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Prasansuklab A, Theerasri A, Rangsinth P, Sillapachaiyaporn C, Chuchawankul S, Tencomnao T. Anti-COVID-19 drug candidates: A review on potential biological activities of natural products in the management of new coronavirus infection. J Tradit Complement Med 2020; 11:144-157. [PMID: 33520683 PMCID: PMC7833040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now become a worldwide pandemic bringing over 71 million confirmed cases, while the specific drugs and vaccines approved for this disease are still limited regarding their effectiveness and adverse events. Since virus incidences are still on rise, infectivity and mortality may also rise in the near future, natural products are highly considered to be valuable sources for the discovery of new antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2. This present review aims to comprehensively summarize the up-to-date scientific literatures on biological activities of plant- and mushroom-derived compounds relevant to mechanistic targets involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection and inflammatory-associated pathogenesis, including viral entry, replication and release, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Experimental procedure Data were retrieved from a literature search available on PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases and collected until the end of May 2020. The findings from in vitro cell and non-cell based studies were considered, while the results of in silico studies were excluded. Results and conclusion Based on the previous findings in SARS-CoV studies, except in silico molecular docking analysis, herein, we provide a total of 150 natural compounds as potential candidates for development of new anti-COVID-19 drugs with higher efficacy and lower toxicity than the existing therapeutic agents. Several natural compounds have showed their promising actions on multiple therapeutic targets, which should be further explored. Among them, quercetin, one of the most abundant of plant flavonoids, is proposed as a lead candidate with its ability on the virus side to inhibit SARS-CoV spike protein-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) interaction, viral protease and helicase activities, as well as on the host cell side to inhibit ACE activity and increase intracellular zinc level. Relevant and up-to-date publications in natural products with anti-COVID-19 potential. Emphasis on the potential of anti-COVID-19 plant/mushroom-based medicine. Twenty four proposed natural compounds for the anti-COVID-19 drug candidates. Quercetin emerged as the most promising compound acting on multiple therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchalee Prasansuklab
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Atsadang Theerasri
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Panthakarn Rangsinth
- Immunomodulation of Natural Products Research Group, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chanin Sillapachaiyaporn
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Chuchawankul
- Immunomodulation of Natural Products Research Group, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Immunomodulation of Natural Products Research Group, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Bromberger B, Sommer J, Robben C, Trautner C, Kalb R, Rossmanith P, Mester PJ. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of pyrithione-based ionic liquids. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Inoue Y, Suzuki R, Murata I, Nomura H, Isshiki Y, Kanamoto I. Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity Expression of the Hinokitiol/Cyclodextrin Complex Against Bacteria. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27180-27187. [PMID: 33134678 PMCID: PMC7594135 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of a solid dispersion prepared by mixing and grinding hinokitiol (HT) with α-cyclodextrin (αCD), β-cyclodextrin (βCD), or γ-cyclodextrin (γCD). Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by calculating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and evaluating the change in the number of bacteria over time. The test microbes used were two Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus), two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and two fungi (Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensis). Calculation of the MIC value of HT using the agar dilution method revealed that the MIC of HT/CD inclusion complexes was lower than that of HT alone. HT irreversibly inhibited the growth of microorganisms in a short amount of time. HT/CD complexes retained the antimicrobial activity of HT as a result of including HT in a CD complex. These results suggest that inclusion of HT, an antimicrobial component, using CDs could lead to appropriate control of the drug release rate and efficient display of antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Inoue
- Laboratory
of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
- . Tel: +81-49-271-7317. Fax: +81-49-271-7317
| | - Rina Suzuki
- Laboratory
of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
| | - Isamu Murata
- Laboratory
of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
| | - Harue Nomura
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
| | - Yasunori Isshiki
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kanamoto
- Laboratory
of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
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Frontera JA, Rahimian JO, Yaghi S, Liu M, Lewis A, de Havenon A, Mainali S, Huang J, Scher E, Wisniewski T, Troxel AB, Meropol S, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL. Treatment with Zinc is Associated with Reduced In-Hospital Mortality Among COVID-19 Patients: A Multi-Center Cohort Study. RESEARCH SQUARE 2020:rs.3.rs-94509. [PMID: 33140042 PMCID: PMC7605567 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-94509/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Zinc impairs replication of RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-1, and may be effective against SARS-CoV-2. However, to achieve adequate intracellular zinc levels, administration with an ionophore, which increases intracellular zinc levels, may be necessary. We evaluated the impact of zinc with an ionophore (Zn+ionophore) on COVID-19 in-hospital mortality rates. Methods A multicenter cohort study was conducted of 3,473 adult hospitalized patients with reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) positive SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to four New York City hospitals between March 10 through May 20, 2020. Exclusion criteria were: death or discharge within 24h, comfort-care status, clinical trial enrollment, treatment with an IL-6 inhibitor or remdesivir. Patients who received Zn+ionophore were compared to patients who did not using multivariable time-dependent cox proportional hazards models for time to in-hospital death adjusting for confounders including age, sex, race, BMI, diabetes, week of admission, hospital location, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, intubation, acute renal failure, neurological events, treatment with corticosteroids, azithromycin or lopinavir/ritonavir and the propensity score of receiving Zn+ionophore. A sensitivity analysis was performed using a propensity score-matched cohort of patients who did or did not receive Zn+ionophore matched by age, sex and ventilator status. Results Among 3,473 patients (median age 64, 1947 [56%] male, 522 [15%] ventilated, 545[16%] died), 1,006 (29%) received Zn+ionophore. Zn+ionophore was associated with a 24% reduced risk of in-hospital mortality (12% of those who received Zn+ionophore died versus 17% who did not; adjusted Hazard Ratio [aHR] 0.76, 95% CI 0.60-0.96, P=0.023). More patients who received Zn+ionophore were discharged home (72% Zn+ionophore vs 67% no Zn+ionophore, P=0.003) Neither Zn nor the ionophore alone were associated with decreased mortality rates. Propensity score-matched sensitivity analysis (N=1356) validated these results (Zn+ionophore aHR for mortality 0.63, 95%CI 0.44-0.91, P=0.015). There were no significant interactions for Zn+ionophore with other COVID-19 specific medications. Conclusions Zinc with an ionophore was associated with increased rates of discharge home and a 24% reduced risk of in-hospital mortality among COVID-19 patients, while neither zinc alone nor the ionophore alone reduced mortality. Further randomized trials are warranted.
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Hoang BX, Han B. A possible application of hinokitiol as a natural zinc ionophore and anti-infective agent for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and viral infections. Med Hypotheses 2020; 145:110333. [PMID: 33045596 PMCID: PMC7534793 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Zinc and the combination with zinc ionophore have been reported in basic research and several clinical investigations as a potentially viable and economical preventive and therapeutic options for COVID-19 treatment. Zinc is a vital microelement that actively supports respiratory epithelium barrier integrity, innate and adaptive immune functions, and inflammatory regulations. Moreover, zinc may also prevent viral entry, suppress viral replication, and mitigate the damages due to oxidative stress and hyperinflammatory reaction in patients with respiratory infections. Hinokitiol (β-thujaplicin) is a natural monoterpenoid and is considered as a safe zinc ionophore to help zinc transport into cells. It has been widely used in skin and oral care, and therapeutic products for its potent antiviral, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer applications. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the significant morbidity and mortality exist in the high-risk group of patients associated with other respiratory infections such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and dengue fever. There is an urgent need for the development of inexpensive, safe, and effective therapeutics to prevent and treat these viral infections. Considering that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), the most studied zinc ionophore drug for COVID-19, is linked to potentially serious side effects, we propose the implementation of hinokitiol as a zinc ionophore and anti-infective agent for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ba X Hoang
- Department of Surgery, Nimni-Cordaba Tissue Engineering and Drug Discovery Laboratory, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Surgery, Nimni-Cordaba Tissue Engineering and Drug Discovery Laboratory, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Zhao Y, Meng F, Ding C, Yu Y, Zhang G, Tzeng C. Gender-differentiated metabolic abnormalities of adult zebrafish with zinc pyrithione (ZPT) -induced hepatotoxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 257:127177. [PMID: 32480090 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zinc pyrithione (ZPT) is an extensively used microbicidal agent and its toxicity to multiple organs has been gradually recognized. However, details of the mechanism of ZPT toxicity are lacking and profile studies at metabolic level are still greatly limited. In this work we investigated the effects of ZPT on metabolic pathways of zebrafish liver after twenty-one days of exposure. Our integrated approach was underpinned by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and liver function analysis. Metabolomic profiles were generated from the livers of ZPT-treated zebrafish and 172 significantly altered metabolite peaks were detected. As a result, ZPT caused altered perturbation of metabolic pathways in male and female zebrafish liver. Moreover, ZPT induced the liver injury with the changes of the metabolites 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (2,4-DABA) with significant distinction between male and female zebrafish. ZPT caused gender-differentiated liver metabolic changes associated with the disruption of glycogenolysis and glycolysis metabolism, purine and pyrimidine metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, arginine biosynthesis, and amino acid metabolism. Conclusively, exposure of ZPT may result in gender-differentiated metabolic abnormalities of adult zebrafish with induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China; Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Bio-Manufacture, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China.
| | - Fanrong Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Cunbao Ding
- School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Hebei, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Guisen Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Chimeng Tzeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China.
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Carlucci PM, Ahuja T, Petrilli C, Rajagopalan H, Jones S, Rahimian J. Zinc sulfate in combination with a zinc ionophore may improve outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:1228-1234. [PMID: 32930657 PMCID: PMC7660893 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. COVID-19 has rapidly emerged as a pandemic infection that has caused significant mortality and economic losses. Potential therapies and prophylaxis against COVID-19 are urgently needed to combat this novel infection. As a result of in vitro evidence suggesting zinc sulphate may be efficacious against COVID-19, our hospitals began using zinc sulphate as add-on therapy to hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin.Aim. To compare outcomes among hospitalized COVID-19 patients ordered to receive hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin plus zinc sulphate versus hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin alone.Methodology. This was a retrospective observational study. Data was collected from medical records for all patients with admission dates ranging from 2 March 2020 through to 11 April 2020. Initial clinical characteristics on presentation, medications given during the hospitalization, and hospital outcomes were recorded. The study included patients admitted to any of four acute care NYU Langone Health Hospitals in New York City. Patients included were admitted to the hospital with at least one positive COVID-19 test and had completed their hospitalization. Patients were excluded from the study if they were never admitted to the hospital or if there was an order for other investigational therapies for COVID-19.Results. Patients taking zinc sulphate in addition to hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin (n=411) and patients taking hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin alone (n=521) did not differ in age, race, sex, tobacco use or relevant comorbidities. The addition of zinc sulphate did not impact the length of hospitalization, duration of ventilation or intensive care unit (ICU) duration. In univariate analyses, zinc sulphate increased the frequency of patients being discharged home, and decreased the need for ventilation, admission to the ICU and mortality or transfer to hospice for patients who were never admitted to the ICU. After adjusting for the time at which zinc sulphate was added to our protocol, an increased frequency of being discharged home (OR 1.53, 95 % CI 1.12-2.09) and reduction in mortality or transfer to hospice among patients who did not require ICU level of care remained significant (OR 0.449, 95 % CI 0.271-0.744).Conclusion. This study provides the first in vivo evidence that zinc sulphate may play a role in therapeutic management for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Carlucci
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tania Ahuja
- New York University Langone Health, Department of Pharmacy, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Petrilli
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Simon Jones
- Division of Healthcare Delivery Science, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Healthcare Innovation and Delivery Science, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Rahimian
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Hecel A, Ostrowska M, Stokowa-Sołtys K, Wątły J, Dudek D, Miller A, Potocki S, Matera-Witkiewicz A, Dominguez-Martin A, Kozłowski H, Rowińska-Żyrek M. Zinc(II)-The Overlooked Éminence Grise of Chloroquine's Fight against COVID-19? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E228. [PMID: 32882888 PMCID: PMC7558363 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Zn(II) is an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2's RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are Zn(II) ionophores-this statement gives a curious mind a lot to think about. We show results of the first clinical trials on chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in the treatment of COVID-19, as well as earlier reports on the anticoronaviral properties of these two compounds and of Zn(II) itself. Other FDA-approved Zn(II) ionophores are given a decent amount of attention and are thought of as possible COVID-19 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Hecel
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.H.); (M.O.); (K.S.-S.); (J.W.); (D.D.); (A.M.); (S.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Ostrowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.H.); (M.O.); (K.S.-S.); (J.W.); (D.D.); (A.M.); (S.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Kamila Stokowa-Sołtys
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.H.); (M.O.); (K.S.-S.); (J.W.); (D.D.); (A.M.); (S.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Joanna Wątły
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.H.); (M.O.); (K.S.-S.); (J.W.); (D.D.); (A.M.); (S.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Dorota Dudek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.H.); (M.O.); (K.S.-S.); (J.W.); (D.D.); (A.M.); (S.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Adriana Miller
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.H.); (M.O.); (K.S.-S.); (J.W.); (D.D.); (A.M.); (S.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Sławomir Potocki
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.H.); (M.O.); (K.S.-S.); (J.W.); (D.D.); (A.M.); (S.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Matera-Witkiewicz
- Screening Laboratory of Biological Activity Tests and Collection of Biological Material, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Alicia Dominguez-Martin
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Henryk Kozłowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.H.); (M.O.); (K.S.-S.); (J.W.); (D.D.); (A.M.); (S.P.); (H.K.)
- Department of Physiotherapy, Opole Medical School, Katowicka 68, 40-060 Opole, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rowińska-Żyrek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.H.); (M.O.); (K.S.-S.); (J.W.); (D.D.); (A.M.); (S.P.); (H.K.)
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Jarach N, Dodiuk H, Kenig S. Polymers in the Medical Antiviral Front-Line. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1727. [PMID: 32752109 PMCID: PMC7464166 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral polymers are part of a major campaign led by the scientific community in recent years. Facing this most demanding of campaigns, two main approaches have been undertaken by scientists. First, the classic approach involves the development of relatively small molecules having antiviral properties to serve as drugs. The other approach involves searching for polymers with antiviral properties to be used as prescription medications or viral spread prevention measures. This second approach took two distinct directions. The first, using polymers as antiviral drug-delivery systems, taking advantage of their biodegradable properties. The second, using polymers with antiviral properties for on-contact virus elimination, which will be the focus of this review. Anti-viral polymers are obtained by either the addition of small antiviral molecules (such as metal ions) to obtain ion-containing polymers with antiviral properties or the use of polymers composed of an organic backbone and electrically charged moieties like polyanions, such as carboxylate containing polymers, or polycations such as quaternary ammonium containing polymers. Other approaches include moieties hybridized by sulphates, carboxylic acids, or amines and/or combining repeating units with a similar chemical structure to common antiviral drugs. Furthermore, elevated temperatures appear to increase the anti-viral effect of ions and other functional moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samuel Kenig
- The Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Pernick Faculty of Engineering, Shenkar College of Engineering and Design, Raman-Gan 52562, Israel; (N.J.); (H.D.)
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Phthalates Implications in the Cardiovascular System. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7030026. [PMID: 32707888 PMCID: PMC7570088 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Today’s sedentary lifestyle and eating habits have been implicated as some of the causes of the increased incidence of several diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. However, environmental pollutants have also been identified as another possible cause for this increase in recent decades. The constant human exposure to plastics has been raising attention regarding human health, particularly when it comes to phthalates. These are plasticizers used in the manufacture of industrial and consumer products, such as PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) plastics and personal care products, with endocrine-disrupting properties, as they can bind molecular targets in the body and interfere with hormonal function. Since these compounds are not covalently bound to the plastic, they are easily released into the environment during their manufacture, use, or disposal, leading to increased human exposure and enhancing health risks. In fact, some studies have related phthalate exposure with cardiovascular health, having already shown a positive association with the development of hypertension and atherosclerosis in adults and some cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. Therefore, the main purpose of this review is to present and relate the most recent studies concerning the implications of phthalates effects on the cardiovascular system.
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Wessels I, Rolles B, Rink L. The Potential Impact of Zinc Supplementation on COVID-19 Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1712. [PMID: 32754164 PMCID: PMC7365891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During the current corona pandemic, new therapeutic options against this viral disease are urgently desired. Due to the rapid spread and immense number of affected individuals worldwide, cost-effective, globally available, and safe options with minimal side effects and simple application are extremely warranted. This review will therefore discuss the potential of zinc as preventive and therapeutic agent alone or in combination with other strategies, as zinc meets all the above described criteria. While a variety of data on the association of the individual zinc status with viral and respiratory tract infections are available, study evidence regarding COVID-19 is so far missing but can be assumed as was indicated by others and is detailed in this perspective, focusing on re-balancing of the immune response by zinc supplementation. Especially, the role of zinc in viral-induced vascular complications has barely been discussed, so far. Interestingly, most of the risk groups described for COVID-19 are at the same time groups that were associated with zinc deficiency. As zinc is essential to preserve natural tissue barriers such as the respiratory epithelium, preventing pathogen entry, for a balanced function of the immune system and the redox system, zinc deficiency can probably be added to the factors predisposing individuals to infection and detrimental progression of COVID-19. Finally, due to its direct antiviral properties, it can be assumed that zinc administration is beneficial for most of the population, especially those with suboptimal zinc status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Wessels
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Rolles
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Rizzo E. Ivermectin, antiviral properties and COVID-19: a possible new mechanism of action. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 393:1153-1156. [PMID: 32462282 PMCID: PMC7251046 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01902-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ivermectin is an antiparasitic drug that has shown also an effective pharmacological activity towards various infective agents, including viruses. This paper proposes an alternative mechanism of action for this drug that makes it capable of having an antiviral action, also against the novel coronavirus, in addition to the processes already reported in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Rizzo
- Department of Prevention, Local Health Authority of Lecce (ASL Lecce), Lecce, Italy.
- Italian Society of Environmental Medicine (SIMA), Milan, Italy.
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Skalny AV, Rink L, Ajsuvakova OP, Aschner M, Gritsenko VA, Alekseenko SI, Svistunov AA, Petrakis D, Spandidos DA, Aaseth J, Tsatsakis A, Tinkov AA. Zinc and respiratory tract infections: Perspectives for COVID‑19 (Review). Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:17-26. [PMID: 32319538 PMCID: PMC7255455 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In view of the emerging COVID‑19 pandemic caused by SARS‑CoV‑2 virus, the search for potential protective and therapeutic antiviral strategies is of particular and urgent interest. Zinc is known to modulate antiviral and antibacterial immunity and regulate inflammatory response. Despite the lack of clinical data, certain indications suggest that modulation of zinc status may be beneficial in COVID‑19. In vitro experiments demonstrate that Zn2+ possesses antiviral activity through inhibition of SARS‑CoV RNA polymerase. This effect may underlie therapeutic efficiency of chloroquine known to act as zinc ionophore. Indirect evidence also indicates that Zn2+ may decrease the activity of angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), known to be the receptor for SARS‑CoV‑2. Improved antiviral immunity by zinc may also occur through up‑regulation of interferon α production and increasing its antiviral activity. Zinc possesses anti‑inflammatory activity by inhibiting NF‑κB signaling and modulation of regulatory T‑cell functions that may limit the cytokine storm in COVID‑19. Improved Zn status may also reduce the risk of bacterial co‑infection by improving mucociliary clearance and barrier function of the respiratory epithelium, as well as direct antibacterial effects against S. pneumoniae. Zinc status is also tightly associated with risk factors for severe COVID‑19 including ageing, immune deficiency, obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis, since these are known risk groups for zinc deficiency. Therefore, Zn may possess protective effect as preventive and adjuvant therapy of COVID‑19 through reducing inflammation, improvement of mucociliary clearance, prevention of ventilator‑induced lung injury, modulation of antiviral and antibacterial immunity. However, further clinical and experimental studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V. Skalny
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146 Moscow
- Yaroslavl State University, 150003 Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, D-52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Olga P. Ajsuvakova
- Yaroslavl State University, 150003 Yaroslavl, Russia
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 460000 Orenburg, Russia
| | - Michael Aschner
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146 Moscow
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Viktor A. Gritsenko
- Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 460000 Orenburg
| | - Svetlana I. Alekseenko
- I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, 191015 St. Petersburg
- K.A. Rauhfus Children's City Multidisciplinary Clinical Center for High Medical Technologies, 191000 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Svistunov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146 Moscow
| | | | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Jan Aaseth
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146 Moscow
- Research Department, Innlandet Hospital Trust, 3159894 Brumunddal, Norway
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146 Moscow
- Center of Toxicology Science and Research
| | - Alexey A. Tinkov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146 Moscow
- Yaroslavl State University, 150003 Yaroslavl, Russia
- Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 460000 Orenburg
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64
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Rahman MT. Potential benefits of combination of Nigella sativa and Zn supplements to treat COVID-19. J Herb Med 2020; 23:100382. [PMID: 32834942 PMCID: PMC7313527 DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 has been declared a pandemic while there is no specific medicine against its causative agent SARS-CoV-2. As an complementary medicine Nigella sativa (black seed) could be considered for its bioactive components such as thymoquinone which was proven to have anti-viral activity. Further benefits to use N. sativa could be augmented by Zn supplement. Notably, Zn has been proven to improve innate and adaptive immunity in course of microbial infection. The effectiveness of the Zn salt supplement can be enhanced with N. sativa as its major bioactive component might work as ionophore to allow Zn2+ to enter pneumocytes and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication by stopping its replicase enzyme system.
An effective vaccine to prevent the SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19 is yet to be approved. Further there is no drug that is specific to treat COVID-19. A number of antiviral drugs such as Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Lopinavir/ritonavir, Azithromycin and Doxycycline have been recommended or are being used to treat COVID-19 patients. In addition to these drugs, rationale and evidence have been presented to use chloroquine to treat COVID-19, arguably with certain precautions and criticism. In line with the proposed use of chloroquine, Nigella sativa (black seed) could be considered as a natural substitute that contains a number of bioactive components such as thymoquinone, dithymoquinone, thymohydroquinone, and nigellimine. Further benefits to use N. sativa could be augmented by Zn supplement. Notably, Zn has been proven to improve innate and adaptive immunity in the course of any infection, be it by pathogenic virus or bacteria. The effectiveness of the Zn salt supplement could also be enhanced with N. sativa as its major bioactive component might work as ionophore to allow Zn2+ to enter pneumocytes – the target cell for SARSCoV-2. Given those benefits, this review paper describes how N. sativa in combination with Zn could be useful as a complement to COVID-19 treatment.
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Hoang BX, Hoang HQ, Han B. Zinc Iodide in combination with Dimethyl Sulfoxide for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections. Med Hypotheses 2020; 143:109866. [PMID: 32473509 PMCID: PMC7245270 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Zinc Iodide and Dimethyl Sulfoxide compositions are proposed as therapeutic agents to treat and prevent chronic and acute viral infections including SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. The therapeutic combinations have a wide range of virucidal effects on DNA and RNA containing viruses. The combinations also exhibit anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, antifibrotic, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidative effects. Given the fact that Zinc Iodide has been used as an oral antiseptic agent and DMSO has been already proven as a safe pharmaceutical solvent and therapeutic agent, we hypothesize that the combination of these two agents can be applied as an effective, safe and inexpensive treatment for SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infection. The therapeutic compound can be applied as both etiological and pathogenesis therapy and used as an effective and safe antiseptic (disinfectant) for human and animals as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ba X Hoang
- Nimni-Cordoba Tissue Engineering and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo Street, BMT-302, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Huy Q Hoang
- Natural Health Medical Center, 4469 Redondo Beach Boulevard, Lawndale 90260, CA, USA
| | - Bo Han
- Nimni-Cordoba Tissue Engineering and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo Street, BMT-302, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Protective effect of hinokitiol against periodontal bone loss in ligature-induced experimental periodontitis in mice. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 112:104679. [PMID: 32062102 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The overall objective of this study was to investigate the effects of hinokitiol on periodontal bone loss in a murine model of experimental periodontitis and evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of hinokitiol in vitro. DESIGN Periodontitis was induced by tying a silk ligature around the maxillary second molar of mice for 8 days. Hinokitiol was injected once a day for 7 days into the palatal gingiva of the ligated molar. Periodontal bone loss was then assessed morphometrically in the maxillary second molar, and the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positive multinucleated giant cells around the molar was quantified. The bacterial load of the silk ligature was calculated by counting the number of colony-forming units, while the transcription levels of proinflammatory cytokine-related genes in the palatal gingiva were evaluated by real-time qPCR. The activity of hinokitiol against LPS-induced transcription of proinflammatory genes in RAW 264.7 macrophages was also examined. RESULTS Local treatment with hinokitiol significantly inhibited the alveolar bone loss and osteoclast differentiation induced by tooth ligation. In addition, hinokitiol treatment decreased the oral bacterial load of the silk ligature and downregulated the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokine-related genes, both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION The results indicated that hinokitiol exhibits antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity and exerts a protective effect against periodontitis.
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Yanuck SF, Pizzorno J, Messier H, Fitzgerald KN. Evidence Supporting a Phased Immuno-physiological Approach to COVID-19 From Prevention Through Recovery. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2020; 19:8-35. [PMID: 32425712 PMCID: PMC7190003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an evidence-based strategy for improving clinical outcomes in COVID-19. Recommendations are based on the phases of the disease, because optimal interventions for one phase may not be appropriate for a different phase. The four phases addressed are: Prevention, Infection, Inflammation and Recovery. Underlying this phased approach is recognition of emerging evidence for two different components of pathophysiology, early infection and late stage severe complications. These two aspects of the disease suggest two different patterns of clinical emphasis that seem on the surface to be not entirely concordant. We describe the application of therapeutic strategies and appropriate tactics that address four main stages of disease progression for COVID-19. Emerging evidence in COVID-19 suggests that the SARS-CoV-2 virus may both evade the innate immune response and kill macrophages. Delayed innate immune response and a depleted population of macrophages can theoretically result in a blunted antigen presentation, delaying and diminishing activation of the adaptive immune response. Thus, one clinical strategy involves supporting patient innate and adaptive immune responses early in the time course of illness, with the goal of improving the timeliness, readiness, and robustness of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. At the other end of the disease pathology spectrum, risk of fatality in COVID-19 is driven by excessive and persistent upregulation of inflammatory mechanisms associated with cytokine storm. Thus, the second clinical strategy is to prevent or mitigate excessive inflammatory response to prevent the cytokine storm associated with high mortality risk. Clinical support for immune system pathogen clearance mechanisms involves obligate activation of immune response components that are inherently inflammatory. This puts the goals of the first clinical strategy (immune activation) potentially at odds with the goals of the second strategy(mitigation of proinflammatory effects). This creates a need for discernment about the time course of the illness and with that, understanding of which components of an overall strategy to apply at each phase of the time course of the illness. We review evidence from early observational studies and the existing literature on both outcomes and mechanisms of disease, to inform a phased approach to support the patient at risk for infection, with infection, with escalating inflammation during infection, and at risk of negative sequelae as they move into recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- SF Yanuck
- Program on Integrative Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of North Carolina School of Medicine; Yanuck Center for Life & Health; Cogence Immunology; Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Pizzorno
- Editor-in-Chief, Integrative Medicine, A Clinicians Journal; Coauthor, Textbook of Natural Medicine; Chair, Board of Directors, Institute for Functional Medicine; Founding President, Bastyr University; Seattle, WA, USA
| | - H Messier
- Medical Director, Altum Medical; Chief Medical Officer, Medical Intelligence Learning Labs; San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - KN Fitzgerald
- Clinic Director, Sandy Hook Functional Medicine; Sandy Hook, CT, USA
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Mohan P, Sinha S, Uppal R. Role of ivermectin in COVID-19: Wishful thinking or scientific optimism. JOURNAL OF MARINE MEDICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/jmms.jmms_146_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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69
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Read SA, Obeid S, Ahlenstiel C, Ahlenstiel G. The Role of Zinc in Antiviral Immunity. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:696-710. [PMID: 31305906 PMCID: PMC6628855 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element that is crucial for growth, development, and the maintenance of immune function. Its influence reaches all organs and cell types, representing an integral component of approximately 10% of the human proteome, and encompassing hundreds of key enzymes and transcription factors. Zinc deficiency is strikingly common, affecting up to a quarter of the population in developing countries, but also affecting distinct populations in the developed world as a result of lifestyle, age, and disease-mediated factors. Consequently, zinc status is a critical factor that can influence antiviral immunity, particularly as zinc-deficient populations are often most at risk of acquiring viral infections such as HIV or hepatitis C virus. This review summarizes current basic science and clinical evidence examining zinc as a direct antiviral, as well as a stimulant of antiviral immunity. An abundance of evidence has accumulated over the past 50 y to demonstrate the antiviral activity of zinc against a variety of viruses, and via numerous mechanisms. The therapeutic use of zinc for viral infections such as herpes simplex virus and the common cold has stemmed from these findings; however, there remains much to be learned regarding the antiviral mechanisms and clinical benefit of zinc supplementation as a preventative and therapeutic treatment for viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Read
- Blacktown Medical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephanie Obeid
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chantelle Ahlenstiel
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Golo Ahlenstiel
- Blacktown Medical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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70
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Aliev G, Li Y, Chubarev VN, Lebedeva SA, Parshina LN, Trofimov BA, Sologova SS, Makhmutova A, Avila-Rodriguez MF, Klochkov SG, Galenko-Yaroshevsky PA, Tarasov VV. Application of Acyzol in the Context of Zinc Deficiency and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2104. [PMID: 31035445 PMCID: PMC6539662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is one of the most important essential trace elements. It is involved in more than 300 enzyme systems and is an indispensable participant in many biochemical processes. Zinc deficiency causes a number of disorders in the human body, the main ones being the delay of growth and puberty, immune disorders, and cognitive dysfunctions. There are over two billion people in the world suffering from zinc deficiency conditions. Acyzol, a zinc-containing medicine, developed as an antidote against carbon monoxide poisoning, demonstrates a wide range of pharmacological activities: Anti-inflammatory, reparative, detoxifying, immunomodulatory, bacteriostatic, hepatoprotective, adaptogenic, antioxidant, antihypoxic, and cardioprotective. The presence of zinc in the composition of Acyzol suggests the potential of the drug in the treatment and prevention of zinc deficiency conditions, such as Prasad's disease, immune system pathology, alopecia, allergodermatoses, prostate dysfunction, psoriasis, stomatitis, periodontitis, and delayed mental and physical development in children. Currently, the efficiency of Acyzol in the cases of zinc deficiency is shown in a large number of experimental studies. So, Acyzol can be used as a highly effective drug for pharmacologic therapy of a wide range of diseases and conditions and it opens up new perspectives in the treatment and prevention of zinc deficiency conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjumrakch Aliev
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia.
- GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive #330, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, TX 78363, USA.
| | - Vladimir N Chubarev
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Svetlana A Lebedeva
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Lidiya N Parshina
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Str., Irkutsk 664033, Russia.
| | - Boris A Trofimov
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Str., Irkutsk 664033, Russia.
| | - Susanna S Sologova
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Alfiya Makhmutova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia.
| | - Marco F Avila-Rodriguez
- Universidad del Tolima, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barrio Santa Helena, Ibagué 730006, Colombia.
| | - Sergey G Klochkov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia.
| | - Pavel A Galenko-Yaroshevsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuban State Medical University, 4 Sedin St., Krasnodar 350063, Russia.
| | - Vadim V Tarasov
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Salinomycin Inhibits Influenza Virus Infection by Disrupting Endosomal Acidification and Viral Matrix Protein 2 Function. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01441-18. [PMID: 30282713 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01441-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening of chemical libraries with 2,000 synthetic compounds identified salinomycin as a hit against influenza A and B viruses, with 50% effective concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 4.3 μM in cells. This compound is a carboxylic polyether ionophore that exchanges monovalent ions for protons across lipid bilayer membranes. Monitoring the time course of viral infection showed that salinomycin blocked nuclear migration of viral nuclear protein (NP), the most abundant component of the viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex. It caused cytoplasmic accumulation of NP, particularly within perinuclear endosomes, during virus entry. This was primarily associated with failure to acidify the endosomal-lysosomal compartments. Similar to the case with amantadine (AMT), proton channel activity of viral matrix protein 2 (M2) was blocked by salinomycin. Using purified retroviral Gag-based virus-like particles (VLPs) with M2, it was proved that salinomycin directly affects the kinetics of a proton influx into the particles but in a manner different from that of AMT. Notably, oral administration of salinomycin together with the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir phosphate (OSV-P) led to enhanced antiviral effect over that with either compound used alone in influenza A virus-infected mouse models. These results provide a new paradigm for developing antivirals and their combination therapy that control both host and viral factors.IMPORTANCE Influenza virus is a main cause of viral respiratory infection in humans as well as animals, occasionally with high mortality. Circulation of influenza viruses resistant to the matrix protein 2 (M2) inhibitor, amantadine, is highly prevalent. Moreover, the frequency of detection of viruses resistant to the neuraminidase inhibitors, including oseltamivir phosphate (OSV-P) or zanamivir, is also increasing. These issues highlight the need for discovery of new antiviral agents with different mechanisms. Salinomycin as the monovalent cation-proton antiporter exhibited consistent inhibitory effects against influenza A and B viruses. It plays multifunctional roles by blocking endosomal acidification and by inactivating the proton transport function of M2, the key steps for influenza virus uncoating. Notably, salinomycin resulted in marked therapeutic effects in influenza virus-infected mice when combined with OSV-P, suggesting that its chemical derivatives could be developed as an adjuvant antiviral therapy to treat influenza infections resistant or less sensitive to existing drugs.
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Dastan A, Kilic H, Saracoglu N. One hundred years of benzotropone chemistry. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1120-1180. [PMID: 29977384 PMCID: PMC6009416 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the chemistry of benzo-annulated tropones and tropolones reported since the beginning of the 20th century, which are currently used as tools by the synthetic and biological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Dastan
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Haydar Kilic
- Oltu Vocational Training School, Atatürk University, 25400, Erzurum, Turkey.,East Anotolia High Technology Application and Research Center, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Nurullah Saracoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
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73
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Kaushik N, Anang S, Ganti KP, Surjit M. Zinc: A Potential Antiviral Against Hepatitis E Virus Infection? DNA Cell Biol 2018; 37:593-599. [PMID: 29897788 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of viral hepatitis worldwide. Owing to its feco oral transmission route, sporadic as well as epidemic outbreaks recurrently occur. No specific antiviral therapy is available against the disease caused by HEV. Broad spectrum antivirals such as ribavirin and interferon alfa are prescribed in severe and chronic HEV cases. However, the side effects, cost, and limitations of usage render the available treatment unsuitable for several categories of patients. We recently reported the ability of zinc to inhibit viral replication in mammalian cell culture models of HEV infection. Zinc will be a safe and economical antiviral therapy option if it inhibits HEV replication during the natural course of infection. This essay discusses the putative mechanism(s) by which zinc inhibits HEV replication and provides an overview of the possible therapeutic potential of zinc in HEV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Kaushik
- 1 Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute , NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Saumya Anang
- 1 Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute , NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Milan Surjit
- 1 Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute , NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
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74
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Mizenina O, Hsu M, Jean-Pierre N, Aravantinou M, Levendosky K, Paglini G, Zydowsky TM, Robbiani M, Fernández-Romero JA. MIV-150 and zinc acetate combination provides potent and broad activity against HIV-1. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 7:859-866. [PMID: 28812250 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that the combination of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) MIV-150 with zinc acetate (ZA) formulated in a carrageenan (CG; MZC) gel provided macaques significant protection against vaginal simian-human immunodeficiency virus-RT (SHIV-RT) challenge, better than either MIV-150/CG or ZA/CG. The MZC gel was shown to be safe in a phase 1 clinical trial. Herein, we used in vitro approaches to study the antiviral properties of ZA and the MIV-150/ZA combination, compared to other NNRTIs. Like other NNRTIs, MIV-150 has EC50 values in the subnanomolar to nanomolar range against wild type and NNRTI or RT-resistant HIVs. While less potent than NNRTIs, ZA was shown to be active in primary cells against laboratory-adapted and primary HIV-1 isolates and HIV-1 isolates/clones with NNRTI and RT resistance mutations, with EC50 values between 20 and 110 μM. The MIV-150/ZA combination had a potent and broad antiviral activity in primary cells. In vitro resistance selection studies revealed that previously described NNRTI-resistant mutations were selected by MIV-150. ZA-resistant virus retained susceptibility to MIV-150 (and other RTIs) and MIV-150-selected virus remained sensitive to ZA. Notably, resistant virus was not selected when cultured in the presence of both ZA and MIV-150. This underscores the potency and breadth of the MIV-150/ZA combination, supporting preclinical macaque studies and the advancement of MZC microbicides into clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mizenina
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mayla Hsu
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Keith Levendosky
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriela Paglini
- Instituto de Virología J.M.Vanella-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Thomas M Zydowsky
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - José A Fernández-Romero
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA. .,Science Department, Borough of Manhattan Community College, The City University of New York, 199 Chambers Street, New York, NY, 10007, USA.
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Tkachev VV, Sayapin YA, Tupaeva IO, Gusakov EA, Shilov GV, Aldoshin SM, Minkin VI. Structure of 2-(benzoxazole-2-Yl)- 5,7-di(tert-butyl)-4-nitro-1,3-tropolone. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476618010316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Shih MF, Pan KH, Liu CC, Shen CR, Cherng JY. Treatment of β-thujaplicin counteracts di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)-exposed vascular smooth muscle activation, inflammation and atherosclerosis progression. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 92:333-337. [PMID: 29288721 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of atherosclerosis involves up-regulation of molecules such as E-selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1. The progression of atherosclerosis is linked to proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cell via MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities. However, the etiology of atherosclerosis concerning plasticizers is unknown. We evaluated β-thujaplicin in preventing the development of atherosclerosis in a model induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, we established a new atherosclerosis model in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) exposed to a common contact plasticizer, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). SEVC4-10 endothelial cells were treated with 50% RAW conditioned medium and A7r5 VSMC was treated with the plasticizer, with/without β-thujaplicin (4 or 12 μM). Production of E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in SEVC4-10 cells as well as MMP-2/MMP-9 (both expression and activity) in VSMC were monitored. Results showed that the conditioned medium induced E-selectin and ICAM were significantly prevented by β-thujaplicin. However, inhibition on the production of VCAM by β-thujaplicin was only seen in a concentration of 12 μM. Both concentrations of β-thujaplicin also significantly prevented DEHP-induced MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and activities. Evidence uncovers that β-thujaplicin has additional factors in amelioration of atherosclerosis and corroborates that β-thujaplicin is a strong candidate in preventing the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Fen Shih
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hung Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung-Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chyuan Liu
- Department and Institute of Cosmetics Science, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Rui Shen
- Department of Medical Biotechnology & Lab Sciences, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jong Yuh Cherng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung-Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.
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Kaushik N, Subramani C, Anang S, Muthumohan R, Shalimar, Nayak B, Ranjith-Kumar CT, Surjit M. Zinc Salts Block Hepatitis E Virus Replication by Inhibiting the Activity of Viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase. J Virol 2017; 91:e00754-17. [PMID: 28814517 PMCID: PMC5640865 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00754-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes an acute, self-limiting hepatitis in healthy individuals and leads to chronic disease in immunocompromised individuals. HEV infection in pregnant women results in a more severe outcome, with the mortality rate going up to 30%. Though the virus usually causes sporadic infection, epidemics have been reported in developing and resource-starved countries. No specific antiviral exists against HEV. A combination of interferon and ribavirin therapy has been used to control the disease with some success. Zinc is an essential micronutrient that plays crucial roles in multiple cellular processes. Zinc salts are known to be effective in reducing infections caused by few viruses. Here, we investigated the effect of zinc salts on HEV replication. In a human hepatoma cell (Huh7) culture model, zinc salts inhibited the replication of genotype 1 (g-1) and g-3 HEV replicons and g-1 HEV infectious genomic RNA in a dose-dependent manner. Analysis of a replication-defective mutant of g-1 HEV genomic RNA under similar conditions ruled out the possibility of zinc salts acting on replication-independent processes. An ORF4-Huh7 cell line-based infection model of g-1 HEV further confirmed the above observations. Zinc salts did not show any effect on the entry of g-1 HEV into the host cell. Furthermore, our data reveal that zinc salts directly inhibit the activity of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), leading to inhibition of viral replication. Taken together, these studies unravel the ability of zinc salts in inhibiting HEV replication, suggesting their possible therapeutic value in controlling HEV infection.IMPORTANCE Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a public health concern in resource-starved countries due to frequent outbreaks. It is also emerging as a health concern in developed countries owing to its ability to cause acute and chronic infection in organ transplant and immunocompromised individuals. Although antivirals such as ribavirin have been used to treat HEV cases, there are known side effects and limitations of such therapy. Our discovery of the ability of zinc salts to block HEV replication by virtue of their ability to inhibit the activity of viral RdRp is important because these findings pave the way to test the efficacy of zinc supplementation therapy in HEV-infected patients. Since zinc supplementation therapy is known to be safe in healthy individuals and since high-dose zinc is used in the treatment of Wilson's disease, it may be possible to control HEV-associated health problems following a similar treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Kaushik
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Chandru Subramani
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Saumya Anang
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Rajagopalan Muthumohan
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Shalimar
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Baibaswata Nayak
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - C T Ranjith-Kumar
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Milan Surjit
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
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78
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Metallothioneins: Emerging Modulators in Immunity and Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102197. [PMID: 29065550 PMCID: PMC5666878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of metal-binding proteins virtually expressed in all organisms including prokaryotes, lower eukaryotes, invertebrates and mammals. These proteins regulate homeostasis of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), mitigate heavy metal poisoning, and alleviate superoxide stress. In recent years, MTs have emerged as an important, yet largely underappreciated, component of the immune system. Innate and adaptive immune cells regulate MTs in response to stress stimuli, cytokine signals and microbial challenge. Modulation of MTs in these cells in turn regulates metal ion release, transport and distribution, cellular redox status, enzyme function and cell signaling. While it is well established that the host strictly regulates availability of metal ions during microbial pathogenesis, we are only recently beginning to unravel the interplay between metal-regulatory pathways and immunological defenses. In this perspective, investigation of mechanisms that leverage the potential of MTs to orchestrate inflammatory responses and antimicrobial defenses has gained momentum. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to illumine the role of MTs in immune regulation. We discuss the mechanisms of MT induction and signaling in immune cells and explore the therapeutic potential of the MT-Zn axis in bolstering immune defenses against pathogens.
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Van de Vel E, Sampers I, Raes K. A review on influencing factors on the minimum inhibitory concentration of essential oils. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:357-378. [PMID: 28853911 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1371112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
With growing interest in essential oils as natural preservatives in the food industry, the literature is expanding enormously. To understand the antimicrobial activity of essential oils, the antimicrobial mechanism of individual essential oil (EO) compounds, and their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), are interesting starting points for research. Therefore, and to get insight into the factors influencing their antimicrobial activities, the Web of Science was searched for MICs of EO compounds (1995-2016). Many MICs for individual EO compounds have already been reported in the literature, but there is large variability in these data, even for the MIC of the same compound against the same species. No correlation was found between the tested structural parameters of EO compounds (polarity, water solubility, dissociation constant, molecular weight and molecular complexity) and their MICs against all microorganisms, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Few clear differences in sensitivity between microorganisms could be found. Based on this review it is clear that different incubation conditions, culture media and the use of emulsifiers/solvents have an influence on the MIC, causing big variance. This review points out the need for a good international standard method to assess the antimicrobial activity of EO compounds for better comparability between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elien Van de Vel
- a Department of Industrial Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , Ghent University Campus Kortrijk , Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, Kortrijk , Belgium
| | - Imca Sampers
- a Department of Industrial Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , Ghent University Campus Kortrijk , Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, Kortrijk , Belgium
| | - Katleen Raes
- a Department of Industrial Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , Ghent University Campus Kortrijk , Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, Kortrijk , Belgium
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80
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Chen X, Zhang X, Chen J, Yang Q, Yang L, Xu D, Zhang P, Wang X, Liu J. Hinokitiol copper complex inhibits proteasomal deubiquitination and induces paraptosis-like cell death in human cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:147-155. [PMID: 28887042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a central role in the regulation of proteins that control cell growth and apoptosis and has therefore become an important target for anticancer therapy. Several constitutive subunits of the 19S proteasome display deubiquitinase (DUB) activity, suggesting that ubiquitin modification of proteins is dynamically regulated. Our study and others have shown that metal complexes, such as copper complexes, can induce cancer cell apoptosis through inhibiting 19S proteasome-associated DUBs and/or 20S proteasome activity. In this study, we found that (1) Hinokitiol copper complex (HK-Cu) induces striking accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in A549 and K562 cells (2) HK-Cu potently inhibits the activity of the 19S proteasomal DUBs much more effectively than it does to the chymotrypsin-like activity of the 20S proteasome (3) HK-Cu effectively induces caspase-independent and paraptosis-like cell death in A549 and K562 cells, and (4) HK-Cu-induced cell death depends on ATF4-assosiated ER stress but is apparently not related to ROS generation. Altogether, these data indicate that HK-Cu can inhibit the activity of the 19S proteasomal DUBs and induce paraptosis-like cell death, representing a new drug candidate for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinghong Chen
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dacai Xu
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiquan Zhang
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Jinbao Liu
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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81
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Shin WS, Bergstrom A, Xie J, Bonomo RA, Crowder MW, Muthyala R, Sham YY. Discovery of 1-Hydroxypyridine-2(1H)-thione-6-carboxylic Acid as a First-in-Class Low-Cytotoxic Nanomolar Metallo β-Lactamase Inhibitor. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:845-849. [PMID: 28482143 PMCID: PMC6034706 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
VIM-2 is one of the most common carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo β-lactamases (MBL) found in many drug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial strains. Currently, there is a lack of effective lead compounds with optimal therapeutic potential within our drug development pipeline. Here we report the discovery of 1-hydroxypyridine-2(1H)-thione-6-carboxylic acid (3) as a first-in-class metallo β-lactamase inhibitor (MBLi) with a potent inhibition Ki of 13 nm against VIM-2 that corresponds to a remarkable 0.99 ligand efficiency. We further established that 3 can restore the antibiotic activity of amoxicillin against VIM-2-producing E. coli in a whole cell assay with an EC50 of 110 nm. The potential mode of binding of 3 from molecular modeling provided structural insights that could corroborate the observed changes in the biochemical activities. Finally, 3 possesses a low cytotoxicity (CC50 ) of 97 μm with a corresponding therapeutic index of 880, making it a promising lead candidate for further optimization in combination antibacterial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Shik Shin
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Biomedical Informatics and Computational Biology Program
| | - Alexander Bergstrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056
| | - Jiashu Xie
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Robert A. Bonomo
- Medical Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Michael W. Crowder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056
| | - Ramaiah Muthyala
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Yuk Yin Sham
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Biomedical Informatics and Computational Biology Program
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82
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Dalecki AG, Crawford CL, Wolschendorf F. Copper and Antibiotics: Discovery, Modes of Action, and Opportunities for Medicinal Applications. Adv Microb Physiol 2017; 70:193-260. [PMID: 28528648 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Copper is a ubiquitous element in the environment as well as living organisms, with its redox capabilities and complexation potential making it indispensable for many cellular functions. However, these same properties can be highly detrimental to prokaryotes and eukaryotes when not properly controlled, damaging many biomolecules including DNA, lipids, and proteins. To restrict free copper concentrations, all bacteria have developed mechanisms of resistance, sequestering and effluxing labile copper to minimize its deleterious effects. This weakness is actively exploited by phagocytes, which utilize a copper burst to destroy pathogens. Though administration of free copper is an unreasonable therapeutic antimicrobial itself, due to insufficient selectivity between host and pathogen, small-molecule ligands may provide an opportunity for therapeutic mimicry of the immune system. By modulating cellular entry, complex stability, resistance evasion, and target selectivity, ligand/metal coordination complexes can synergistically result in high levels of antibacterial activity. Several established therapeutic drugs, such as disulfiram and pyrithione, display remarkable copper-dependent inhibitory activity. These findings have led to development of new drug discovery techniques, using copper ions as the focal point. High-throughput screens for copper-dependent inhibitors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus uncovered several new compounds, including a new class of inhibitors, the NNSNs. In this review, we highlight the microbial biology of copper, its antibacterial activities, and mechanisms to discover new inhibitors that synergize with copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G Dalecki
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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83
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Lee JH, Moon JH, Lee YJ, Park SY. SIRT1, a Class III Histone Deacetylase, Regulates LPS-Induced Inflammation in Human Keratinocytes and Mediates the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Hinokitiol. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1257-1266. [PMID: 28257794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skin inflammation is a response of the immune system to infection and injury. In this study, we report that hinokitiol, a tropolone-related natural compound that exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties in various cell types, can modulate the inflammatory responses of primary human keratinocytes challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Hinokitiol treatment inhibited LPS-mediated up-regulation of proinflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-6, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). NF-κB activation and cell migration induced by LPS were blocked in keratinocytes treated with hinokitiol. Sirt1, a class Ⅲ histone deacetylase, was up-regulated by hinokitiol treatment, and the inhibition of Sirt1 activity using a pharmacological inhibitor or genetic silencing blocked hinokitiol-mediated anti-inflammatory effects. Further, hyperactivation of Sirt1 deacetylase using an adenoviral vector also attenuated LPS-induced inflammatory responses. We thus show that hinokitiol can attenuate LPS-mediated proinflammatory signals via Sirt1 histone deacetylase activation in primary human keratinocytes and suggest that hinokitiol may be a potential therapeutic agent in skin inflammatory diseases like psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hee Lee
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hong Moon
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - You-Jin Lee
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Sang-Youel Park
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea.
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84
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Guo C, Zhu Z, Wang X, Chen Y, Liu X. Pyrithione inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication through interfering with NF-κB and heparanase. Vet Microbiol 2017; 201:231-239. [PMID: 28284615 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a continuous threat to the pig industry, causing high economic losses worldwide. Current vaccination strategies provide only limited protection against PRRSV infection. Consequently, there is a need to develop new antiviral strategies. Pyrithione (PT), a zinc ionophore, is used as an antibacterial and antifungal agent, and evidence has shown that PT inhibits the replication of various RNA viruses. However, there is no data regarding its effects against PRRSV infection until now. In this study, we showed that PT strongly inhibited PRRSV replication in Marc-145 cells. Similar inhibitory effects were also found in porcine alveolar macrophages, the major target cell type of PRRSV infection in pigs in vivo. PT also attenuated virus-induced apoptosis during the late phase of infection. In addition, we provided evidence that PT caused a rapid import of extracellular zinc ions into cells, and imported Zn2+ was responsible for its antiviral property. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of PT against PRRSV and found that PT inhibited NF-κB and heparanase, producing the increased heparan sulfate expression to block the release of virus and cytokines, thus decreasing viral replication. These findings suggest that PT has the potential to the development of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhe Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, North Third Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.
| | - Zhenbang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, North Third Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, North Third Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, North Third Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, North Third Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.
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85
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Inhibitory activity of hinokitiol against biofilm formation in fluconazole-resistant Candida species. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171244. [PMID: 28152096 PMCID: PMC5289548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of hinokitiol to inhibit the formation of Candida biofilms. Biofilm inhibition was evaluated by quantification of the biofilm metabolic activity with XTT assay. Hinokitiol efficiently prevented biofilm formation in both fluconazole-susceptible and fluconazole-resistant strains of Candida species. We determined the expression levels of specific genes previously implicated in biofilm development of C. albicans cells by real-time RT-PCR. The expression levels of genes associated with adhesion process, HWP1 and ALS3, were downregulated by hinokitiol. Transcript levels of UME6 and HGC1, responsible for long-term hyphal maintenance, were also decreased by hinokitiol. The expression level of CYR1, which encodes the component of signaling pathway of hyphal formation-cAMP-PKA was suppressed by hinokitiol. Its upstream general regulator RAS1 was also suppressed by hinokitiol. These results indicate that hinokitiol may have therapeutic potential in the treatment and prevention of biofilm-associated Candida infections.
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86
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Fotopoulou T, Ćirić A, Kritsi E, Calhelha RC, Ferreira ICFR, Soković M, Zoumpoulakis P, Koufaki M. Antimicrobial/Antibiofilm Activity and Cytotoxic Studies of β-Thujaplicin Derivatives. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2016; 349:698-709. [PMID: 27400808 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201600095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural β-thujaplicin displays a remarkable array of biological activities for the prevention or treatment of various disorders while its tropolone scaffold inspired the synthesis of new analogs. The main goal of the current study was to evaluate the influence of 4-substituted piperazine moieties at position 7 of the β-thujaplicin scaffold, on the antimicrobial activity. In order to determine the biological activity of the β-thujaplicin derivatives, a microdilution method was used against a wide variety of bacteria and fungi. Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO 1 was used for testing antiquorum and antibiofilm effects. Four human tumor cell lines (MCF-7, NCI-H460, HeLa, and HepG2) and a porcine liver derived cell line (PLP2) were used for testing antitumor and cytotoxic activity. The compounds present better antibacterial and antifungal activity in comparison with approved antimicrobials used as control agents. β-Thujaplicin showed strong antibacterial and antifungal activities against all tested species. Further studies of their antibacterial activity revealed that all compounds presented good antibiofilm and antiquorum effects. Fungi were more susceptible than bacteria to the tested compounds, with the exception of MK150, which possessed the best antibacterial effect. None of the tested compounds, at the GI50 values obtained for the tumor cell lines, have shown toxicity for non-tumor liver cells (PLP2). The prediction of physicochemical properties of the compounds was performed to further explain the structure-activity relationship. Finally, in order to explore a possible mechanism of action of the synthesized compounds, molecular docking studies were performed on CYP51 (14-a lanosterol demethylase), an important component of the fungal cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theano Fotopoulou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Ana Ćirić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eftichia Kritsi
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Ricardo C Calhelha
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO, ESA), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Isabel C F R Ferreira
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO, ESA), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Marina Soković
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Panagiotis Zoumpoulakis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Koufaki
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
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87
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Xu Y, Wang S, Miao Q, Jin K, Lou L, Ye X, Xi Y, Ye J. Protective Role of Hinokitiol Against H 2O 2-Induced Injury in Human Corneal Epithelium. Curr Eye Res 2016; 42:47-53. [PMID: 27269503 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2016.1151530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We recently found that hinokitiol has anti-inflammatory activity in human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells. Herein, we investigated the protective role of hinokitiol against H2O2-induced injury in HCE cells and the mechanisms that underlie its action. METHODS HCE cells were incubated with different concentrations of hinokitiol or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), which served as a vehicle control, before H2O2 stimulus. The cell viability was evaluated using a cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. TUNEL, phosphorylated histone γH2A.X, cleaved caspase-3 expression analyses, and location of cytochrome c were conducted to detect cell injury and apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA), and total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC) were used to determine oxidative stress. Bcl-2 and Bax protein expressions were measured by western blotting. RESULTS Hinokitiol significantly improved the cell viability, decreased the apoptosis rate, inhibited DNA damage, and reduced cleaved caspase-3 expression and the leakage of cytochrome c from mimitochondrion to cytoplasm of HCE cells against the oxidative stress induced by H2O2. Generation of ROS and MDA and decreased activity of CAT, SOD, and T-AOC were also ameliorated by hinokitiol administration. Moreover, Bcl-2 expression was down-regulated while Bax was up-regulated by H2O2 stimulus, which were reversed by hinokitiol application. CONCLUSION Hinokitiol protects HCE cells against H2O2-induced injury likely by its antioxidant activity and modulating the Bcl-2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Xu
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Shengzhan Wang
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Qi Miao
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Kai Jin
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Lixia Lou
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Xin Ye
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Yan Xi
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Juan Ye
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
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Jayakumar T, Yang CH, Geraldine P, Yen TL, Sheu JR. The pharmacodynamics of antiplatelet compounds in thrombosis treatment. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:615-32. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1176141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanasekaran Jayakumar
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pitchairaj Geraldine
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Ting-Lin Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Joen-Rong Sheu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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89
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Yamada D, Saiki S, Furuya N, Ishikawa KI, Imamichi Y, Kambe T, Fujimura T, Ueno T, Koike M, Sumiyoshi K, Hattori N. Ethambutol neutralizes lysosomes and causes lysosomal zinc accumulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 471:109-16. [PMID: 26851368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ethambutol is a common medicine used for the treatment of tuberculosis, which can have serious side effects, such as retinal and liver dysfunction. Although ethambutol has been reported to impair autophagic flux in rat retinal cells, the precise molecular mechanism remains unclear. Using various mammalian cell lines, we showed that ethambutol accumulated in autophagosomes and vacuolated lysosomes, with marked Zn(2+) accumulation. The enlarged lysosomes were neutralized and were infiltrated with Zn(2+) accumulations in the lysosomes, with simultaneous loss of acidification. These results suggest that EB neutralizes lysosomes leading to insufficient autophagy, implying that some of the adverse effects associated with EB in various organs may be of this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yamada
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Saiki
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Norihiko Furuya
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Research and Therapeutics for Movement Disorders, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Ishikawa
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Imamichi
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiho Kambe
- Laboratory of Biosignals and Response, Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Fujimura
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueno
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Research and Therapeutics for Movement Disorders, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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90
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Discovery of 1-hydroxypyridine-2-thiones as selective histone deacetylase inhibitors and their potential application for treating leukemia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4320-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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91
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Ye J, Xu YF, Lou LX, Jin K, Miao Q, Ye X, Xi Y. Anti-inflammatory effects of hinokitiol on human corneal epithelial cells: an in vitro study. Eye (Lond) 2015; 29:964-71. [PMID: 25952949 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2015.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study assessed the anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of action of hinokitiol in human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells. METHODS HCE cells were incubated with different concentrations of hinokitiol or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), which served as a vehicle control. Cell viability was evaluated using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. After polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) stimulus, cells with or without hinokitiol were evaluated for the mRNA and protein levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) using real-time PCR analysis and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Nuclear and cytoplasmic levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 protein and an inhibitor of NF-κB α (IκBα) were evaluated using western blotting. RESULTS There were no significant differences among the treatment concentrations of hinokitiol compared with cells incubated in medium only. Incubating with 100 μM hinokitiol significantly decreased the mRNA levels of IL-8 to 58.77±10.41% (P<0.01), IL-6 to 64.64±12.71% (P<0.01), and IL-1β to 54.19±8.10% (P<0.01) compared with cells stimulated with poly(I:C) alone. The protein levels of IL-8, IL-6, and IL-1β had similar trend. Further analysis revealed that hinokitiol maintained the levels of IκBα and significantly reduced NF-κB p65 subunit translocation to the nucleus which significantly inhibiting the activation of the NF-κB signal pathway. CONCLUSION Hinokitiol showed a significant protective effect against ocular surface inflammation through inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, which may indicate the possibility to relieve the ocular surface inflammation of dry eye syndrome (DES).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Y-F Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - L-X Lou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - K Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Q Miao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - X Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Y Xi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Antiproliferative Activity of Hinokitiol, a Tropolone Derivative, Is Mediated via the Inductions of p-JNK and p-PLCγ1 Signaling in PDGF-BB-Stimulated Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Molecules 2015; 20:8198-212. [PMID: 25961161 PMCID: PMC6272725 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20058198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is important in the pathogenesis of vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. Hinokitiol, a tropolone derivative found in Chamacyparis taiwanensis, has been found to exhibit anticancer activity in a variety of cancers through inhibition of cell proliferation. In the present study, the possible anti-proliferative effect of hinokitiol was investigated on VSMCs. Our results showed that hinokitiol significantly attenuated the PDGF-BB-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs without cytotoxicity. Hinokitiol suppressed the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a maker for cell cycle arrest, and caused G0/G1 phase arrest in cell cycle progression. To investigate the mechanism underlying the anti-proliferative effect of hinokitiol, we examined the effects of hinokitiol on phosphorylations of Akt, ERK1/2, p38 and JNK1/2. Phospholipase C (PLC)-γ1 phosphorylation, its phosphorylated substrates and p27kip1 expression was also analyzed. Pre-treatment of VSMCs with hinikitiol was found to significantly inhibit the PDGF-BB-induced phosphorylations of JNK1/2 and PLC-γ1, however no effects on Akt, ERK1/2, and p38. The up-regulation of p27kip1 was also observed in hinokitiol-treated VSMCs. Taken together, our results suggest that hinokitiol inhibits PDGF-BB-induced proliferation of VSMCs by inducing cell cycle arrest, suppressing JNK1/2 phosphorylation and PLC-γ1, and stimulating p27kip1 expression. These findings suggest that hinokitiol may be beneficial for the treatment of vascular-related disorders and diseases.
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93
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Yang H, Keen CL, Lanoue L. Influence of intracellular zinc on cultures of rat cardiac neural crest cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 104:11-22. [PMID: 25689142 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental zinc (Zn) deficiency increases the incidence of heart anomalies in rat fetuses, in regions and structures derived from the outflow tract. Given that the development of the outflow tract requires the presence of cardiac neural crest cells (cNCC), we speculated that Zn deficiency selectively kills cNCC and could lead to heart malformations. METHODS Cardiac NCC were isolated from E10.5 rat embryos and cultured in control media (CTRL), media containing 3 μM of the cell permeable metal chelator N, N, N', N'-tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl) ethylene diamine (TPEN), or in TPEN-treated media supplemented with 3 μM Zn (TPEN + Zn). Cardiac NCC were collected after 6, 8, and 24 h of treatment to assess cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis. RESULTS The addition of TPEN to the culture media reduced free intracellular Zn pools and cell viability as assessed by low ATP production, compared to cells grown in control or Zn-supplemented media. There was an accumulation of reactive oxygen species, a release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, and an increased cellular expression of active caspase-3 in TPEN-treated cNCC compared to cNCC cultured in CTRL or TPEN + Zn media. CONCLUSION Zn deficiency can result in oxidative stress in cNCC, and subsequent decreases in their population and metabolic activity. These data support the concept that Zn deficiency associated developmental heart defects may arise in part as a consequence of altered cNCC metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsunhui Yang
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California
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94
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Huang CH, Lu SH, Chang CC, Thomas PA, Jayakumar T, Sheu JR. Hinokitiol, a tropolone derivative, inhibits mouse melanoma (B16-F10) cell migration and in vivo tumor formation. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 746:148-57. [PMID: 25449038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Invasion and metastasis are the major causes of treatment failure in patients with cancer. Hinokitiol, a natural bioactive compound found in Chamacyparis taiwanensis, has been used in hair tonics, cosmetics, and food as an antimicrobial agent. In this study, we investigated the effects and possible mechanisms of action of hinokitiol on migration by the metastatic melanoma cell line, B16-F10, in which matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) is found to be highly- expressed. Treatment with hinokitiol revealed a concentration-dependent inhibition of migration of B16-F10 melanoma cells. Hinokitiol appeared to achieve this effect by reducing the expression of MMP-1 and by suppressing the phosphorylation of mitogen- activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling molecules such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK). On the other hand, hinokitiol treatment reversed IκB-α degradation and inhibited the phosphorylation of p65 nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and cJun in B16-F10 cells. In addition, hinokitiol suppressed the translocation of p65 NF-κB from the cytosol to the nucleus, suggesting reduced NF-κB activation. Consistent with these in vitro findings, our in vivo study demonstrated that hinokitiol treatment significantly reduced the total number of mouse lung metastatic nodules and improved histological alterations in B16-F10 injected C57BL/6 mice. These findings suggest that treatment of B16-F10 cells with hinokitiol significantly inhibits metastasis, possibly by blocking MMP-1 activation, MAPK signaling pathways and inhibition of the transcription factors, NF-κB and c-Jun, involved in cancer cell migration. These results may accelerate the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of malignant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsun Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Lu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chien Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Department of Cardiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Philip Aloysius Thomas
- Department of Research and Development, Institute of Ophthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital, Tiruchirappalli 620001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thanasekaran Jayakumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Joen-Rong Sheu
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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95
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Shih YH, Lin DJ, Chang KW, Hsia SM, Ko SY, Lee SY, Hsue SS, Wang TH, Chen YL, Shieh TM. Evaluation physical characteristics and comparison antimicrobial and anti-inflammation potentials of dental root canal sealers containing hinokitiol in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94941. [PMID: 24915566 PMCID: PMC4051635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hinokitiol displays potent antimicrobial activity. It has been used in toothpaste and oral-care gel to improve the oral lichen planus and reduce halitosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of 3 different dental root canal sealers with hinokitiol (sealers+H) and their physical and biological effects. AH Plus (epoxy amine resin-based, AH), Apexit Plus (calcium-hydroxide-based, AP), and Canals (zinc-oxide-eugenol-based, CA), were used in this study. The original AH and CA exhibited strong anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (anti-MRSA) activity, but AP did not. The setting time, working time, flowability, film thickness, and solubility of each sealer+0.2%H complied with ISO 6876:2001. CA+0.2%H exhibited high cytotoxicity, but the others sealers+0.2%H did not. Because hinokitiol combined with Zn2+ in CA creates a synergistic effect. The physical tests of AP+0.5%–1%H complied with ISO 6876:2001, improved antimicrobial activity, inhibited inflammation genes cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) mRNA in MG-63 cells and human gingival fibroblasts (HGF), and down-regulated lysyl oxidase (LOX) mRNA of HGF. In summary, AH and CA demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity, but AP did not. Application of hinokitiol increases AH anti-MRSA activity should less than 0.2% for keep well flowability. AP+0.5%–1% hinokitiol exhibited strong physical, antibacterial, and anti-inflammation potentials, and inhibited S. aureus abscess formation. Applying an appreciable proportion of hinokitiol to epoxy-amine-resin-based and calcium-hydroxide-based root canal sealers is warranted, but the enhanced cytotoxicity and synergistic effect must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hua Shih
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dan-Jae Lin
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Chang
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Stomatology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Min Hsia
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Yao Ko
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Yuan Lee
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shui-Sang Hsue
- Department of Oral Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tong-Hong Wang
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Ming Shieh
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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96
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Muthyala R, Rastogi N, Shin WS, Peterson ML, Sham YY. Cell permeable vanX inhibitors as vancomycin re-sensitizing agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2535-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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97
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Heng S, McDevitt CA, Stubing DB, Whittall JJ, Thompson JG, Engler TK, Abell AD, Monro TM. Microstructured Optical Fibers and Live Cells: A Water-Soluble, Photochromic Zinc Sensor. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3376-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bm401040v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Heng
- Institute for Photonics & Advanced Sensing and School of Chemistry & Physics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5005
| | - Christopher A. McDevitt
- Research
Centre for Infectious Diseases,
School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5005
| | - Daniel B. Stubing
- Institute for Photonics & Advanced Sensing and School of Chemistry & Physics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5005
| | - Jonathan J. Whittall
- Research
Centre for Infectious Diseases,
School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5005
| | - Jeremy G. Thompson
- The
Robinson Institute, School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5005
| | - Timothy K. Engler
- Institute for Photonics & Advanced Sensing and School of Chemistry & Physics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5005
| | - Andrew D. Abell
- Institute for Photonics & Advanced Sensing and School of Chemistry & Physics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5005
| | - Tanya M. Monro
- Institute for Photonics & Advanced Sensing and School of Chemistry & Physics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5005
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98
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Qiu M, Chen Y, Chu Y, Song S, Yang N, Gao J, Wu Z. Zinc ionophores pyrithione inhibits herpes simplex virus replication through interfering with proteasome function and NF-κB activation. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:44-53. [PMID: 23867132 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pyrithione (PT), known as a zinc ionophore, is effective against several pathogens from the Streptococcus and Staphylococcus genera. The antiviral activity of PT was also reported against a number of RNA viruses. In this paper, we showed that PT could effectively inhibit herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2). PT inhibited HSV late gene (Glycoprotein D, gD) expression and the production of viral progeny, and this action was dependent on Zn(2+). Further studies showed that PT suppressed the expression of HSV immediate early (IE) gene, the infected cell polypeptide 4 (ICP4), but had less effect on another regulatory IE protein, ICP0. It was found that PT treatment could interfere with cellular ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), leading to the inhibition of HSV-2-induced IκB-α degradation to inhibit NF-κB activation and enhanced promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) stability in nucleus. However, PT did not show direct inhibition of 26S proteasome activity. Instead, it induced Zn(2+) influx, which facilitated the dysregulation of UPS and the accumulation of intracellular ubiquitin-conjugates. UPS inhibition by PT caused disruption of IκB-α degradation and NF-κB activation thus leading to marked reduction of viral titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qiu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
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99
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Sargazi M, Shenkin A, Roberts NB. Zinc induced damage to kidney proximal tubular cells: studies on chemical speciation leading to a mechanism of damage. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2013; 27:242-8. [PMID: 23395295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study was carried out to investigate whether zinc can potentiate renal toxicity using monolayer cultures of kidney proximal tubular cells and if so to establish the chemical species and the mechanism involved. METHODS Zinc was prepared as the citrate complex at pH 7.4 in phosphate buffered saline. Monolayers of kidney proximal tubular cells under standard cell culture conditions were exposed to zinc concentrations of 0, 5 10, 20, 50 and 100 μmol/L. To assess cellular damage, thiazol blue (MTT) uptake, NAG and LDH release, DAPI staining and Tunel assay were used. Cytoprotective agents: trolox, cysteine, glutathione, ascorbic acid and sodium selenite were used to investigate if the damage was reversible. RESULTS Incubation of kidney cells with zinc citrate showed a dose related reduction in cell viability (p<0.005) associated with cellular uptake of zinc ions. After 24 h incubation with 100 μmol/L Zn citrate, NAG release was not significantly different compared to the control whereas LDH increased 3 fold. DAPI staining showed apoptotic bodies within the cells confirmed by Tunel assay using flow cytometry. Electron microscopy showed significant morphological changes including loss of brush border, vacuolated cytoplasm and condensed nuclei. Trolox almost completely (>85±5%) and sodium selenite partially recovered (40±4%) the viability of cells exposed to Zn but no protection was observed with other cytoprotectants, e.g. glutathione, cysteine or ascorbic acid. In conclusion zinc can induce damage to kidney cells by a mechanism dependent on zinc ions entering the cell, binding to the cell organelles and disrupting cellular processes rather than damage initiated by free radical and ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Sargazi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Wirral University Teaching Hospital, Wirral, United Kingdom.
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100
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In vitro antimicrobial and anticancer potential of hinokitiol against oral pathogens and oral cancer cell lines. Microbiol Res 2013; 168:254-62. [PMID: 23312825 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hinokitiol is a natural component isolated from Chamacyparis taiwanensis. It has anti-microbial activity, and has been used in oral care products. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal microbicidal concentration (MMC) of hinokitiol against MRSA, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans were determined by the agar and broth dilution method (MIC: 40-110μM; MMC: 50-130μM); the paradoxical inhibition phenomenon (PIP) was observed in A. actinomycetemcomitans and S. mutans. The PIP can be described as microbial growth occurring in the presence of both high and low concentrations of a compound, between which microbial growth is inhibited. The PIP was confirmed using a kinetic microplate and inhibition zone methods. The PIP was also observed in MRSA. The low autolysin activity somehow correlated to the PIP positive. The cell diameter was increased in all the pathogens, and the transition was inhibited in C. albicans following hinokitiol treatment. Hinokitiol is also a potential anticancer drug. The 200μM of hinokitiol has significant antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities against oral pathogens and oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, respectively, and lower cytotoxic effects for normal human oral keratinocytes, indicating that hinokitiol displays a high potential for safe and effective applications in oral health care.
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