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Wang F, Liu G, Lu Y, Hlasny M, Liu Q, Zhou Y. Acquisition of Avian-Origin PB1 Facilitates Viral RNA Synthesis by the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Virus Polymerase. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030266. [PMID: 32121117 PMCID: PMC7150768 DOI: 10.3390/v12030266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The constant crosstalk between the large avian reservoir of influenza A viruses (IAV) and its mammalian hosts drives viral evolution and facilitates their host switching. Direct adaptation of an avian strain to human or reassortment between avian-origin gene segments with that of human strains are the two mechanisms for the emergence of pandemic viruses. While it was suggested that the 1918 pandemic virus is of avian origin, reassortment of 1918 human isolates and avian influenza viruses led to the generation of 1957 and 1968 pandemic viruses. Interestingly, the avian PB1 segment, which encodes the catalytic subunit of IAV polymerase, is present in the 1957 and 1968 pandemic viruses. The biological consequence and molecular basis of such gene exchange remain less well understood. Using the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus as a model, whose polymerase contains a human-origin PB1 subunit, we demonstrate that the acquisition of an avian PB1 markedly enhances viral RNA synthesis. This enhancement is also effective in the absence of PB2 adaptive mutations, which are key determinants of host switching. Mechanistically, the avian-origin PB1 does not appear to affect polymerase assembly but imparts the reassorted pandemic polymerase-augmented viral primary transcription and replication. Moreover, compared to the parental pandemic polymerase, the reassorted polymerase displays comparable complementary RNA (cRNA)-stabilizing activity but is specifically enhanced in progeny viral RNA (vRNA) synthesis from cRNA in a trans-activating manner. Overall, our results provide the first insight into the mechanism via which avian-origin PB1 enhances viral RNA synthesis of the 2009 pandemic virus polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzheng Wang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (F.W.); (G.L.); (Y.L.); (M.H.); (Q.L.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Guanqun Liu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (F.W.); (G.L.); (Y.L.); (M.H.); (Q.L.)
| | - Yao Lu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (F.W.); (G.L.); (Y.L.); (M.H.); (Q.L.)
| | - Magda Hlasny
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (F.W.); (G.L.); (Y.L.); (M.H.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qiang Liu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (F.W.); (G.L.); (Y.L.); (M.H.); (Q.L.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Yan Zhou
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (F.W.); (G.L.); (Y.L.); (M.H.); (Q.L.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-306-966-7716
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Kumar S, Yeo D, Harur Muralidharan N, Lai SK, Tong C, Tan BH, Sugrue RJ. Impaired Nuclear Export of the Ribonucleoprotein Complex and Virus-Induced Cytotoxicity Combine to Restrict Propagation of the A/Duck/Malaysia/02/2001 (H9N2) Virus in Human Airway Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020355. [PMID: 32028682 PMCID: PMC7072679 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, (A549) cells impaired H9N2 virus nuclear export of the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex contrasted with the early and efficient nuclear export of the H1N1/WSN and pH1N1 virus RNP complexes. Although nuclear export of the RNP complex occurred via the nuclear pore complex, H9N2 virus infection also induced modifications in the nuclear envelope and induced cell cytotoxicity. Reduced PA protein levels in H9N2 virus-infected A549 cells occurred, and this phenomenon was independent of virus infection. Silencing the H1N1/WSN PA protein expression leads to impaired nuclear export of RNP complexes, suggesting that the impaired nuclear export of the H9N2 virus RNP complex may be one of the consequences of reduced PA protein levels. Early and efficient export of the RNP complex occurred in H9N2 virus-infected avian (CEF) cells, although structural changes in the nuclear envelope also occurred. Collectively our data suggest that a combination of delayed nuclear export and virus-induced cell cytotoxicity restricts H9N2 virus transmission in A549 cells. However, the early and efficient export of the RNP complex mitigated the effects of virus-induced cytotoxicity on H9N2 virus transmission in CEF cells. Our findings highlight the multi-factorial nature of host-adaptation of the polymerase proteins of avian influenza viruses in non-avian cell environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Kumar
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (S.K.); (D.Y.); (N.H.M.); (S.K.L.); (C.T.)
| | - Dawn Yeo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (S.K.); (D.Y.); (N.H.M.); (S.K.L.); (C.T.)
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore;
| | - Nisha Harur Muralidharan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (S.K.); (D.Y.); (N.H.M.); (S.K.L.); (C.T.)
| | - Soak Kuan Lai
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (S.K.); (D.Y.); (N.H.M.); (S.K.L.); (C.T.)
| | - Cathlyn Tong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (S.K.); (D.Y.); (N.H.M.); (S.K.L.); (C.T.)
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore;
| | - Richard J. Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (S.K.); (D.Y.); (N.H.M.); (S.K.L.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence:
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53
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Hung SJ, Hsu YM, Huang SW, Tsai HP, Lee LYY, Hurt AC, Barr IG, Shih SR, Wang JR. Genetic variations on 31 and 450 residues of influenza A nucleoprotein affect viral replication and translation. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:17. [PMID: 31906961 PMCID: PMC6943894 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0612-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A viruses cause epidemics/severe pandemics that pose a great global health threat. Among eight viral RNA segments, the multiple functions of nucleoprotein (NP) play important roles in viral replication and transcription. Methods To understand how NP contributes to the virus evolution, we analyzed the NP gene of H3N2 viruses in Taiwan and 14,220 NP sequences collected from Influenza Research Database. The identified genetic variations were further analyzed by mini-genome assay, virus growth assay, viral RNA and protein expression as well as ferret model to analyze their impacts on viral replication properties. Results The NP genetic analysis by Taiwan and global sequences showed similar evolution pattern that the NP backbones changed through time accompanied with specific residue substitutions from 1999 to 2018. Other than the conserved residues, fifteen sporadic substitutions were observed in which the 31R, 377G and 450S showed higher frequency. We found 31R and 450S decreased polymerase activity while the dominant residues (31 K and 450G) had higher activity. The 31 K and 450G showed better viral translation and replication in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions These findings indicated variations identified in evolution have roles in modulating viral replication in vitro and in vivo. This study demonstrates that the interaction between variations of NP during virus evolution deserves future attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jhen Hung
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Mei Hsu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wen Huang
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Pin Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Leo Yi Yang Lee
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Ian G Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ren Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan. .,Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan.
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54
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Venkatesh D, Bianco C, Núñez A, Collins R, Thorpe D, Reid SM, Brookes SM, Essen S, McGinn N, Seekings J, Cooper J, Brown IH, Lewis NS. Detection of H3N8 influenza A virus with multiple mammalian-adaptive mutations in a rescued Grey seal ( Halichoerus grypus) pup. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa016. [PMID: 32211197 PMCID: PMC7079721 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) in different species of seals display a spectrum of pathogenicity, from sub-clinical infection to mass mortality events. Here we present an investigation of avian IAV infection in a 3- to 4-month-old Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) pup, rescued from St Michael's Mount, Cornwall in 2017. The pup underwent medical treatment but died after two weeks; post-mortem examination and histology indicated sepsis as the cause of death. IAV NP antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry in the nasal mucosa, and sensitive real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays detected trace amounts of viral RNA within the lower respiratory tract, suggesting that the infection may have been cleared naturally. IAV prevalence among Grey seals may therefore be underestimated. Moreover, contact with humans during the rescue raised concerns about potential zoonotic risk. Nucleotide sequencing revealed the virus to be of subtype H3N8. Combining a GISAID database BLAST search and time-scaled phylogenetic analyses, we inferred that the seal virus originated from an unsampled, locally circulating (in Northern Europe) viruses, likely from wild Anseriformes. From examining the protein alignments, we found several residue changes in the seal virus that did not occur in the bird viruses, including D701N in the PB2 segment, a rare mutation, and a hallmark of mammalian adaptation of bird viruses. IAVs of H3N8 subtype have been noted for their particular ability to cross the species barrier and cause productive infections, including historical records suggesting that they may have caused the 1889 pandemic. Therefore, infections such as the one we report here may be of interest to pandemic surveillance and risk and help us better understand the determinants and drivers of mammalian adaptation in influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Venkatesh
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Scienes, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Carlo Bianco
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- Diagnostic & Consultant Avian Pathology, Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Lasswade), Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Rachael Collins
- Starcross Veterinary Investigation Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Staplake Mount, Starcross, Devon, EX6 8PE, UK
| | - Darryl Thorpe
- British Divers Marine Life Rescue, Lime House, Regency Close, Uckfield, East Sussex TN22 1DS, UK
| | - Scott M Reid
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Sharon M Brookes
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Steve Essen
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- OIE/FAO/EURL International Reference Laboratory for avian influenza, swine influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) - Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Natalie McGinn
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- OIE/FAO/EURL International Reference Laboratory for avian influenza, swine influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) - Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - James Seekings
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- OIE/FAO/EURL International Reference Laboratory for avian influenza, swine influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) - Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Jayne Cooper
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ian H Brown
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- OIE/FAO/EURL International Reference Laboratory for avian influenza, swine influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) - Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Nicola S Lewis
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Scienes, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
- OIE/FAO/EURL International Reference Laboratory for avian influenza, swine influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) - Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
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55
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Bogdanow B, Wang X, Eichelbaum K, Sadewasser A, Husic I, Paki K, Budt M, Hergeselle M, Vetter B, Hou J, Chen W, Wiebusch L, Meyer IM, Wolff T, Selbach M. The dynamic proteome of influenza A virus infection identifies M segment splicing as a host range determinant. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5518. [PMID: 31797923 PMCID: PMC6892822 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pandemic influenza A virus (IAV) outbreaks occur when strains from animal reservoirs acquire the ability to infect and spread among humans. The molecular basis of this species barrier is incompletely understood. Here we combine metabolic pulse labeling and quantitative proteomics to monitor protein synthesis upon infection of human cells with a human- and a bird-adapted IAV strain and observe striking differences in viral protein synthesis. Most importantly, the matrix protein M1 is inefficiently produced by the bird-adapted strain. We show that impaired production of M1 from bird-adapted strains is caused by increased splicing of the M segment RNA to alternative isoforms. Strain-specific M segment splicing is controlled by the 3' splice site and functionally important for permissive infection. In silico and biochemical evidence shows that avian-adapted M segments have evolved different conserved RNA structure features than human-adapted sequences. Thus, we identify M segment RNA splicing as a viral host range determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Bogdanow
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Unit 17 "Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses", Robert Koch Institut, Seestrase 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Structural Interactomics, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xi Wang
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Eichelbaum
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Sadewasser
- Unit 17 "Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses", Robert Koch Institut, Seestrase 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Immanuel Husic
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Paki
- Unit 17 "Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses", Robert Koch Institut, Seestrase 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Budt
- Unit 17 "Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses", Robert Koch Institut, Seestrase 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martha Hergeselle
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Vetter
- Labor für Pädiatrische Molekularbiologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jingyi Hou
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wei Chen
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Xuanyuan Road 1088, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lüder Wiebusch
- Labor für Pädiatrische Molekularbiologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Irmtraud M Meyer
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Unit 17 "Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses", Robert Koch Institut, Seestrase 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Selbach
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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56
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Suttie A, Deng YM, Greenhill AR, Dussart P, Horwood PF, Karlsson EA. Inventory of molecular markers affecting biological characteristics of avian influenza A viruses. Virus Genes 2019; 55:739-768. [PMID: 31428925 PMCID: PMC6831541 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01700-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally, spilling over into domestic poultry and causing zoonotic infections in humans. Fortunately, AIVs are not yet capable of causing sustained human-to-human infection; however, AIVs are still a high risk as future pandemic strains, especially if they acquire further mutations that facilitate human infection and/or increase pathogenesis. Molecular characterization of sequencing data for known genetic markers associated with AIV adaptation, transmission, and antiviral resistance allows for fast, efficient assessment of AIV risk. Here we summarize and update the current knowledge on experimentally verified molecular markers involved in AIV pathogenicity, receptor binding, replicative capacity, and transmission in both poultry and mammals with a broad focus to include data available on other AIV subtypes outside of A/H5N1 and A/H7N9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Suttie
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box #983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew R Greenhill
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box #983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Paul F Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Erik A Karlsson
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box #983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
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Synergistic PA and HA mutations confer mouse adaptation of a contemporary A/H3N2 influenza virus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16616. [PMID: 31719554 PMCID: PMC6851088 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse is the most widely used animal model for influenza virus research. However, the susceptibility of mice to seasonal influenza virus depends on the strain of mouse and on the strain of the influenza virus. Seasonal A/H3N2 influenza viruses do not replicate well in mice and therefore they need to be adapted to this animal model. In this study, we generated a mouse-adapted A/H3N2 virus (A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 [MA-H3N2]) by serial passaging in mouse lungs that exhibited greater virulence compared to the wild-type virus (P0-H3N2). Seven mutations were found in the genome of MA-H3N2: PA(K615E), NP(G384R), NA(G320E) and HA(N122D, N144E, N246K, and A304T). Using reverse genetics, two synergistically acting genes were found as determinants of the pathogenicity in mice. First, the HA substitutions were shown to enhanced viral replication in vitro and, second, the PA-K615E substitution increased polymerase activity, although did not alter virus replication in vitro or in mice. Notably, single mutations had only limited effects on virulence in vitro. In conclusion, a co-contribution of HA and PA mutations resulted in a lethal mouse model of seasonal A/H3N2 virus. Such adapted virus is an excellent tool for evaluation of novel drugs or vaccines and for study of influenza pathogenesis.
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58
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Susceptibility of Chickens to Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) Viruses of Wild Bird- and Poultry-Associated Subtypes. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111010. [PMID: 31683727 PMCID: PMC6893415 DOI: 10.3390/v11111010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses circulating in the Netherlands in a previous study revealed associations of specific hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes with wild bird or poultry hosts. In this study, we identified putative host associations in LPAI virus internal proteins. We show that LPAI viruses isolated from poultry more frequently carried the allele A variant of the nonstructural protein (NS) gene, compared to wild bird viruses. We determined the susceptibility of chickens to wild bird–associated subtypes H3N8 and H4N6 and poultry-associated subtypes H8N4 and H9N2, carrying either NS allele A or B, in an infection experiment. We observed variations in virus shedding and replication patterns, however, these did not correlate with the predicted wild bird- or poultry-associations of the viruses. The experiment demonstrated that LPAI viruses of wild bird-associated subtypes can replicate in chickens after experimental infection, despite their infrequent detection in poultry. Although the NS1 protein is known to play a role in immune modulation, no differences were detected in the limited innate immune response to LPAI virus infection. This study contributes to a better understanding of the infection dynamics of LPAI viruses in chickens.
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Butler J, Middleton D, Haining J, Layton R, Rockman S, Brown LE, Sapats S. Insights into the Acquisition of Virulence of Avian Influenza Viruses during a Single Passage in Ferrets. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100915. [PMID: 31590265 PMCID: PMC6832663 DOI: 10.3390/v11100915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating avian influenza viruses pose a significant threat, with human infections occurring infrequently but with potentially severe consequences. To examine the dynamics and locale of the adaptation process of avian influenza viruses when introduced to a mammalian host, we infected ferrets with H5N1 viruses. As expected, all ferrets infected with the human H5N1 isolate A/Vietnam/1203/2004 showed severe disease and virus replication outside the respiratory tract in multiple organs including the brain. In contrast infection of ferrets with the avian H5N1 virus A/Chicken/Laos/Xaythiani-26/2006 showed a different collective pattern of infection; many ferrets developed and cleared a mild respiratory infection but a subset (25–50%), showed extended replication in the upper respiratory tract and developed infection in distal sites. Virus from these severely infected ferrets was commonly found in tissues that included liver and small intestine. In most instances the virus had acquired the common virulence substitution PB2 E627K but, in one case, a previously unidentified combination of two amino acid substitutions at PB2 S489P and NP V408I, which enhanced polymerase activity, was found. We noted that virus with high pathogenicity adaptations could be dominant in an extra-respiratory site without being equally represented in the nasal wash. Further ferret passage of these mutated viruses resulted in high pathogenicity in all ferrets. These findings illustrate the remarkable ability of avian influenza viruses that avoid clearance in the respiratory tract, to mutate towards a high pathogenicity phenotype during just a single passage in ferrets and also indicate a window of less than 5 days in which treatment may curtail systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Butler
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (CSIRO-AAHL), Geelong 3219, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deborah Middleton
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (CSIRO-AAHL), Geelong 3219, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica Haining
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (CSIRO-AAHL), Geelong 3219, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel Layton
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (CSIRO-AAHL), Geelong 3219, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven Rockman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
- Seqirus, 63 Poplar Rd, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorena E Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sandra Sapats
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (CSIRO-AAHL), Geelong 3219, Victoria, Australia
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Profiling host ANP32A splicing landscapes to predict influenza A virus polymerase adaptation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3396. [PMID: 31363119 PMCID: PMC6667478 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Species’ differences in cellular factors limit avian influenza A virus (IAV) zoonoses and human pandemics. The IAV polymerase, vPol, harbors evolutionary sites to overcome restriction and determines virulence. Here, we establish host ANP32A as a critical driver of selection, and identify host-specific ANP32A splicing landscapes that predict viral evolution. We find that avian species differentially express three ANP32A isoforms diverging in a vPol-promoting insert. ANP32As with shorter inserts interact poorly with vPol, are compromised in supporting avian-like IAV replication, and drive selection of mammalian-adaptive vPol sequences with distinct kinetics. By integrating selection data with multi-species ANP32A splice variant profiling, we develop a mathematical model to predict avian species potentially driving (swallow, magpie) or maintaining (goose, swan) mammalian-adaptive vPol signatures. Supporting these predictions, surveillance data confirm enrichment of several mammalian-adaptive vPol substitutions in magpie IAVs. Profiling host ANP32A splicing could enhance surveillance and eradication efforts against IAVs with pandemic potential. Polymorphisms in the avian influenza A virus (IAV) polymerase restrict its host range during transmission from birds to mammals. Here, the authors investigate differences in the host chromatin regulator ANP32A regarding IAV polymerase adaptation, and profile ANP32A splicing to predict avian species associated with pre-adaptive human-signatures in the virus.
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Taubenberger JK, Kash JC, Morens DM. The 1918 influenza pandemic: 100 years of questions answered and unanswered. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaau5485. [PMID: 31341062 PMCID: PMC11000447 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau5485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The 2018-2019 period marks the centennial of the "Spanish" influenza pandemic, which caused at least 50 million deaths worldwide. The unprecedented nature of the pandemic's sudden appearance and high fatality rate serve as a stark reminder of the threat influenza poses. Unusual features of the 1918-1919 pandemic, including age-specific mortality and the high frequency of severe pneumonias, are still not fully understood. Sequencing and reconstruction of the 1918 virus has allowed scientists to answer many questions about its origin and pathogenicity, although many questions remain. This Review summarizes key findings and still-to-be answered questions about this deadliest of human events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - John C Kash
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David M Morens
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Gao W, Zu Z, Liu J, Song J, Wang X, Wang C, Liu L, Tong Q, Wang M, Sun H, Sun Y, Liu J, Chang KC, Pu J. Prevailing I292V PB2 mutation in avian influenza H9N2 virus increases viral polymerase function and attenuates IFN-β induction in human cells. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1273-1281. [PMID: 31305236 PMCID: PMC7414430 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of PB2 protein is important for the establishment of avian influenza viruses in mammalian hosts. Here, we identify I292V as the prevalent mutation in PB2 of circulating avian H9N2 and pandemic H1N1 viruses. The same dominant PB2 mutation is also found in most human isolates of emergent avian H7N9 and H10N8 viruses. In human cells, PB2-292V in H9N2 virus has the combined ability of conferring higher viral polymerase activity and stronger attenuation of IFN-β induction than that of its predecessor PB2-292I. IFN-β attenuation is accompanied by higher binding affinity of PB2-292V for host mitochondrial antiviral signalling protein, an important intermediary protein in the induction of IFN-β. In the mouse in vivo model, PB2-292V mutation increases H9N2 virus replication with ensuing increase in disease severity. Collectively, PB2-292V is a new mammalian adaptive marker that promotes H9N2 virus replication in mammalian hosts with the potential to improve transmission from birds to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Zu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jingwei Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Litao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Qi Tong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Honglei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Kin-Chow Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
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Sreenivasan CC, Thomas M, Kaushik RS, Wang D, Li F. Influenza A in Bovine Species: A Narrative Literature Review. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060561. [PMID: 31213032 PMCID: PMC6631717 DOI: 10.3390/v11060561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is quite intriguing that bovines were largely unaffected by influenza A, even though most of the domesticated and wild animals/birds at the human-animal interface succumbed to infection over the past few decades. Influenza A occurs on a very infrequent basis in bovine species and hence bovines were not considered to be susceptible hosts for influenza until the emergence of influenza D. This review describes a multifaceted chronological review of literature on influenza in cattle which comprises mainly of the natural infections/outbreaks, experimental studies, and pathological and seroepidemiological aspects of influenza A that have occurred in the past. The review also sheds light on the bovine models used in vitro and in vivo for influenza-related studies over recent years. Despite a few natural cases in the mid-twentieth century and seroprevalence of human, swine, and avian influenza viruses in bovines, the evolution and host adaptation of influenza A virus (IAV) in this species suffered a serious hindrance until the novel influenza D virus (IDV) emerged recently in cattle across the world. Supposedly, certain bovine host factors, particularly some serum components and secretory proteins, were reported to have anti-influenza properties, which could be an attributing factor for the resilient nature of bovines to IAV. Further studies are needed to identify the host-specific factors contributing to the differential pathogenetic mechanisms and disease progression of IAV in bovines compared to other susceptible mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithra C Sreenivasan
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Milton Thomas
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
- BioSystems Networks and Translational Research Center (BioSNTR), Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
- BioSystems Networks and Translational Research Center (BioSNTR), Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
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64
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Huang SY, Huang CH, Chen CJ, Chen TW, Lin CY, Lin YT, Kuo SM, Huang CG, Lee LA, Chen YH, Chen MF, Kuo RL, Shih SR. Novel Role for miR-1290 in Host Species Specificity of Influenza A Virus. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:10-23. [PMID: 31173947 PMCID: PMC6554369 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of microRNA (miRNA) in influenza A virus (IAV) host species specificity is not well understood as yet. Here, we show that a host miRNA, miR-1290, is induced through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway upon IAV infection and is associated with increased viral titers in human cells and ferret animal models. miR-1290 was observed to target and reduce expression of the host vimentin gene. Vimentin binds with the PB2 subunit of influenza A virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP), and knockdown of vimentin expression significantly increased vRNP nuclear retention and viral polymerase activity. Interestingly, miR-1290 was not detected in either chicken cells or mouse animal models, and the 3′ UTR of the chicken vimentin gene contains no binding site for miR-1290. These findings point to a host species-specific mechanism by which IAV upregulates miR-1290 to disrupt vimentin expression and retain vRNP in the nucleus, thereby enhancing viral polymerase activity and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Division of Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Heng Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; The Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; The Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jene Chen
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wen Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuan Lin
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Te Lin
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ming Kuo
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Guei Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Division of Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ang Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Division of Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Feng Chen
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Rei-Lin Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Division of Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan; Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan.
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65
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The PB2 Polymerase Host Adaptation Substitutions Prime Avian Indonesia Sub Clade 2.1 H5N1 Viruses for Infecting Humans. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030292. [PMID: 30909490 PMCID: PMC6480796 DOI: 10.3390/v11030292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Significantly higher numbers of human infections with H5N1 virus have occurred in Indonesia and Egypt, compared with other affected areas, and it is speculated that there are specific viral factors for human infection with avian H5N1 viruses in these locations. We previously showed PB2-K526R is present in 80% of Indonesian H5N1 human isolates, which lack the more common PB2-E627K substitution. Testing the hypothesis that this mutation may prime avian H5N1 virus for human infection, we showed that: (1) K526R is rarely found in avian influenza viruses but was identified in H5N1 viruses 2–3 years after the virus emerged in Indonesia, coincident with the emergence of H5N1 human infections in Indonesia; (2) K526R is required for efficient replication of Indonesia H5N1 virus in mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo and reverse substitution to 526K in human isolates abolishes this ability; (3) Indonesian H5N1 virus, which contains K526R-PB2, is stable and does not further acquire E627K following replication in infected mice; and (4) virus containing K526R-PB2 shows no fitness deficit in avian species. These findings illustrate an important mechanism in which a host adaptive mutation that predisposes avian H5N1 virus towards infecting humans has arisen with the virus becoming prevalent in avian species prior to human infections occurring. A similar mechanism is observed in the Qinghai-lineage H5N1 viruses that have caused many human cases in Egypt; here, E627K predisposes towards human infections. Surveillance should focus on the detection of adaptation markers in avian strains that prime for human infection.
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66
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Liu G, Lu Y, Liu Q, Zhou Y. Inhibition of Ongoing Influenza A Virus Replication Reveals Different Mechanisms of RIG-I Activation. J Virol 2019; 93:e02066-18. [PMID: 30602605 PMCID: PMC6401434 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02066-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors provide essential nonself immune surveillance within distinct cellular compartments. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is one of the primary cytosolic RNA sensors, with an emerging role in the nucleus. It is involved in the spatiotemporal sensing of influenza A virus (IAV) replication, leading to the induction of type I interferons (IFNs). Nonetheless, the physiological viral ligands activating RIG-I during IAV infection remain underexplored. Other than full-length viral genomes, cellular constraints that impede ongoing viral replication likely potentiate an erroneous viral polymerase generating aberrant viral RNA species with RIG-I-activating potential. Here, we investigate the origins of RIG-I-activating viral RNA under two such constraints. Using chemical inhibitors that inhibit continuous viral protein synthesis, we identify the incoming, but not de novo-synthesized, viral defective interfering (DI) genomes contributing to RIG-I activation. In comparison, deprivation of viral nucleoprotein (NP), the key RNA chain elongation factor for the viral polymerase, leads to the production of aberrant viral RNA species activating RIG-I; however, their nature is likely to be distinct from that of DI RNA. Moreover, RIG-I activation in response to NP deprivation is not adversely affected by expression of the nuclear export protein (NEP), which diminishes the generation of a major subset of aberrant viral RNA but facilitates the accumulation of small viral RNA (svRNA). Overall, our results indicate the existence of fundamentally different mechanisms of RIG-I activation under cellular constraints that impede ongoing IAV replication.IMPORTANCE The induction of an IFN response by IAV is mainly mediated by the RNA sensor RIG-I. The physiological RIG-I ligands produced during IAV infection are not fully elucidated. Cellular constraints leading to the inhibition of ongoing viral replication likely potentiate an erroneous viral polymerase producing aberrant viral RNA species activating RIG-I. Here, we demonstrate that RIG-I activation during chemical inhibition of continuous viral protein synthesis is attributable to the incoming DI genomes. Erroneous viral replication driven by NP deprivation promotes the generation of RIG-I-activating aberrant viral RNA, but their nature is likely to be distinct from that of DI RNA. Our results thus reveal distinct mechanisms of RIG-I activation by IAV under cellular constraints impeding ongoing viral replication. A better understanding of RIG-I sensing of IAV infection provides insight into the development of novel interventions to combat influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuanQun Liu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yao Lu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Qiang Liu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yan Zhou
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Cattaneo R, Donohue RC, Generous AR, Navaratnarajah CK, Pfaller CK. Stronger together: Multi-genome transmission of measles virus. Virus Res 2019; 265:74-79. [PMID: 30853585 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) is an immunosuppressive, extremely contagious RNA virus that remains a leading cause of death among children. MeV is dual-tropic: it replicates first in lymphatic tissue, causing immunosuppression, and then in epithelial cells of the upper airways, accounting for extremely efficient contagion. Efficient contagion is counter-intuitive because the enveloped MeV particles are large and relatively unstable. However, MeV particles can contain multiple genomes, which can code for proteins with different functional characteristics. These proteins can cooperate to promote virus spread in tissue culture, prompting the question of whether multi-genome MeV transmission may promote efficient MeV spread also in vivo. Consistent with this hypothesis, in well-differentiated primary human airway epithelia large genome populations spread rapidly through intercellular pores. In another line of research, it was shown that distinct lymphocytic-adapted and epithelial-adapted genome populations exist; cyclical adaptation studies indicate that suboptimal variants in one environment may constitute a low frequency reservoir for adaptation to the other environment. Altogether, these observations suggest that, in humans, MeV spread relies on en bloc genome transmission, and that genomic diversity is instrumental for rapid MeV dissemination within hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States; Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States.
| | - Ryan C Donohue
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States; Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States
| | - Alex R Generous
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States; Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States
| | - Chanakha K Navaratnarajah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States; Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States
| | - Christian K Pfaller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States; Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Langen, 63225, Germany
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68
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Zheng H, Xinhua O, Rusheng Z, Dong Y, Lingzhi L, Ruchun L, Yelan L, Jingfang C, Biancheng S. Evolved avian influenza virus (H7N9) isolated from human cases in a middle Yangtze River city in China, from February to April 2017. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01253. [PMID: 30899824 PMCID: PMC6407145 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven cases of avian influenza A H7N9 virus infection were reported from February to April 2017 in Changsha City. Viral genome was acquired by RT-PCR, aligned with other H7N9 viruses using Clustal W, and phylogenetic trees were constructed using the neighbor-joining method. Our results showed the representativeness of H7N9 virus infections in Middle Yangtze River City. The hemagglutinin segment contained Thr160Ala, Gly186Val and Gln226Leu substitutions, which are associated with increased binding affinity in humans. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that H7N9 viruses had an avian origin, and belonged to the Yangtze River Delta lineage. The proportion of PB2 Ala588Val substitutions in viruses revealed a significantly increasing in recent years, from 0.8 % (1 of 128 cases) to 84.9 % (275 of 324 cases). The data indicate that H7N9 viruses may be more capable of infecting mammals, even though they are still considered low pathogenic avian influenza virus. Hence, the prevalence and genetic evolution of this virus should be closely monitored to prevent more severe human pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Zheng
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Ou Xinhua
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Zhang Rusheng
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Yao Dong
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Li Lingzhi
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Liu Ruchun
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Li Yelan
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Chen Jingfang
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Sun Biancheng
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
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Pontremoli C, Forni D, Sironi M. Arenavirus genomics: novel insights into viral diversity, origin, and evolution. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 34:18-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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70
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Different pathogenicity of two strains of clade 2.3.4.4c H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses bearing different PA and NS gene in domestic ducks. Virology 2019; 530:11-18. [PMID: 30753976 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have been disseminated to wide geographic regions since 2014. In 2016, five distinct genotypes (C-1 to C-5) of clade 2.3.4.4c H5N6 HPAIVs were detected in South Korea. In this study, we evaluated the pathogenicity, susceptibility to infection, and transmissibility of the two strains representing the C-1 and C-4 genotypes of the H5N6 viruses, which have different PA and NS gene, in domestic ducks. Although the susceptibility to infection of domestic ducks to the two strains was similar, the C-4 genotype virus induced higher mortality in ducks than C-1 genotype virus. A higher titer of viral shedding were detected in ducks challenged with the C-4 genotype virus compared with the C-1 genotype virus. These results indicated that the reassortment of HPAIVs with prevailing low pathogenic avian influenza viruses could effect on the pathogenicity in ducks.
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Qin J, Peng O, Shen X, Gong L, Xue C, Cao Y. Multiple amino acid substitutions involved in the adaption of three avian-origin H7N9 influenza viruses in mice. Virol J 2019; 16:3. [PMID: 30621708 PMCID: PMC6323857 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian influenza A H7N9 virus has caused five outbreak waves of human infections in China since 2013 and posed a dual challenge to public health and poultry industry. The number of reported H7N9 virus human cases confirmed by laboratory has surpassed that of H5N1 virus. However, the mechanism for how H7N9 influenza virus overcomes host range barrier has not been clearly understood. Methods To generate mouse-adapted H7N9 influenza viruses, we passaged three avian-origin H7N9 viruses in mice by lung-to-lung passages independently. Then, the characteristics between the parental and mouse-adapted H7N9 viruses was compared in the following aspects, including virulence in mice, tropism of different tissues, replication in MDCK cells and molecular mutations. Results After ten passages in mice, MLD50 of the H7N9 viruses reduced >750-3,160,000 folds, and virus titers in MDCK cells increased 10-200 folds at 48 hours post-inoculation. Moreover, the mouse-adapted H7N9 viruses showed more expanded tissue tropism and more serious lung pathological lesions in mice. Further analysis of the amino acids changes revealed 10 amino acid substitutions located in PB2 (E627K), PB1 (W215R and D638G), PA (T97I), HA (H3 numbering: R220G, L226S, G279R and G493R) and NA (P3Q and R134I) proteins. Moreover, PB2 E627K substitution was shared by the three mouse-adapted viruses (two viruses belong to YRD lineage and one virus belongs to PRD lineage), and PA T97A substitution was shared by two mouse-adapted viruses (belong to YRD lineage). Conclusions Our result indicated that the virulence in mice and virus titer in MDCK cells of H7N9 viruses significantly increased after adapted in mouse model. PB2 E627K and PA T97A substitutions are vital in mouse adaption and should be monitored during epidemiological study of H7N9 virus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-018-1109-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianru Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Higher Education Mega Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ouyang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Higher Education Mega Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoting Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Higher Education Mega Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Higher Education Mega Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Higher Education Mega Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Higher Education Mega Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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72
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He W, Li G, Zhu H, Shi W, Wang R, Zhang C, Bi Y, Lai A, Gao GF, Su S. Emergence and adaptation of H3N2 canine influenza virus from avian influenza virus: An overlooked role of dogs in interspecies transmission. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:842-851. [PMID: 30520554 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) originated from avian species and emerged in dogs in Asia around 2005 where it became enzootic before reaching the USA in 2015. To investigate the key aspects of the evolution of H3N2 CIV regarding its emergence and adaptation in the canine host, we conducted an extensive analysis of all publicly available H3N2 CIV sequences spanning a 10-year period. We believe that H3N2 AIVs transferred to canines around 2002-2004. Furthermore, H3N2 CIVs could be divided into seven major clades with strong geographic clustering and some changed sites evidence of adaptive evolution. Most notably, the dN/dS of each H3N2 CIVs segment was higher than the correspondent of H3N2 AIVs and the U content of HA and NA was increasing over time, suggesting the idea that this avian-origin virus may be gradually adapting to the host. Our results provide a framework to elucidate a general mechanism for emergence of novel influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting He
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gairu Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Henan Zhu
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Taishan Medical College, Taian, China
| | - Ruyi Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Alexander Lai
- College of Natural, Applied, and Health Sciences, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, Kentucky, USA
| | - George F Gao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Su
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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73
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Golovko AO, Koroleva ON, Tolstova AP, Kuz'mina NV, Dubrovin EV, Drutsa VL. Aggregation of Influenza A Virus Nuclear Export Protein. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1411-1421. [PMID: 30482152 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918110111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus nuclear export protein (NEP) plays an important role in the viral life cycle. Recombinant NEP proteins containing (His)6-tag at either N- or C-terminus were obtained by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli cells and their high propensity for aggregation was demonstrated. Dynamic light scattering technique was used to study the kinetics and properties of NEP aggregation in solutions under different conditions (pH, ionic strength, presence of low-molecular-weight additives and organic solvents). Using atomic force microscopy, the predominance of spherical aggregates in all examined NEP preparations was shown, with some amyloid-like structures being observed in the case of NEP-C protein. A number of structure prediction programs were used to identify aggregation-prone regions in the NEP structure. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations indicate a high rate of NEP molecule aggregation and reveal the regions preferentially involved in the intermolecular contacts that are located at the edges of the rod-like protein molecule. Our results suggest that NEP aggregation is determined by different types of interactions and represents an intrinsic property of the protein that appears to be necessary for its functioning in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Golovko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - O N Koroleva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - A P Tolstova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Physics, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - N V Kuz'mina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - E V Dubrovin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Physics, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - V L Drutsa
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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74
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Kamiki H, Matsugo H, Kobayashi T, Ishida H, Takenaka-Uema A, Murakami S, Horimoto T. A PB1-K577E Mutation in H9N2 Influenza Virus Increases Polymerase Activity and Pathogenicity in Mice. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110653. [PMID: 30463209 PMCID: PMC6266086 DOI: 10.3390/v10110653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses are present in poultry worldwide. These viruses are considered to have pandemic potential, because recent isolates can recognize human-type receptor and several sporadic human infections have been reported. In this study, we aimed to identify mutations related to mammalian adaptation of H9N2 influenza virus. We found that mouse-adapted viruses had several mutations in hemagglutinin (HA), PB2, PA, and PB1. Among the detected mutations, PB1-K577E was a novel mutation that had not been previously reported to involve mammalian adaptation. A recombinant H9N2 virus bearing only the PB1-K577E mutation showed enhanced pathogenicity in mice, with increased virus titers in nasal turbinates compared to that in mice infected with the wild-type virus. In addition, the PB1-K577E mutation increased virus polymerase activity in human cell culture at a lower temperature. These data suggest that the PB1-K577E mutation is a novel pathogenicity determinant of H9N2 virus in mice and could be a signature for mammalian adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Kamiki
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Hiromichi Matsugo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Hiroho Ishida
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Akiko Takenaka-Uema
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Shin Murakami
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Taisuke Horimoto
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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75
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Gulyaeva M, Sobolev I, Sharshov K, Kurskaya O, Alekseev A, Shestopalova L, Kovner A, Bi Y, Shi W, Shchelkanov M, Shestopalov A. Characterization of Avian-like Influenza A (H4N6) Virus Isolated from Caspian Seal in 2012. Virol Sin 2018; 33:449-452. [PMID: 30328579 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gulyaeva
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090. .,Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine", Novosibirsk, Russia, 630117.
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine", Novosibirsk, Russia, 630117
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine", Novosibirsk, Russia, 630117
| | - Olga Kurskaya
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine", Novosibirsk, Russia, 630117
| | - Alexander Alekseev
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine", Novosibirsk, Russia, 630117
| | | | - Anna Kovner
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine", Novosibirsk, Russia, 630117
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical College, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Michael Shchelkanov
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia, 690090.,Federal Scientific Center of East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia, 690022
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine", Novosibirsk, Russia, 630117
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76
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Tree shrew as a new animal model to study the pathogenesis of avian influenza (H9N2) virus infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:166. [PMID: 30301950 PMCID: PMC6177411 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of avian influenza virus continue to pose threats to human health. Animal models such as the mouse, ferret, and macaque are used to understand the pathogenesis of avian influenza virus infection in humans. We previously reported that the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri, family Tupaiidae), which is regarded as a “low-level primate”, has α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acid receptor distributions similar to those of humans and is potentially a useful mammalian model for studying mild human influenza (H1N1) virus infection. In this study, we used the tree shrew experimental model to investigate the pathogenesis of avian influenza A (H9N2) virus infection and the effect of the E627K mutation in the PB2 gene, an adaptation to mammalian hosts. Evidence of disease, virus titers in the upper and lower respiratory tract, histopathology and induction of proinflammatory cytokines are described. We also established ex vivo culture models of tree shrew respiratory tissues to study the tropism and replication of the H9N2 virus. Our results demonstrated that the tree shrew is a viable new in vivo experimental model for avian influenza research that provides results comparable to those observed in ferrets. The disease spectrum and pathogenesis in tree shrews correlate well with what is observed in humans.
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77
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Russell CJ, Hu M, Okda FA. Influenza Hemagglutinin Protein Stability, Activation, and Pandemic Risk. Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:841-853. [PMID: 29681430 PMCID: PMC6150828 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
For decades, hemagglutinin (HA) protein structure and its refolding mechanism have served as a paradigm for understanding protein-mediated membrane fusion. HA trimers are in a high-energy state and are functionally activated by low pH. Over the past decade, HA stability (or the pH at which irreversible conformational changes are triggered) has emerged as an important determinant in influenza virus host range, infectivity, transmissibility, and human pandemic potential. Here, we review HA protein structure, assays to measure its stability, measured HA stability values, residues and mutations that regulate its stability, the effect of HA stability on interspecies adaptation and transmissibility, and mechanistic insights into this process. Most importantly, HA stabilization appears to be necessary for adapting emerging influenza viruses to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Meng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Faten A Okda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
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78
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Ge Y, Yao Q, Chai H, Hua Y, Deng G, Chen H. A 627K variant in the PB2 protein of H9 subtype influenza virus in wild birds. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 12:728-741. [PMID: 29999583 PMCID: PMC6185888 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wild birds are gaining increasing attention as gene-mixing reservoirs for influenza viruses. To investigate the molecular properties of the viruses isolated and epidemiological analysis of H9N2 subtype AIV in wild birds, we studied samples obtained over two years (2014-2015) from wetlands in Anhui province, China. METHODS A total of 4534 samples were collected from migratory waterfowl in Anhui in 2014-2015, and 8 strains of H9 subtype AIV were isolated. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis showed different degrees of gene segment reassortment in H9 viruses between the Eurasian lineage and the North American lineage. Most importantly, two viruses harbored the E627K mutation in the polymerase PB2 (PB2) protein. This is the first report of the mutation of this virus from low pathogenicity to high pathogenicity in wild birds. CONCLUSIONS The continued surveillance of wild birds, especially migratory birds, is important to provide early warning and control of AIV outbreaks. Our results highlight the high genetic diversity of AIV along the Eurasian-Australian migration flyway and the need for more extensive AIV surveillance in eastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ge
- Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.,College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Qiucheng Yao
- Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongliang Chai
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yuping Hua
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Guohua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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79
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Mutation W222L at the Receptor Binding Site of Hemagglutinin Could Facilitate Viral Adaption from Equine Influenza A(H3N8) Virus to Dogs. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01115-18. [PMID: 29997206 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01115-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of respiratory disease caused by the equine-origin influenza A(H3N8) virus was first detected in dogs in 2004 and since then has been enzootic among dogs. Currently, the molecular mechanisms underlying host adaption of this virus from horses to dogs is unknown. Here, we have applied quantitative binding, growth kinetics, and immunofluorescence analyses to elucidate these mechanisms. Our findings suggest that a substitution of W222L in the hemagglutinin of the equine-origin A(H3N8) virus facilitated its host adaption to dogs. This mutation increased binding avidity of the virus specifically to receptor glycans with N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and sialyl Lewis X (SLeX) motifs. We have demonstrated these motifs are abundantly located in the submucosal glands of dog trachea. Our findings also suggest that in addition to the type of glycosidic linkage (e.g., α2,3-linkage or α2,6-linkage), the type of sialic acid (Neu5Gc or 5-N-acetyl neuraminic acid) and the glycan substructure (e.g., SLeX) also play an important role in host tropism of influenza A viruses.IMPORTANCE Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause a significant burden on human and animal health, and mechanisms for interspecies transmission of IAVs are far from being understood. Findings from this study suggest that an equine-origin A(H3N8) IAV with mutation W222L at its hemagglutinin increased binding to canine-specific receptors with sialyl Lewis X and Neu5Gc motifs and, thereby, may have facilitated viral adaption from horses to dogs. These findings suggest that in addition to the glycosidic linkage (e.g., α2,3-linked and α2,6-linked), the substructure in the receptor saccharides (e.g., sialyl Lewis X and Neu5Gc) could present an interspecies transmission barrier for IAVs and drive viral mutations to overcome such barriers.
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80
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Goneau LW, Mehta K, Wong J, L'Huillier AG, Gubbay JB. Zoonotic Influenza and Human Health-Part 1: Virology and Epidemiology of Zoonotic Influenzas. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2018; 20:37. [PMID: 30069735 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-018-0642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Zoonotic influenza viruses are those that cross the animal-human barrier and can cause disease in humans, manifesting from minor respiratory illnesses to multiorgan dysfunction. They have also been implicated in the causation of deadly pandemics in recent history. The increasing incidence of infections caused by these viruses worldwide has necessitated focused attention to improve both diagnostic as well as treatment modalities. In this first part of a two-part review, we describe the structure of zoonotic influenza viruses, the relationship between mutation and pandemic capacity, pathogenesis of infection, and also discuss history and epidemiology. RECENT FINDINGS We are currently witnessing the fifth and the largest wave of the avian influenza A(H7N9) epidemic. Also in circulation are a number of other zoonotic influenza viruses, including avian influenza A(H5N1) and A(H5N6); avian influenza A(H7N2); and swine influenza A(H1N1)v, A(H1N2)v, and A(H3N2)v viruses. Most recently, the first human case of avian influenza A(H7N4) infection has been documented. By understanding the virology and epidemiology of emerging zoonotic influenzas, we are better prepared to face a new pandemic. However, continued effort is warranted to build on this knowledge in order to efficiently combat the constant threat posed by the zoonotic influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Goneau
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, 661 University Avenue, Suite 1701, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada.,University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - K Mehta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Wong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, North York General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A G L'Huillier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J B Gubbay
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, 661 University Avenue, Suite 1701, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada. .,University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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81
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He L, Liu D, Hu J, Sun W, Gao R, Shi L, He D, Li B, Wang X, Gu M, Hu S, Liu X, Hu Z, Chen S, Peng D, Liu X. A comprehensive comparison of the fifth-wave highly pathogenic and low-pathogenic H7N9 avian influenza viruses reveals potential threat posed by both types of viruses in mammals. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1459-1473. [PMID: 30014613 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Before 2013, zoonotic influenza infections were dominated by H5N1 viruses in China. However, the emergence of the H7N9 viruses in early 2013 changed this dominance greatly, and more than 1,600 laboratory-confirmed human cases of H7N9 infections have been reported since then. To understand the underlying mechanism of the emergence of the fifth epidemic wave that shows an unexpected sharp increase, we systematically investigated the biological characteristics of the highly pathogenic (HP) and low-pathogenic (LP) H7N9 AIVs during this period. We first systematically analysed the haemagglutination assay gene of all the isolates available from the website and found that the HP and LP viruses differed a little in the well-established receptor binding sites and in other potentially important sites. Phylogenetic analysis showed that both the HP and LP viruses belong to the branch of the Yangtze River Delta, whereas they diverged to different small branches. To further compare the biological variations in the HP and LP viruses, we selected six HP and six LP strains for in-depth analysis, including receptor binding characteristics, thermal stability, viral replication and virulence in mice. The three major findings of this study were as follows: (a) Other potential site/sites may affect the receptor binding property of the H7N9 viruses; (b) the HP viruses displayed a higher thermostability than did the LP viruses, quite consistent with the epidemiological data during the summer period; and (c) one-third of the HP viruses were moderately pathogenic in mice, whereas all the LP viruses were nonpathogenic in this animal model. However, the LP viruses replicated more efficiently in the mouse lung and can spread to the extrarespiratory organs (spleen, kidney and brain). Taken together, our results suggest that both the HP and LP H7N9 viruses can pose a potential threat to public health, highlighting the importance of the continual surveillance of the H7N9 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong He
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenqiang Sun
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dongchang He
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bo Li
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zenglei Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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82
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Imai-Matsushima A, Martin-Sancho L, Karlas A, Imai S, Zoranovic T, Hocke AC, Mollenkopf HJ, Berger H, Meyer TF. Long-Term Culture of Distal Airway Epithelial Cells Allows Differentiation Towards Alveolar Epithelial Cells Suited for Influenza Virus Studies. EBioMedicine 2018; 33:230-241. [PMID: 29937069 PMCID: PMC6085545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As the target organ for numerous pathogens, the lung epithelium exerts critical functions in health and disease. However, research in this area has been hampered by the quiescence of the alveolar epithelium under standard culture conditions. Here, we used human distal airway epithelial cells (DAECs) to generate alveolar epithelial cells. Long-term, robust growth of human DAECs was achieved using co-culture with feeder cells and supplementation with epidermal growth factor (EGF), Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor Y27632, and the Notch pathway inhibitor dibenzazepine (DBZ). Removal of feeders and priming with DBZ and a cocktail of lung maturation factors prevented the spontaneous differentiation into airway club cells and instead induced differentiation to alveolar epithelial cells. We successfully transferred this approach to chicken distal airway cells, thus generating a zoonotic infection model that enables studies on influenza A virus replication. These cells are also amenable for gene knockdown using RNAi technology, indicating the suitability of the model for mechanistic studies into lung function and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Imai-Matsushima
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Martin-Sancho
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Karlas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Seiichiro Imai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tamara Zoranovic
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas C Hocke
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Mollenkopf
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Core Facility Microarray/Genomics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hilmar Berger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.
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83
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H5N1 Influenza A Virus PB1-F2 Relieves HAX-1-Mediated Restriction of Avian Virus Polymerase PA in Human Lung Cells. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00425-18. [PMID: 29563290 PMCID: PMC5952157 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00425-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic influenza A viruses (IAV) from avian hosts were first reported to directly infect humans 20 years ago. However, such infections are rare events, and our understanding of factors promoting or restricting zoonotic transmission is still limited. One accessory protein of IAV, PB1-F2, was associated with pathogenicity of pandemic and zoonotic IAV. This short (90-amino-acid) peptide does not harbor an enzymatic function. We thus identified host factors interacting with H5N1 PB1-F2, which could explain its importance for virulence. PB1-F2 binds to HCLS1-associated protein X1 (HAX-1), a recently identified host restriction factor of the PA subunit of IAV polymerase complexes. We demonstrate that the PA of a mammal-adapted H1N1 IAV is resistant to HAX-1 imposed restriction, while the PA of an avian-origin H5N1 IAV remains sensitive. We also showed HAX-1 sensitivity for PAs of A/Brevig Mission/1/1918 (H1N1) and A/Shanghai/1/2013 (H7N9), two avian-origin zoonotic IAV. Inhibition of H5N1 polymerase by HAX-1 can be alleviated by its PB1-F2 through direct competition. Accordingly, replication of PB1-F2-deficient H5N1 IAV is attenuated in the presence of large amounts of HAX-1. Mammal-adapted H1N1 and H3N2 viruses do not display this dependence on PB1-F2 for efficient replication in the presence of HAX-1. We propose that PB1-F2 plays a key role in zoonotic transmission of avian H5N1 IAV into humans. IMPORTANCE Aquatic and shore birds are the natural reservoir of influenza A viruses from which the virus can jump into a variety of bird and mammal host species, including humans. H5N1 influenza viruses are a good model for this process. They pose an ongoing threat to human and animal health due to their high mortality rates. However, it is currently unclear what restricts these interspecies jumps on the host side or what promotes them on the virus side. Here we show that a short viral peptide, PB1-F2, helps H5N1 bird influenza viruses to overcome a human restriction factor of the viral polymerase complex HAX-1. Interestingly, we found that human influenza A virus polymerase complexes are already adapted to HAX-1 and do not require this function of PB1-F2. We thus propose that a functional full-length PB1-F2 supports direct transmission of bird viruses into humans.
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84
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik H. De Fine Licht
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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85
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Jie Y, Zheng H, Xiaolei L, Xinhua O, Dong Y, Yingchun S, Lingzhi L, Rengui Y. Full-length genome analysis of an avian influenza A virus (H9N2) from a human infection in Changsha City. Future Virol 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of avian influenza A (H9N2) virus strain, which was isolated from a 2-year-old child presenting influenza-like symptoms. Methods: Viral genome was acquired by RT-PCR, and phylogenetic trees were constructed using the neighbor-joining method. Results: A/Hunan/44557/2015 sequence shared identity with the RSSRGLF motif – first reported in low-pathogenic avian influenza in birds. Polymerase L336M and hemagglutinin Q226L mutation was found in the strain. Two newly mutation sites, T197D and D483N in hemagglutinin gene, were found. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the eight gene segments of this virus contained three lineages. Conclusion: A/Hunan/44557/2015 may have acquired the ability to infect humans via genetic exchange with other H9N2 viruses, indicating that the H9N2 genome can generate pandemic isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Jie
- Changsha Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Huang Zheng
- Changsha Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Liu Xiaolei
- Changsha Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Ou Xinhua
- Changsha Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yao Dong
- Changsha Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Song Yingchun
- Changsha Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Li Lingzhi
- Changsha Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yang Rengui
- Changsha Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
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86
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Peng X, Liu F, Wu H, Peng X, Xu Y, Wang L, Chen B, Sun T, Yang F, Ji S, Wu N. Amino Acid Substitutions HA A150V, PA A343T, and PB2 E627K Increase the Virulence of H5N6 Influenza Virus in Mice. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:453. [PMID: 29593694 PMCID: PMC5859062 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
H5N6 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) can cause severe pneumonia and death in humans. However, the molecular determinants of H5N6 influenza virus mammalian adaption are still unclear. Three amino acid substitutions (HA A150V, PA A343T, PB2 E627K) are observed in H5N6 virus A/duck/Zhejiang/6D2/2013 (6D2) in lung-to-lung passage in mice. These substitutions are crucial to the pathogenicity of mouse-adapted virus. In this study, we investigated the contribution of each amino acid substitution in the virus by reverse genetics. The results demonstrate that HA A150V greatly altered the receptor binding preference of 6D2. Virus bearing this substitution acquired increased mortality than mice infected with wild-type 6D2. The PA A343T substitution mildly enhanced viral polymerase activity but the reduced survival rate in mice indicates this substitution may change the immunoreaction of the host. The well-known PB2 E627K substitution increased eight folds the relative polymerase activity compared to PA A343T and resulted in 100% death rate in mice. In addition, we show that PA A343T dramatically exacerbates the effect of PB2 E627K on viral polymerase activity; when combined, these two substitutions work synergistically. However, HA A150V and PA A343T seemed to attenuate PB2 E627K in vivo, which implies the difference between mixed viral populations under natural condition and single population under experiment, specialization and cooperation in quasispecies is important in the process of adaption. This study suggests that HA A150V, PA A343T, and PB2 E627K are crucial in the adaption and increased pathogenicity of H5N6 in mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Peng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fumin Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Peng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yufan Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shujing Ji
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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87
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Chan CP, Yuen CK, Cheung PHH, Fung SY, Lui PY, Chen H, Kok KH, Jin DY. Antiviral activity of double-stranded RNA-binding protein PACT against influenza A virus mediated via suppression of viral RNA polymerase. FASEB J 2018. [PMID: 29513570 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701361r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PACT is a double-stranded RNA-binding protein that has been implicated in host-influenza A virus (IAV) interaction. PACT facilitates the action of RIG-I in the activation of the type I IFN response, which is suppressed by the viral nonstructural protein NS1. PACT is also known to interact with the IAV RNA polymerase subunit PA. Exactly how PACT exerts its antiviral activity during IAV infection remains to be elucidated. In the current study, we demonstrated the interplay between PACT and IAV polymerase. Induction of IFN-β by the IAV RNP complex was most robust when both RIG-I and PACT were expressed. PACT-dependent activation of IFN-β production was suppressed by the IAV polymerase subunits, polymerase acidic protein, polymerase basic protein 1 (PB1), and PB2. PACT associated with PA, PB1, and PB2. Compromising PACT in IAV-infected A549 cells resulted in the augmentation of viral RNA (vRNA) transcription and replication and IFN-β production. Furthermore, vRNA replication was boosted by knockdown of PACT in both A549 cells and IFN-deficient Vero cells. Thus, the antiviral activity of PACT is mediated primarily via its interaction with and inhibition of IAV polymerase. Taken together, our findings reveal a new facet of the host-IAV interaction in which the interplay between PACT and IAV polymerase affects the outcome of viral infection and antiviral response.-Chan, C.-P., Yuen, C.-K., Cheung, P.-H. H., Fung, S.-Y., Lui, P.-Y., Chen, H., Kok, K.-H., Jin, D.-Y. Antiviral activity of double-stranded RNA-binding protein PACT against influenza A virus mediated via suppression of viral RNA polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chun-Kit Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | - Sin-Yee Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Pak-Yin Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kin-Hang Kok
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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88
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Golovko AO, Koroleva ON, Drutsa VL. Heterologous Expression and Isolation of Influenza A Virus Nuclear Export Protein NEP. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 82:1529-1537. [PMID: 29486703 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917120124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus nuclear export protein NEP (NS2, 14.4 kDa) plays a key role in various steps of the virus life cycle. Highly purified protein preparations are required for structural and functional studies. In this study, we designed a series of Escherichia coli plasmid constructs for highly efficient expression of the NEP gene under control of the constitutive trp promoter. An efficient method for extraction of NEP from inclusion bodies based on dodecyl sulfate treatment was developed. Preparations of purified NEP with either N- or C-terminal (His)6-tag were obtained using Ni-NTA agarose affinity chromatography with yield of more than 20 mg per liter of culture. According to CD data, the secondary structure of the proteins matched that of natural NEP. A high propensity of NEP to aggregate over a wide range of conditions was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Golovko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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89
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Molecular Markers for Interspecies Transmission of Avian Influenza Viruses in Mammalian Hosts. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122706. [PMID: 29236050 PMCID: PMC5751307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, a wide range of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have infected various mammalian hosts and continuously threaten both human and animal health. It is a result of overcoming the inter-species barrier which is mostly associated with gene reassortment and accumulation of mutations in their gene segments. Several recent studies have shed insights into the phenotypic and genetic changes that are involved in the interspecies transmission of AIVs. These studies have a major focus on transmission from avian to mammalian species due to the high zoonotic potential of the viruses. As more mammalian species have been infected with these viruses, there is higher risk of genetic evolution of these viruses that may lead to the next human pandemic which represents and raises public health concern. Thus, understanding the mechanism of interspecies transmission and molecular determinants through which the emerging AIVs can acquire the ability to transmit to humans and other mammals is an important key in evaluating the potential risk caused by AIVs among humans. Here, we summarize previous and recent studies on molecular markers that are specifically involved in the transmission of avian-derived influenza viruses to various mammalian hosts including humans, pigs, horses, dogs, and marine mammals.
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90
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Shtykova EV, Bogacheva EN, Dadinova LA, Jeffries CM, Fedorova NV, Golovko AO, Baratova LA, Batishchev OV. Small-angle X-Ray analysis of macromolecular structure: the structure of protein NS2 (NEP) in solution. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774517060220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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91
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Inter-Species Host Gene Expression Differences in Response to Human and Avian Influenza A Virus Strains. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112295. [PMID: 29104227 PMCID: PMC5713265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses are a source of sporadic human infections and could also contribute to future pandemic outbreaks but little is known about inter-species differences in the host responses to these viruses. Here, we studied host gene expression signatures of cell lines from three species (human, chicken, and canine) in response to six different viruses (H1N1/WSN, H5N2/F59, H5N2/F118, H5N2/F189, H5N3 and H9N2). Comprehensive microarray probe set re-annotation and ortholog mapping of the host genes was necessary to allow comparison over extended functionally annotated gene sets and orthologous pathways. The annotations are made available to the community for commonly used microarray chips. We observe a strong tendency of the response being cell type- rather than virus-specific. In chicken cells, we found up-regulation of host factors inducing virus infectivity (e.g., oxysterol binding protein like 1A (OSBPL1A) and Rho GTPase activating protein 21 (ARHGAP21)) while reducing apoptosis (e.g., mitochondrial ribosomal protein S27 (MRPS27)) and increasing cell proliferation (e.g., COP9 signalosome subunit 2 (COPS2)). On the other hand, increased antiviral, pro-apoptotic and inflammatory signatures have been identified in human cells while cell cycle and metabolic pathways were down-regulated. This signature describes how low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses are being tolerated and shed from chicken but potentially causing cellular disruption in mammalian cells.
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92
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Hydrogen Bond Variations of Influenza A Viruses During Adaptation in Human. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14295. [PMID: 29085020 PMCID: PMC5662722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Many host specific mutations have been detected in influenza A viruses (IAVs). However, their effects on hydrogen bond (H-bond) variations have rarely been investigated. In this study, 60 host specific sites were identified in the internal proteins of avian and human IAVs, 27 of which contained mutations with effects on H-bonds. Besides, 30 group specific sites were detected in HA and NA. Twenty-six of 36 mutations existing at these group specific sites caused H-bond loss or formation in at least one subtype. The number of mutations in isolations of 2009 pandemic H1N1, human-infecting H5N1 and H7N9 varied. The combinations of mutations and H-bond changes in these three subtypes of IAVs were also different. In addition, the mutations in isolations of H5N1 distributed more scattered than those in 2009 pandemic H1N1 and H7N9. Eight wave specific mutations in isolations of the fifth H7N9 wave were also identified. Three of them, R140K in HA, Y170H in NA, and R340K in PB2, were capable of resulting in H-bond loss. As mentioned above, these host or group or wave specific H-bond variations provide us with a new field of vision for understanding the changes of structural features in the human adaptation of IAVs.
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93
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Nerva L, Silvestri A, Ciuffo M, Palmano S, Varese GC, Turina M. Transmission of Penicillium aurantiogriseum partiti-like virus 1 to a new fungal host (Cryphonectria parasitica) confers higher resistance to salinity and reveals adaptive genomic changes. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:4480-4492. [PMID: 28836717 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We attempted to transfect six recently characterized virus species to protoplasts of Penicillium janczewskii and Chryphonectria parasitica. None of the recovered P. janczewskii colonies was positive for the transfected viruses, but Penicillium aurantiogriseum partiti-like virus 1 (PaPLV1) was detected in three distinct regenerated C. parasitica colonies. We screened the phenotype of the infected strains in up to 45 different conditions combining different media, salinity and temperatures: our results show that the infected strains grow slower than the virus- free in most of the tested conditions with the exception of halophilic stress in a specific nutrient combination media. We proceeded to characterize molecularly the population of distinct isolates of PaPLV1 infected C. parasitica through RNAseq: comparison to the viral population present in the original host - P. auratiogriseum - showed that two isolates accumulated non-synonymous mutations suggesting adaptation to the new host. RNAseq analyses identified a second genomic RNA segment and northern blot of RNA extracted from purified virus suspensions allowed establishing that PaPLV1 is at least bipartite in nature and that it forms isometric virions of circa 36-38 nm in diameter. In light of these new acquisitions, we discuss the taxonomic placement of PaPLV1 inside the Partitiviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Nerva
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino 10135, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Viale Mattioli 25, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Alessandro Silvestri
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino 10135, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Viale Mattioli 25, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Marina Ciuffo
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino 10135, Italy
| | - Sabrina Palmano
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino 10135, Italy
| | - Givanna Cristina Varese
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Viale Mattioli 25, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Massimo Turina
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino 10135, Italy
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94
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Ding X, Luo J, Quan L, Wu A, Jiang T. Evolutionary genotypes of influenza A (H7N9) viruses over five epidemic waves in China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 55:269-276. [PMID: 28943407 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the first human case of influenza A (H7N9) infection was identified in March 2013, five epidemics have emerged in China. Diverse H7N9 virus genotypes created through reassortments were already detected in the first epidemic wave, but how the H7N9 virus genetic diversities have evolved during the subsequent epidemics remained unclear. Here, to assess the ongoing genetic evolution of H7N9 viruses, we performed in-depth investigations of the dynamic H7N9 genotypes in these waves. We found that the H7N9 genotypes in the second and third epidemic waves are more diverse than those in the first wave, due to new reassortments that occurred during the second wave. However, the number of different H7N9 genotypes identified in the fourth and fifth waves decreased significantly. Furthermore, we found that different dominant genotypes existed in each of the five epidemic waves, and these wave-specific genotypes possess unique mutations that are enriched in the PB2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ding
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jiejian Luo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lijun Quan
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Aiping Wu
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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95
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Chen W, Xu Q, Zhong Y, Yu H, Shu J, Ma T, Li Z. Genetic variation and co-evolutionary relationship of RNA polymerase complex segments in influenza A viruses. Virology 2017; 511:193-206. [PMID: 28866238 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The RNA polymerase complex (RNApc) in influenza A viruses (IVs) is composed of the PB2, PB1 and PA subunits, which are encoded by the three longest genome segments (Seg1-3) and are responsible for the replication of vRNAs and transcription of viral mRNAs. However, the co-evolutionary relationships of the three segments from the known 126 subtypes IVs are unclear. In this study, we performed a detailed analysis based on a total number of 121,191 nucleotide sequences. Three segment sequences were aligned before the repeated, incomplete and mixed sequences were removed for homologous and phylogenetic analyses. Subsequently, the estimated substitution rates and TMRCAs (Times for Most Recent Common Ancestor) were calculated by 175 representative IVs. Tracing the cladistic distribution of three segments from these IVs, co-evolutionary patterns and trajectories could be inferred. The further correlation analysis of six internal protein coding segments reflect the RNApc segments have the closer correlation than others during continuous reassortments. This global approach facilitates the establishment of a fast antiviral strategy and monitoring of viral variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentian Chen
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Qi Xu
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Yaogang Zhong
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Hanjie Yu
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Jian Shu
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Tianran Ma
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Zheng Li
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China.
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96
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Rapid virulence shift of an H5N2 avian influenza virus during a single passage in mice. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3017-3024. [PMID: 28664296 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3451-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses must undergo adaptation to acquire virulence in new host species. In mouse models, host adaptation for virulence is generally performed through 5 to 20 lung-to-lung passages. However, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (e.g., H5N1 and H7N7 subtypes) have been observed to acquire virulence in mice after only a few in vivo passages. In this study, a low-pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 virus, A/Aquatic Bird/Korea/CN2/2009, which was a prevalent subtype in South Korea in 2009, was serially passaged in mice to evaluate its potential to become highly pathogenic. Unexpectedly, the virus became highly pathogenic in mice after a single lung-to-lung passage, resulting in 100% lethality with a mean death time (MDT) of 6.1 days postinfection (DPI). Moreover, the pathogenicity gradually increased after subsequent in vivo passages with an MDT of 5.2 and 4.2 DPI after the second and third passage, respectively. Our molecular analysis revealed that two amino acid changes in the polymerase complex (a glutamate-to-lysine substitution at position 627 of PB2 and a threonine-to-isoleucine substitution at position 97 of PA) were associated with the increased pathogenicity; the PB2 E627K mutation was responsible for the initial virulence conversion (0 to 100% lethality), while the PA T97I mutation acted as an accessory for the increased virulence.
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97
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Abdul-Cader MS, Ahmed-Hassan H, Amarasinghe A, Nagy E, Sharif S, Abdul-Careem MF. Toll-like receptor (TLR)21 signalling-mediated antiviral response against avian influenza virus infection correlates with macrophage recruitment and nitric oxide production. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1209-1223. [PMID: 28613150 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosine-guanosinedeoxynucleotide (CpG) DNA can be used for the stimulation of the toll-like receptor (TLR)21 signalling pathway in avian species which ultimately leads to up-regulation of gene transcription for pro-inflammatory molecules including nitric oxide and recruitment of innate immune cells. The objective of this study was to determine the antiviral effect of NO, produced in response to in ovo delivery of CpG DNA, against avian influenza virus (AIV) infection. We found that when CpG DNA is delivered at embryo day (ED)18 in ovo and subsequently challenged with H4N6 AIV at ED19 pre-hatch and day 1 post-hatching, CpG DNA reduces H4N6 AIV replication associated with enhanced NO production and macrophage recruitment in lungs. In vitro, we showed that NO originating from macrophages is capable of eliciting an antiviral response against H4N6 AIV infection. This study provides insights into the mechanisms of CpG DNA-mediated antiviral response, particularly against AIV infection in avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Centre 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, AB T2N 4N1
| | - Hanaa Ahmed-Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Centre 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, AB T2N 4N1
| | - Aruna Amarasinghe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Centre 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, AB T2N 4N1
| | - Eva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, ON N1G 2W1
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, ON N1G 2W1
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Centre 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, AB T2N 4N1
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98
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Taye B, Chen H, Myaing MZ, Tan BH, Maurer-Stroh S, Sugrue RJ. Systems-based approach to examine the cytokine responses in primary mouse lung macrophages infected with low pathogenic avian Influenza virus circulating in South East Asia. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:420. [PMID: 28558796 PMCID: PMC5450074 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A virus (IAV) is a major public health concern, being responsible for the death of approximately half a million people each year. Zoonotic transmissions of the virus from swine and avian origin have occurred in the past, and can potentially lead to the emgergence of new IAV stains in future pandemics. Pulmonary macrophages have been implicated in disease severity in the lower airway, and understanding the host response of macrophages infected with avian influenza viruses should provide new therapeutic strategies. Results We used a systems-based approach to investigate the transcriptome response of primary murine lung macrophages (PMФ) infected with the mouse-adapted H1N1/WSN virus and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses H5N2 and H5N3. The results showed that the LPAI viruses H5N2 and H5N3 can infect PMФ with similar efficiency to the H1N1/WSN virus. While all viruses induced antiviral responses, the H5N3 virus infection resulted in higher expression levels of cytokines and chemokines associated with inflammatory responses. Conclusions The LPAI H5N2 and H5N3 viruses are able to infect murine lung macrophages. However, the H5N3 virus was associated with increased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Although the H5N3 virus it is capable of inducing high levels of cytokines that are associated with inflammation, this property is distinct from its inability to efficiently replicate in a mammalian host. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3803-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biruhalem Taye
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street #07-01, Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Republic of Singapore.,School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore.,Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, P.O.BOX 1176, Ethiopia
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore.,Current address Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01, Genome, Singapore, 138672, Republic of Singapore
| | - Myint Zu Myaing
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, Defence Science Organisation National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117510, Republic of Singapore.,LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street #07-01, Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Republic of Singapore.,National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Republic of Singapore
| | - Richard J Sugrue
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore.
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99
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The PB2 mutation with lysine at 627 enhances the pathogenicity of avian influenza (H7N9) virus which belongs to a non-zoonotic lineage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2352. [PMID: 28539661 PMCID: PMC5443809 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02598-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus emerged in China in 2013 and has caused zoonotic disease in over 1123 persons with an overall mortality around 30%. Amino acid changes at the residues 591, 627 and 701 of polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) have been found frequently in the human H7N9 isolates but not in viruses isolated from avian species. We have recently identified a cluster of H7N9 viruses in ducks which circulated in China prior to the first recognition of zoonotic disease in 2013. These duck viruses have genetic background distinct from the zoonotic H7N9 lineage. We found that the introduction of PB2 mutation with K at 627 but not K at 591 or N at 701 to the duck H7N9 virus led to increased pathogenicity in mice. We also found that the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IP-10, MCP-1 and MIP-1α were associated with increased severity of infection. We conclude that introduction of the mammalian adaptation mutations into the PB2 gene of duck H7N9 viruses, which are genetically unrelated to the zoonotic H7N9 lineage, can also enhance pathogenicity in mice.
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100
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Single nucleoprotein residue determines influenza A virus sensitivity to an intertypic suppression mechanism. Virology 2017; 506:99-109. [PMID: 28371631 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Several mechanisms underlying intertypic interference between co-infecting influenza types A and B viruses (IAV and IBV) have been proposed. We have recently described one in which IBV's nucleoprotein (BNP) sequestered IAV's nucleoprotein (ANP) and suppressed IAV polymerase and growth. However, its anti-IAV capacity and limitations have not been fully explored. Here, we showed that BNP's inhibitory effect was more potent toward a wide array of avian IAVs, whereas human IAVs revealed moderate resistance. BNP sensitivity was largely determined by ANP's residue 343 at the NP oligomerization interface. An avian IAV polymerase carrying an NP-V343L mutation switched from being highly BNP-sensitive to moderately BNP-resistant, and vice versa for a human IAV polymerase carrying a reverse mutation. To highlight its capacity, we demonstrated that the polymerases of highly-pathogenic H5N1 and the pandemic 2009 (H1N1) strains are strongly inhibited by BNP. Our work provides insights into lineage-specific sensitivity to BNP-mediated intertypic interference.
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