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Delorme T, Dang D, Garcia A, Nasr P. Genotypic and phenotypic variations in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from outpatient, inpatient and nursing homes. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:316-325. [PMID: 30667353 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The epidemiological shift in MRSA distribution from healthcare-related facilities to the general population is distressing and requires continuous monitoring to manage and control the rate of incidences. METHOD The retrospective relationship between genetic and phenotypic variability of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates was determined in respect to the specimen source, patient location, sex and age. A total of 521 MRSA isolates were classified based on SCCmec, mec, agr, pvl and spa genetic markers using three different multiplex PCRs. RESULTS Based on the genetic variability, the isolates were divided into 97 profiles, of which 59% belonged to only two profiles (P17 and P33). P17 was the predominate profile, harbouring SCCmecIVa, ccr2, mecB, agr1, spa413 and pvl markers. P17 was more prevalent among the younger population (average 33.9 years) from outpatient (77%) locations and wound (88%) sources. The second largest profile was P33, harbouring SCCmecII, ccr2+ccr3, mecA, agr2, spa413 and no PVL. P33 was more prevalent in the older population (average 70.7 years) and more common in females (62%) than males (38%). With respect to antibiotic resistance, P33 exhibited a high rate of resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and macrolides, and P17 had a lower resistance to fluoroquinolones. CONCLUSION This report contributes to the existing understanding of evolutionary epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in MRSA. The diversity of MRSA isolates and unique environmental preferences for each profile highlights the importance of epidemiological knowledge of MRSA distribution to determine the best treatment for patients in both community and hospital settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Delorme
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Ashtabula, OH, USA
| | - Duyen Dang
- 2 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Garcia
- 2 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA, USA
| | - Payman Nasr
- 2 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA, USA
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Sadeghi Y, Salami SA, Kananizadeh P, Mozhgani SH, Pourmand MR. Real-time PCR followed by high-resolution melting analysis - a new robust approach to evaluate SCCmec typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Future Microbiol 2019; 14:155-164. [PMID: 30668146 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We designed a novel approach based on real-time PCR followed by high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis to determine the Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, which we compared against the results of conventional multiplex PCR SCCmec typing. METHODS Multiplex PCR (for ccr and mec gene complexes) was carried out as conventional method. The HRM analysis was then designed using standard strains of each SCCmec type. RESULTS The M-PCR results included types III (33.33%), IV (43.33%) and V (23.33%). HRM analysis was able to distinguish all five types, which were used to set up the protocol with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% compared with the conventional method. CONCLUSION This novel method for SCCmec typing has high specificity and sensitivity and can be conducted in a shorter period of time at lower costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Sadeghi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, and Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Pegah Kananizadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, and Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Pourmand
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, and Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Gill AAS, Singh S, Thapliyal N, Karpoormath R. Nanomaterial-based optical and electrochemical techniques for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:114. [PMID: 30648216 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-3186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is responsible for a number of life-threatening complications in humans. Mutations in the genetic sequence of S. aureus due to the presence of certain genes results in resistance against β-lactamases. Thus, there is an urgent need for developing highly sensitive techniques for the early detection of MRSA to counter the rise in resistant strains. This review (142 refs.) extensively covers literature reports on nanomaterial-based optical and electrochemical sensors from the year 1983 to date, with particularly emphasis on recent advances in electrochemical sensing (such as voltammetry and impedimetric) and optical sensing (such as colorimetry and fluorometry) techniques. Among the electrochemical methods, various nanomaterials were employed for the modification of electrodes. Whereas, in optical assays, formats such as enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, lateral flow assays or in optical fiber systems are common. In addition, novel sensing platforms are reported by applying advanced nanomaterials which include gold nanoparticles, nanotitania, graphene, graphene-oxide, cadmium telluride and related quantum dots, nanocomposites, upconversion nanoparticles and bacteriophages. Finally, closing remarks and an outlook conclude the review. Graphical abstract Schematic of the diversity of nanomaterial-based methods for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). AuNPs: gold nanoparticles; QDs: quantum dots; PVL: Panton-Valentine leukocidin; mecA gene: mec-gene complex encoding methicillin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atal A S Gill
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Sima Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Neeta Thapliyal
- Department of Applied Science, Women Institute of Technology, Sudhowala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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Pereira-Franchi EPL, Barreira MRN, da Costa NDSLM, Riboli DFM, Abraão LM, Martins KB, Victória C, Cunha MDLRDSD. Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Brazilian primary health care system. Trop Med Int Health 2019; 24:339-347. [PMID: 30549385 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the molecular epidemiology and to georeference Staphylococcus aureus isolated from wounds and nares of patients seen at Basic Health Units (BHUs) of a Brazilian city. METHODS Observational, cross-sectional study conducted from 2010 to 2013. A total of 119 S. aureus strains isolated from the wounds and nares of 88 patients were studied. The isolates were characterised by identifying virulence genes encoding enterotoxins A-E, haemolysins α, β and δ, exfoliatins A, B and D, biofilm production, Panton-Valentine Leukocidin and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence and spa typing. RESULTS Eighteen methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (6 SCCmec type II and 12 SCCmec type IV) and 101 (85%) MSSA were identified. PFGE typing resulted in the formation of eight clusters, with STs 1, 5, 8, 30, 188, 1176 and 1635 and spa type t002 being the predominant types among MSSA. The 18 MRSA belonged to STs 5, 8 and 1176 and spa types t002 and t062. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate widespread dissemination of MSSA and MRSA clones carrying haemolysin, biofilm and toxin genes. Kernel density estimation revealed the highest density of S. aureus in the 4, 5 and 8 BHUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Patricia Lino Pereira-Franchi
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Maria Rachel Nogueira Barreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Natália de Sousa Lima Moreira da Costa
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Danilo Flávio Moraes Riboli
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ligia Maria Abraão
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil.,Departamento de Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Katheryne Benini Martins
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Victória
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
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Aung MS, San T, San N, Oo WM, Ko PM, Thet KT, Urushibara N, Kawaguchiya M, Sumi A, Kobayashi N. Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus argenteus in Myanmar: identification of novel genotypes/clusters in staphylocoagulase, protein A, alpha-haemolysin and other virulence factors. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:95-104. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meiji Soe Aung
- 1Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Thida San
- 2Yangon Children’s Hospital, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Nilar San
- 3Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine 2, Yangon, Myanmar
| | | | | | | | - Noriko Urushibara
- 1Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Kawaguchiya
- 1Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayako Sumi
- 1Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- 1Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Pardos de la Gandara M, Diaz L, Euler CW, Chung M, Gonzalez A, Cheleuitte C, Freiwald W, Tomasz A, Fischetti VA, de Lencastre H. Staphylococcus aureus Infecting and Colonizing Experimental Animals, Macaques, in a Research Animal Facility. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 25:54-62. [PMID: 30481118 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections on the skin and soft tissues of experimental macaques in the vivarium of The Rockefeller University, New York, triggered this observational and interventional study. We screened 14 macaques in the colony (samples from head, nares, and rectum) and their housing (40 environmental surfaces) four times in 1 year, for S. aureus colonization or contamination, while implementing enhanced decolonization and decontamination procedures. A total of 114 isolates of S. aureus were recovered and characterized (antibiograms, spa typing, multilocus sequence typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE], mecA, Panton-Valentine Leukocidin, and arginine catabolic mobile element). Based on these results, six strains of S. aureus were identified: two MRSA strains (t16708/ST3862/PFGE-A, t16709/ST3862/PFGE-C) and one methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (t8397/ST3884/PFGE-D) were characterized for the first time in this study; strains belonging to spa types t189 and t4167 have been identified in primates in previous studies. None of these strains was common to the neighboring New York City human community. Thus, it seems probable that the animals were already colonized upon arrival to the University. We suggest screening primates for S. aureus carriage upon arrival to University vivaria and possible implementation of extensive decolonization procedures before any surgical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leslie Diaz
- 2 Comparative Bioscience Center, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York
| | - Chad W Euler
- 3 Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York.,4 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hunter College , CUNY, New York, New York.,5 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Marilyn Chung
- 1 Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York
| | - Alejandra Gonzalez
- 6 Laboratory of Neural Systems, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York
| | - Christopher Cheleuitte
- 7 Tri-Institutional Training Program, Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science-Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, and Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, New York
| | - Winrich Freiwald
- 6 Laboratory of Neural Systems, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York
| | - Alexander Tomasz
- 1 Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York
| | - Vincent A Fischetti
- 3 Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York
| | - Hermínia de Lencastre
- 1 Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York.,8 Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB/UNL) , Oeiras, Portugal
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Characterization of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec Elements from Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Infections in Australian Animals. mSphere 2018; 3:3/6/e00491-18. [PMID: 30404937 PMCID: PMC6222048 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00491-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a significant veterinary pathogen and occasional cause of infections in humans. β-Lactams are an important group of antimicrobials used to treat staphylococcal infections in humans and animals. However, when staphylococci become methicillin resistant via the acquisition of a mobile genetic element called staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), they become resistant to all β-lactams. This study detected a novel SCCmec element among a cluster of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius isolates from animals in Australia. It also detected SCCmec elements in S. pseudintermedius that had high similarity to those identified in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, demonstrating how human and animal pathogens can share the same resistance determinants. We examined the oxacillin resistance phenotype and genomic structure of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) elements from 77 veterinary methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) isolates. Isolates were characterized by oxacillin broth microdilution, whole-genome sequencing, and bioformatics analysis. Five previously described SCCmec elements, and a sixth novel element, were identified: SCCmec III (also known as II-III), ΨSCCmec57395, and SCCmecNA45 (a SCCmec VII variant), all previously described in MRSP, and SCCmec IVg and SCCmec VT, previously described in both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and MRSP. The sixth element was novel and found among nine geographically clustered isolates. This novel pseudostaphylococcal cassette chromosome (ΨSCCmecKW21) contained a class A mec gene complex but lacked ccr genes. It also harbored heavy metal (cadmium) resistance determinants. The median oxacillin MIC values among ΨSCCmecKW21, SCCmec III, and SCCmec VT isolates were significantly higher than those determined for the SCCmecNA45 VII variant isolates and ΨSCCmec57395 and SCCmec IVg isolates. ΨSCCmecKW21 was found exclusively in sequence type 497 (ST497), an MRSP clone that is locally successful in Victoria, Australia. Future studies are necessary to determine if this clone has disseminated further afield and if ΨSCCmecKW21 has moved into other MRSP lineages or staphylococcal species. IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus pseudintermedius is a significant veterinary pathogen and occasional cause of infections in humans. β-Lactams are an important group of antimicrobials used to treat staphylococcal infections in humans and animals. However, when staphylococci become methicillin resistant via the acquisition of a mobile genetic element called staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), they become resistant to all β-lactams. This study detected a novel SCCmec element among a cluster of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius isolates from animals in Australia. It also detected SCCmec elements in S. pseudintermedius that had high similarity to those identified in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, demonstrating how human and animal pathogens can share the same resistance determinants.
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Lakhundi S, Zhang K. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular Characterization, Evolution, and Epidemiology. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:e00020-18. [PMID: 30209034 PMCID: PMC6148192 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00020-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 754] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a major human pathogen, has a collection of virulence factors and the ability to acquire resistance to most antibiotics. This ability is further augmented by constant emergence of new clones, making S. aureus a "superbug." Clinical use of methicillin has led to the appearance of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The past few decades have witnessed the existence of new MRSA clones. Unlike traditional MRSA residing in hospitals, the new clones can invade community settings and infect people without predisposing risk factors. This evolution continues with the buildup of the MRSA reservoir in companion and food animals. This review focuses on imparting a better understanding of MRSA evolution and its molecular characterization and epidemiology. We first describe the origin of MRSA, with emphasis on the diverse nature of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). mecA and its new homologues (mecB, mecC, and mecD), SCCmec types (13 SCCmec types have been discovered to date), and their classification criteria are discussed. The review then describes various typing methods applied to study the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary nature of MRSA. Starting with the historical methods and continuing to the advanced whole-genome approaches, typing of collections of MRSA has shed light on the origin, spread, and evolutionary pathways of MRSA clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahreena Lakhundi
- Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Alberta Health Services/Calgary Laboratory Services/University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kunyan Zhang
- Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Alberta Health Services/Calgary Laboratory Services/University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Szymanek-Majchrzak K, Mlynarczyk A, Mlynarczyk G. Characteristics of glycopeptide-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from inpatients of three teaching hospitals in Warsaw, Poland. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2018; 7:105. [PMID: 30181870 PMCID: PMC6114487 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-018-0397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vancomycin is still one of the most commonly used drug for treatment of severe methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) strains are a serious danger for public health. This study aimed to characterize healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) strains, resistant to at least one of glycopeptide antibiotics: vancomycin (VRSA) and/or teicoplanin (TRSA), isolated at three Warsaw hospitals over a period of 17-years (1991–2007). Methods Among 600 HA-MRSA strains, isolated from patients with symptomatic infections, 47 were subjected to detailed analysis. In the study, mechanisms behind VRSA phenotypes were determined (E-tests, GRD-test, agar-dilution method and vanA/B detection). Characteristics of selected isolates on molecular level: i) by detection of resistance genes ermA/ermB/ermC, msrA/msrB, linA/linA’, aacA-aphD, aadD, aph(3”)-IIIa; ii) SCCmec-typing and iii) MLST-typing was done. Results In general population of studied strains, 11/47 (23.4%) were VRSA and 36/47 (76.6%) were resistant only to teicoplanin. All isolates exhibited van-independent mechanisms of resistance. Over 80% of isolates belonged to clonal complex CC8, with the following predominant sequence types (STs)/clones: ST247-IA/Iberian, ST241-III/Finland-UK, and ST239-III/Brazilian. Most of the isolated strains harboured ermA and aacA-aphD genes, encoding additional resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, and majority of aminoglycosides. They occurred also in Polish VRSA/TRSA population over the period, which was subjected for analysis: an increase in MIC values for glycopeptides, evolution in terms of the level and extent of resistance, and genetic re-assortment in epidemic clones. Conclusions VRSA strains isolated from patients hospitalized at three Warsaw teaching hospitals in Poland, over a period of 17-years do not pose a threat as potential donors of van genes in horizontal-gene transfer processes, but are constantly evolving and represent international epidemic clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Szymanek-Majchrzak
- 1Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, T. Chalubinskiego 5 Str, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mlynarczyk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, The Infant Jesus Teaching Hospital, Lindleya 4 Str, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Mlynarczyk
- 1Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, T. Chalubinskiego 5 Str, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
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Kim HS, Park SB, Kim SH, Kim S, Hyun SH, Kim YK. Molecular Genetic Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Patients and Environment of General Hospital Intensive Care Unit in a Chungnam Province, Korea. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2018.50.2.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Suk Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hongsung Medical Center, Hongseong, Korea
| | - Sung-Bae Park
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan, Korea
| | - Sang-Ha Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sunghyun Kim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan, Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Hyun
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea
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Melese ZT, Mwalili SM, Orwa GO. Threshold dynamics of the Transmission of Antibiotic-Resistant Infections. Biosystems 2018; 171:80-92. [PMID: 29953912 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous studies conducted, multidrug-resistant infections such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSE) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are still increasing in hospitals, and yet continued to be the important challenges of worldwide health. Mathematical modeling gives an insightful information in policy and decision making to control the transmission and spread of these infections globally. We formulated and analyse a mathematical model to characterise the transmission co-dynamics of hospital-acquired MRSE (HA-MRSA) and community-acquired MRSE (CA-MRSA) and to investigate the long run competitiveness of the two strains in hospital. Numerical simulations are carried out to explore the basic reproduction numbers for the two strains so as to determine the dominant strain in the future in hospital setting. Under some conditions, invasion reproduction numbers are also applied to determine the uniform persistence of the two strains. We further performed sensitivity analysis to examine the influence of model parameters on the transmission and spread of the the strains, thereby determine the effective intervention strategies that reduce the overflow of the infections in hospital setting. To support theoretical findings qualitatively, graphical representations are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinabu Teka Melese
- Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - S M Mwalili
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - G O Orwa
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Jiang B, You B, Tan L, Yu S, Li H, Bai G, Li S, Rao X, Xie Z, Shi X, Peng Y, Hu X. Clinical Staphylococcus argenteus Develops to Small Colony Variants to Promote Persistent Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1347. [PMID: 30013523 PMCID: PMC6036243 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus argenteus is a novel staphylococcal species (also considered as a part of Staphylococcus aureus complex) that is infrequently reported on, and clinical S. argenteus infections are largely unstudied. Here, we report a persistent and recurrent hip joint infection case in which a S. argenteus strain and its small colony variants (SCVs) strain were successively isolated. We present features of the two S. argenteus strains and case details of their pathogenicity, explore factors that induce S. argenteus SCVs formation in the course of anti-infection therapy, and reveal potential genetic mechanisms for S. argenteus SCVs formation. S. argenteus strains were identified using phenotypic and genotypic methods. The S. argenteus strain XNO62 and SCV strain XNO106 were characterized using different models. S. argenteus SCVs were induced by the administration of amikacin and by chronic infection course based on the clinical case details. The genomes of both strains were sequenced and aligned in a pair-wise fashion using Mauve. The case details gave us important insights on the characteristics and therapeutic strategies for infections caused by S. argenteus and its SCVs. We found that strain XNO62 and SCV strain XNO106 are genetically-related sequential clones, the SCV strain exhibits reduced virulence but enhanced intracellular persistence compared to strain XNO62, thus promoting persistent infection. The induction experiments for S. argenteus SCVs demonstrated that high concentrations of amikacin greatly induce S. argenteus XNO62 to form SCVs, while a chronic infection of S. argenteus XNO62 slightly induces SCVs formation. Potential genetic mechanisms for S. argenteus SCVs formation were revealed and discussed based on genomic alignments. In conclusion, we report the first case of infection caused by S. argenteus and its SCVs strain. More attention should be paid to infections caused by S. argenteus and its SCVs, as they constitute a challenge to current therapeutic strategies. The problem of S. argenteus SCVs should be noticed, in particular when amikacin is used or in the case of a chronic S. argenteus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Jiang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Bo You
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, No. 324 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shengpeng Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Han Li
- Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Bai
- Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiancai Rao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhao Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xianming Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yizhi Peng
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaomei Hu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Rodrigues S, Conceição T, Silva IS, de Lencastre H, Aires-de-Sousa M. Frequent MRSA nasal colonization among hospitalized children and their parents in Angola and São Tomé and Príncipe. J Hosp Infect 2018; 100:344-349. [PMID: 29807064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of nosocomial meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was previously estimated as 23% in a paediatric hospital in Luanda, Angola and 18% in a general hospital in São Tomé and Príncipe. AIM To evaluate the prevalence of S. aureus/MRSA colonization among hospitalized children and their parents at two hospitals in Angola and São Tomé and Príncipe. METHODS In 2017, 127 hospitalized children and 129 of their parents had nasal swabs for S. aureus/MRSA carriage in the two countries. The isolates were tested for the presence of the mecA and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes, and characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), spa typing, multi-locus sequence typing and SCCmec typing. FINDINGS Twenty of 127 children (15.7%) and 13 of 129 parents (10.1%) were MRSA nasal carriers. Three lineages comprised 88% of the MRSA isolates: (i) PFGE A-ST5-SCCmec IVa (N=15; 45%), associated with spa type t105, recovered in Angola alone; (ii) PFGE N-ST8-IV/V (N=7; 21%), associated with spa types t008/t121, recovered in São Tomé and Príncipe alone; and (iii) PFGE B-ST88-IVa (N=7; 21%), associated with spa types t325/t786, present in both countries. Fifteen child/guardian pairs were colonized with identical MRSA (N=8) or meticillin-susceptible S. aureus (N=7) strains. PVL was detected in 25% of isolates, including two MRSA (ST30-V and ST8-IVa). CONCLUSION Hospitalized children and their parents are important reservoirs of MRSA. Infection control measures should focus on parents in order to minimize the spread of MRSA to the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - T Conceição
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - I Santos Silva
- Escola Superior de Saúde da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - H de Lencastre
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal; Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - M Aires-de-Sousa
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Khan A, Miller WR, Arias CA. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance among hospital-associated pathogens. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2018; 16:269-287. [PMID: 29617188 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2018.1456919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The introduction of antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th-century permitting the treatment of once incurable infections. Widespread use of antibiotics, however, has led to the development of resistant organisms, particularly in the healthcare setting. Today, the clinician is often faced with pathogens carrying a cadre of resistance determinants that severely limit therapeutic options. The genetic plasticity of microbes allows them to adapt to stressors via genetic mutations, acquisition or sharing of genetic material and modulation of genetic expression leading to resistance to virtually any antimicrobial used in clinical practice. Areas covered: This is a comprehensive review that outlines major mechanisms of resistance in the most common hospital-associated pathogens including bacteria and fungi. Expert commentary: Understanding the genetic and biochemical mechanisms of such antimicrobial adaptation is crucial to tackling the rapid spread of resistance, can expose unconventional therapeutic targets to combat multidrug resistant pathogens and lead to more accurate prediction of antimicrobial susceptibility using rapid molecular diagnostics. Clinicians making treatment decisions based on the molecular basis of resistance may design therapeutic strategies that include de-escalation of broad spectrum antimicrobial usage, more focused therapies or combination therapies. These strategies are likely to improve patient outcomes and decrease the risk of resistance in hospital settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Khan
- a Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , University of Texas McGovern Medical School , Houston , Texas , USA.,b Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics , University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - William R Miller
- b Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics , University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston , TX , USA.,c Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases , McGovern Medical School
| | - Cesar A Arias
- a Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , University of Texas McGovern Medical School , Houston , Texas , USA.,b Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics , University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston , TX , USA.,c Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases , McGovern Medical School.,d Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit and International Center for Microbial Genomics , Universidad El Bosque , Bogota , Colombia.,e School of Public Health , UTHealth Center for Infectious Diseases , Houston , TX , USA
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Furuno M, Uchiyama M, Nakahara Y, Uenoyama K, Fukuhara H, Morino S, Kijima M. A Japanese trial to monitor methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in imported swine during the quarantine period. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 14:182-184. [PMID: 29621628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in imported swine during the quarantine period in Japan. METHODS Nasal swabs from a total of 125 swine belonging to 15 lots (unit of import) from five countries were investigated for MRSA from July 2016 to February 2017. Two isolates per positive lot were chosen for multilocus sequence typing (MLST). PCR was performed to determine the presence of the czrC gene, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the broth dilution method. RESULTS MRSA isolates were obtained from six lots (41 heads; 32.8%) from two countries. All 12 isolates that underwent MLST (two per positive lot) were classified as ST398, harboured the czrC gene and were resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline; some isolates showed additional resistance to erythromycin or streptomycin, but resistance to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin or chloramphenicol was not observed. CONCLUSIONS MRSA ST398 isolates were obtained from imported swine in this first trial to monitor MRSA during the quarantine period in Japan. For the 'One Health' approach against antimicrobial resistance, monitoring imported animals and generating feedback data would be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Furuno
- Animal Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 11-1 Haramachi, Isogo, Yokohama, Kanagawa 235-0008, Japan.
| | - Mariko Uchiyama
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakahara
- Animal Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 11-1 Haramachi, Isogo, Yokohama, Kanagawa 235-0008, Japan
| | - Kei Uenoyama
- Animal Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 11-1 Haramachi, Isogo, Yokohama, Kanagawa 235-0008, Japan
| | - Hisae Fukuhara
- Animal Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 11-1 Haramachi, Isogo, Yokohama, Kanagawa 235-0008, Japan
| | - Shigeru Morino
- Animal Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 11-1 Haramachi, Isogo, Yokohama, Kanagawa 235-0008, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kijima
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
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Arabestani MR, Rastiyani S, Alikhani MY, Mousavi SF. The Relationship Between Prevalence of Antibiotics Resistance and Virulence Factors Genes of MRSA and MSSA Strains Isolated from Clinical Samples, West Iran. Oman Med J 2018; 33:134-140. [PMID: 29657682 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2018.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We sought to evaluate the relationship between the prevalence of antibiotics resistance and virulence factors genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcal aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains from clinical samples taken in west Iran. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study using 100 MRSA and 100 MSSA samples isolated from clinical specimens. We used biochemical methods to identify the isolates, which were confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion. PCR detected the presence of virulence factors, including enterotoxin genes, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), and exfoliative toxin. Results The majority of MRSA isolates exhibited a high level of resistance to common antibiotics and susceptible to vancomycin, while most MSSA isolates were also resistant to erythromycin and ciprofloxacin. The prevalence of Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) were reported 147 (73.5%). Among 100 MRSA samples, 92 (92.0%) harbored SAg genes. The most frequent toxin gene was sea (45.0%) followed by sec (39.0%). Among 100 MSSA isolates, 89 (89.0%) harbored SAg genes and the most prevalent genes were sea (42.0%), sek (38.0%), sec (35.0%,), and TSST-1 (10.0%). The prevalence of TSST-1 and exfoliative toxin genes in MRSA samples were 12 (12.0%). The association of SAg genes with MRSA and MSSA isolates showed a high prevalence of enterotoxin seq, seg, and sei in MRSA than MSSA with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.050). Conclusions The prevalence of MRSA and the association of pathogenic agents with antibiotics resistance genes can lead to the emergence of strains with higher pathogenicity and less susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sahar Rastiyani
- Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Gustave CA, Tristan A, Martins-Simões P, Stegger M, Benito Y, Andersen PS, Bes M, Le Hir T, Diep BA, Uhlemann AC, Glaser P, Laurent F, Wirth T, Vandenesch F. Demographic fluctuation of community-acquired antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineages: potential role of flimsy antibiotic exposure. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:1879-1894. [PMID: 29599521 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Community-acquired (CA)- as opposed to hospital acquired- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) lineages arose worldwide during the 1990s. To determine which factors, including selective antibiotic pressure, govern the expansion of two major lineages of CA-MRSA, namely "USA300" in Northern America and "European ST80" in North Africa, Europe and Middle-East, we explored virulence factor expression, and fitness levels with or without antibiotics. The sampled strains were collected in a temporal window representing various steps of the epidemics, reflecting predicted changes in effective population size as inferred from whole-genome analysis. In addition to slight variations in virulence factor expression and biofilm production that might influence the ecological niches of theses lineages, competitive fitness experiments revealed that the biological cost of resistance to methicillin, fusidic acid and fluoroquinolones is totally reversed in the presence of trace amount of antibiotics. Our results suggest that low-level antibiotics exposure in human and animal environments contributed to the expansion of both European ST80 and USA300 lineages in community settings. This surge was likely driven by antibiotic (ab)use promoting the accumulation of antibiotics as environmental pollutants. The current results provide a novel link between effective population size increase of a pathogen and a selective advantage conferred by antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude-Alexandre Gustave
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France.,Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Tristan
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France.,Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Patricia Martins-Simões
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France.,Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department for Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yvonne Benito
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France.,Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Paal Skytt Andersen
- Department for Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Michèle Bes
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France.,Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Typhanie Le Hir
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France.,Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Binh An Diep
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anne-Catrin Uhlemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Philippe Glaser
- Institut Pasteur - APHP - Université Paris Sud, Unité Ecologie et Evolution de la Résistance aux Antibiotiques Paris, France, CNRS UMR3525, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Laurent
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France.,Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Thierry Wirth
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB - UMR 7205, CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,EPHE, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - François Vandenesch
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France. .,Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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Activity of antimicrobial peptides and conventional antibiotics against superantigen positive Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2018; 35:74-82. [PMID: 29599675 PMCID: PMC5872235 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2018.62141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Staphylococcus aureus causes a diverse array of diseases, ranging from relatively harmless localized skin infections to life-threatening systemic conditions. It secretes toxins directly associated with particular disease symptoms. Aim To determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) colonization among patients with atopic dermatitis and to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility to conventional antibiotics and selected antimicrobial peptides among toxin-producing strains and nonproducing strains. Material and methods One hundred patients with atopic dermatitis and 50 healthy people were microbiologically assessed for the carriage of S. aureus. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using the broth microdilution method for conventional antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides (CAMEL, Citropin 1.1, LL-37, Temporin A). Detection of genes lukS/lukF-PV, tst, sea-sed, eta and etb by multiplex PCR was performed. Results Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated from the majority of patients, from either the skin (75%) or the anterior nares (73%). Among the conventional antibiotics tested, the highest rates of resistance were observed for ampicillin, daptomycin, lincomycin and erythromycin. Antimicrobial peptides did not show significant diversity in activity. Among MSSA strains greater differentiation of secreted toxins was observed (sec, eta, pvl, tsst, etb, seb), while in the group of MRSA strains secretion of 3 toxins (pvl, eta, seb) was noted. Conclusions Antimicrobial resistance continues to evolve. It is important to monitor S. aureus infections. The profile of toxins produced by S. aureus strains is an important consideration in the selection of an antimicrobial agent to treat infections.
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Emergence of vancomycin-intermediate and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus among methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolated from clinical specimens in the northwest of Iran. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 14:4-9. [PMID: 29454049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency as well as the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) isolates from clinical specimens at three university teaching hospitals in Urmia, Northwest Iran, from 2012-2015. METHODS Following identification of the isolates, antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed. The presence of the mecA, vanA and pvl genes was evaluated, and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing was performed. RESULTS A total of 177 S. aureus isolates were collected from various clinical specimens. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed high resistance rates to penicillin (98.9%), followed by erythromycin (61.6%). A total of 95 isolates (53.7%) were confirmed as MRSA. Among the initially screened vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) isolates, one isolate with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6μg/mL harboured the vanA gene. Eleven MRSA isolates (11.6%) were also VRSA. A majority (23/95; 24.2%) of MRSA were classified as SCCmec type III. Only 6 MRSA isolates (6.3%) harboured the pvl gene. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the presence of MRSA along with VISA and VRSA in our setting. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that a strain can be defined as VISA phenotypically and as VRSA by molecular analysis. Such a finding raises major concerns with regard to control measures and reliable laboratory tests for screening of resistant strains.
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Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among Portuguese nursing students: A longitudinal cohort study over four years of education. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188855. [PMID: 29190721 PMCID: PMC5708729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that can colonize healthy people mainly in the anterior nares. The aim of the present study was to evaluate S. aureus nasal colonization over time among Portuguese nursing students, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Methods and findings In this longitudinal cohort study, we collected 280 nasal swabs from nursing students at 14 time points over four years of schooling (2012–2016). The isolates were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), spa typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and SCCmec typing for MRSA. Among 47 students, 20 (43%) carried methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) at admission, but none was colonized with MRSA. A total of 19 students (40%) became colonized after exposure during the nursing training, out of which five carried MRSA. Overall, 39 students (83%) had S. aureus detected at least once during the study period. Among the 97 MSSA isolates, most (65%) belonged to four clones: PFGE A-ST30 (21%), B-ST72 (20%), C-ST508 (13%), and D-ST398 (11%). Three of the five MRSA carriers were colonized with the predominant clone circulating in Portuguese hospitals (ST22-IVh) and two with ST3162-II. Colonization of nursing students was highly dynamic with continuous appearance of strains with distinct PFGE types in the same individual. Conclusions A considerable proportion of students became colonized by S. aureus, including MRSA, during the nursing education, evidencing this population represents an important reservoir of S. aureus. Therefore, education on infection control measures in nursing schools is of major importance.
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Abbasi M, BaseriSalehi M, Bahador N, Taherikalani M. Antibiotic Resistance Patterns and Virulence Determinants of Different SCCmec and Pulsotypes of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from a Major Hospital in Ilam, Iran. Open Microbiol J 2017; 11:211-223. [PMID: 29204221 PMCID: PMC5688384 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801711010211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims & Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate genetic relatedness, antibiotic resistance pattern, and virulence characteristics of different types of S. aureus isolated from air, surfaces, staff, and patients in a Public hospital in Ilam. Methods & Materials: A total of 88 of 140 staphylococci identified as S. aureus by conventional and molecular methods were used in this study. Isolate samples were obtained from surfaces, staff, patients, and hospital indoor air. The sampling from staff and surfaces was done through using swab and air by standard pump. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and presence different resistant and virulence determinants was assessed. Isolates were then typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and SCCmec typing methods. Results: Out of 88isolates, 36 of them (40.9%) were MRSA. Among MRSA isolates, the range of resistance to antibiotic was 0% in vancomycin to 83.3% in gentamycin. The most prevalent resistant genes among gentamicin resistant S. aureus were acc (6')/aph (2”)Ia and aph(3”)IIIa. The most common erythromycin resistant gene was ermC. Surprisingly, SCCmec types I (30.5%), II (25%)were highly distributed. PFGE analysis showed 33 different pulsotypes. Conclusion: This study confirms that different isolates of MSSA and MRSA circulate in Ilam which differ in antimicrobial susceptibility, content of resistance, and virulence determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Abbasi
- Department of Microbiology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Biology, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran
| | - Majid BaseriSalehi
- Department of Microbiology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nima Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Morovat Taherikalani
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Zhang DF, Zhi XY, Zhang J, Paoli GC, Cui Y, Shi C, Shi X. Preliminary comparative genomics revealed pathogenic potential and international spread of Staphylococcus argenteus. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:808. [PMID: 29058585 PMCID: PMC5651615 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus argenteus and S. schweitzeri, were recently proposed as novel species within S. aureus complex (SAC). S. argenteus has been reported in many countries and can threaten human health. S. schweitzeri has not been associated with human infections, but has been isolated from non-human primates. Questions regarding the evolution of pathogenicity of these two species will remain elusive until an exploratory evolutionary framework is established. Results We present genomic comparison analysis among members of SAC based on a pan-genome definition, which included 15 S. argenteus genomes (five newly sequenced), six S. schweitzeri genomes and 30 divergent S. aureus genomes. The three species had divergent core genomes and rare interspecific recombination was observed among the core genes. However, some subtypes of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) elements and prophages were present in different species. Of 111 tested virulence genes of S. aureus, 85 and 86 homologous genes were found in S. argenteus and S. schweitzeri, respectively. There was no difference in virulence gene content among the three species, but the sequence of most core virulence genes was divergent. Analysis of the agr locus and the genes in the capsular polysaccharides biosynthetic operon revealed that they both diverged before the speciation of SAC members. Furthermore, the widespread geographic distribution of S. argenteus, sequence type 2250, showed ambiguous biogeographical structure among geographically isolated populations, demonstrating an international spread of this pathogen. Conclusions S. argenteus has spread among several countries, and invasive infections and persistent carriage may be not limited to currently reported regions. S. argenteus probably had undergone a recent host adaption and can cause human infections with a similar pathogenic potential. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4149-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Feng Zhang
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology & State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Zhi
- Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology & State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - George C Paoli
- USDA-MOST Joint Research Center for Food Safety & Molecular Characterization of Foodborne Pathogens Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Yan Cui
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology & State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chunlei Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology & State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xianming Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology & State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China. .,, Present address: No. 800 Dongchuan RD. Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Mosselhy DA, Granbohm H, Hynönen U, Ge Y, Palva A, Nordström K, Hannula SP. Nanosilver-Silica Composite: Prolonged Antibacterial Effects and Bacterial Interaction Mechanisms for Wound Dressings. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 7:E261. [PMID: 28878170 PMCID: PMC5618372 DOI: 10.3390/nano7090261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Infected superficial wounds were traditionally controlled by topical antibiotics until the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Silver (Ag) is a kernel for alternative antibacterial agents to fight this resistance quandary. The present study demonstrates a method for immobilizing small-sized (~5 nm) silver nanoparticles on silica matrix to form a nanosilver-silica (Ag-SiO₂) composite and shows the prolonged antibacterial effects of the composite in vitro. The composite exhibited a rapid initial Ag release after 24 h and a slower leaching after 48 and 72 h and was effective against both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli ( E . coli ). Ultraviolet (UV)-irradiation was superior to filter-sterilization in retaining the antibacterial effects of the composite, through the higher remaining Ag concentration. A gauze, impregnated with the Ag-SiO₂ composite, showed higher antibacterial effects against MRSA and E . coli than a commercial Ag-containing dressing, indicating a potential for the management and infection control of superficial wounds. Transmission and scanning transmission electron microscope analyses of the composite-treated MRSA revealed an interaction of the released silver ions with the bacterial cytoplasmic constituents, causing ultimately the loss of bacterial membranes. The present results indicate that the Ag-SiO₂ composite, with prolonged antibacterial effects, is a promising candidate for wound dressing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A Mosselhy
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
- Microbiological Unit, Fish Diseases Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt.
| | - Henrika Granbohm
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Ulla Hynönen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Yanling Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Airi Palva
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Katrina Nordström
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Simo-Pekka Hannula
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
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Zinc Resistance within Swine-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in the United States Is Associated with Multilocus Sequence Type Lineage. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00756-17. [PMID: 28526788 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00756-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc resistance in livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) sequence type 398 (ST398) is primarily mediated by the czrC gene colocated with the mecA gene, encoding methicillin resistance, within the type V staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) element. Because czrC and mecA are located within the same mobile genetic element, it has been suggested that the use of zinc in feed as an antidiarrheal agent has the potential to contribute to the emergence and spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in swine, through increased selection pressure to maintain the SCCmec element in isolates obtained from pigs. In this study, we report the prevalence of the czrC gene and phenotypic zinc resistance in U.S. swine-associated LA-MRSA ST5 isolates, MRSA ST5 isolates from humans with no swine contact, and U.S. swine-associated LA-MRSA ST398 isolates. We demonstrated that the prevalence of zinc resistance in U.S. swine-associated LA-MRSA ST5 isolates was significantly lower than the prevalence of zinc resistance in MRSA ST5 isolates from humans with no swine contact and swine-associated LA-MRSA ST398 isolates, as well as prevalences from previous reports describing zinc resistance in other LA-MRSA ST398 isolates. Collectively, our data suggest that selection pressure associated with zinc supplementation in feed is unlikely to have played a significant role in the emergence of LA-MRSA ST5 in the U.S. swine population. Additionally, our data indicate that zinc resistance is associated with the multilocus sequence type lineage, suggesting a potential link between the genetic lineage and the carriage of resistance determinants.IMPORTANCE Our data suggest that coselection thought to be associated with the use of zinc in feed as an antimicrobial agent is not playing a role in the emergence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) ST5 in the U.S. swine population. Additionally, our data indicate that zinc resistance is more associated with the multilocus sequence type lineage, suggesting a potential link between the genetic lineage and the carriage of resistance markers. This information is important for public health professionals, veterinarians, producers, and consumers.
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76
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Conceição T, de Lencastre H, Aires-de-Sousa M. Healthy Bovines as Reservoirs of Major Pathogenic Lineages of Staphylococcus aureus in Portugal. Microb Drug Resist 2017. [PMID: 28650693 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nosocomial prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Portugal is close to 50% and remains one of the highest in Europe. MRSA reservoirs in the animal setting in Portugal have been very poorly investigated, namely among animal husbandry. A total of 52 samples (nasal, inguinal region, and milk) were obtained from bovine animals and analyzed for the presence of S. aureus. The isolates were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), spa typing, SCCmec typing, and multilocus sequence typing and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, presence of mecA and mecC genes, and virulence determinants. Overall, 54% of the screened animals were colonized with S. aureus in at least one body site. Notably, S. aureus nasal carriage followed an increasing trend with animal age (p = 0.0006). None of the isolates harbored the mecA or mecC genes. Resistance to penicillin, rifampicin, and tetracycline was observed in 24%, 18%, and 6% of the isolates, respectively. The isolates were distributed into three clonal lineages: PFGE type A, spa type t1166, ST1247-CC133 (43%), PFGE B-t267-ST352-CC97 (30%), and PFGE C-t091-ST7-CC7 (27%). CC133 was associated to older animals (p = 0.0025), whereas CC97 was isolated from calves (p = 0.0016). Virulence determinants commonly found in mastitis were widely detected in carriage isolates: lukDE and hlgv (100%), hlb (76%), and lukM (35%). Although healthy bovines do not represent a MRSA reservoir in Portugal, they are mainly colonized with S. aureus pathogenic lineages associated to mastitis in cattle (CC97 and CC133).
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Conceição
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Hermínia de Lencastre
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal .,2 Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York
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77
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Kong H, Yu F, Zhang W, Li X, Wang H. Molecular Epidemiology and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains in a Tertiary Hospital in China. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:838. [PMID: 28553271 PMCID: PMC5427121 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the genotypic characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is essential for the control and treatment of diseases caused by this important pathogen. In this study, MRSA isolates obtained from a tertiary caret hospital in China were subjected to spa typing, SCCmec typing, multiple locus sequence typing (MLST), and PCR targeting of the genes encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL). The disk diffusion method was used to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates to 10 non-beta-lactam antibiotics. Among the 120 MRSA isolates studied, 18 spa types and 15 ST types were identified. The spa t311 type was the most common (a total of 60 isolates; 50%) among the study strains, and nearly all the t311 strains belonged to ST5, which is the most common ST type that was previously reported from China among the t002 isolates. ST5-II/t311 was the major prevalent clone (55, 45.8%), which was followed by ST5-II/t002 (12, 10.0%) and ST59-IV/t437 (11, 9.2%). PVL-encoding genes were found in 6.7% of the isolates. Although the ST5-II/t311 and ST5-II/t002 clones are different spa types, they shared the same resistance profile (clindamycin, erythromycin, and ciprofloxacin). Most isolates of the ST239-III/t037 clone were resistant to clindamycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. By contrast, the MRSA isolates of the ST239-III/t030 clone were more resistant to rifampin, but they were susceptible to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Our data emphasize the need for ongoing epidemiologic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishen Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Weili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Xuefen Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
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Durhan E, Korcan SE, Altindis M, Konuk M. Fitness and competitive growth comparison of methicillin resistant and methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus colonies. Microb Pathog 2017; 106:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Frequent isolation of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 among healthy pigs in Portugal. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175340. [PMID: 28399155 PMCID: PMC5388486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although livestock-associated ST398 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been widely reported in different geographic regions, MRSA carriage studies among healthy pigs in Portugal are very limited. Methods and findings In total, 101 swine nasal samples from two Portuguese farms were screened for MRSA. In addition five swine workers (including one veterinary and one engineer) and four household members were nasally screened. The isolates were characterized by spa typing, SCCmec typing and MLST. All isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, presence of mecA and mecC genes, and virulence determinants. MRSA prevalence in swine was 99% (100/101), 80% (4/5) in swine workers and 25% (1/4) in household members. All isolates belonged to ST398 distributed over two spa types–t011 (57%) and t108 (42%). SCCmec type V was present in most of the isolates (n = 95; 82%) while 21 isolates amplified the mecA gene only and were classified as nontypeable. The majority of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline (100%), clindamycin (97%), erythromycin (96%), chloramphenicol (84%) and gentamycin (69%). Notably, 12% showed resistance to quinupristin-dalfopristin (MICs 3–8 μg/mL). Beta-hemolysin (81%) and gamma-hemolysin (74%) were the unique virulence determinants detected. None of the isolates harboured PVL or mecC gene. Conclusions This study showed a massive occurrence of ST398-MRSA in two independent swine farms, highlighting its establishment among healthy pigs in Portugal.
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Antimicrobial Resistance and the Alternative Resources with Special Emphasis on Plant-Based Antimicrobials-A Review. PLANTS 2017; 6:plants6020016. [PMID: 28394295 PMCID: PMC5489788 DOI: 10.3390/plants6020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Indiscriminate and irrational use of antibiotics has created an unprecedented challenge for human civilization due to microbe’s development of antimicrobial resistance. It is difficult to treat bacterial infection due to bacteria’s ability to develop resistance against antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial agents are categorized according to their mechanism of action, i.e., interference with cell wall synthesis, DNA and RNA synthesis, lysis of the bacterial membrane, inhibition of protein synthesis, inhibition of metabolic pathways, etc. Bacteria may become resistant by antibiotic inactivation, target modification, efflux pump and plasmidic efflux. Currently, the clinically available treatment is not effective against the antibiotic resistance developed by some bacterial species. However, plant-based antimicrobials have immense potential to combat bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral diseases without any known side effects. Such plant metabolites include quinines, alkaloids, lectins, polypeptides, flavones, flavonoids, flavonols, coumarin, terpenoids, essential oils and tannins. The present review focuses on antibiotic resistance, the resistance mechanism in bacteria against antibiotics and the role of plant-active secondary metabolites against microorganisms, which might be useful as an alternative and effective strategy to break the resistance among microbes.
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81
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Kale P, Dhawan B. The changing face of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Indian J Med Microbiol 2017; 34:275-85. [PMID: 27514947 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.188313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important cause of infection, both in hospitalised patients with significant healthcare exposure and in patients without healthcare risk factors. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) are known for their rapid community transmission and propensity to cause aggressive skin and soft tissue infections and community-acquired pneumonia. The distinction between the healthcare-associated (HA)-MRSA and CA-MRSA is gradually fading owing to the acquisition of multiple virulence factors and genetic elements. The movement of CA-MRSA strains into the nosocomial setting limits the utility of using clinical risk factors alone to designate community or HA status. Identification of unique genetic characteristics and genotyping are valuable tools for MRSA epidemiological studies. Although the optimum pharmacotherapy for CA-MRSA infections has not been determined, many CA-MRSA strains remain broadly susceptible to several non-β-lactam antibacterial agents. This review aimed at illuminating the characteristic features of CA-MRSA, virulence factors, changing clinical settings and molecular epidemiology, insurgence into the hospital settings and therapy with drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kale
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - B Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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82
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Masiero FS, Aquino MFK, Nassu MP, Pereira DIB, Leite DS, Thyssen PJ. First Record of Larval Secretions of Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius, 1775) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Inhibiting the Growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:125-129. [PMID: 27696133 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-016-0444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) consists on the intentional and controlled application of sterilized larvae of the order Diptera on necrotic skin lesions with the purpose of cleaning necrotic tissue and removing pathogenic bacteria. During MDT, a marked antimicrobial activity has been reported in literature specially associated with antibacterial substances from Lucilia sericata (Meigen); however, regarding Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius), little is known. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro inhibition of bacterial growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in contact with excretions and secretions (ES) from C. macellaria larvae. Larval ES were extracted in sterile distilled water and divided in three groups: ES, containing 400 μL of autoclaved ES; ES+BAC, containing 400 μL of autoclaved ES+0.5-μL bacterial inoculum; and CONT-BAC, containing 400 μL of sterile distilled water +0.5 μL of bacterial inoculum. Aliquots of each experimental group were plated by spreading onto Petri dishes. Seedings were made at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 12 h after the extraction of ES. In ES+BAC groups, inhibition of S. aureus was verified between times 1 and 2 h and P. aeruginosa was inhibited between 0 and 4 h. There was no growth observed in any ES group. In the CONT-BAC groups, the number of colonies from time 4 h became countless for S. aureus and decreased for P. aeruginosa. As reported in the literature, we note here that ES have excellent bactericidal activity for both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and this study shows for the first time the action of the bactericidal activity of exosecretions of C. macellaria against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Masiero
- Dept of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal Univ of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil
| | - M F K Aquino
- Dept of Animal Biology, State Univ of Campinas, 255 Monteiro Lobato St, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brasil.
| | - M P Nassu
- Dept of Animal Biology, State Univ of Campinas, 255 Monteiro Lobato St, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - D I B Pereira
- Dept of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal Univ of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil
| | - D S Leite
- Dept of Genetics, Evolution and BioAgents, State Univ of Campinas, Campinas, Brasil
| | - P J Thyssen
- Dept of Animal Biology, State Univ of Campinas, 255 Monteiro Lobato St, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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Lin J, Peng Y, Ou Q, Lin D, Li Y, Ye X, Zhou J, Yao Z. A molecular epidemiological study of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcienvironmental contamination in railway stations and coach stations in Guangzhou of China. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017; 64:131-137. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.L. Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics; School of Public Health; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Y. Peng
- Centre for Chronic Disease; University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Q.T. Ou
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics; School of Public Health; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou China
| | - D.X. Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics; School of Public Health; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Y. Li
- Division of Environmental Health; Public Health Laboratory Center; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou China
| | - X.H. Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics; School of Public Health; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou China
| | - J.L. Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics; School of Public Health; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Z.J. Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics; School of Public Health; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou China
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Indráková A, Mašlaňová I, Kováčová V, Doškař J, Pantůček R. The evolutionary pathway of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome element. Biologia (Bratisl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2016-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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85
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Sabol KE, Echevarria KL, Lewis JS. Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: New Bug, Old Drugs. Ann Pharmacother 2016; 40:1125-33. [PMID: 16735661 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1g404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To discuss community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections and evaluate older antibiotics as suitable therapeutic treatment options. Data Sources: Searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library (1966–May 2006) were performed using the key terms methicillin resistance, community-acquired, community associated, treatment, Staphylococcus aureus, mec, and Panton-Valentine leukocidin. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles were critically evaluated and all relevant information was included in this review. Data Synthesis: There has been a documented shift of methicillin resistance occurring in staphylococcal infections manifested within the community. Infections caused by CA-MRSA possess unique characteristics including lack of hospital-associated risk factors, improved susceptibility patterns, distinct genotypes, faster doubling times, and additional toxins. Potential therapeutic options to treat these infections include trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), clindamycin, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and new antimicrobials. Conclusions: CA-MRSA infections can be successfully treated with older, oral antibiotic agents including TMP/SMX, clindamycin, and tetracyclines. Fluoroquinolones and linezolid should be avoided as first-line agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Sabol
- Infectious Diseases, Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX 78229, USA
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rRNA Operon Copy Number Can Explain the Distinct Epidemiology of Hospital-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:7313-7320. [PMID: 27671073 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01613-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinct epidemiology of original hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) and early community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) is largely unexplained. S. aureus carries either five or six rRNA operon copies. Evidence is provided for a scenario in which MRSA has adapted to the hospital environment by rRNA operon loss (six to five copies) due to antibiotic pressure. Early CA-MRSA, in contrast, results from wild-type methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) that acquired mecA without loss of an rRNA operon. Of the HA-MRSA isolates (n = 77), 67.5% had five rRNA operon copies, compared to 23.2% of the CA-MRSA isolates (n = 69) and 7.7% of MSSA isolates (n = 195) (P < 0.001). In addition, 105 MSSA isolates from cystic fibrosis patients were tested, because these patients are repeatedly treated with antibiotics; 32.4% of these isolates had five rRNA operon copies. For all subsets, a correlation between resistance profile and rRNA copy number was found. Furthermore, we showed that in vitro antibiotic pressure may result in rRNA operon copy loss. We also showed that without antibiotic pressure, S. aureus isolates containing six rRNA copies are more fit than isolates with five copies. We conclude that HA-MRSA and cystic fibrosis isolates most likely have adapted to an environment with high antibiotic pressure by the loss of an rRNA operon copy. This loss has facilitated resistance development, which promoted survival in these niches. However, strain fitness decreased, which explains their lack of success in the community. In contrast, CA-MRSA isolates retained six rRNA operon copies, rendering them fitter and thereby able to survive and spread in the community.
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Lin J, Lin D, Xu P, Zhang T, Ou Q, Bai C, Yao Z. Non-hospital environment contamination with Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: proportion meta-analysis and features of antibiotic resistance and molecular genetics. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:528-540. [PMID: 27423707 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), survives in dry conditions and can persist for long periods on surfaces touched by humans. Studies that estimate the proportions and characteristics of S. aureus and MRSA contamination in non-hospital environments are lacking. Therefore, we conducted a proportion meta-analysis and reviewed the features of antibiotic resistance and molecular genetics. METHODS Articles published between January 2005 and December 2015 that studied proportions of S. aureus and MRSA contamination in non-hospital environments were retrieved from the Medline database, Ovid database and Science Direct database. All statistics were analyzed by STATA 14.1. RESULTS Twenty-nine articles were included. The overall proportions of S. aureus and MRSA contamination were 41.1% (95%CI 29-54%) and 8.6% (95%CI 5-13%), respectively. The proportion of MRSA contamination increased over time. From the articles, the proportion of Panton-Valentine Leukociden (PVL) genes among MRSA isolates was 54.5%, and the proportion of the qac gene was 100.0%. Distribution of the multilocus sequence type (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of MRSA indicated that MRSA strains were from both hospitals and communities. CONCLUSION The overall proportions of S. aureus and MRSA contamination in non-hospital environments were high. The outcomes of antibiotic resistance and high proportions of PVL genes indicated that the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus and MRSA were notable. According to the different distributions of MLST and SCCmec of MRSA, we can infer that cross-circulation is within hospitals, communities, and livestock. The results also show that the risk from the MRSA strains was cross-transmitted among the population. High proportions of the qac gene of MRSA might indicate that current disinfection of MRSA has not been achieved, and it might be better to further identify the efficiency of the sterilization processes in a non-hospital environment so that relevant departments can take measures to improve disinfection of MRSA in non-hospital environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Dongxin Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Qianting Ou
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Chan Bai
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Zhenjiang Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China.
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Huh K, Chung DR. Changing epidemiology of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Asia-Pacific region. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2016; 14:1007-1022. [PMID: 27645549 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2016.1236684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has become an important threat to public health in the Asia-Pacific region, which is characterized by a large population and relatively insufficient resources. Better understanding on the current status of CA-MRSA in the region is of paramount importance. Areas covered: This article reviews the published literatures on the prevalence, molecular epidemiology, colonization, and hospital spread of CA-MRSA. Expert commentary: The burden of CA-MRSA has been increasing in the past two decades. The molecular epidemiology of CA-MRSA in the Asia-Pacific region shows a marked diversity in each country. Still, some strains - multilocus sequence type (MLST) ST59, ST30, ST72, ST8, and ST772 - are unique clones that have successfully established themselves as predominant, often spreading into nosocomial settings. More coordinated and comprehensive surveillance to understand the true epidemiology of CA-MRSA in the Asia-Pacific region is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmin Huh
- a Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Armed Forces Capital Hospital , Seongnam , Korea
| | - Doo Ryeon Chung
- b Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center , Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
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89
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Zhang DF, Xu X, Song Q, Bai Y, Zhang Y, Song M, Shi C, Shi X. Identification of Staphylococcus argenteus in Eastern China based on a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:1113-21. [PMID: 27561462 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether the Staphylococcus argenteus is present in Eastern China and to verify the utility of a new screening process. MATERIALS & METHODS Phenotype observation, PCR assay targeting a hypothetical nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene, phylogenetic analysis of rpoB and multilocus sequence typing were used to screen and identify strains of S. argenteus from 839 presumptive S. aureus isolates. RESULTS Eighty-nine (89/839, 10.6%) of the presumptive S. aureus isolates produced white colonies on tryptone soya agar plates. Of the white-colony isolates, six (6/89, 7%) were S. argenteus, 75 (75/89, 84%) were S. aureus and eight (8/89, 9%) were other bacteria. CONCLUSION The PCR-based method targeting the NRPS gene can simultaneously identify and distinguish S. argenteus and S. aureus. All representative sequences of rpoB generated in this study were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers SJTU F20002, KT767581; SJTU F20269, KT767582; SJTU F20419, KT767583; SJTU F20420, KT767584; SJTU F20124, KT767585; SJTU F21164, KT767586; SJTU F21285, KT767587; SJTU F21224, KT767588; SJTU F21155, KT767589; SJTU F21294, KT767590; SJTU F20030, KT767591; SJTU F20044, KT767592; SJTU F20135, KT767593; SJTU F20123, KT767594; SJTU F21319, KT767595, respectively. All the new sequence types (STs) were submitted to a multilocus sequence typing database and the assigned ST numbers are ST3261 (151-469-20-101-145-150-131), ST3262 (12-3-1-1-4-4-410) and ST3267 (2-471-2-2-6-3-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Feng Zhang
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology & State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuebin Xu
- Department of Microbiological Lab, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Qifa Song
- Department of Microbiology, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yalong Bai
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology & State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology & State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghui Song
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology & State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlei Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology & State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianming Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology & State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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90
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van der Heijden IM, de Oliveira LM, Brito GC, Abdala E, Freire MP, Rossi F, D'Albuquerque LAC, Levin ASS, Costa SF. Virulence and resistance profiles of MRSA isolates in pre- and post-liver transplantation patients using microarray. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:1060-1073. [PMID: 27473165 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) screening plays a great role in preventing infections in surgical patients. This study aims to evaluate clonality, virulence and resistance of MRSA in pre- and post-liver transplantation (LT) patients. Nasal and groin swabs of 190 patients were collected. PCR for virulence genes and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types, microarray, PFGE, multilocus sequence typing and MIC were performed. MRSA carriers were detected in 20.5 % (39/190) of the patients. However, only three colonized patients developed infections post-LT. Sixty-nine MRSA isolates were identified, and the most frequent SCCmec type was type II (29/69; 42.0 %). Most isolates (57/69; 82.6 %) were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) and harboured the lukD, lukE, clf and fnbA genes as determined by PCR. Five sequence types (ST) were identified among nine clones; 36.2 % (25/69) isolates belonged to a predominant clone (ST105 and SCCmec type II) that was susceptible to TMP/SMX, mupirocin and chlorhexidine, which had 87.9 % similarity with the New York/Japan clone. The array showed virulence difference in isolates of the same clone and patients and that colonized isolates (pre-LT patients) were less virulent than those post-LT and those infected. Therefore, despite the high frequency of MRSA colonization, infection due to MRSA was uncommon in our LT unit. MRSA isolates presented great diversity. Isolates of the same clone expressed different virulence factors by array. Colonizing isolates pre-LT expressed less virulent factors than post-LT and infecting isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inneke Marie van der Heijden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM 54), Hospital das Clínicas - FMUSP, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Infectious Diseases, FMUSP, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, ABC Medicine School, FMABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Larissa Marques de Oliveira
- Department of Infectious Diseases, FMUSP, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM 54), Hospital das Clínicas - FMUSP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glauber Costa Brito
- ICESP - Institute of Cancer of Sao Paulo, FFM, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Abdala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, FMUSP, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Flavia Rossi
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology of the Central Laboratory (LIM 03), Hospital das Clínicas - FMUSP, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Augusto Carneiro D'Albuquerque
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Transplant Division, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital das Clínicas - FMUSP, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Sara Shafferman Levin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, FMUSP, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM 54), Hospital das Clínicas - FMUSP, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Infection Control, Hospital das Clínicas - FMUSP, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Figueiredo Costa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, FMUSP, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM 54), Hospital das Clínicas - FMUSP, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Infection Control, Hospital das Clínicas - FMUSP, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
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91
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Raab U, Kahlau D, Wagenlehner F, Reischl U, Ehrenstein V, Lehn N, Holler C, Linde HJ. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Carriage of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin–Positive Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusAmong Residents and Staff of a German Nursing Home. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 27:208-11. [PMID: 16465643 DOI: 10.1086/500629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this cross-sectional study were to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for carriage of Panton-Valentine leukocidin–producing methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(PVL-MRSA) in residents and personnel of a nursing home in Germany. In this study, PVL-MRSA carriage status among nursing home residents was associated with risk factors reflecting their dependence on nursing care. No specific risk factors were detected among staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Raab
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Regensburg, Landshuterstr. 22, 93047 Regensburg, Germany.
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92
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Johnson LB, Venugopal AA, Pawlak J, Saravolatz LD. Emergence of Community-Associated Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusInfection Among Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 27:1057-62. [PMID: 17006812 DOI: 10.1086/507958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective.To evaluate the frequency of infections due to community-associated methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(CA-MRSA) strains among our patients with end-stage renal disease.Design.Prospective observational clinical and laboratory study of patients in 2005. Molecular features of isolates recovered from these patients were compared with those of isolates recovered in 2000 from patients with end-stage renal disease.Setting.A 600-bed urban academic medical center.Patients.Thirty-two patients with end-stage renal disease and MRSA infection at the time of hospitalization from 2005 were evaluated. For comparison, laboratory analysis was performed for 17 MRSA isolates recovered from patients with end-stage renal disease in 2000.Results.The patients from 2005 were more likely than the patients from 2000 to have infection with strains that carried the staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC)mectype IV complex (50% vs 11.8%; relative risk, 4.25 [95% confidence interval, 1.17-25.98];P= .012) and the Panton-Valentine leukocidin toxin genes (25% vs 0%;P= .038). Eight patients from 2005 were infected with a strain that is identical to MRSA clone USA300 in terms of molecular type and presence of SCCmectype IV and Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes. Among the patients from 2005, those infected with SCCmectype IV strains (ie, CA-MRSA strains) and those infected with SCCmectype II strains (ie, healthcare-associated MRSA [HA-MRSA] strains) were similar with respect to demographic characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes.Conclusions.We documented an increased proportion of infections with CA-MRSA strains, including clone USA300, among our population of patients undergoing dialysis. Patients infected with CA-MRSA strains and HA-MRSA strains were similar with respect to presenting illness and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard B Johnson
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. John Hospital and Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA.
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93
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Johnson LB, Saeed S, Pawlak J, Manzor O, Saravolatz LD. Clinical and Laboratory Features of Community-Associated Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus:Is It Really New? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 27:133-8. [PMID: 16465629 DOI: 10.1086/500621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective.To review the epidemiologic and molecular characteristics of community-associated methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(CA-MRSA) in Detroit, Michigan, to assess the risk factors for infection and the response to therapy.Design.Prospective clinical and laboratory study of 2003-2004 CA-MRSA isolates. Molecular features were compared with CA-MRSA isolates from 1980.Setting.A 600-bed urban academic medical center.Patients.Twenty-three patients with CA-MRSA infections from 2003-2004 were evaluated. In addition, laboratory analysis was performed on 13 CA-MRSA isolates from 1980.Main Outcome Measures.Laboratory analysis of isolates included antimicrobial susceptibility testing, pulsed-field genotyping, testing for Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes, and staphylococcal cassette chromosomemectyping.Results.Patients were predominantly young African American males and presented with skin and soft-tissue infections. All isolates were resistant to erythromycin and highly susceptible to other agents. Patients were generally treated successfully with combination incision and drainage and systemic antibiotics. Among the 23 isolates, 20 (87%) were the same strain. This strain carried the staphylococcal cassette chromosomemectype IV and PVL genes and is genetically identical to USA 300. Thirteen isolates of patients from our community who presented with CA-MRSA infections in 1980 represented a single clone that is unique compared with the 2003-2004 isolates. This strain carried staphylococcal cassette chromosomemectype IVA but did not carry the PVL genes.Conclusions.In our community, CA-MRSA is largely due to a single clone with a type IVmecgene and PVL gene. The type IV staphylococcal cassette chromosomemectype can be demonstrated in CA-MRSA isolates from a remote period, suggesting that earlier outbreaks were not related to healthcare exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard B Johnson
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. John Hospital and Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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94
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Changchien CH, Chen SW, Chen YY, Chu C. Antibiotic susceptibility and genomic variations in Staphylococcus aureus associated with Skin and Soft Tissue Infection (SSTI) disease groups. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:276. [PMID: 27287530 PMCID: PMC4902997 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is associated with human skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs); however, the involvement of virulence factors in different clinical presentations is unclear. Methods We analyzed methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains from Taiwan to determine correlations among the clinical characteristics of SSTIs, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence factors of S. aureus with specific genetic backgrounds. Results We identified 177 MRSA isolates and 130 MSSA isolates among the 307 SSTI-associated S. aureus isolates. Hospital-acquired (HA)- and community-acquired (CA)-MRSA isolates accounted for 61.6 % and 38.4 % of the isolates, respectively. Clinical presentations in SSTI patients differed significantly for the disease groups. Deep-seated MRSA infections presented with higher amputation rate than MSSA infections. MRSA isolates were all susceptible to linezolid, teicoplanin, and vancomycin, and >94 % of isolates were erythromycin- and clindamycin-resistant. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCCmec) types IV, V, and VII were the most frequent in the CA-MRSA group (n = 68); types III, IV and V were the most frequent in the HA-MRSA group (n = 109). Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes were significantly more frequent in CA-MRSA strains (75.0 %) than in HA-MRSA (33.0 %) and MSSA (24.6 %) and were found in 66.7 % (74/111) strains isolated from the abscess group. Exfoliatin A genes were more common in catheter-related exit-site MSSA infections (37.5 %) compared with other MSSA disease groups (P < 0.05). Exfoliatin B and superantigen exotoxin genes were uncommon in all SSTI disease types. Pulsotypes A (ST239), C, and D (ST59) were the predominant MRSA genotypes in deep-seated infections. Conclusions If not treated appropriately, deep-seated MRSA-associated infections present with higher amputation rates than deep-seated MSSA-associated infections. PVL-positive MRSA strains caused more frequently pus-forming lesions and less bacteremia and invasive diseases. Methods for discriminating CA-MRSA from HA-MRSA strains are now unreliable due to circulation of both ST 239 and ST 59 strains in the community and nosocomial settings. Initial antibiotic treatments should consider MRSA for patients with SSTIs in areas where MRSA is prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsuan Changchien
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chiayi Christian Hospital, 539 Jhongsiao Rd., Chiayi City, 60002, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shu-Wun Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, No 300, University Road, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ying Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chiayi Christian Hospital, 539 Jhongsiao Rd., Chiayi City, 60002, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chishih Chu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, No 300, University Road, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Pardos de la Gandara M, Curry M, Berger J, Burstein D, Della-Latta P, Kopetz V, Quale J, Spitzer E, Tan R, Urban C, Wang G, Whittier S, de Lencastre H, Tomasz A. MRSA Causing Infections in Hospitals in Greater Metropolitan New York: Major Shift in the Dominant Clonal Type between 1996 and 2014. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156924. [PMID: 27272665 PMCID: PMC4896443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A surveillance study in 1996 identified the USA100 clone (ST5/SCCmecII)–also known as the “New York/Japan” clone—as the most prevalent MRSA causing infections in 12 New York City hospitals. Here we update the epidemiology of MRSA in seven of the same hospitals eighteen years later in 2013/14. Most of the current MRSA isolates (78 of 121) belonged to the MRSA clone USA300 (CC8/SCCmecIV) but the USA100 clone–dominant in the 1996 survey–still remained the second most frequent MRSA (25 of the 121 isolates) causing 32% of blood stream infections. The USA300 clone was most common in skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) and was associated with 84.5% of SSTIs compared to 5% caused by the USA100 clone. Our data indicate that by 2013/14, the USA300 clone replaced the New York/Japan clone as the most frequent cause of MRSA infections in hospitals in Metropolitan New York. In parallel with this shift in the clonal type of MRSA, there was also a striking change in the types of MRSA infections from 1996 to 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pardos de la Gandara
- Laboratory of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marie Curry
- Laboratory of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Judith Berger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Saint Barnabas Hospital, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David Burstein
- Department of Pathology, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Phyllis Della-Latta
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Virgina Kopetz
- Department of Pathology, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - John Quale
- Division of Infectious Diseases, SUNY Downstate Medical Center and Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric Spitzer
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Health Services Center, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Rexie Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Saint Barnabas Hospital, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Carl Urban
- The Dr. James J. Rahal Jr. Division of Infectious Diseases, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing, New York, United States of America
| | - Guiqing Wang
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan Whittier
- Clinical Microbiology Service, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Herminia de Lencastre
- Laboratory of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB/UNL), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Alexander Tomasz
- Laboratory of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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96
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Bouchami O, de Lencastre H, Miragaia M. Impact of Insertion Sequences and Recombination on the Population Structure of Staphylococcus haemolyticus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156653. [PMID: 27249649 PMCID: PMC4889114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is one of the most common pathogens associated with medical-device related infections, but its molecular epidemiology is poorly explored. In the current study, we aimed to better understand the genetic mechanisms contributing to S. haemolyticus diversity in the hospital environment and their impact on the population structure and clinical relevant phenotypic traits. The analysis of a representative S. haemolyticus collection by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has identified a single highly prevalent and diverse genetic lineage of nosocomial S. haemolyticus clonal complex (CC) 29 accounting for 91% of the collection of isolates disseminated worldwide. The examination of the sequence changes at MLST loci during clonal diversification showed that recombination had a higher impact than mutation in shaping the S. haemolyticus population. Also, we ascertained that another mechanism contributing significantly to clonal diversification and adaptation was mediated by insertion sequence (IS) elements. We found that all nosocomial S. haemolyticus, belonging to different STs, were rich in IS1272 copies, as determined by Southern hybridization of macrorestriction patterns. In particular, we observed that the chromosome of a S. haemolyticus strain within CC29 was highly unstable during serial growth in vitro which paralleled with IS1272 transposition events and changes in clinically relevant phenotypic traits namely, mannitol fermentation, susceptibility to beta-lactams, biofilm formation and hemolysis. Our results suggest that recombination and IS transposition might be a strategy of adaptation, evolution and pathogenicity of the major S. haemolyticus prevalent lineage in the hospital environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ons Bouchami
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB) António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
- Laboratory of Bacterial Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB) António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Herminia de Lencastre
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB) António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria Miragaia
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB) António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
- Laboratory of Bacterial Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB) António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Bhutia KO, Singh T, Adhikari L, Biswas S. Molecular characterization of community- & hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant & methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Sikkim. Indian J Med Res 2016; 142:330-5. [PMID: 26458350 PMCID: PMC4669869 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.166600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: The two major genotypic markers that distinguish community acquired (CA) from hospital acquired (HA) methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates are the architecture of mobile genetic element (SCCmec type) and presence of panton valentine leukocidin (PVL) toxin. This study was conducted to determine the molecular characteristics of CA- and HA- MRSA and methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates in Sikkim. Methods: A total of 150 clinical isolates of S. aureus isolated from various clinical specimens were subjected to duplex (mec-A and pvl gene) and multiplex (SCCmec typing) PCR. Results: Of the 150 isolates, 53 (35.33%) and 66 (44%) were positive for mec-A (MRSA) and pvl genes, respectively. Thirty eight (25.33%) met the definition of CA-MRSA and 15 (10%) of HA-MRSA and the remaining 63 (42%) and 34 (22.66%) as CA- and HA-MSSA, respectively. No significant difference was seen in the distribution of PVL toxin in MRSA and MSSA isolates, but it was significantly (P<0.001) high in overall MRSA isolates than in MSSA. The majority of the MRSA isolates showed a double amplification band of SCCmec type III plus V (54.71%), and only a fewer isolates were amplified by single DNA fragments of type I (1.88%), III (3.77%), IVa (1.88%) and V (11.32%). SCCmec types I, III, IVa, were found only in HA-MRSA isolates, whereas type V in both the CA- and HA-MRSA. AST pattern showed that 18.42 per cent (7/38) and 46.66 per cent (7/15) were multidrug resistant (MDR)-CA-MRSA and MDR-HA-MRSA, respectively. Interpretation & conclusions: The present results show that SCCmec type V MRSA has been on the rise, and genotypic markers such as pvl gene detection used for the differentiation of these clinically distinct isolates of MRSA may not be reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsk Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Tadong, India
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Duan J, Xie Y, Yang J, Luo Y, Guo Y, Wang C. Variation of Circulating Inflammatory Mediators in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Bloodstream Infection. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:161-71. [PMID: 26772168 PMCID: PMC4720174 DOI: 10.12659/msm.896576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to examine the behavior of circulating inflammatory mediators and to exclude gram-positive from gram-negative bloodstream infections. Results may be helpful in selection of optimal specific antibiotic therapies. Material/Methods Mice (25–27 g) were randomized to 3 groups infected with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli (E. coli) ATCC 25922, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The white blood cell count (WBC) and the concentrations of serum C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) were detected in blood samples at different time intervals after intravenous tail injection. Results The results showed that compared to the control mice, infected animals exhibited significantly higher levels of all mediators after bacterial infection. Moreover, compared to the mice that received S. aureus, animals with E. coli infection showed significantly greater increases in serum IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, and MIP-1α levels. Conclusions These results suggest that the use of the analyzed serum markers at an early stage of bloodstream infection may give useful information for the clinician to distinguish gram-negative from gram-positive infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yinjing Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Jiyong Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yanping Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yuni Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Chengbin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
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Wilson BA, Garud NR, Feder AF, Assaf ZJ, Pennings PS. The population genetics of drug resistance evolution in natural populations of viral, bacterial and eukaryotic pathogens. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:42-66. [PMID: 26578204 PMCID: PMC4943078 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a costly consequence of pathogen evolution and a major concern in public health. In this review, we show how population genetics can be used to study the evolution of drug resistance and also how drug resistance evolution is informative as an evolutionary model system. We highlight five examples from diverse organisms with particular focus on: (i) identifying drug resistance loci in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum using the genomic signatures of selective sweeps, (ii) determining the role of epistasis in drug resistance evolution in influenza, (iii) quantifying the role of standing genetic variation in the evolution of drug resistance in HIV, (iv) using drug resistance mutations to study clonal interference dynamics in tuberculosis and (v) analysing the population structure of the core and accessory genome of Staphylococcus aureus to understand the spread of methicillin resistance. Throughout this review, we discuss the uses of sequence data and population genetic theory in studying the evolution of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zoe J. Assaf
- Department of GeneticsStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Pleuni S. Pennings
- Department of BiologySan Francisco State UniversityRoom 520Hensill Hall1600 Holloway AveSan FranciscoCA94132USA
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