J, Raafat D, Surmann K, Timbermont L, Normann N, Sellman B, van Wamel WJB, Malhotra-Kumar S. Exploring Virulence Factors and Alternative Therapies against Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110721. [PMID: 33218049 PMCID: PMC7698915 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is an acute pulmonary infection associated with high mortality and an immense financial burden on healthcare systems. Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen capable of inducing S. aureus pneumonia (SAP), with some lineages also showing multidrug resistance. Given the high level of antibiotic resistance, much research has been focused on targeting S. aureus virulence factors, including toxins and biofilm-associated proteins, in an attempt to develop effective SAP therapeutics. Despite several promising leads, many hurdles still remain for S. aureus vaccine research. Here, we review the state-of-the-art SAP therapeutics, highlight their pitfalls, and discuss alternative approaches of potential significance and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Vlaeminck
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.V.); (L.T.)
| | - Dina Raafat
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (D.R.); (N.N.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Kristin Surmann
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Leen Timbermont
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.V.); (L.T.)
| | - Nicole Normann
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (D.R.); (N.N.)
| | - Bret Sellman
- Microbiome Discovery, Microbial Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R & D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA;
| | - Willem J. B. van Wamel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.V.); (L.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-3-265-27-52
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56
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Amin Yavari S, Castenmiller SM, van Strijp JAG, Croes M. Combating Implant Infections: Shifting Focus from Bacteria to Host. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002962. [PMID: 32914481 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of biomaterials to support or replace body parts is increasingly threatened by the risk of implant-associated infections. In the quest for finding novel anti-infective biomaterials, there generally has been a one-sided focus on biomaterials with direct antibacterial properties, which leads to excessive use of antibacterial agents, compromised host responses, and unpredictable effectiveness in vivo. This review sheds light on how host immunomodulation, rather than only targeting bacteria, can endow biomaterials with improved anti-infective properties. How antibacterial surface treatments are at risk to be undermined by biomaterial features that dysregulate the protection normally provided by critical immune cell subsets, namely, neutrophils and macrophages, is discussed. Accordingly, how the precise modification of biomaterial surface biophysical cues, or the incorporation of immunomodulatory drug delivery systems, can render biomaterials with the necessary immune-compatible and immune-protective properties to potentiate the host defense mechanisms is reviewed. Within this context, the protective role of host defense peptides, metallic particles, quorum sensing inhibitors, and therapeutic adjuvants is discussed. The highlighted immunomodulatory strategies may lay a foundation to develop anti-infective biomaterials, while mitigating the increasing threat of antibacterial drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Amin Yavari
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508GA, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne M Castenmiller
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508GA, The Netherlands
| | - Jos A G van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508GA, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Croes
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508GA, The Netherlands
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57
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Mrochen DM, Fernandes de Oliveira LM, Raafat D, Holtfreter S. Staphylococcus aureus Host Tropism and Its Implications for Murine Infection Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7061. [PMID: 32992784 PMCID: PMC7582387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a pathobiont of humans as well as a multitude of animal species. The high prevalence of multi-resistant and more virulent strains of S. aureus necessitates the development of new prevention and treatment strategies for S. aureus infection. Major advances towards understanding the pathogenesis of S. aureus diseases have been made using conventional mouse models, i.e., by infecting naïve laboratory mice with human-adapted S.aureus strains. However, the failure to transfer certain results obtained in these murine systems to humans highlights the limitations of such models. Indeed, numerous S. aureus vaccine candidates showed promising results in conventional mouse models but failed to offer protection in human clinical trials. These limitations arise not only from the widely discussed physiological differences between mice and humans, but also from the lack of attention that is paid to the specific interactions of S. aureus with its respective host. For instance, animal-derived S. aureus lineages show a high degree of host tropism and carry a repertoire of host-specific virulence and immune evasion factors. Mouse-adapted S.aureus strains, humanized mice, and microbiome-optimized mice are promising approaches to overcome these limitations and could improve transferability of animal experiments to human trials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Mrochen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Liliane M. Fernandes de Oliveira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Dina Raafat
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
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58
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Shi T, Li T, Jiang X, Jiang X, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang L, Qin X, Zhang W, Zheng Y. Baicalin protects mice from infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus via alleviating inflammatory response. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1829-1839. [PMID: 32893374 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ab0820-576rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis was redefined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection in 2016. One of its most common causes is Staphylococcus aureus, especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which leads to a significant increase in morbidity and mortality. Therefore, innovative and effective approaches to combat MRSA infection are urgently needed. Recently, host-directed therapy (HDT) has become a new strategy in the treatment of infectious diseases, especially those caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Baicalin (BAI) is the predominant flavonoid and bioactive compound isolated from the roots of Radix Scutellariae (Huang Qin), a kind of traditional Chinese medicine. It has been reported that BAI exhibits multiple biological properties such as anti-oxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the therapeutic role of BAI in MRSA infection is still unknown. In this study, it is found that BAI treatment inhibited the production of IL-6, TNF-α, and other cytokines from MRSA- or bacterial mimics-stimulated Mϕs and dendritic cells (DCs). BAI played an anti-inflammatory role by inhibiting the activation of ERK, JNK MAPK, and NF-κB pathways. Moreover, the serum level of TNF-α was decreased, whereas IL-10 was increased, in mice injected with MRSA. Furthermore, the bacterial load in livers and kidneys were further decreased by the combination of BAI and vancomycin (VAN), which might account for the amelioration of tissue damage. BAI reduced the high mortality rate caused by MRSA infection. Collectively, the results suggested that BAI may be a viable candidate of HDT strategy against severe sepsis caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shi
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xinru Jiang
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yuli Wang
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yaxing Zhang
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Qin
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yuejuan Zheng
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
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59
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Natarajan O, Angeloni JT, Bilodeau MF, Russi KE, Dong Y, Cao M. The Immunomodulatory Effects of Royal Jelly on Defending Against Bacterial Infections in the Caenorhabditis elegans Model. J Med Food 2020; 24:358-369. [PMID: 32701017 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that aging is associated with the deterioration of immunity, a term known as immunosenescence, which may lead to a higher incidence of infections in the elderly population. Our previous studies reported that supplementation of royal jelly (RJ) extended the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), a nematode model. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential benefits of RJ supplementation on modulation of the innate immunity in C. elegans. Using Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus; ATCC 25923) as the infection model, we showed that RJ supplementation from the egg hatching stage could protect C. elegans against the infection. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that RJ coordinated pathways of IIS/DAF-16, p38 MAPK, and Wnt to modulate the innate immunity. In addition, when RJ was administrated to the aged C. elegans, the worms displayed prolonged survival time to a variety of bacterial infections compared with the nontreatment group. This result indicates the RJ may help delay the innate immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojas Natarajan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Joseph T Angeloni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Maxime F Bilodeau
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kyle E Russi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Yuqing Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.,Institute for Engaged Aging, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Min Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.,Institute for Engaged Aging, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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60
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Hsieh WY, Zhou QD, York AG, Williams KJ, Scumpia PO, Kronenberger EB, Hoi XP, Su B, Chi X, Bui VL, Khialeeva E, Kaplan A, Son YM, Divakaruni AS, Sun J, Smale ST, Flavell RA, Bensinger SJ. Toll-Like Receptors Induce Signal-Specific Reprogramming of the Macrophage Lipidome. Cell Metab 2020; 32:128-143.e5. [PMID: 32516576 PMCID: PMC7891175 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages reprogram their lipid metabolism in response to activation signals. However, a systems-level understanding of how different pro-inflammatory stimuli reshape the macrophage lipidome is lacking. Here, we use complementary "shotgun" and isotope tracer mass spectrometry approaches to define the changes in lipid biosynthesis, import, and composition of macrophages induced by various Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammatory cytokines. "Shotgun" lipidomics data revealed that different TLRs and cytokines induce macrophages to acquire distinct lipidomes, indicating their specificity in reshaping lipid composition. Mechanistic studies showed that differential reprogramming of lipid composition is mediated by the opposing effects of MyD88- and TRIF-interferon-signaling pathways. Finally, we applied these insights to show that perturbing reprogramming of lipid composition can enhance inflammation and promote host defense to bacterial challenge. These studies provide a framework for understanding how inflammatory stimuli reprogram lipid composition of macrophages while providing a knowledge platform to exploit differential lipidomics to influence immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yuan Hsieh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Quan D Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Autumn G York
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kevin J Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Philip O Scumpia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eliza B Kronenberger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xen Ping Hoi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Baolong Su
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xun Chi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Viet L Bui
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elvira Khialeeva
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amber Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Young Min Son
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Stephen T Smale
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Steven J Bensinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Mohammad M, Hu Z, Ali A, Kopparapu PK, Na M, Jarneborn A, Stroparo MDN, Nguyen MT, Karlsson A, Götz F, Pullerits R, Jin T. The role of Staphylococcus aureus lipoproteins in hematogenous septic arthritis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7936. [PMID: 32404866 PMCID: PMC7221087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64879-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Permanent joint dysfunction is a devastating complication in patients with septic arthritis. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) lipoproteins (Lpp), the predominant ligands for TLR2, are known to be arthritogenic and induce bone destruction when introduced directly into the joint. Here, we aim to investigate the importance of S. aureus Lpp and TLR2 in a hematogenous septic arthritis model, which is the most common route of infection in humans. C57BL/6 wild-type and TLR2 deficient mice were intravenously inoculated with S. aureus Newman parental strain or its lipoprotein-deficient Δlgt mutant strain. The clinical course of septic arthritis, radiological changes, and serum levels of cytokines and chemokines, were assessed. Newman strain induced more severe and frequent clinical septic polyarthritis compared to its Δlgt mutant in TLR2 deficient mice, but not in wild-type controls. Bone destruction, however, did not differ between groups. Lpp expression was associated with higher mortality, weight loss as well as impaired bacterial clearance in mouse kidneys independent of TLR2. Furthermore, Lpp expression induced increased systemic pro-inflammatory cytokine and neutrophil chemokine release. Staphylococcal Lpp are potent virulence factors in S. aureus systemic infection independent of host TLR2 signalling. However, they have a limited impact on bone erosion in hematogenous staphylococcal septic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majd Mohammad
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Zhicheng Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Abukar Ali
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pradeep Kumar Kopparapu
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Manli Na
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Jarneborn
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mariana do Nascimento Stroparo
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Minh-Thu Nguyen
- Department of Microbial Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Karlsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Department of Microbial Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rille Pullerits
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Banerjee S, Vishakha K, Das S, Dutta M, Mukherjee D, Mondal J, Mondal S, Ganguli A. Antibacterial, anti-biofilm activity and mechanism of action of pancreatin doped zinc oxide nanoparticles against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 190:110921. [PMID: 32172163 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus are known to cause diseases from normal skin wound to life intimidating infections. Among the drug resistant strain, management of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is very difficult by using conventional antibiotic treatment. Both Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and pancreatin (PK) are known to have antibacterial activity. Our main objective is to dope PK on ZnONPs to reduced zinc-oxide toxicity but increased anti-bacterial and anti-biofilms activity. In present study, we showed that, functions of zinc oxide nanoparticles with pancreatin enzyme (ZnONPs-PK) have anti-bacterial, anti-biofilms, anti-motility and anti-virulence properties against MRSA. Moreover, ZnONPs-PK were more potent to eradicate MRSA than only ZnONPs and PK. Application of the produced nano-composites as treatment on infected swine dermis predominantly reflects the potential treatment property of it. The vancomycin sensitivity of MRSA was significantly increased on application with ZnONPs-PK. Further study revealed cell membrane was the target of the ZnONPs-PK and that leads to oxidative damage of the cells. The produced nanoparticles were found completely non-toxic to human's keratinocytes and lung epithelial cell lines at its bactericidal concentration. Overall, this study emphasizes the potential mechanisms underlying the selective bactericidal properties of ZnONPs-PK against MRSA. This novel nanoparticle strategy may provide the ideal solution for comprehensive management of MRSA and its associated diseases with minimising the use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satarupa Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, EM - 4 Sector -V, Saltlake City, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India
| | - Kumari Vishakha
- Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, EM - 4 Sector -V, Saltlake City, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India
| | - Shatabdi Das
- Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, EM - 4 Sector -V, Saltlake City, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India
| | - Moumita Dutta
- Division of Electron Microscopy, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P- C.I.T. Scheme XM, Beleghata, 33, CIT Rd, Subhas Sarobar Park, Phool Bagan, Beleghata, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700010, India
| | - Debolina Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, EM - 4 Sector -V, Saltlake City, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India
| | - Jyotsna Mondal
- Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, EM - 4 Sector -V, Saltlake City, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India
| | - Sandhimita Mondal
- Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, EM - 4 Sector -V, Saltlake City, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India
| | - Arnab Ganguli
- Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, EM - 4 Sector -V, Saltlake City, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India.
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63
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Yang F, Cai HH, Feng XE, Li QS. A novel marine halophenol derivative attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells via activating phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:1021-1031. [PMID: 32112362 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-019-00018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2,4',5'-Trihydroxyl-5,2'-dibromo diphenylmethanone (LM49), a novel active halophenol derivative synthesized by our group from marine plants, exhibits strong anti-inflammatory activities. However, molecular machineries involved in its effect have not been fully identified. The study was aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of LM49 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and its underlying mechanism. METHODS RAW264.7 cells were treated with LPS (10 μg/mL) and then exposed to different concentrations of LM49 (i.e., 5, 10, and 15 μM) for 24 h. Cytokine release in culture medium of RAW264.7 cells was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Phagocytic capacity (FITC-dextran uptake) was determined by flow cytometry. The protein level of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), AKT and p-AKT was measured by western blot analysis. RESULTS Our findings revealed that LM49 reduced the production and mRNA levels of cytokines related to inflammation such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and increased the level of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. In addition, LM49 decreased the production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. Moreover, flow cytometry showed that LM49 significantly enhanced the phagocytic capacity (FITC-dextran uptake) of macrophages. The effects of LM49 were significantly inhibited by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002. In particular, LY294002 attenuated the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 cells induced by LM49 and prevented the effects on cytokines. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that LM49 possesses anti-inflammatory activity on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, in which the PI3K/Akt pathway plays an essential role. LM49 may have clinical utility as an anti-inflammatory agent. In this study, we demonstrated that a halophenol derivative (LM49) could possess anti-inflammatory activity on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhancing the phagocytic capacity, in which the PI3K/Akt pathway plays an essential role. LM49 may have clinical utility as an anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Hong Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-E Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Shan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chronic Inflammatory Targeted Drugs, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medical, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, People's Republic of China.
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64
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Lai JCY, Svedin P, Ek CJ, Mottahedin A, Wang X, Levy O, Currie A, Strunk T, Mallard C. Vancomycin Is Protective in a Neonatal Mouse Model of Staphylococcus epidermidis-Potentiated Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e02003-19. [PMID: 31818825 PMCID: PMC7038267 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02003-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection is correlated with increased risk of neurodevelopmental sequelae in preterm infants. In modeling neonatal brain injury, Toll-like receptor agonists have often been used to mimic infections and induce inflammation. Using the most common cause of bacteremia in preterm infants, Staphylococcus epidermidis, we present a more clinically relevant neonatal mouse model that addresses the combined effects of bacterial infection together with subsequent hypoxic-ischemic brain insult. Currently, there is no neuroprotective treatment for the preterm population. Hence, we tested the neuroprotective effects of vancomycin with and without adjunct therapy using the anti-inflammatory agent pentoxifylline. We characterized the effects of S. epidermidis infection on the inflammatory response in the periphery and the brain, as well as the physiological changes in the central nervous system that might affect neurodevelopmental outcomes. Intraperitoneal injection of postnatal day 4 mice with a live clinical isolate of S. epidermidis led to bacteremia and induction of proinflammatory cytokines in the blood, as well as transient elevations of neutrophil and monocyte chemotactic cytokines and caspase 3 activity in the brain. When hypoxia-ischemia was induced postinfection, more severe brain damage was observed in infected animals than in saline-injected controls. This infection-induced inflammation and potentiated brain injury was inoculum dose dependent and was alleviated by the antibiotic vancomycin. Pentoxifylline did not provide any additional neuroprotective effect. Thus, we show for the first time that live S. epidermidis potentiates hypoxic-ischemic preterm brain injury and that peripheral inhibition of inflammation with antibiotics, such as vancomycin, reduces the extent of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline C Y Lai
- Center for Perinatal Medicine and Health, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pernilla Svedin
- Center for Perinatal Medicine and Health, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C Joakim Ek
- Center for Perinatal Medicine and Health, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amin Mottahedin
- Center for Perinatal Medicine and Health, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Center for Perinatal Medicine and Health, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Currie
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tobias Strunk
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Neonatal Directorate, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carina Mallard
- Center for Perinatal Medicine and Health, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Miao Z, Ding Y, Zhao N, Chen X, Cheng H, Wang J, Liu Y, Wang F. Transcriptome sequencing reveals fibrotic associated-genes involved in bovine mammary fibroblasts with Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 121:105696. [PMID: 32001362 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mammary fibrosis represents a considerable health problem of cows, primarily indicated by lactation failure. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) can cause mammary damage, this multifactorial disease necessitates to identify how and to what extent molecular pathogen defense mechanisms prevent bacterial infections in bovine mammary gland. In this study, we have aimed to determine the transcriptional responses in bovine mammary fibroblasts (BMFBs) induced by S. aureus using bioinformatics analysis to determine whether mRNA expression profile changes between BMFBs activation and quiescence. Established primary BMFBs obtained from healthy Holstein bovine were induced 106 CFU/mL heat-inactivated S. aureus and total RNA was isolated 6 h after treatment. The 574 DEGs were involved in gene ontology (GO) that were immune response, apoptotic process, extracellular region, receptor binding, endopeptidase activity and protein kinase activity et al. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, distinct pathway contained signaling molecules common to various inflammatory and fibrotic pathways were Pathways in cancer, Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. The BMFBs was treated with heat-inactivated S. aureus (106 CFU/mL) and also with pharmacological inhibitors of ERK1/2, P38 MAPK and JNK. The MMP-2 activity were examined gelatin zymography, MMP-2, TIMP-1, -2 and PLAU/PAI-1 protein expression were examined in vitro by western blot. The MMP-2 activity was significantly inhibited by simultaneous inhibition of ERK1/2, P38 MAPK and JNK, and MMP-2, TIMP-1,-2 and PLAU/PAI-1 protein expression were significantly decreased by inhibiting ERK1/2, P38 MAPK or JNK. This suggested a crosstalk between the ERK1/2, P38 MAPK or JNK signaling pathways in regulating extracellular matrix metabolism in the BMFBs with S. aureus. Our study complement our initial study on S. aureus-induced responses by fibrosis-associated genes in BMFBs. This may lead to development of novel therapeutic targets to control bovine mammary fibrosis induced by S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengqiang Miao
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Yulin Ding
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Nan Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Xunan Chen
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Huixin Cheng
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Jinling Wang
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Fenglong Wang
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China.
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Activation of a Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell Line by Ruminant-Associated Staphylococcus aureus is Lineage Dependent. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120688. [PMID: 31842337 PMCID: PMC6955728 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is a costly disease to the dairy industry and intramammary infections (IMI) with Staphylococcus aureus are a major cause of mastitis. Staphylococcus aureus strains responsible for mastitis in cattle predominantly belong to ruminant-associated clonal complexes (CCs). Recognition of pathogens by bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) plays a key role in activation of immune responsiveness during IMI. However, it is still largely unknown to what extent the bMEC response differs according to S. aureus CC. The aim of this study was to determine whether ruminant-associated S. aureus CCs differentially activate bMEC. For this purpose, the immortalized bMEC line PS was stimulated with S. aureus mastitis isolates belonging to four different clonal complexes (CCs; CC133, CC479, CC151 and CC425) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) release was measured as indicator of activation. To validate our bMEC model, we first stimulated PS cells with genetically modified S. aureus strains lacking (protein A, wall teichoic acid (WTA) synthesis) or expressing (capsular polysaccharide (CP) type 5 or type 8) factors expected to affect S. aureus recognition by bMEC. The absence of functional WTA synthesis increased IL-8 release by bMEC in response to bacterial stimulation compared to wildtype. In addition, bMEC released more IL-8 after stimulation with S. aureus expressing CP type 5 compared to CP type 8 or a strain lacking CP expression. Among the S. aureus lineages, isolates belonging to CC133 induced a significantly stronger IL-8 release from bMEC than isolates from the other CCs, and the IL-8 response to CC479 was higher compared to CC151 and CC425. Transcription levels of IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), serum amyloid A3 (SAA3), Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in bMEC after bacterial stimulation tended to follow a similar pattern as IL-8 release, but there were no significant differences between the CCs. This study demonstrates a differential activation of bMEC by ruminant-associated CCs of S. aureus, which may have implications for the severity of mastitis during IMI by S. aureus belonging to these lineages.
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67
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In Staphylococcus aureus, the Particulate State of the Cell Envelope Is Required for the Efficient Induction of Host Defense Responses. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00674-19. [PMID: 31548327 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00674-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon microbial infection, host immune cells recognize bacterial cell envelope components through cognate receptors. Although bacterial cell envelope components function as innate immune molecules, the role of the physical state of the bacterial cell envelope (i.e., particulate versus soluble) in host immune activation has not been clearly defined. Here, using two different forms of the staphylococcal cell envelope of Staphylococcus aureus RN4220 and USA300 LAC strains, we provide biochemical and immunological evidence that the particulate state is required for the effective activation of host innate immune responses. In a murine model of peritoneal infection, the particulate form of the staphylococcal cell envelope (PCE) induced the production of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) and CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), the chemotactic cytokines for neutrophils and monocytes, respectively, resulting in a strong influx of the phagocytes into the peritoneal cavity. In contrast, compared with PCE, the soluble form of cell envelope (SCE), which was derived from PCE by treatment with cell wall-hydrolyzing enzymes, showed minimal activity. PCE also induced the secretion of calprotectin (myeloid-related protein 8/14 [MRP8/14] complex), a phagocyte-derived antimicrobial protein, into the peritoneal cavity at a much higher level than did SCE. The injected PCE particles were phagocytosed by the infiltrated neutrophils and monocytes and then delivered to mediastinal draining lymph nodes. More importantly, intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected PCE efficiently protected mice from S. aureus infection, which was abolished by the depletion of either monocytes/macrophages or neutrophils. This study demonstrated that the physical state of bacterial cells is a critical factor for efficient host immune activation and the protection of hosts from staphylococcal infections.
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Abstract
Many options now exist for constructing oral vaccines which, in experimental systems, have shown themselves to be able to generate highly effective immunity against infectious diseases. Their suitability for implementation in clinical practice, however, for prevention of outbreaks, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), is not always guaranteed, because of factors such as cost, logistics and cultural and environmental conditions. This brief overview provides a summary of the various approaches which can be adopted, and evaluates them from a pharmaceutical point, taking into account potential regulatory issues, expense, manufacturing complexity, etc., all of which can determine whether a vaccine approach will be successful in the late stages of development. Attention is also drawn to problems arising from inadequate diet, which impacts upon success in stimulating effective immunity, and identifies the use of lipid-based carriers as a way to counteract the problem of nutritional deficiencies in vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. R. C. New
- Middlesex UniversityHendon, LondonUK
- Vaxcine (UK) Limited, London Bioscience Innovation CentreLondonUK
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69
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Deusenbery CB, Kalan L, Meisel JS, Gardner SE, Grice EA, Spiller KL. Human macrophage response to microbial supernatants from diabetic foot ulcers. Wound Repair Regen 2019; 27:598-608. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carly B. Deusenbery
- School of Biomedical Engineering Science and Health SystemsDrexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Lindsay Kalan
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin
| | - Jacquelyn S. Meisel
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- The Center for Bioinformatics and Computational BiologyUniversity of Maryland College Park
| | | | - Elizabeth A. Grice
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Kara L. Spiller
- School of Biomedical Engineering Science and Health SystemsDrexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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Bølling AK, Olderbø BP, Samuelsen JT, Rukke HV. Establishing a macrophage model with relevance for oral methacrylate monomer exposures: Attenuated Staphylococcus aureus-induced cytokine release from human macrophages. Dent Mater 2019; 35:e235-e248. [PMID: 31378308 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leakage of unpolymerized methacrylate monomers after placement of methacrylate-containing polymeric dental materials leads to human exposure. Based on studies using murine macrophages and LPS from Escherichia coli (E. coli), dental monomers like 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) are known to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced cytokine release. The aim of this study was to establish a model system with relevance for human oral monomer exposure using exposure to live gram-positive bacteria, and to confirm the HEMA-induced effects on cytokine release in this model. METHODS The human THP-1 monocyte cell line was differentiated to macrophages using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), before exposure to 0.5-2mM HEMA and live Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in various multiplicity of infections (MOI). Cytokine release and cytotoxicity were determined after (i) 2-24h pre-exposure to HEMA followed by 2-4h S. aureus exposure and (ii) 2-4h simultaneous exposure. The 24h pre-exposure regime was also tested in primary human airway macrophages and for phagocytosis of S. aureus in THP-1 macrophages. RESULTS HEMA attenuated the cytokine release more strongly in the pre-exposure than combined exposure regime, with a maximal reduction of 95% in the S. aureus-induced cytokine release. A MOI of 0.1 (corresponding to a bacteria-macrophage ratio of 1:10) was determined to be optimal in the THP-1 macrophages as it induced sufficient cytokine release and negligible cytotoxicity. Attenuated release of S. aureus-induced interleukin (IL)-1β after HEMA exposure was confirmed in primary airway macrophages, while HEMA increased the phagocytosis of S. aureus in THP-1 cells. CONCLUSION The model was successfully established and attenuated bacteria-induced cytokine release after HEMA exposure confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Bølling
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Sognsveien 70A, N-0855 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Domain of Infection Control and Environmental Health, P.O. Box 4404, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - B P Olderbø
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Sognsveien 70A, N-0855 Oslo, Norway
| | - J T Samuelsen
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Sognsveien 70A, N-0855 Oslo, Norway
| | - H V Rukke
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Sognsveien 70A, N-0855 Oslo, Norway
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71
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Computational design of a chimeric epitope-based vaccine to protect against Staphylococcus aureus infections. Mol Cell Probes 2019; 46:101414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Dating back to the 1960s, initial studies on the staphylococcal cell wall were driven by the need to clarify the mode of action of the first antibiotics and the resistance mechanisms developed by the bacteria. During the following decades, the elucidation of the biosynthetic path and primary composition of staphylococcal cell walls was propelled by advances in microbial cell biology, specifically, the introduction of high-resolution analytical techniques and molecular genetic approaches. The field of staphylococcal cell wall gradually gained its own significance as the complexity of its chemical structure and involvement in numerous cellular processes became evident, namely its versatile role in host interactions, coordination of cell division and environmental stress signaling.This chapter includes an updated description of the anatomy of staphylococcal cell walls, paying particular attention to information from the last decade, under four headings: high-resolution analysis of the Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan; variations in peptidoglycan composition; genetic determinants and enzymes in cell wall synthesis; and complex functions of cell walls. The latest contributions to a more precise picture of the staphylococcal cell envelope were possible due to recently developed state-of-the-art microscopy and spectroscopy techniques and to a wide combination of -omics approaches, that are allowing to obtain a more integrative view of this highly dynamic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sobral
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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73
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Kim YM, Jeong S, Choe YH, Hyun YM. Two-photon intravital imaging of leukocyte migration during inflammation in the respiratory system. Acute Crit Care 2019; 34:101-107. [PMID: 31723914 PMCID: PMC6786666 DOI: 10.4266/acc.2019.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon intravital imaging is a powerful method by which researchers are able to directly observe biological phenomena in live organisms. Researchers in various biomedical research fields have applied two-photon imaging to a variety of target organs by utilizing this technology’s ability to penetrate to significant depths with minimal phototoxicity. The mouse respiratory system in inflammation models is a good example, as two-photon intravital imaging can provide insights as to how the immune system is activated in response to inflammation within the respiratory system. Inflammation models can be generated via influenza viral, bacterial, or lipopolysaccharide injection. To exteriorize the lungs or trachea, thoracotomy or tracheotomy is performed, respectively; the appropriate combination of inflammation induction and organ exposure is selected depending on the study purpose. On the other hand, visualizing the movement of leukocytes is also an important component; to this end, immune cell populations of interest are either labeled via the genetic attachment of fluorescent proteins or stained with antibodies or dyes. With the proper selection of methods at each step, twophoton intravital imaging can yield visual evidence regarding immune responses to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Min Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soi Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ho Choe
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Min Hyun
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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74
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Wu J, Liu B, Mao W, Feng S, Yao Y, Bai F, Shen Y, Guleng A, Jirigala B, Cao J. Prostaglandin E2 Regulates Activation of Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages by Staphylococcus aureus through Toll-Like Receptor 2, Toll-Like Receptor 4, and NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling. J Innate Immun 2019; 12:154-169. [PMID: 31141808 DOI: 10.1159/000499604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), an essential endogenous lipid mediator for normal physiological functions, can also act as an inflammatory mediator in pathological conditions. We determined whether Staphylococcus aureus lipoproteins are essential for inducing PGE2 secretion by immune cells and whether pattern recognition receptors mediate this process. PGE2 levels secreted by mouse peritoneal macrophages infected with the S. aureus isogenic mutant, lgt::ermB (Δlgt; deficient in lipoprotein maturation), decreased compared with those from macrophages infected with wild-type (WT) S. aureus. Experiments using toll-like receptors 2 (TLR2)-deficient, TLR4-deficient, and NLRP3-deficient mice indicated that these 3 proteins are involved in macrophage PGE2 secretion in response to S. aureus, and lipoproteins were essential for S. aureus invasion and survival within macrophages. Inhibition of endogenous PGE2 synthesis had no effect on bacterial invasion. Exogenous PGE2 inhibited phagocytosis in the WT S. aureus and its isogenic mutant but increased intracellular killing accompanied by enhanced IL-1β secretion. Our data demonstrate that S. aureus can induce macrophage TLR/mitogen-activated protein kinase/NF-κB signaling and that PGE2 treatment upregulates NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling activation. Thus, macrophage PGE2 secretion after S. aureus infection depends on bacterial lipoprotein maturation and macrophage receptors TLR2, TLR4, and NLRP3. Moreover, exogenous PGE2 regulates S. aureus-induced macrophage activation through TLRs and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindi Wu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China, .,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China,
| | - Wei Mao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Shuang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuan Shen
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Amu Guleng
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Bayin Jirigala
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jinshan Cao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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75
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Nowicka D, Grywalska E. Staphylococcus aureus and Host Immunity in Recurrent Furunculosis. Dermatology 2019; 235:295-305. [DOI: 10.1159/000499184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the severest and most persistent bacterial pathogens. The most frequent S. aureus infections include impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, furunculosis, abscesses, hidradenitis suppurativa, and mastitis. S. aureus produces a great variety of cellular and extracellular factors responsible for its invasiveness and ability to cause pathological lesions. Their expression depends on the growth phase, environmental factors, and location of the infection. Susceptibility to staphylococcal infections is rooted in multiple mechanisms of host immune responses and reactions to bacterial colonization. Immunological and inflammatory processes of chronic furunculosis are based on the pathogenicity of S. aureus as well as innate and acquired immunity. In-depth knowledge about them may help to discover the whole pathomechanism of the disease and to develop effective therapeutic options. In this review, we focus on the S. aureus-host immune interactions in the pathogenesis of recurrent furunculosis according to the most recent experimental and clinical findings.
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76
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Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm-Conditioned Medium Impairs Macrophage-Mediated Antibiofilm Immune Response by Upregulating KLF2 Expression. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00643-18. [PMID: 30692179 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00643-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus infections associated with the formation of biofilms on medical implants or host tissue play a critical role in the persistence of chronic infections. One critical mechanism of biofilm infection that leads to persistent infection lies in the capacity of biofilms to evade the macrophage-mediated innate immune response. It is now increasingly apparent that microorganisms exploit the negative regulatory mechanisms of the pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated inflammatory response to subvert host cell functions by using various virulence factors. However, the detailed molecular mechanism, along with the identity of a target molecule, underlying the evasion of the macrophage-mediated innate immune response against S. aureus infection associated with biofilm formation remains to be elucidated. Here, using an in vitro culture model of murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells, we demonstrate that S. aureus biofilm-conditioned medium significantly attenuated the capacity for macrophage bactericidal and proinflammatory responses. Importantly, the responses were associated with attenuated activation of NF-κB and increased expression of Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) in RAW 264.7 cells. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of KLF2 in RAW 264.7 cells could restore the activation of NF-κB toward the bactericidal activity and generation of proinflammatory cytokines in the presence of S. aureus biofilm-conditioned medium. Collectively, our results suggest that factors secreted from S. aureus biofilms might exploit the KLF2-dependent negative regulatory mechanism to subvert macrophage-mediated innate immune defense against S. aureus biofilms.
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77
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Bahmani M, Taherikalani M, Khaksarian M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Ashrafi B, Nazer M, Soroush S, Abbasi N, Rashidipour M. The synergistic effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of Origanum vulgare, Hypericum perforatum and their active components carvacrol and hypericin against Staphylococcus aureus. Future Sci OA 2019; 5:FSO371. [PMID: 30906567 PMCID: PMC6426173 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2018-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study was designed to evaluate the synergistic activities of hydroalcoholic extracts of medicinal plants Origanum vulgare and Hypericum perforatum and their active components, carvacrol and hypericin against Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS The synergistic effects of the plants, as well as carvacrol and hypericin, were examined using a checkered method against S. aureus (ATCC 12600). RESULTS A fractional inhibitory concentration of 0.5 was obtained for combination of O. vulgare and H. perforatum and 0.49 for combination of the active ingredients carvacrol and hypericin, both of which indicated a synergistic effect. CONCLUSION This preliminary evaluation demonstrated a synergistic property of O. vulgare and H. perforatum extracts in treating S. aureus infection. This study indicates that combination of the plants, as well as combination of carvacrol and hypericin, might be used as a new antibacterial strategy against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Bahmani
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Department of Medicinal Plants, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Morovat Taherikalani
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center & Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Khaksarian
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center & Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorrmabad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Behnam Ashrafi
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Department of Medicinal Plants, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Nazer
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Department of Medicinal Plants, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Setareh Soroush
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center & Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Naser Abbasi
- Biotechnology & Medicinal Plants Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Marzieh Rashidipour
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Department of Medicinal Plants, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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78
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Bacterial lipolysis of immune-activating ligands promotes evasion of innate defenses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3764-3773. [PMID: 30755523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817248116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Commensal and pathogenic bacteria hydrolyze host lipid substrates with secreted lipases and phospholipases for nutrient acquisition, colonization, and infection. Bacterial lipase activity on mammalian lipids and phospholipids can promote release of free fatty acids from lipid stores, detoxify antimicrobial lipids, and facilitate membrane dissolution. The gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus secretes at least two lipases, Sal1 and glycerol ester hydrolase (Geh), with specificities for short- and long-chain fatty acids, respectively, each with roles in the hydrolysis of environmental lipids. In a recent study from our group, we made the unexpected observation that Geh released by S. aureus inhibits activation of innate immune cells. Herein, we investigated the possibility that S. aureus lipases interface with the host immune system to blunt innate immune recognition of the microbe. We found that the Geh lipase, but not other S. aureus lipases, prevents activation of innate cells in culture. Mutation of geh leads to enhancement of proinflammatory cytokine production during infection, increased innate immune activity, and improved clearance of the bacterium in infected tissue. These in vitro and in vivo effects on innate immunity were not due to direct functions of the lipase on mammalian cells, but rather a result of inactivation of S. aureus lipoproteins, a major pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) of extracellular gram-positive bacteria, via ester hydrolysis. Altogether, these studies provide insight into an adaptive trait that masks microbial recognition by innate immune cells through targeted inactivation of a broadly conserved PAMP.
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79
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Tellez Freitas CM, Burrell HR, Valdoz JC, Hamblin GJ, Raymond CM, Cox TD, Johnson DK, Andersen JL, Weber KS, Bridgewater LC. The nuclear variant of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (nBMP2) is expressed in macrophages and alters calcium response. Sci Rep 2019; 9:934. [PMID: 30700748 PMCID: PMC6353957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a nuclear variant of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), named nBMP2, that is translated from an alternative start codon. Decreased nuclear localization of nBMP2 in the nBmp2NLStm mouse model leads to muscular, neurological, and immune phenotypes—all of which are consistent with aberrant intracellular calcium (Ca2+) response. Ca2+ response in these mice, however, has yet to be measured directly. Because a prior study suggested impairment of macrophage function in nBmp2NLStm mutant mice, bone marrow derived (BMD) macrophages and splenic macrophages were isolated from wild type and nBmp2NLStm mutant mice. Immunocytochemistry revealed that nuclei of both BMD and splenic macrophages from wild type mice contain nBMP2, while the protein is decreased in nuclei of nBmp2NLStm mutant macrophages. Live-cell Ca2+ imaging and engulfment assays revealed that Ca2+ response and phagocytosis in response to bacterial supernatant are similar in BMD macrophages isolated from naïve (uninfected) nBmp2NLStm mutant mice and wild type mice, but are deficient in splenic macrophages isolated from mutant mice after secondary systemic infection with Staphylococcus aureus, suggesting progressive impairment as macrophages respond to infection. This direct evidence of impaired Ca2+ handling in nBMP2 mutant macrophages supports the hypothesis that nBMP2 plays a role in Ca2+ response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Tellez Freitas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Haley R Burrell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jonard C Valdoz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Garrett J Hamblin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Carlee M Raymond
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Tyler D Cox
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Deborah K Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Joshua L Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - K Scott Weber
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Laura C Bridgewater
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America.
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80
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Lv Y, Fang L, Ding P, Liu R. PI3K/Akt-Beclin1 signaling pathway positively regulates phagocytosis and negatively mediates NF-κB-dependent inflammation in Staphylococcus aureus-infected macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 510:284-289. [PMID: 30700382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although autophagy and phagocytosis are involved in the regulation of host inflammatory response to bacterial infection in macrophages, the underlying mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. In the present study, we found that infecting RAW264.7 macrophages with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) activated multiple signaling pathways including phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and Rac1, as well as triggered autophagy. LY294002, a specific PI3K activity inhibitor, significantly decreased autophagy and phagocytosis of macrophages upon S. aureus infection. Similarly, knockdown of Beclin1 by specific siRNA significantly inhibited autophagy and phagocytosis of S. aureus-infected macrophages. Additionally, we showed that although administration of Beclin1 siRNA had no effects on phosphorylation of Akt (p-Akt), inhibition of PI3K activity by LY294002 significantly decreased the expression of Beclin1, suggesting that Beclin1 is a downstream molecular of PI3K. Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy significantly increased the production of NF-κB-dependent TNFα/IL-1β in S. aureus-infected macrophages. Collectively, these findings demonstrated, for the first time, that the PI3K/Akt-Beclin1 signaling pathway positively regulates phagocytosis and negatively mediates NF-κB-dependent inflammation in S. aureus-infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Lv
- Department of Respiration, Anhui Geriatric Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Respiration, Anhui Geriatric Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, People's Republic of China
| | - Peishan Ding
- Department of Respiration, Anhui Geriatric Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongyu Liu
- Department of Respiration, Anhui Geriatric Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, People's Republic of China.
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81
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Krogh AKH, Haaber J, Bochsen L, Ingmer H, Kristensen AT. Aggregating resistant Staphylococcus aureus induces hypocoagulability, hyperfibrinolysis, phagocytosis, and neutrophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte binding in canine whole blood. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:560-574. [PMID: 30586190 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen with the ability to form mobile planktonic aggregates during growth, in vitro. The in vivo pathophysiologic effects of S aureus aggregates on host responses are unknown. Knowledge of these could aid in combating infections. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effect of increasing concentrations of two different aggregating S aureus strains on the hemostatic and inflammatory host responses in canine whole blood. The hypothesis was that aggregating bacteria would induce pronounced hemostatic and inflammatory responses. METHODS Citrate-stabilized whole blood from 10 healthy dogs was incubated with two strains of aggregating S aureus at three different concentrations. Each sample was analyzed using tissue factor-thromboelastography (TF-TEG) and the formed clot was investigated with electron microscopy. The plasma activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen, and D-dimer tests were measured. Bacteria-leukocyte binding was evaluated with flow cytometry, and neutrophil phagocytosis was assessed using light and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS The highest concentration of bacteria resulted in a significantly shortened TF-TEG initiation time, decreased alpha, maximum amplitude, global strength, and increased lysis. In addition, significantly shortened PT, decreased fibrinogen, and increased D-dimers were demonstrated at the highest concentration of bacteria. Lower concentrations of bacteria showed no differences in TF-TEG when compared with controls. The findings were similar for both S aureus strains. Increased concentration-dependent binding of bacteria and leukocytes and neutrophil bacterial phagocytosis was observed. CONCLUSIONS Two strains of S aureus induced alterations of clot formation in concentrations where bacterial aggregates were formed. A concentration-dependent cellular inflammatory response was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K H Krogh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jakob Haaber
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Louise Bochsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Hanne Ingmer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Annemarie T Kristensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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82
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Csepregi JZ, Orosz A, Zajta E, Kása O, Németh T, Simon E, Fodor S, Csonka K, Barátki BL, Kövesdi D, He YW, Gácser A, Mócsai A. Myeloid-Specific Deletion of Mcl-1 Yields Severely Neutropenic Mice That Survive and Breed in Homozygous Form. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3793-3803. [PMID: 30464050 PMCID: PMC6287103 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mouse strains with specific deficiency of given hematopoietic lineages provide invaluable tools for understanding blood cell function in health and disease. Whereas neutrophils are dominant leukocytes in humans and mice, there are no widely useful genetic models of neutrophil deficiency in mice. In this study, we show that myeloid-specific deletion of the Mcl-1 antiapoptotic protein in Lyz2Cre/CreMcl1flox/flox (Mcl1ΔMyelo) mice leads to dramatic reduction of circulating and tissue neutrophil counts without affecting circulating lymphocyte, monocyte, or eosinophil numbers. Surprisingly, Mcl1ΔMyelo mice appeared normally, and their survival was mostly normal both under specific pathogen-free and conventional housing conditions. Mcl1ΔMyelo mice were also able to breed in homozygous form, making them highly useful for in vivo experimental studies. The functional relevance of neutropenia was confirmed by the complete protection of Mcl1ΔMyelo mice from arthritis development in the K/B×N serum-transfer model and from skin inflammation in an autoantibody-induced mouse model of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Mcl1ΔMyelo mice were also highly susceptible to systemic Staphylococcus aureus or Candida albicans infection, due to defective clearance of the invading pathogens. Although neutrophil-specific deletion of Mcl-1 in MRP8-CreMcl1flox/flox (Mcl1ΔPMN) mice also led to severe neutropenia, those mice showed an overt wasting phenotype and strongly reduced survival and breeding, limiting their use as an experimental model of neutrophil deficiency. Taken together, our results with the Mcl1ΔMyelo mice indicate that severe neutropenia does not abrogate the viability and fertility of mice, and they provide a useful genetic mouse model for the analysis of the role of neutrophils in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janka Zsófia Csepregi
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, 1094 Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE "Lendület" Inflammation Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anita Orosz
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, 1094 Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE "Lendület" Inflammation Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erik Zajta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Kása
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, 1094 Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE "Lendület" Inflammation Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Németh
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, 1094 Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE "Lendület" Inflammation Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edina Simon
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, 1094 Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE "Lendület" Inflammation Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabina Fodor
- Department of Computer Science, Corvinus University of Budapest, 1093 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Csonka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Balázs L Barátki
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Kövesdi
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.,Office of Supported Research Groups of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1051 Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - You-Wen He
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Attila Gácser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Mócsai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; .,MTA-SE "Lendület" Inflammation Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
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83
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Wang C, Wang Y, Zhang L, Miron RJ, Liang J, Shi M, Mo W, Zheng S, Zhao Y, Zhang Y. Pretreated Macrophage-Membrane-Coated Gold Nanocages for Precise Drug Delivery for Treatment of Bacterial Infections. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1804023. [PMID: 30285289 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacterial infections and drug resistance make it urgent to develop new antibacterial agents with targeted delivery. Here, a new targeting delivery nanosystem is designed based on the potential interaction between bacterial recognizing receptors on macrophage membranes and distinct pathogen-associated molecular patterns in bacteria. Interestingly, the expression of recognizing receptors on macrophage membranes increases significantly when cultured with specific bacteria. Therefore, by coating pretreated macrophage membrane onto the surface of a gold-silver nanocage (GSNC), the nanosystem targets bacteria more efficiently. Previously, it has been shown that GSNC alone can serve as an effective antibacterial agent owing to its photothermal effect under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. Furthermore, the nanocage can be utilized as a delivery vehicle for antibacterial drugs since the gold-silver nanocage presents a hollow interior and porous wall structure. With significantly improved bacterial adherence, the Sa-M-GSNC nanosystem, developed within this study, is effectively delivered and retained at the infection site both via local or systemic injections; the system also shows greatly prolonged blood circulation time and excellent biocompatibility. The present work described here is the first to utilize bacterial pretreated macrophage membrane receptors in a nanosystem to achieve specific bacterial-targeted delivery, and provides inspiration for future therapy based on this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yulan Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Richard J Miron
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jianfei Liang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Miusi Shi
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wenting Mo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shihang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yanbing Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
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84
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Prajitha N, Athira SS, Mohanan PV. Pyrogens, a polypeptide produces fever by metabolic changes in hypothalamus: Mechanisms and detections. Immunol Lett 2018; 204:38-46. [PMID: 30336182 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fever is one of the cardinal symptoms of onset of an infection or inflammation and is the common clinical indicator for medical consultation in mammalian host worldwide. Simply, fever manifested with elevation of body temperature from normal physiological range represents adaptive response of immune system on challenge with an infectious and non-infectious circumstance. Fever usually initiated in the periphery as a result of interaction of immune cells with exogenous or endogenous pyrogens. Peripheral pyrogenic signals gain access to the central nervous system via humoral and neural route. Humoral pathway was initiated with production of pyrogenic cytokines and prostaglandins from immune cells of blood as well as liver, transmitted directly to pre-optic area of hypothalamus through the circumventricular organ of brain. On the other hand an alternative pathway was initiated by the same cytokines indirectly via stimulating the vagal sensory neurons result in pyrogenic fever; so-called neuronal pathway. If the magnitude of pyrogens associated fever is very high, it will lead to severe illness ranging from septic shock to death. So it is necessary to evaluate the presence of pyrogens in implants, medical devices, drugs and biological materials to ensure safety in biomedical applications and therapeutics. Classification, route of administration, mechanism of action and detection of pyrogens and associated products are the major subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Prajitha
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojapura, Trivandrum 695 012, Kerala, India
| | - S S Athira
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojapura, Trivandrum 695 012, Kerala, India
| | - P V Mohanan
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojapura, Trivandrum 695 012, Kerala, India.
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85
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Zi C, Zeng D, Ling N, Dai J, Xue F, Jiang Y, Li B. An improved assay for rapid detection of viable Staphylococcus aureus cells by incorporating surfactant and PMA treatments in qPCR. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:132. [PMID: 30309323 PMCID: PMC6182795 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen causing a variety of life-threatening diseases. Rapid and accurate detection of Staphylococcus aureus is a necessity for prevention of outbreaks caused by this pathogen. PCR is a useful tool for rapid detection of foodborne pathogens, however, its inability to differentiate DNA from dead cells and live cells in amplification severely limits its application in pathogen detection. The aim of this study was to develop an improved assay was developed by incorporating the sample treatments with a surfactant and propidium monoazide (PMA) in qPCR for detection of viable S. aureus cells. Results The cell toxic effect testing with the two surfactants showed that the viability of S. aureus was virtually not affected by the treatment with 0.5% triton x-100 or 0.025% sarkosyl. Triton x-100 was coupled with PMA for sample treatments for detection of viable S. aureus cells in artificially contaminated milk. The qPCR results indicated that the assay reached high an amplification efficiency of 98.44% and the live S. aureus cells were accurately detected from the triton-treated spiked milk samples by the PMA-qPCR assay. Conclusions The qPCR assay combined with treatments of PMA and surfactants offers a sensitive and accurate means for detection of viable S. aureus cells. Cell toxic effect testing with the two surfactants showed that the viability of S. aureus was virtually not affected by the treatment with 0.5% triton x-100 or 0.025% sarkosyl. The information on sample treatment with surfactants to improve the dead cell DNA removal efficiency in qPCR by increasing PMA’s permeability to dead cells can be used for other pathogens, especially for Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dexin Zeng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Nan Ling
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yuan Jiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Baoguang Li
- Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
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86
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Tsai MH, Yang CM, Chang KT, Chuang CC, Lin WN, Jiang RS, Wu CH, Lee IT. Carbon monoxide ameliorates Staphylococcus aureus-elicited COX-2/IL-6/MMP-9-dependent human aortic endothelial cell migration and inflammatory responses. Immunol Lett 2018; 203:40-49. [PMID: 30236480 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) can often lead to many life-threatening diseases. It has the ability to invade normal endovascular tissue. Acute inflammation and its resolution are important to ensure bacterial clearance and limit tissue injury. Carbon monoxide (CO) has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects in various tissues and organ systems. In our study, we investigated the effects and the mechanisms of carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2) on S. aureus-induced inflammatory responses in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). We proved that S. aureus induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)/interleukin-6 (IL-6)/matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) expression and cell migration, which were decreased by CORM-2. Moreover, CORM-2 had no effects on TLR2 mRNA levels in response to S. aureus. Interestingly, we proved that S. aureus decreased intracellular ROS generation, suggesting that the inhibition of ROS further promoted inflammatory responses. However, CORM-2 significantly inhibited S. aureus-induced inflammation by increasing intracellular ROS generation. S. aureus-induced NF-κB activation was also inhibited by CORM-2. Finally, we proved that S. aureus induced levels of the biomarkers of inflammation in cardiovascular diseases, which were inhibited by CORM-2. Taken together, these results suggest that CORM-2 inhibits S. aureus-induced COX-2/PGE2/IL-6/MMP-9 expression and aorta inflammatory responses by increasing the ROS generation and reducing the inflammatory molecules levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Horng Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Ageing Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkuo and Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ting Chang
- Translational Medicine Center, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Healthy and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chun Chuang
- Department of Physical Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ning Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Rong-San Jiang
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Wu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - I-Ta Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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87
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Askarian F, Wagner T, Johannessen M, Nizet V. Staphylococcus aureus modulation of innate immune responses through Toll-like (TLR), (NOD)-like (NLR) and C-type lectin (CLR) receptors. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:656-671. [PMID: 29893825 PMCID: PMC6098222 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Early recognition of pathogens by the innate immune system is crucial for bacterial clearance. Many pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like (TLRs) and (NOD)-like (NLRs) receptors have been implicated in initial sensing of bacterial components. The intracellular signaling cascades triggered by these receptors result in transcriptional upregulation of inflammatory pathways. Although this step is crucial for bacterial elimination, it is also associated with the potential for substantial immunopathology, which underscores the need for tight control of inflammatory responses. The leading human bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus expresses over 100 virulence factors that exert numerous effects upon host cells. In this manner, the pathogen seeks to avoid host recognition or perturb PRR-induced innate immune responses to allow optimal survival in the host. These immune system interactions may result in enhanced bacterial proliferation but also provoke systemic cytokine responses associated with sepsis. This review summarizes recent findings on the various mechanisms applied by S. aureus to modulate or interfere with inflammatory responses through PRRs. Detailed understanding of these complex interactions can provide new insights toward future immune-stimulatory therapeutics against infection or immunomodulatory therapeutics to suppress or correct dysregulated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Askarian
- Research Group of Host Microbe Interaction, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Theresa Wagner
- Research Group of Host Microbe Interaction, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mona Johannessen
- Research Group of Host Microbe Interaction, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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88
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Nöldeke ER, Muckenfuss LM, Niemann V, Müller A, Störk E, Zocher G, Schneider T, Stehle T. Structural basis of cell wall peptidoglycan amidation by the GatD/MurT complex of Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12953. [PMID: 30154570 PMCID: PMC6113224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptidoglycan of Staphylococcus aureus is highly amidated. Amidation of α-D-isoglutamic acid in position 2 of the stem peptide plays a decisive role in the polymerization of cell wall building blocks. S. aureus mutants with a reduced degree of amidation are less viable and show increased susceptibility to methicillin, indicating that targeting the amidation reaction could be a useful strategy to combat this pathogen. The enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of α-D-isoglutamine in the Lipid II stem peptide was identified recently and shown to consist of two subunits, the glutamine amidotransferase-like protein GatD and the Mur ligase homolog MurT. We have solved the crystal structure of the GatD/MurT complex at high resolution, revealing an open, boomerang-shaped conformation in which GatD is docked onto one end of MurT. Putative active site residues cluster at the interface between GatD and MurT and are contributed by both proteins, thus explaining the requirement for the assembled complex to carry out the reaction. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments confirm the validity of the observed interactions. Small-angle X-ray scattering data show that the complex has a similar conformation in solution, although some movement at domain interfaces can occur, allowing the two proteins to approach each other during catalysis. Several other Gram-positive pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium perfringens and Mycobacterium tuberculosis have homologous enzyme complexes. Combined with established biochemical assays, the structure of the GatD/MurT complex provides a solid basis for inhibitor screening in S. aureus and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Nöldeke
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lena M Muckenfuss
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Volker Niemann
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Hain Lifescience GmbH, D-72147, Nehren, Germany
| | - Anna Müller
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elena Störk
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Zocher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Schneider
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany. .,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, USA.
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89
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes severe disease in humans for which no licensed vaccine exists. A novel vaccine is in development that targets multiple elements of the bacteria since single-component vaccines have not shown efficacy to date. How these multiple components alter the immune response raised by the vaccine is not well studied. We found that the addition of two protein components did not alter substantially the antibody responses raised with respect to function or mobilization of B cells. There was also not a substantial change in the activity of T cells, another part of the adaptive response. This study showed that protection by this vaccine may be mediated primarily by antibody protection. Staphylococcus aureus causes severe disease in humans for which no licensed vaccine exists. A novel S. aureus vaccine (SA4Ag) is in development, targeting the capsular polysaccharides (CPs) and two virulence-associated surface proteins. Vaccine-elicited antibody responses to CPs are efficacious against serious infection by other encapsulated bacteria. Studies of natural S. aureus infection have also shown a role for TH17 and/or TH1 responses in protection. Single-antigen vaccines, including CPs, have not been effective against S. aureus; a multiantigen vaccine approach is likely required. However, the impact of addition of protein antigens on the immune response to CPs has not been studied. Here, the immune response induced by a bivalent CP conjugate vaccine (to model the established mechanism of action of vaccine-induced protection against Gram-positive pathogens) was compared to the response induced by SA4Ag, which contains both CP conjugates and protein antigens, in cynomolgus macaques. Microengraving, flow cytometry, opsonophagocytic assays, and Luminex technology were used to analyze the B-cell, T-cell, functional antibody, and innate immune responses. Both the bivalent CP vaccine and SA4Ag induced cytokine production from naive cells and antigen-specific memory B-cell and functional antibody responses. Increases in levels of circulating, activated T cells were not apparent following vaccination, nor was a TH17 or TH1 response evident. However, our data are consistent with a vaccine-induced recruitment of T follicular helper (TFH) cells to lymph nodes. Collectively, these data suggest that the response to SA4Ag is primarily mediated by B cells and antibodies that abrogate important S. aureus virulence mechanisms. IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus aureus causes severe disease in humans for which no licensed vaccine exists. A novel vaccine is in development that targets multiple elements of the bacteria since single-component vaccines have not shown efficacy to date. How these multiple components alter the immune response raised by the vaccine is not well studied. We found that the addition of two protein components did not alter substantially the antibody responses raised with respect to function or mobilization of B cells. There was also not a substantial change in the activity of T cells, another part of the adaptive response. This study showed that protection by this vaccine may be mediated primarily by antibody protection.
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90
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Tartaglia NR, Breyne K, Meyer E, Cauty C, Jardin J, Chrétien D, Dupont A, Demeyere K, Berkova N, Azevedo V, Guédon E, Le Loir Y. Staphylococcus aureus Extracellular Vesicles Elicit an Immunostimulatory Response in vivo on the Murine Mammary Gland. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:277. [PMID: 30186772 PMCID: PMC6113362 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen responsible for bovine mastitis, the most common and costly disease affecting dairy cattle. S. aureus naturally releases extracellular vesicles (EVs) during its growth. EVs play an important role in the bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-host interactions and are notably considered as nanocarriers that deliver virulence factors to the host tissues. Whether EVs play a role in a mastitis context is still unknown. In this work, we showed that S. aureus Newbould 305 (N305), a bovine mastitis isolate, has the ability to generate EVs in vitro with a designated protein content. Purified S. aureus N305-secreted EVs were not cytotoxic when tested in vitro on MAC-T and PS, two bovine mammary epithelial cell lines. However, they induced the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines at levels similar to those induced by live S. aureus N305. The in vivo immune response to purified S. aureus N305-secreted EVs was tested in a mouse model for bovine mastitis and their immunogenic effect was compared to that of live S. aureus N305, heat-killed S. aureus N305 and to S. aureus lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Clinical and histopathological signs were evaluated and pro-inflammatory and chemotactic cytokine levels were measured in the mammary gland 24 h post-inoculation. Live S. aureus induced a significantly stronger inflammatory response than that of any other condition tested. Nevertheless, S. aureus N305-secreted EVs induced a dose-dependent neutrophil recruitment and the production of a selected set of pro-inflammatory mediators as well as chemokines. This immune response elicited by intramammary S. aureus N305-secreted EVs was comparable to that of heat-killed S. aureus N305 and, partly, by LTA. These results demonstrated that S. aureus N305-secreted EVs induce a mild inflammatory response distinct from the live pathogen after intramammary injection. Overall, our combined in vitro and in vivo data suggest that EVs are worth to be investigated to better understand the S. aureus pathogenesis and are relevant tools to develop strategies against bovine S. aureus mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natayme R. Tartaglia
- STLO, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Koen Breyne
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | - Denis Chrétien
- CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes - UMR 6290, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Aurélien Dupont
- CNRS, INSERM, Biologie, Santé, Innovation Technologique de Rennes - UMS 3480, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Kristel Demeyere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Vasco Azevedo
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eric Guédon
- STLO, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
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91
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Darisipudi MN, Nordengrün M, Bröker BM, Péton V. Messing with the Sentinels-The Interaction of Staphylococcus aureus with Dendritic Cells. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6030087. [PMID: 30111706 PMCID: PMC6163568 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6030087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a dangerous pathogen as well as a frequent colonizer, threatening human health worldwide. Protection against S. aureus infection is challenging, as the bacteria have sophisticated strategies to escape the host immune response. To maintain equilibrium with S. aureus, both innate and adaptive immune effector mechanisms are required. Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical players at the interface between the two arms of the immune system, indispensable for inducing specific T cell responses. In this review, we highlight the importance of DCs in mounting innate as well as adaptive immune responses against S. aureus with emphasis on their role in S. aureus-induced respiratory diseases. We also review what is known about mechanisms that S. aureus has adopted to evade DCs or manipulate these cells to its advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murthy N Darisipudi
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße DZ7, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Maria Nordengrün
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße DZ7, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Barbara M Bröker
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße DZ7, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Vincent Péton
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße DZ7, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.
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92
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Yang H, Xu J, Li W, Wang S, Li J, Yu J, Li Y, Wei H. Staphylococcus aureus virulence attenuation and immune clearance mediated by a phage lysin-derived protein. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798045. [PMID: 30037823 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
New anti-infective approaches are much needed to control multi-drug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Here, we found for the first time that a recombinant protein derived from the cell wall binding domain (CBD) of the bacteriophage lysin PlyV12, designated as V12CBD, could attenuate S. aureus virulence and enhance host immune defenses via multiple manners. After binding with V12CBD, S. aureus became less invasive to epithelial cells and more susceptible to macrophage killing. The expressions of multiple important virulence genes of S. aureus were reduced 2.4- to 23.4-fold as response to V12CBD More significantly, V12CBD could activate macrophages through NF-κB pathway and enhance phagocytosis against S. aureus As a result, good protections of the mice from MRSA infections were achieved in therapeutic and prophylactic models. These unique functions of V12CBD would render it a novel alternative molecule to control MDRS. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wuyou Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shujuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Junping Yu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongping Wei
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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93
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Skerrett SJ, Braff MH, Liggitt HD, Rubens CE. Toll-like receptor 2 has a prominent but nonessential role in innate immunity to Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/21/e13491. [PMID: 29142002 PMCID: PMC5688782 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of acute bacterial pneumonia. Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) recognizes multiple components of the bacterial cell wall and activates innate immune responses to gram‐positive bacteria. We hypothesized that TLR2 would have an important role in pulmonary host defense against S. aureus. TLR null (TLR2−/−) mice and wild type (WT) C57BL/6 controls were challenged with aerosolized S. aureus at a range of inocula for kinetic studies of cytokine and antimicrobial peptide expression, lung inflammation, bacterial killing by alveolar macrophages, and bacterial clearance. Survival was measured after intranasal infection. Pulmonary induction of most pro‐inflammatory cytokines was significantly blunted in TLR2−/− mice 4 and 24 h after infection in comparison with WT controls. Bronchoalveolar concentrations of cathelicidin‐related antimicrobial peptide also were reduced in TLR2−/− mice. Lung inflammation, measured by enumeration of bronchoalveolar neutrophils and scoring of histological sections, was significantly blunted in TLR2−/− mice. Phagocytosis of S. aureus by alveolar macrophages in vivo after low‐dose infection was unimpaired, but viability of ingested bacteria was significantly greater in TLR2−/− mice. Bacterial clearance from the lungs was slightly impaired in TLR2−/− mice after low‐dose infection only; bacterial elimination from the lungs was slightly accelerated in the TLR2−/− mice after high‐dose infection. Survival after high‐dose intranasal challenge was 50–60% in both groups. TLR2 has a significant role in early innate immune responses to S. aureus in the lungs but is not required for bacterial clearance and survival from S. aureus pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn J Skerrett
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Marissa H Braff
- Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - H Denny Liggitt
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Craig E Rubens
- Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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94
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Zhang X, Marichannegowda MH, Rakesh KP, Qin HL. Master mechanisms of Staphylococcus aureus: consider its excellent protective mechanisms hindering vaccine development! Microbiol Res 2018; 212-213:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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95
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Liu Y, Bai P, Woischnig AK, Charpin-El Hamri G, Ye H, Folcher M, Xie M, Khanna N, Fussenegger M. Immunomimetic Designer Cells Protect Mice from MRSA Infection. Cell 2018; 174:259-270.e11. [PMID: 29937224 PMCID: PMC6057273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many community- and hospital-acquired bacterial infections are caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) predisposes humans to invasive infections that are difficult to eradicate. We designed a closed-loop gene network programming mammalian cells to autonomously detect and eliminate bacterial infections. The genetic circuit contains human Toll-like receptors as the bacterial sensor and a synthetic promoter driving reversible and adjustable expression of lysostaphin, a bacteriolytic enzyme highly lethal to S. aureus. Immunomimetic designer cells harboring this genetic circuit exhibited fast and robust sense-and-destroy kinetics against live staphylococci. When tested in a foreign-body infection model in mice, microencapsulated cell implants prevented planktonic MRSA infection and reduced MRSA biofilm formation by 91%. Notably, this system achieved a 100% cure rate of acute MRSA infections, whereas conventional vancomycin treatment failed. These results suggest that immunomimetic designer cells could offer a therapeutic approach for early detection, prevention, and cure of pathogenic infections in the post-antibiotic era. Video Abstract
A closed-loop gene network with bacterial sense-and-destroy actuation Direct diagnosis of implant-associated infections through blood biomarkers Early prevention of MRSA infection, as well as biofilm formation, in vivo Curing acute MRSA infections as an alternative to antibiotic therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peng Bai
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Kathrin Woischnig
- Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Haifeng Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, 200241 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Marc Folcher
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mingqi Xie
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nina Khanna
- Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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96
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Development of a New Application for Comprehensive Viability Analysis Based on Microbiome Analysis by Next-Generation Sequencing: Insights into Staphylococcal Carriage in Human Nasal Cavities. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00517-18. [PMID: 29625975 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00517-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The nasal carriage rate of Staphylococcus aureus in human is 25 to 30%, and S. aureus sporadically causes severe infections. However, the mechanisms underlying staphylococcal carriage remain largely unknown. In the present study, we constructed an rpoB-based microbiome method for staphylococcal species discrimination. Based on a microbiome scheme targeting viable cell DNA using propidium monoazide (PMA) dye (PMA microbiome method), we also developed a new method to allow the comprehensive viability analysis of any bacterial taxon. To clarify the ecological distribution of staphylococci in the nasal microbiota, we applied these methods in 46 nasal specimens from healthy adults. PMA microbiome results showed that Staphylococcaceae and Corynebacteriaceae were the most predominant viable taxa (average relative abundance: 0.435262 and 0.375195, respectively), and Staphylococcus epidermidis exhibited the highest viability in the nasal microbiota. Staphylococcus aureus detection rates from nasal specimens by rpoB-based conventional and PMA microbiome methods were 84.8% (39 of 46) and 69.5% (32 of 46), respectively, which substantially exceeded the values obtained by a culture method using identical specimens (36.9%). Our results suggest that Staphylococcaceae species, especially S. epidermidis, adapted most successfully to human nasal cavity. High detection of S. aureus DNA by microbiome methods suggests that almost all healthy adults are consistently exposed to S. aureus in everyday life. Furthermore, the large difference in S. aureus detection rates between culture and microbiome methods suggests that S. aureus cells frequently exist in a viable but nonculturable state in nasal cavities. Our method and findings will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying carriage of indigenous bacteria.IMPORTANCE Metagenomic analyses, such as 16S rRNA microbiome methods, have provided new insights in various research fields. However, conventional 16S rRNA microbiome methods do not permit taxonomic analysis of only the viable bacteria in a sample and have poor resolving power below the genus level. Our new schemes allowed for viable cell-specific analysis and species discrimination, and nasal microbiome data using these methods provided some interesting findings regarding staphylococcal nasal carriage. According to our comprehensive viability analysis, the high viability of Staphylococcus species, especially Staphylococcus epidermidis, in human nasal carriage suggests that this taxon has adapted most successfully to human nasal tissue. Also, a higher detection rate of S. aureus DNA by microbiome methods (84.8%) than by a culture method (36.9%) suggests that almost all healthy adults are consistently exposed to Staphylococcus aureus in the medium and long term. Our findings will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the carriage of indigenous bacteria.
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97
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Staurengo-Ferrari L, Trevelin SC, Fattori V, Nascimento DC, de Lima KA, Pelayo JS, Figueiredo F, Casagrande R, Fukada SY, Teixeira MM, Cunha TM, Liew FY, Oliveira RD, Louzada-Junior P, Cunha FQ, Alves-Filho JC, Verri WA. Interleukin-33 Receptor (ST2) Deficiency Improves the Outcome of Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Septic Arthritis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:962. [PMID: 29867945 PMCID: PMC5968393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ST2 receptor is a member of the Toll/IL-1R superfamily and interleukin-33 (IL-33) is its agonist. Recently, it has been demonstrated that IL-33/ST2 axis plays key roles in inflammation and immune mediated diseases. Here, we investigated the effect of ST2 deficiency in Staphylococcus aureus-induced septic arthritis physiopathology. Synovial fluid samples from septic arthritis and osteoarthritis individuals were assessed regarding IL-33 and soluble (s) ST2 levels. The IL-33 levels in samples from synovial fluid were significantly increased, whereas no sST2 levels were detected in patients with septic arthritis when compared with osteoarthritis individuals. The intra-articular injection of 1 × 107 colony-forming unity/10 μl of S. aureus American Type Culture Collection 6538 in wild-type (WT) mice induced IL-33 and sST2 production with a profile resembling the observation in the synovial fluid of septic arthritis patients. Data using WT, and ST2 deficient (−/−) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)−/− mice showed that ST2 deficiency shifts the immune balance toward a type 1 immune response that contributes to eliminating the infection due to enhanced microbicide effect via NO production by neutrophils and macrophages. In fact, the treatment of ST2−/− bone marrow-derived macrophage cells with anti-IFN-γ abrogates the beneficial phenotype in the absence of ST2, which confirms that ST2 deficiency leads to IFN-γ expression and boosts the bacterial killing activity of macrophages against S. aureus. In agreement, WT cells achieved similar immune response to ST2 deficiency by IFN-γ treatment. The present results unveil a previously unrecognized beneficial effect of ST2 deficiency in S. aureus-induced septic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Staurengo-Ferrari
- Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Silvia C Trevelin
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Victor Fattori
- Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Daniele C Nascimento
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Kalil A de Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jacinta S Pelayo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Florêncio Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Rubia Casagrande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Healthy Sciences Centre, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Sandra Y Fukada
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Foo Y Liew
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rene D Oliveira
- Division of Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Paulo Louzada-Junior
- Division of Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - José C Alves-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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98
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Kapustian A, Cherno N, Kolomiіets I. OBTAINING AND CHARACTERISTIC OF MUROPEPTIDES OF PROBIOTIC CULTURES CELL WALLS. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.15673/fst.v12i1.885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of muropeptides obtaining of peptidoglycans of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus B-3964 cell walls by the combination of the use of autolytic processes and enzyme treatment of biomass with the participation of lysozyme and papain has been considered. It has been established that the most significant autolytic changes in biomass occur in the application of high-temperature processing (90°C for 30 minutes) in the final stage of the logarithmic phase of bacterial growth. Thus, after eighth hour of biomass incubation at 37°C, the amino acid content in the culture medium was 1.8 mg/cm3, and at 90°C it was 5.7 mg/cm3. In order to further destruction of biomass autolysate and obtaining of low molecular weight peptidoglycan fragments, the process of its enzymatic hydrolysis was studied with lysozyme and papain separately and at their combination. The highest content of low molecular weight peptides in the reaction medium occurred at enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus B-3964 by the composition of enzymes at a ratio of lysozyme : papain 1:2. At a concentration of enzymes 10 mg/cm3, the content of low molecular weight peptides was 7.2 mg/cm3 after eighth hour of incubation of the reaction mixture. The results of studies have been shown that the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis of autolysates is much higher. Thus, the amount of low molecular weight peptides in the hydrolysate obtained by processing the autolysate with the composition of lysozyme : papain 1:2 at an enzymes concentration 10 mg/cm3 and the duration of the process for 8 hours by 36% higher than for similar hydrolysis parameters without the use of the process of autolysis.The method of gel chromatography was proved that in the hydrolysate there are fractions of protein compounds with a molecular weight in the range of 70–90 kDa, 30–40 kDa and 294–650 Da. The molecular weight of the latter fraction corresponds to the mass of the muramyl dipeptide. The presence of muropeptides was proved by reaction with the Anthron reagent.
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99
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Pavithiran A, Bathige SDNK, Kugapreethan R, Priyathilaka TT, Yang H, Kim MJ, Lee J. A comparative study of three akirin genes from big belly seahorse Hippocampus abdominalis: Molecular, transcriptional and functional characterization. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 74:584-592. [PMID: 29355762 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Akirins, members of the NF-κB signaling pathway, are highly conserved nuclear proteins, which regulate gene expression in many physiological processes, including immunity, myogenesis, carcinogenesis, and embryogenesis. The akirin family in teleost fish consists of two to three genes. In the present study, three akirin genes from Hippocampus abdominalis were identified from a transcriptome database and designated as HaAkirin1, HaAkirin2(1), and HaAkirin2(2). The nuclear localization of HaAkirin1 and HaAkirin2(1) was confirmed by subcellular localization analysis. In contrast, diffused localization of HaAkirin2(2) was identified in the nucleus and cytoplasm that confirmed the aberrant nature of the nuclear localization signal. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a closer relationship of HaAkirins with other known teleost akirins. All three HaAkirin transcripts were ubiquitously expressed in all examined tissues with higher expression in ovary tissue. Immune challenge with LPS, poly I:C, and Streptococcus iniae exhibited a significant increase in the expression of all three HaAkirins in kidney and liver tissues. NF-κB luciferase assays revealed that relative luciferase activity was significantly higher for all three HaAkirin genes than mock controls. These results suggest that HaAkirin genes might play a role in regulating NF-κB dependent immune gene expression and their expression could be induced by bacterial and viral pathogen recognition molecular patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirthalingam Pavithiran
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - S D N K Bathige
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC), Nanotechnology and Science Park, Mahenwatta, Pitipana, Homagama, Sri Lanka
| | - Roopasingam Kugapreethan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanthrige Thiunuwan Priyathilaka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Yang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Jin Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea.
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100
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Combination treatment of celecoxib and ciprofloxacin attenuates live S. aureus induced oxidative damage and inflammation in murine microglia via regulation of cytokine balance. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 316:23-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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